Rail Transport Teacher's Manual_EN

7/25/2019 Rail Transport Teacher's Manual_EN

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Teachers Manual:Cargo Securing at Rail Transport

[Slide Rail 1]

Cargo Securing at Rail Transport

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[Slide Rail 2 & 3]

Introduction to rail transport

The core area of rail freight transport includes the commercial transport services

with freight trains !part from the actual transport of goods" preparations" follow-

up procedures and processes are also part in the commercial transport services

#ue to the s$stem properties infrastructure companies are heavil$ involved in the

production process and support the production %ualit$

The transport s$stem needs the rail transport mode services in places where

cargoes are transported long distances &n 'entral urope" the rail freight has

strong position ecause of the growth in container and ul* transport and theincreasing importance of intermodal freight transport &n urope (e+cluding '&,

countries) the volume of transport was altogether 32 illion tonne-*ilometers in

2010 (./ vs 200)

owever" the largest contriution with 32 illion tonne-*ilometers was

achieved in !sia and 4ceania &n worldwide the total volume of transport was

281 illion tonne-*ilometers in 2010

The main disadvantage of rail freight is its lac* of e+iilit$ 6or this reason" rail

has lost much of the freight usiness to road transport 7an$ governments are

now tr$ing to encourage more freight onto trains" ecause of the environmentalenets that it would ring9 rail transport is ver$ energ$ e:cient

&ntermodal transport is a sut$pe of multimodal transport and descries a multi-

unit transport chain" where one and the same transport or loading unit is

transported $ at least two di;erent modes of transport

The term intermodalit$ was rst used in the


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>ith containerisation di;erent modes of transport were pushed in the

ac*ground and the transport chain etween several modes or techni%ues was

promoted This produced various cominations of connections etween maritime

and inland waterwa$s" road vehicles" railwa$s" pipelines and even airplanes

?&ntermodal? means for e+ample" that a truc* is transported $ rail for part of its

route (pigg$ac* transport) and the nal deliver$ of the goods ta*es again place

on the street

Notes

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[Slide Rail ! & "]

T#pical $actors $or the rail transport

T$pical factors for the rail transport are@

- 6orward and ac*ward forces can e large due to when wagons are

shunted or during ra*ing ,hunting means the operation where wagons

are moved to another trac*

- ,ide forces can e also large due to oscillation which is a *ind of $aw orswing 4scillation is composed of short transverse movements of wagons

during transport 4scillation or swinging characteristic can e oserved in

passenger wagon when $ou are travelling $ train

- Aong Bourne$ can create long lasting forces

- The train is t$pical choice of the modes when $ou need to transport heav$

cargo

- The road transport compan$ has to ta*e into account the rail transport

re%uirements" ecause there e+ist di;erences in cargo securingre%uirements etween these modes

- The rail transport compan$ has three transport service t$pes@

conventional" intermodal and multimodal" in which ever$ t$pe have its own

guidelines for cargo securing 'onventional service means that goods are

loaded at the shipper and transported to the customer for unload

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Conse%uences o$ poor cargo securing

The conse%uences of poor or insu:cient cargo securing can e divided into two

main groups@ direct and indirect conse%uences

irect conse%uences

- Aoss of cargo or 'Then handling'T


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Notes

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[Slide Rail +]

T#pical Cargo Transport ,nits and Cargoes

Vehicles, Trailers and swap bodies7ainl$ for road transport ut could also e in comined transport on railwa$ andshort sea transports (non-ocean going) The superstructure of the vehicles has agreat impact on the re%uired securing arrangement

ContainersCo+ and at rac* containers are ver$ common cargo transport units for cominedtransport The use of containers has made the transport logistics ver$ e:cient

The container tra:c in the world has risen a lot in the last two decade

&n the ne+t slides containers" swap odies are considered in more detail

T#pical Cargo- General cargo:'hemicals-Pulp and paper: paper reel" sheeted paper pallets" pulp ales- Steel products:steel ars" slas" coils" pipes etc- Machinery:Turning machines" grinding machines etc- Vehicles@ 'ars" truc*s" 'onstruction e%uipment etc- Project cargo@ 'ranes" eav$ for*lifts" wind mills" roc* drills etc

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Notes

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[Slide Rail -]

Cargo Transport ,nits . /reight Container

&f the container is designed according to the &,4Fstandard 1F1 the cargo cane evenl$ loc*ed against the sides and end walls of the container

! disadvantage with a freight container is that the si=e of a hen lashings are used to secure the cargo inside a container one has toconsider that re%uirements on the lashing points in a &,4Fcontainer iscomparativel$ low and the securing points ecome the Iwea* lin*J in thesecuring arrangement

