Railway Resvtn Systm

7/28/2019 Railway Resvtn Systm

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A

Project Report On

Railway Reservation System

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award

Of

BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (CAM)SUBMITTED BY-

Roman kattel

BBA CAM 2nd

( Evening )

03221001911

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Ms. Shivani Gupta

Asst. Prof. ( IT )

IDEAL INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT ANDTECHNOLOGY

(Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University)


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

A study or a project of this volume can never be anoutcome or a single person. We our indebted to our

subject teacher Miss.SHIVANI GUPTA for being the

epitome of guidance during the entire project.

We are also thankful to our parents for their

Encouragement. Without their help this project

would not have seen the light of day.

We are happy to present a vote of thanks to them for

their sincere advice and co-operation that they have

lent us unconditionally.

DIKSHA SHARMA

BBA CAM 2ND (EVENING)

01821001911


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CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that ROMAN KATTEL(032) pursuing B.B.A

(CAM) from IDEAL INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT AND

TECHNOLOGY has completed this file under my supervision and

guidance. He has taken care of all necessary aspects and shown

interest and utmost sincerity during the completion of the project file

to my full satisfaction.

I clarify that the project is up to my expectation as per the guidance

laid down by the GURU GOBIND SINGH INDRAPRASTHA

UNIVERSITY (GGSIPU).

Miss. SHIVANI GUPTA

( ASST.PROFESSOR,it)


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CONTENTS

S.NO CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION

2. FEASIBILITY STUDY

2.1 ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY

2.2 TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY

2.3 BEHAVIOURAL FEASIBILITY

3. PROJECT REQUIREMENT

4. SYSTEM ANALYSIS

4.1 USE CASE DIAGRAM

4.2 ACTIVITY DIAGRAM

4.3 DFD

5. PLANNING

5.1 PROJECT PLAN

6. DESIGN

6.1 PROCESS

6.2 METHODOLOGY

6.3 DATA BASE DESIGN

6.4 LOGIN DESIGN

7. IMPLEMENTATION


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8. TESTING

9. CONCLUSION

10. APPENDIX

11. BIBLOGRAPHY

12. SYNOPSIS


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1.INTRODUCTION

Software has to be developed for automating the manual railway

reservation system. The system should have distributed

functionalities as described below:-

RESERVE SEAT:- A passenger should be able to reserve a seat in

the train specified by him if available. For this he has to fill areservation form with the details about his journey. The clerk

checks for the availability of the seat in the train and if the seat is

available then he makes entries regarding train name, train

number, date of journey, boarding station, destination. The

passenger is the asked to pay the fair .After making payment the

passenger can collect the ticket from the clerk.

CANCEL RESERVATION:-There may arise a case when thepassenger wants to cancel his reservation .For this he has to

fill a cancellation form providing all the details about the

ticket reserved by him. The clerk then checks for the entries

from the database and cancels the reservation finally

returning the ticket amount with some deduction.

UPDATE TRAIN INFORMATION & REPORT GENERATION:- Only the Administrator has the right to make changes in

train details(train name, train no. etc.).The system shouldalso be able to generate report when needed in the form of

reservation charts, train schedule charts etc.

LOGIN: Only the user with specified login id & password canget access to the system. This provides security from

unauthorized access.


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2. FEASIBILITY STUDY

2.1 Economic feasibility:

In the system, the organization is most satisfied by economic

feasibility. Because, if the organization implements this system, it

does not require any additional hardware resources as well as it

will be saving lot of time.

2.2 Technical feasibility:

Technical feasibility centres on the existing manual system of the

test Management process and to what extent it can support the

system. According to feasibility analysis procedure the technical

feasibility of the system is analyzed and the technical

requirements such as software facilities, procedure, inputs are

identified. It is also one of the important phases of the system

development activities.

2.3 Behavioural feasibility:

People are inherently resistant to change and computer has been

known to facilitate changes. An estimate should be made of how

strong the user is likely to move towards the development of

computerized system. These are various levels of users in order to

ensure proper authentication and authorization and security of

sensitive data of the organization


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3.Software Requirement Specification:

3.1. Intoduction:

This project introduces railway reservation system . It explainshow reservation is being done in Indian Railways . The step by

step procedure is explained. Allmost all the header files have been

used in this project. Proper comments have been given at desired

locations to make the project user friendly. Various functions and

structures are used to make a complete use of this language. Thos

project is well versed with the programming . Railway reservation

can easily accompanied with the help of this.