!ccording to the &,4 standard the lashing points can e a Iwea* lin*J9F 6or general purpose containers" cargo securing devices are optional- !nchor points shall e designed and installed to provide a minimum safe load of

1000 *g" applied in an$ directionF Aashing points shall e designed and installed to provide a minimum safe loadof 500 *g" applied in an$ direction

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,ource@ 7arc >ilt=iusK6astening e+pert wwwarrimage-chargescom presentation

in http@EEwwwuicorgE

Notes

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[Slide Rail 0]

Cargo Transport ,nits Sap (od#

,wap odies are standardised loading units e%uall$ suitale for carriage on roadvehicles or railwa$ wagons &n northern countries swap odies are used onl$ inroad transport &n the middle of urope swap od$ is widel$ used in road-railtransport s$stem !s the$ can e used in a road range of situations" are simplein design and ine+pensive" this form of conve$ance has een highl$ successfuland is currentl$ one of the most widel$ used transport s$stems on the mar*et

The swap od$ is not so popular on sea transport as it needs a roll trailer or e%ualto stand on The$ have an e;ect on the lling rate of the ships (Lils !ndersson"7ariterm !)

,ource@


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[Slide Rail ]

Cargo Transport ,nits /lat rac4 container

6lat rac*s are est suited for stowage of heav$ lift" over-height andEor over-width

cargo 6lat rac*s have collapsile end frames and without roof and sidewalls

Aashing rings on the ottom side rails" corner posts and oor are availale to

enale cargo to e secure using straps or chains &f a rac* with end walls shoulde handled in a normal wa$ in the container transport s$stem it re%uires the end

walls to withstand the same forces as for a general freight container

The at rac* is usuall$ manufactured within the frame of the &,4-standard and

mainl$ with a length of 20 or 0 ft

The at rac* ItareJ weight is the same or somewhat higher than the

corresponding tare for a general freight container ! normal 20 ft platform with

end walls has 7M> (7a+imum Mross >eight) 2 000 *g and a tare weight of

appro+ 2 500 *g" conse%uentl$ a pa$load of appro+ 21 500 *g ! normal 0 ft

platform with end walls has 7M> 30 80 *g and a tare weight of appro+ 5 000*g" conse%uentl$ a pa$load of appro+ 25 500 *g

! at rac* with end walls gives etter protection to the cargo than a platform

without end walls" at the same time the possiilit$ to secure the cargo increases

6lat rac*s with end walls can e stac*ed in terminals and on oard ships without

an$ stress on the cargo

! at rac* with end walls uses less volume when transported empt$ and

therefore some platforms are e%uipped with collapsile end walls

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The internal height of a platform-ased container with 7M> according to the &,4-

standard is often less than the height mentioned in the standard for a freight

container >ith the internal height means the distance etween the oor and the

upper edge of the upper corner ttings Nou should not use the total internal

height since a container or at rac* stac*ed on top of the platform-ased

container can sag and destro$ the cargo

The height of the platform oor has to e appro+ 00 mm to carr$ the loads from

the cargo" which means that the internal height is signicantl$ lower than for a

general container &n some cases the internal length can also e consideral$

shorter than for a general container as the end walls have to e made strong to

withstand the designing forces

Notes

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[Slide Rail 15]

6agons

There are di;erent *inds of wagons availale for comined transport purposes

Those most commonl$ used for rail-road comined transport are at wagons"

tted with scotching s$stems for swap odies and containers" as well as ase

plates for swap odies

>agons used to carr$ semi-trailers have ver$ low oors and recesses (or poc*ets)

to accommodate the wheels

,ources@


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[Slide Rail 11 & 12]

*ia(ilities

The cargo securing is the necessar$ act in transport modes" ecause ever$

transport is to e made safel$ protecting environment" human lives and

sta*eholdersH an$ *ind of properties ThatHs wh$ countries have set legal acts"

standards and norms for the cargo securing

,hipper is charged in loading the cargo into the cargo transport unit and

therefore is liale for all conse%uences of its improper cargo securing owever"if something unfortunate happens" the rail compan$ has to prove that loading

was made improperl$ Gail compan$ is liale if it *nows that cargoes are not

properl$ secured" ut letHs the train go to a Bourne$

&n terminal the sta; memer of Gailwa$ 'ompan$ loads a 'T< onto a wagon $

reach stac*er The a person will chec* that the 'T< has een properl$ fastened

to the wagon

Regulations7 Standards and 8uidelines

The directive 2004/49

The directive 200E given $ the uropean Parliament is the framewor* for rail

transport safet$ The purpose of the directive is to develop the overall safet$ of

the rail transport and to improve the access to the mar*ets of railwa$ services

The directive denes also common safet$ oBectives The directive implies that

memer states will estalish a safet$ authorit$ and government to investigate

accidents &n addition" the directive gives principles to safet$ management The

directive does not give an$ instructions to cargo securing

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National regulations

!cts and degrees regulate e:cientl$ a nationHs rail transport Lations in urope

have for instance railwa$ acts and decrees Gailwa$ acts determines overall

safet$ matters and decrees give more detail instructions for cargo securing and

loading as well as ma*ing pac*ages for transport &n addition" responsiilities for

di;erent parties are determined

Unifor !ules Concerning the Contract of "nternational Carriage of

#oods b$ !ail %C"&'

These


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This regulation applies to the international carriage of dangerous goods $ rail on

the territor$ of the G 'ontract ,tates The G regulations specif$ in detail the

authori=ed transport with regard to classication of goods" use of pac*aging" use

of tan*s" consignment procedures and the use of means of transport

*uropean +greeent concerning the international carriage of

)angerous goods b$ !oad %+)!'

!#G-agreement regulates international road transports of dangerous goods The

agreement determines the liailities for di;erent parties during the transport

process as well as selection of correct vehicle and e%uipment &n addition"

instructions for the transport operation will e given !lso the agreement

considers pac*aging of goods and their laeling

The agreement is %uite short itself" ut it has two vast anne+es The rst anne+

descries di;erent dangerous goods and gives instructions for pac*aging and

laeling The second anne+ considers the conditions as regard with construction"

e%uipment and operation of the vehicle carr$ing the goods in %uestion

&t is good to notice that in G it is said that for comined transports the road

rules (!#G) are su:cient !lso" in the !#G the standard L 1215-1 will e

su:cient from the 1st of Oul$ 2013

#uidelines of the cobined transport operator

The railwa$ transport operators act toda$ more and more as comined transport

operators !ccordingl$" operators have made loading instructions for cargo

transport units that are carried in multimodal s$stem

Sources:

The directive 200E" http@EEeur-le+europaeuEAe+


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Notes

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[Slide Rail 13]

@andling at the Rail epot

The rail depot or a transshipment location is the place" where cargo transportunits arrive and are loaded onto wagons The depot has a large hump $ard"where a train is assemled The cargo securing focuses on fastening the cargotransport unit onto the wagon The content of the 'T< *eeps untouched

The cargo securing on a 'T< in an intermodal transport chain is inspected at thegoods rail depot or transshipment station onl$" if ad cargo securing issuspected

,ee also the ne+t two pages descriing the acting forces" in which shuntingoperation is descried

The gantr$ crane spans his wor* area li*e a porch &t runs mostl$ on two parallel

rails on which it rests with its supports Thus" it di;ers from a ridge crane that

runs on elevated trac*s The portal is a steel frame" which is usuall$ performed in

truss or frame construction The crane has a respective hinged support and a

rigid support" in order to compensate the temperature-induced change in length

of the crane ridge (hori=ontal portion of the portal) !long the crane ridge

moves the trolle$ with hoist Cut it can also e mounted on a rail crane" the crane

ridge The rails can e installed free or sun* into the grounds

Geach stac*er is a *ind of for* lift truc*s that are used for stac*ing and handling

of containers and swap odies" especiall$ in comined transport These are heav$

wheeled vehicles up to 50 tons lifting capacit$ to 100 tons tare

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[Slide Rail 1! & 1"]

'cting $orces

6orces that e+ist during rail transport depend on the structure of a wagon and the

wa$ cargo is loaded as well as cargo is transported

,hunting is an ever$da$ operation in rail transport s$stem ,hunting means the

operation in the hump $ards" where single railwa$ wagons or groups of wagons

are pushed to run against each other and e coupled together ! hump $ard has

normall$ a low slope so that wagons can run down the hump &f there is no hump

$ard" wagons are *ic*ed $ switching engines and the individual wagons run into

the appropriate sorting sidings

,hunting creates large acceleration to wagons and to cargo within wagons

!cceleration can e value g 'T


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These forces ma$ cause sliding" tippingand anderingfor the cargo in 'T


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[Slide Rail 1+]

'cceleration coeAcients during a RoadBRail Transport

&n this slide we can see that the cargo inside a 'T< has the accelerations towards

front and ac* 1 g and verticall$ upwards 0"3 (d$namic variation) &n sidewa$s

the cargo have same acceleration values as in road transport

Notes

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[Slide Rail 1-]