PROPOSED SYSTEM

Today one cannot afford to rely on the fallible human beings of be

really wants to stand against todays merciless competition where

not to wise saying to err is human no longer valid, its outdated

to rationalize your mistake. So, to keep pace with time, to bring

about the best result without malfunctioning and greaterefficiency so to replace the unending heaps of flies with a much

sophisticated hard disk of the computer. One has to use the data

management software. Software has been an ascent in

atomization various organizations. Many software products

working are now in markets, which have helped in making the

organizations work easier and efficiently. Data management

initially had to maintain a lot of ledgers and a lot of paper workhas to be done but now software product on this organization has

made their work faster and easier. Now only this software has to

be loaded on the computer and work can be done. This prevents a

lot of time and money. The work becomes fully automated and

any information regarding the organization can be obtained by

clicking the button. Moreover, now its an age of computers of and

automating such an organization gives the better look.


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Purpose:

The purpose of this case study is to describe the railway reservation system

which provides the train timing details ,billing, reservation and cancellation

on various types of reservation namely.

Confirm reservation for confirm seat.

Reservation against cancellation.

Waiting list reservation.

Online reservation.

Tatkal reservation.

Document Conventions:

Main heading: Bold

Intended Audience and reading suggestions:

The different types of readers are:(a).Customers

(b).Developers

(c).Management people

Specifically,

Passengers

Counter clerk

Definitions, Acronyms,and Abbreviation:

Following abbreviation has been used throughout this document:PRS:Passenger reservation system.

NTES:National train enquiry system

IVRS:Voice Response System

Train Details

Reservation Form

Billing

Cancellation

Scope

Passenger Revenue Enhancement.

Improved and Optimized service


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Defination

The systems development life cycle is a project management technique that

divides complex projects into smaller, more easily managed segments or

phases. Segmenting projects allows managers to verify the successful

completion of project phases before allocating resources to subsequent

phases. Software development projects typically include initiation,

planning, design, development, testing, implementation, and maintenance

phases. However, the phases may be divided differently depending on the

organization involved. For example, initial project activities might be

designated as request, requirements-definition, and planning phases, or

initiation, concept-development, and planning phases. End users of the

system under development should be involved in reviewing the output of

each phase to ensure the system is being built to deliver the needed

functionality.

Overview

It enables passenger to book or check ticket available and also helps to

cancel tickets.

Additional information

Their timing number of seat available, and reservation billing and

canceling the ticket.

General Description

The Railway Reservation System (RRS) is a system which helps a passenger or

a user to check train status and can book tickets and also can cancel his ticket

who holds the ticket.

User Interface:

Key Board and Mouse.


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Hardware Interface:

I. OPERATING SYSTEM:

Window XP

II. PROCESSOR:

1. PENTIUM (ANY) OR AMD

ATHALON (3800+- 4200+ DUALCORE)

III. MOTHERBOARD:

1.845 OR 915,995 FOR PENTIUM

IV. RAM: 512MB+

V. Hard disk:

Sata 40 GB or above

VI. CD/DVD r/w multi drive combo

VII. FLOPPY DRIVE 1.44 MB

VIII. MONITOR 14.1 or 15 -17 inch

IX. Printer

SOFTWARE INTERFACE:

Front end -> Visual Basic

Back end -> MS-Access

2.1.1 User Interface:

Key Board and Mouse.


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Hardware Interface:

I. OPERATING SYSTEM:

Window XP

II. PROCESSOR:

1. PENTIUM (ANY) OR AMD

ATHALON (3800+- 4200+ DUALCORE)

III. MOTHERBOARD:

1.845 OR 915,995 FOR PENTIUM

IV. RAM: 512MB+

V. Hard disk:

Sata 40 GB or above

VI. CD/DVD r/w multi drive combo

VII. FLOPPY DRIVE 1.44 MB

VIII. MONITOR 14.1 or 15 -17 inch

IX. Printer

2.1.3 SOFTWARE INTERFACE:

Front end -> Visual Basic

Back end -> MS-Access

Communication Interfaces

Indian railways websit PRS enquiries on the internet Berth/Seat

availability, Passenger status, fare, train schedule etc.

Mobile telephone based SMS inquiry service.Setting up of voice response system.

Operating Environment:

The OS types are:

Windows NT

Windows XP

Windows Vista

Windows 7


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Operations:

Any reservation counters from 8 pm to 8am.