*oad distri(ution in a container

&n a container the distriution of cargo weight must e ma+imum 0 / in one half

of the container and minimum 0 / in the second half

!lso the center of gravit$ should e located as low as possile Casic loading

rules are@

Aight cargo on heav$ cargo

#r$ cargo on wet cargo

Notes

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[Slide Rail 10]

Securing in CT,s . Securing Methods

The picture shows di;erent securing methods The asic method is loc*ing withor without an$ securing devices >hen the loc*ing is not enough to prevent thecargo from sliding and tipping the ne+t step is to either complement the loc*ingwith lashing or secure with lashing onl$

(ocing! t$pical wa$ of loc*ing the load is loc*ing freight containers to the vehicle"wagonor seagoing vessel $ twistFloc*s

-locingCloc*ing against parts of the vehicle signies that the load is placed in closecontact with the headoard or the sideoards &f the transport contains severalcargo units the$ must e pac*ed close together as possile Qoid spaces canoccur" due to the shape of the goods and these should e lled out with pallets"dunnage ags etc

Cloc*ing is rst of all a method to prevent cargo from sliding" ut if the loc*ing

reaches up to or aove the cargoHs centre of gravit$ it is also prevents tippingCloc*ing should e used as far as possile

Top-over lashing&n the standard L 1215F1 topFover lashing is mentioned as friction lashing ThetopFover lashing is placed over the cargo and the purpose is to raise the pressureetween the cargo and the platform to increase the force of friction This ise+cellent as a securing method" ut has an important limitation The lashing ismost e:cient if the angle etween the loading platform and the lashing is 0 &fthe angle diminishes the lashing loses in e;ect The values in the uic* AashingMuide are valid for angles etween 5F0 !t angles etween 30F5the numer

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of lashing must e doule &f the angle is under 30another lashing methodshould e chosen

The positioning of the lashing is critical too" primaril$ for the possiilit$ to prevent

tipping forwardsEac*wards >hen a lashing is used it must e placed over thecentre of the load

(oop lashing! pair of loopFlashings prevents the cargo from sliding and tipping sidewa$s7inimum one pair of loop lashings per section should e used >hen long cargosections are secured with loop lashings at least two pair of loop lashing should eused to prevent the cargo twisting

.pring lashing! spring lashing is mainl$ used to prevent cargo from sliding and tipping in theforward or ac*ward direction and can solve man$ loading prolems" in particularwhen cargo is loaded in a second not loc*ed la$er 4ften the load in the upperla$er must e placed awa$ from the headoard in order not to e+ceed the limitsof a+le pressure ! spring lashing is then a good solution

! spring lashing can e made in various manners" ut common is that the angleetween the lashing and the platform ed should e as low as possile ! springlashing rapidl$ loses its e;ect when the angle is greater The tales in the poc*etguide are valid for an angle of ma+imum 5

.traight lashing %cross lashing'

&n the standard L 1215F1 straight lashing is mentioned under the section directlashing as slope or diagonal lashing This t$pe of lashing is used primaril$ onlarger machiner$ and cargo where $ou can attach the lashing directl$ to thecargo ! straight lashing prevents oth sliding and tipping #epending on theangle etween the securing point on the cargo and the securing point on theplatform" the e;ect to prevent tipping is di;erent to that of sliding

Notes

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[Slide Rail 1]

Securing in ierent irections . *engtha#s

Cloc*ing is the primar$ method of cargo securing &t can e used in cooperationwith a wide variet$ of devices &t eliminates the movement of the cargo so thatsliding or tipping canHt occur nd walls can e used - if the$ are strong enoughLote however" the strength re%uirements in the &,4 container standard is 0 +Pa$load on end walls Cut comined transport operators use acting forces that

can e up to 0"8 + pa$load &t seems that ever$od$ has accepted this loc*ingstress

&f there is void space etween end wall and cargo" dunnage wood devices can eused to ma*e proper cargo securing 4ther possile loc*ing wa$s are@ othercargo and threshold made of other pac*ages

The loc*ing can e arranged $@F 6irm structures of the 'T< eg support from headoard" drop sides" containerend walls etcNote some countries re%uire that the strength of superstructure is guaranteed

$ a certicate from the manufacturerF CoardsF mpt$ palletsF 4ther cargoF Threshold made of other pac*agesF FracingF >ooden attens

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Notes

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[Slide Rail 25]


+amples of securing $ loc*ing in lengthwa$s direction

1 Cloc*ing $ ars

2 Cloc*ing $ -races

3 Cloc*ing $ empt$ pallets

Cloc*ing $ wooden attens (-race)