Prior to 60 days of journey.

One form for six persons.

Reserved ticket done through pre defined logic.Product Functions:

It tells the short note about the product.

Train Details:

Customers may view the train timing at a date their name and number of

tickets.

Reservation:

After checking the number of seats available the customers reserve the

ticket.

Billing:

After reserving the required amount of tickets, the customer paid the

amount.

Cancelation:

If the customer want to cancel the ticket then 10% of the amount per

person is deducted.

User characteristics:

Knowledge user

No voice user

Expert user

Constraints

Less than 1 sec for local transactions.

3 sec for network transaction.

Uptime of PRS is 99.5+%.

SOFTWARE CONSTRAINTS:

Designing->Rational Rose


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EXTERNAL INTERFACES

Train Delay Alert Service.

Booking Terminals

Interactive voice Response System.

PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS:

It is available during all 24 hours.

Offered through Mail express, superfast, Rajdhani& Shatbdi Trains.

About 1600 trains run daily.

Variety of compartments based on comfort:

Ac first class AC sleeper.

First class.

AC three tier.

AC chair car.

Sleeper class.

Ordinary chair car.

Types of concerns and complexities:

44 types of quotas.8 types of trains.

9 types of class.

162 types of concessions.

127 types of bogies.

Software system Attributes: Reliable.

Available.

Secure.

Document Approval

The bill passed on any proposal related to railway management needs

approval of ministry of railway department.


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GENERAL:

How can I avail internet reservation facility through credit cards?

Why are PNR and reservation availability queries not available after certain

timings at night?Why do I get "Network connectivity failures", while doing PNR and seat

availability queries?

How can I avail the enquiries, through SMS on mobile phones?

Why do sometimes the fonts, colors schemes and java scripts behave

differently in some browsers?

Where can I get the latest arrival and departure timings of trains, when

they get delayed?

Where can I lodge complaint against any type of grievances in the

Trains/Platforms/officials, on this web site and how do I report theproblems on this web site and give suggestions?

NEED SPECIFIC:

How do I use "Trains between important stations"?

Railway Rules / Passenger Services

Journey planning

Knowing station codes

Knowing train numbers

PLEASE NOTE:

The site maintenance activities takes place from 2300hrs to 0500 hrs

(Indian Standard Time) daily. During this period information will not be

available. Also, note that since the system is shut for maintenance activities

no status changes take place during this period.

INTERNET RESERVATION FACILITY THROUGH CREDIT CARDS:

Recently internet reservation facility has started on Indian Railways. The

web site http://www.irctc.co.in is operational, wherein you can get therailway reservation done through Credit Cards.For more on Reservation

through credit cards click here Internet Reservation

ONLINE PNR AND SEAT AVAILABILITY QUERY TIMINGS:

The online PNR and seat availability queries are fetched from the

computerized reservation applications, which are open to public from

08:00 hrs. IST to 20:00 hrs IST on weekdays and from 0800 hrs IST to 1400

hrs IST on SUNDAYS. These online reservation applications are shut down

daily around 2300 hrs IST and booted around 0500 IST hrs on weekdays.On SUNDAYS the shutdown is done earlier.


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Due to the dynamic changes taking place in the PNR status updation and

the availability positions, these two types of queries have to be fetched

from the online reservation applications, hence the non- availability of

them after certain timings. The sheer size of these databases does not allow

them to be copied over network lines.Please note that the web site isfunctional 24 hrs. a day and other queries (trains between any two stations,

fare queries, etc.) are functional throughout the day.

NETWORK CONNECTIVITY FAILURES:

Please read the above paragraph. As mentioned in it, for the PNR and seat

availability queries, the result is fetched from the computerized reservation

applications at the five sites, viz. New Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai and

Secunderabad. If there is any network link failure, or if the network lines

are very congested, then this error message is displayed. It might sohappen, that you are getting seat availability and PNR information for say

trains originating from New Delhi and Kolkata, but not for trains

originating from Mumbai.

SMS SERVICES:

Now all the enquiries offered on the web site www.indianrail.gov.in are

available on your mobile phone through SMS facility. For more information

on the mobile service providers and the key words to be used on the

mobile, please click here, SMS help .Please note that we are giving the backend service only for the SMS queries.

For more information and help on key words and SMS facility, kindly

contact the mobile service provider according to the table.

PREFERRED BROWSER:

This web site is best viewed with Microsoft Internet Explorer 6.0 and

above. It might not give desired results with other browsers. All the pages,

color schemes and scripts have been tested for IE 6.0 and above.