"D Cloc*ing $ the cargo itself

Notes

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[Slide Rail 21]


&f loc*ing cannot e su:cientl$ arranged" the cargo can e secured $

complementar$ lashings or $ lashings onl$

Topover lashings

The top-over lashings run from side to side over the load The top-over lashing is

most e:cient if the angle etween the loading platform and the upright part of

the lashing is close to 0U To prevent longitudinal tipping" the lashings should e

placed s$mmetricall$

&n the left picture top-over lashing is used in comination with loc*ing

.pring lashing

! spring lashing is used to loc* the load in the forward or ac*ward direction

and can solve man$ loading prolems ,ee the picture at the ottom ere

spring lashing has een formed with two weings that are fastened through the

legs of the pallets The top-over lashing press the metal sheet pac*ages

downwards

,pring lashing can e used in containers to prevent from sliding forwards or

ac*wards" ut rememer that lashing points are the wea* lin*9 normall$ the$

withstand onl$ 0"5 tons weight

&n the uic* Aashing Muides" the numer of lashings is calculated for an angle

etween the platform and spring lashing of ma+imum 5U

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.traight lashing 1 Cross lashing

This t$pe of lashing is used primaril$ on larger machineries and cargoes where

the lashing can e attached directl$ to the cargo This lashing can prevent oth

sliding and tipping #epending on the angle etween the attachment point on the

cargo and the attachment point on the oor" the e;ect to prevent tipping is

di;erent to that of sliding &f the lashings are put crosswa$s (cross lashing) it is of

utmost importance that the cross is located over the centre of gravit$ of the

cargo - otherwise the lashings ma$ help the cargo to tip over &n the uic*

Aashing Muides" the numer of lashings is calculated for hori=ontal and vertical

angles etween 30U and 0U

!ound turn lashing

Gound turn lashing with loc*ing can e used for securing paper rolls

Notes

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[Slide Rail 22]

Securing in ierent irections . Sidea#s

The possiilit$ to loc* cargo sidewa$s is depending on the strength of the

superstructure of the cargo transport unit &f the void space is too large"

depending on national regulations" it can e lled out $

- 4ther cargo- mpt$ pallets

- #unnage ags (air ags) or other suitale means

- >ooden attens

- ,tanchions

- The cargo can alternativel$ also e supported $ vertical ars for limited

weights

-locing against parts of the CTU

Cloc*ing against parts of the 'T< signies that the load is placed in close contactwith the headoard" sideoards or walls >here cargo of regular shape and si=e is

loaded" a tight stow from wall to wall should e sought owever" in man$

instances some void space ma$ occur &f the space etween the pac*ages is too

large" then the stow should e secured $ using empt$ pallets" dunnage" folded

cardoard" air ags or other suitale materials !ll unnecessar$ empt$ spaces

must e avoided and that ecomes more important with increased weight

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-locing b$ tiber chocing

The load must at times" due to its form or weight" e placed in a position on the

platform awa$ from the headoard" sideoard or walls Then a construction of

timer choc*ing and nailed attens can e used to prevent the load from sliding

6or road transports the dimensions and numer of the attens are to e

estimated to ear the whole weight forward" half the weight ac*wards and to

the sides

+amples@

The picture at the top@ Golls on the at container can e secured sidewa$s $

loop lashing 6lat rac* containers need also wooden structures

The picture at the ottom@ The crates are choc*ed against the side walls with

large earing areas" on the left with dunnage" on the right with air ags

Notes

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[Slide Rail 23]


&n this slide onl$ a few e+amples of securing $ loc*ing in sidewa$s direction wille shown

>here cargo of regular shape and si=e is loaded" a tight stow from wall to wallshould e sought &n man$ situation the tight stow will not e achieved This is

due to heav$ or large cargo units

&n man$ instances some void space ma$ occur This void space can e lled withempt$ pallets The picture at the ottom shows the use of empt$ pallets to ma*etight stow The palleti=ed ig ags have een loaded to a coverEsta*e trailer(standard L 122 A) The cargo has een rounded with pallets and also lashedwith one weing (round turn lashing) The pallets are against side walls

&n the left picture on top paper rolls have een loaded in =ig=ag manner into acoverEsta*e trailer The rolls can e loc* against sidewalls if the trailer is uiltaccording to standards L 122 SA Lote that here it is not necessar$ ll thevoid space" ecause rolls ma*e a tight stow ere $ou save also unnecessar$weight" which result in situation where a lot of void space occur and man$ empt$pallets are needed to ll that space

-locing using devices&n the picture right a crac*le is used to loc* cargo sidewa$s T$picall$ heav$cargo is loc*ed sidewa$s $ this wa$ The loc*ing device can e also a 'T


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Cloc*ing $ dunnage agCloc*ing $ wooden attensCloc*ing $ empt$ pallets

Cloc*ing $ wooden attens

Notes

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[Slide Rail 2!]


#unnage woods can e used in man$ wa$s to protect cargo sliding sidewa$s Theair pressure must not e more than recommended $ the manufacturer Theadvantages of the dunnage ag are@- follow the cargo well- form tight stowage

Notes

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[Slide Rail 2"]

Securing in dierent directions . sidea#s

&f loc*ing cannot e su:cientl$ arranged" the cargo can e secured $complementar$ lashings or $ lashings onl$

Topover lashings

The top-over lashings run from side to side over the load The top-over lashing ismost e:cient if the angle etween the loading platform and the upright part ofthe lashing is close to 0U 6or instance long pipes can e secured with top-overlashing with weings !lso man$ times over-width cargo is secured $ top-overlashing

Note!,ome authorities demand sidewa$s loc*ing in addition to the top-over lashing

The picture on the left shows the situation where the cargo has een loc*ed witha crac*le

(oop lashing

! Aoop lashing is not Bust a single lashing The$ are used in pairs to e e;ective Kone loop around the load from each side of the platform K and the$ are ver$e;ective to prevent sliding and tipping 6urthermore" the$ must e accompanied$ securing in the forwardEac*ward directions ach cargo section must esecured with at least two pairs of lashings in order to not twist &f the di;erentcargo sections are supporting each other and there$ stop twisting" onl$ one looplashing ma$ e needed per section of cargo ! good e+ample is a l$ing coil thatis shown in the picture at ottom

.traight lashing 1 Cross lashing

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This t$pe of lashing is used primaril$ on larger machineries and cargoes wherethe lashing can e attached directl$ to the cargo This lashing can prevent othsliding and tipping

Note!Protect we lashing from sharp edges $ edge

Notes

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[Slide Rail 2+ & 2-]

Securing in ierent irections . ooden attens orF Coards orF mpt$ pallets

!ll personnel unloading the cargo are e+posed to danger if the cargo has shiftedin the 'T< during the transport This is in fact the most common reason for

inBuries" sometimes fatal" caused $ insu:cient cargo securing >hen loading" allpac*ages have to e secured in such a wa$ that the$ donVt fall o; the 'T< whenthe doors are opened

Note #onHt use dunnage ags directl$ against the container doorsW


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[Slide Rail 20]

Securing Steel Eroducts

.teel coils

'oils" steel or other metals" can e transported la$ing on the end or standing on

the roll 'ontraril$ to paper reels" coils transported on the roll are called

IstandingJ and coils transported on the ends are called Il$ingJ owever" this

ma$ di;er etween steelwor*s depending on the widths and diameters of theproduced coils

($ing coils

The coils should e placed close together on a surface with a high coe:cient of

friction #epending on the numer of coils and their si=es" it ma$ e necessar$ to

place them in groups on the 'T< to otain good weight distriution

The coils should e ottom loc*ed and secured $ top-over lashings with heav$

edge protectors &t ma$ e necessar$ to attach spring lashings in oth travelling

directions

&f the cargo is placed in groups" each group should e individuall$ secured

.tanding coils

Narrow standing coils

#ue to the weight distriution" the coils are spread out on the platform 7an$

coils are transported completel$ covered with closed centre cores To e ale to

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secure coils with closed cores e:cientl$" the$ should e placed with the a+es

along the 'Tide standing coils can e loaded and secured in the same wa$ as narrow coils

,ince wide coils are often heav$" the longitudinal distance etween them can e

large To minimise the ris* of crac*ing the loc*ing attens" the top as well as the

ottom atten is supported to the platform oor The hori=ontal attens and the

supports should e nailed to the oor of the 'T


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lashed together and secured to the cargo transport unit The est wa$ to prevent

the wire coils from tipping sidewa$s is to use centre stanchions

The rod wire can also e spread into two rows on the platform &n this case"

loc*ing attens are placed along the sides of the wire coils Aoop lashings are

attached to either side to prevent tipping sidewa$s !t the rear end a ar or

wedge is placed

&f the weight capacit$ and width of the trailer admit" the numer of coils can e

increased to three in some of the sections &n some cases the coils are too wide to