The latest arrival and departure timings of delayed trains, alongwithdiverted routes etc. will be made available shortly on this web site only.

LATEST ARRIVAL AND DEPARTURE TIMINGS :

The latest arrival and departure timings of delayed trains, alongwith

diverted routes etc. will be made available shortly on this web site only.

GRIEVANCES AGAINST AMENITIES IN TRAINS/ PLATFORMS /OFFICIALS.

SUGGESTIONS FOR WEB SITE:

The complaint software is presently under development. We try our best toforward your grievances to the concerned department. However please


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note that this is not always possible. Please note that all your complaints

and suggestions for the improvement of the web site

http://www.indianrail.gov.in can be put on the Feedback & suggestions

page.

Please note that, in case of any problems, give the query type (hyper link),the inputs which you gave, and the exact error message generated by this

web site. All this will help us in solving the problems quickly. In the absence

of such inputs, we can't solve the problems.

TRAINS BETWEEN IMPORTANT STATIONS:

On activating this option you will be prompted to select the source and

destination from the drop down list box. Also select the appropriate class of

travel and click get it. This option displays a list of all trains that ply

between the mentioned station pair along with the classes, arrival anddeparture time and days of run. After selecting a train and corresponding

classes of relevance it is possible to find the availability, fare and route of

the train using the available buttons.

NOTE : If station you are looking for is not in the important trains list,

please use the "station_code" enquiry, to get the station codes and then use

the query for Trains between source and destinayion.

( TIP : This is the most exhustive option and is of great help in planning a

journey)

PASSENGER STATUS :

This option displays the current status of a booked ticket. Please note that

in case there is any change in the staus after chart preparation it will not be

available through the system and can be known only at the station, which

in effect means that the status indicated by the system after the chart

preparation will not be further updated.

CONCESSIONAL FARE ENQUIRY FOR A TRAIN :This option displays a complete breakup of the fare for valid classes of a

train and a pair of stations. Note that valid classes depends on the pair of

stations and the entered concession code. It is also possible to view the fare

for different age groups. Availability for this train can also be obtained from

here using the available buttons.


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STATION CODES :

This option helps you to obtain the list of station codes of those stations

where the station name matches the input sub-string. This offers the option

of searching for stations names which start with the input string or which

some where in their name contain the input string. You may see the outputsorted on either the station name or code.

TRAIN SCHEDULE :

On activating this option you will be prompted to enter few characters of

either the Train name or Train number of the train you are interested in.

On submitting the query a list of all trains that match the entered

characters will be displayed along with their respective source and

destination details.

Now from here you may select the train of your requirement and then clickon the button labled as Get Route. This will display the complete route of

the selected train along with arrival & departure details.

PASSENGER SERVICE INFORMATION :

This has a list of :Reservation rules

Refund rules

Break journey rules

Name change rules

Tatkal trainsSpecial Trains

Season tickets

Class codes

Quota codes

Booking locations

Travel agents

Luggage Rules

International tourists

Royal Orient Train

Shivalik Deluxe TrainShivalik Palace Train

Shivalik Queen Train

JOURNEY PLANNING :

Step 1:

Using the menu option 'Trains / Berths / Full Fare' get the list of train

numbers.


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Note : If you know the station code you can also directly enter the codes

after clicking on 'Know Station Codes ! Click here', Otherwise just enter 2-3

characters of the station names you are interested in (in the source and

destination station fields). This will prompt you with valid station codes as

per the input strings out which you can select stations that satisfy yourrequirement.

Step 2:

Click on 'Get It'.

Step 3:

If there are no trains between the specified pair of stations you will be

prompted with an error.

Step 4:

After you see the list of trains, enter the desired date of journey and

select the train of your choice using the radio button next to the desired

train number. Also select the desires class. You are now in the capacity to

get the Availability, Fare, Route Information for the selected train using the

buttons provided both on the top and bottom of the table


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4.Software analysis

4.1Use case diagram

(admin)

(passenger)

(clerk)

UPDATE TRAIN INFO.

REPORT GENERATION

LOGIN

VIEW RESERVATION STATUS

VIEW TRAIN SCHEDULES

RESERVE SEATS

CACELLATIONS


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4.2CONTEXT DIAGRAM or 0 level DFD

Data Flow Diagram (DFD) is used widely for modeling the requirement.They have been used for many years prior to the advent of computer. DFDs

show the flow of data through the system. The system may be a company,

an organization, a set of procedural, a computer hardware system, a

software system, or any combination of the preceding.