e loaded three per cross section &n this case some coils are loaded in an upper

la$er These coils are carefull$ secured to the coils in the ottom la$er !t

sections with two la$ers" the loop lashings are attached to the coils in the upper

la$er as e+tra support

&n containers the rod wire is loaded with for*lift truc*s e%uipped with a pole The

coils can often e loaded in two rows in the container &f a 20ft container is used"

the cargo often covers the container oor and the onl$ securing re%uired is to

prevent the coils from leaning towards the doors

! 0ft container has a larger volumeEweight capacit$ ratio than a 20ft container

Thus void space occurs which cannot e used !n alternative loading pattern that

lls the entire length of the container is a load of single and doule rows

The single loaded coils can e secured sidewa$s $ a lashing of for e+ample

heav$ steel straps or wire applied through the centre hole of the coils &f a single

coil is loaded in the front of the container or at the end doors" the lashing is

applied around a rm ar in order to secure also the coils at the ends The lashing

also prevents the coils from leaning towards the doors

&etal and steel bars

To secure ars the$ must e sorted due to length and loc*ed $ rm -races

oth forwards and ac*wards Aoop lashings can e used to reduce the pressure

from the c$lindrical ars onto the sideoards &f s%uare-shaped slas are

transported with c$lindrical ars the est placement for the s%uare-shaped ars

is close to the sideoards

.teel sheets

,teel sheets are a large transport commodit$ and demands %uite a lot of cargo

securing since the friction is rather low and the weight is considerale

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To ma*e sure that the steel sheets can stand the longitudinal forces which ma$

occur at ra*ing and shunting accelerations" stale loc*ing li*e -races or

spring lashings of wire or chain ac*wards and forwards are needed

The sidewa$s loc*ing is done $ wire or chain loop lashings &f the plates are

wider than the 'T


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[Slide Rail 2]

Securing San TiF(er and Round TiF(er

.awn and planed wood

Toda$ sawn and planed wood is mainl$ transported in pac*ages There are

pac*ages of descending lengths and oards cut to a standardised length &f

pac*ages of oth *inds are to e loaded on the same 'T


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cargo transport units in the truc*s have same characteristics" t$picall$ having an

open platform with stanchions in oth sides

!ccordingl$" the cargo loading and securing is implemented same wa$" ut ofcourse there are di;erences in securing ecause of di;erent si=e and durailit$ of

the od$ and stanchions

T$picall$ the transport of round timer includes@

- Gound timer will e transported with wagon or 'T< that has stanchions

on oth sides

- Place the load" whenever possile" against the headoard or similar

restrains

- The load is transversel$ supported $ at least two stanchions and with at

least the same height as the load

-


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[Slide Rail 35]

Securing Eulp and Eaper

Paper products ma*e a considerale share of transports The$ are often

transported in sea or railwa$ s$stems organised $ the di;erent forest industries

Cut due to various circumstances a lot of paper products are also transported on

cargo transport units outside the pure paper transport s$stems

aper reel


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the lac* of e%uipment for handling standing reels some customers specif$ a

transport of la$ing reels ,pecicall$" road reels are transported in the la$ingposition

LoteW

>hen transporting standing reels in a container" the reels that are eside the side walls

are specicall$ e+posed to damages" ecause the ottom edge of the wall has small

protrusion" which can cause damages" though the small void space etween reels and

wall is lled with carton

.heetpaper on pallet

,heet-paper are stowed on pallets to facilitate the paper handling The sheet-

papers are normall$ lashed to the pallet $ shrin* lm and lashings The pallets

ma$ e e%uipped with lids" protecting the sheet-paper on top when the pallets

are stac*ed

,heet-papers are tailor-made in accordance with the customerHs order and there

are an enormous amount of dimensions Therefore the pallets are normall$ tailor-

made $ the same dimensions as the sheets ,ome paper mills" however" tr$ to

use standardised pallets of slightl$ larger dimensions than the sheet-papers

Aoading of pallets of larger dimensions than the sheet-papers causes voids in the

stow" which is a source of transport damages

#eneral guidelines for the pacing and securing of paper products

Paper products and especiall$ paper reels are large transport commodities

andling and transport of large and regular shipments are routine procedures

>hen small %uantities of paper products are transported there are often

di:culties in the securing of the cargo" especiall$ when more than one mode of

transport is used in comination" eg roadEsea

The asic rules for loading and securing of cargo are also valid for paper

products ,ince most of these rules are important and applicale to ever$

transport of cargo transport units" it is important to chec* the cargo planning

against these rules

C$ the uilt-in loc*ing s$stem of the 'T


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numer of top-over lashings ased on actual coe:cient of friction" which is