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Data Flow Diagram


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4.3ENTITY RELATIONSHIP DIAGRAM

The entity relationship diagram shows the relationship between

the entities .


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5. PLAN

5.1GANTT CHART

A Gantt chart is very useful tool used for planning and scheduling projects. A

Gantt chart helps in identifying the tasks involved, the estimated length of time

each task will take and the sequence in which those tasks have to be performed. It

is a graphic display of the duration of a set of activities constructed with a

horizontal axis representing the total time span of the project, broken down and

increments and a vertical axis representing the tasks that make up the project.

Horizontal bars of varying lengths represent the sequences, timing and time span

for each task. The Gantt chart representing the project schedule is given below:


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6. DESIGN

Design activity begins when the requirement document for the software is

developed. Desigining is the first step in moving from the problem domaintowards the solution domain.It is essentially the bridge between the requirement

specification and final solution for satisfying the requirement.The goal of the

design process is to produced a model or representation of a system which can

be used later to build that system. The produced model is called the design of

the system.The design of the system is essentially a blueprint or a plan for a

solution for the system.

6.1 DESIGN PROCESS HAS TWO LEVELS:-

SYSTEM DESIGN

DETAILED DESIGN

SYSTEM DESIGN:-

System design is also known as top level design. At this level the focus is

on deciding which modules are needed for the system, specification of

these modules and how these modules should be interconnected.

DETAILED DESIGN:-

In this level the internal design of the module or how the specification of

the module can be satisfied is decided. This level is also known as logic

design. It I

6.2 DESIGN METHODOLOGY:-

It is the systematic approach to creating a design by applying a set of

techniques and guidelines. The input to the design phase is the

specification for the system to be design.

These specifications must be stable have been approved complete

consistent and unambiguous. The output of the top level design phase is

the architectural design, for the software system to be built.


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THE DESIGN CAN BE:

FUNCTIONAL DESIGN

OBJECT ORIENTED

FUNCTION DESIGN:-

In function oriented design, the design consist of module definition with each

module supporting a functional abstraction. The system is viewed as

transformation function,

Transforming the input to the desire output. The purpose of the design phase is

to specify the component for this transformation function, so that eachcomponent is also a transformation function.Hence the basic output of the

system design phase is the definition of all the measure data structure, all the

major module of the system and how these modules interact with each other.

OBJECT ORIENTED DESIGN:-

Object Oriented has clearly become the buzzword of choice in the industry.

Almost everyone talks about it. Almost everyone claims to be doing it, and

almost everyone says it is better than traditional function oriented design.

Object oriented design is the result of focusing attention not on the function

performed by the program, but instead on the data that are to be manipulated by

the program. Thus, it is orthogonal to function oriented design.Object oriented

design begins with an examination of the real world Things that are part of

the problem to be solved. These things( which we will call objects ) are

characterized individually in terms of their attributes (transient state

information) and behavior (functional process information). Each object

maintains its own states , and offers a set of services to others object share data

areas are eliminated and objects communicate by message .Passing (e.g.

parameters ) . Objects are independent entities that may readily be changed

because all state and representation information is held within the objects itself.


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7. Implementation

Once the design is complete most of the major decisions about the system have

been made. The goal of the implementation phase is to translate the design ofthe system into code in a given programming language.

The implementation phase affects both testing and maintenance profoundly.

Well-written code can reduce the testing and maintenance effort. Because the

testing and maintenance cost of the software are much higher than the codingcost. The goal of the coding should be to reduce the testing and maintenance

effort. Simplicity and clarity should be strived for during the implementation

phase.

Coding starts once the design phase is over. During the design phase, it is not

decided that which language will be chosen and how the different modules willbe written. In the coding phase the system design is converted into a code using

programming language. During the coding the focus should be on the

developing programs that are easy to read and understand and not simply ondeveloping programs that are easy to write.

The coding of the system is done in PHP scripting language. JavaScript is used

for validation. All the forms are designed in HTML. MySQL is used forcreating database.

Coding Guidelines:

Coding for the development has been done keeping in view the followingguidelines:

1. Descriptive Comments

2. Describe blocks of code, rather than commenting every line.

3. Be correct, an incorrect or misleading comment is worse than no

comment at all.