capale to meet the acting forces

&n cargo transport units without uilt-in loc*ing e%uipment" the paper reelsmust e secured in some other wa$ #i;erent methods can e used solel$ or in

comination

Cottom loc*ing can e performed against sideoards or stanchions" ut la$er

loc*ing is more di:cult to arrange without damaging the paper &nstead itHs

recommended to the friction to have well tensioned top-over lashings placed over

edge supporting eams

C$ lashing a numer of reels together $ round-turn lashings" the heightEwidth

ratio can e lowered and there$ the ris* of tipping &f the reels are high and

narrow" hori=ontal round-turn lashings can e used >hen loading paper reels in

containers" the$ can e loc*ed and then there is no ris* of tipping Cut loading

paper reels on at rac*s or on roll trailers and other 'T< with an$ means for

sidewa$s loc*ing" round-turn lashing can e used to minimi=e the ris* of tipping

.ecuring of paper reels standing on the end in one and a half la$er in

softwalled CTUs

7ost paper %ualities and paper reel dimensions must e stowed in one and a half

la$er in a cargo transport unit to ma*e use of the full pa$load of the 'T


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Cecause of the weight distriution the second la$er must e located so" that it

does not distur the weight distriution of the unit The second la$er can e

loc*ed $ thresholds made $ high paper reels in the ottom la$er &f all reels

are of the same height" the reels in front of and ehind the top la$er are raised $

pallets or dunnageThe ottom la$er is loaded tight to the front end wall of the

unit while free space at the doors is loc*ed with lling material

&n front of and ehind the top la$er high paper reels are placed &f all reels are of

the same height" the reels in front of and ehind the top la$er are raised $

pallets or dunnage To prevent the paper reels in the top la$er and the rear reels

in the ottom la$er from tipping forwards or ac*wards" round-turn lashings ma$

e used

acing and securing of standing paper reels with a large diaeter inone or ore la$ers in strongwalled CTUs

>hen the paper reels have a diameter wider than half the 'T< readth the$ can

onl$ e loaded in one row To utilise the ma+imum 'T< length and at the same

time support the paper reels on at least three places on the reel" the$ can e

densel$ loaded in a =ig=ag pattern from the front end wall of the 'T


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The paper reels in the top la$er should e secured against forward movement in

the 'T< $ securing of the rst reel in each row to the reels in the lower la$er $

vertical round-turn lashings The securing to prevent the reels from tipping or the

reels in the second la$er from sliding should e designed according to the asic

cargo securing

acing and securing of la$ing reels in one and a half la$er in strong

walled CTUs

>hen loading la$ing reels in strong-walled units" the walls are used for securing

The reels are placed along the sides and possile void is left in the middle The

void is lled $ eg air dunnage ags !lso empt$ pallets or loc*ing races can

e used The reels are secured longitudinall$ in the same wa$ as in soft-walled

units

acing and securing of sheetpaper on pallets in one and a half la$er

in softwalled CTUs

To lower the ris* of tipping sidewa$s" the paper sheet pallets are preferal$

loaded $ their widest sides across the cargo transport unit &f the 'T< would e

lled to the weight limit $ sheet-paper" it is necessar$ for most of the pallet

dimensions to put a certain numer of pallets in a second la$er

The pallets in the ottom la$er are placed dense to the headoard to prevent the

rst la$er from moving forward 7ovement ac*wards is prevented $ llingpossile void etween pallets and rear oard for e+ample $ empt$ pallets

&f the pallets are not densel$ stowed etween the sideoards the$ must e

prevented from sliding and tipping sidewa$s $ loc*ing andEor lashing according

to the asic cargo securing principles

&f the weight distriution in the 'T< permits" also the pallets in the second la$er

should e placed dense to the headoard &f the$ must e placed in the middle of

the 'T


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!s for paper reels the strong walls are used for securing the cargo from moving

sidewa$s The pallets are densel$ stowed against the walls and possile void is

left in the middle of the unit &f the pallets are not s%uare" the void must e

placed on the right and on the left side to locate the centre of gravit$

transversall$ in the centre of the unit The empt$ space should e loc*ed $ air

dunnage ags" empt$ pallets or races &f air dunnage ags are used reoard

ma$ e necessar$ as protection against sharp edges

The ottom la$er should e densel$ stowed against the front wall and possile

voids at the doors should e loc*ed The pallets in the top la$er can e

protected from moving forwards and ac*wards $ solid oards and vertical

round-turn lashings 6or rail transport" loc*ing is necessar$ in oth travelling

directions

Notes

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Documents

Rail Transport Teacher's Manual_EN