4. Indentation will be used to ensure that the code is readable.

5. Naming conventions (for variables, subroutines, etc.) - these will follow

the project naming conventions documented in the project file.

6. Complexity should be minimized and modules sub-divided whenrequired, simplifying the code.


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8. Testing

Software testing is the process of testing software in a controlled manner to

ensure that it behaves the way it is expected to behave. Software testing is, thusa critical element of software quality assurance. Testing requires that the

developer discards preconceived notices of the correctness of the software just

developed and overcome the conflict of interest that occurs when errors are

revealed.

The levels of testing that software usually goes through are

ACCEPTANCE TESTING. Testing to verify a product meets customerspecified requirements. A customer usually does this type of testing on a

product that is developed externally.

BLACK BOX TESTING. Testing without knowledge of the internal

workings of the item being tested. Tests are usually functional.

COMPATIBILITY TESTING. Testing to ensure compatibility of an

application or Web site with different browsers, OSs, and hardwareplatforms. Compatibility testing can be performed manually or can be

driven by an automated functional or regression test suite.

CONFORMANCE TESTING. Verifying implementation conformance

to industry standards. Producing tests for the behavior of animplementation to be sure it provides the portability, interoperability,

and/or compatibility a standard defines.

FUNCTIONAL TESTING. Validating an application or Web site

conforms to its specifications and correctly performs all its required

functions. This entails a series of tests which perform a feature by feature

validation of behavior, using a wide range of normal and erroneous input

data. This can involve testing of the product's user interface, APIs,

database management, security, installation, networking, etcF testing can

be performed on an automated or manual basis using black box or white

box methodologies.


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INTEGRATION TESTING. Testing in which modules are combined

and tested as a group. Modules are typically code modules, individual

applications, client and server applications on a network, etc. Integration

Testing follows unit testing and precedes system testing.

LOAD TESTING. Load testing is a generic term covering Performance

Testing and Stress Testing.

PERFORMANCE TESTING. Performance testing can be applied to

understand your application or WWW site's scalability, or to benchmarkthe performance in an environment of third party products such as servers

and middleware for potential purchase. This sort of testing is particularly

useful to identify performance bottlenecks in high use applications.Performance testing generally involves an automated test suite as this

allows easy simulation of a variety of normal, peak, and exceptional load

conditions.

REGRESSION TESTING. Similar in scope to a functional test, a

regression test allows a consistent, repeatable validation of each newrelease of a product or Web site. Such testing ensures reported product

defects have been corrected for each new release and that no new quality

problems were introduced in the maintenance process. Though regressiontesting can be performed manually an automated test suite is often used to

reduce the time and resources needed to perform the required testing.

SMOKE TESTING. A quick-and-dirty test that the major functions of a

piece of software work without bothering with finer details. Originated in

the hardware testing practice of turning on a new piece of hardware for

the first time and considering it a success if it does not catch on fire.

STRESS TESTING. Testing conducted to evaluate a system or

component at or beyond the limits of its specified requirements to

determine the load under which it fails and how. A graceful degradation

under load leading to non-catastrophic failure is the desired result. Often

Stress Testing is performed using the same process as PerformanceTesting but employing a very high level of simulated load.


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SYSTEM TESTING. Testing conducted on a complete, integrated

system to evaluate the system's compliance with its specified

requirements. System testing falls within the scope of black box testing,

and as such, should require no knowledge of the inner design of the codeor logic.

UNIT TESTING. Functional and reliability testing in an Engineering

environment. Producing tests for the behavior of components of a product

to ensure their correct behavior prior to system integration.

WHITE BOX TESTING. Testing based on an analysis of internal

workings and structure of a piece of software. Includes techniques such as

Branch Testing and Path Testing. Also known as Structural Testing andGlass Box Testing.


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9.Conclusion

This project was a challenge for me from the very beginning of the project. Iwas imagined that could I able to finish the project or not. But my friends giveme the inspiration to finish the project, but the most important person, without

whose help I was really unable to finish the project without help of my

Programming teacherMs. Shivani Gupta (Asst. Prof. , IT). I want to give herspecial thanks. I want to give thanks to my friends also.

All Staff of the shops where Ive investigated and take information ware very

much helpful. Without their help it was impossible for me to understand the

problems & techniques of Point of Sales system. The tried their best to

understood me their system. If I would not be able to understand the systemthen I was fully unable to develop their system. So I want to give them Thanks

also.

Now I have finished my project successfully and I am feeling glad by thinking

that I have really done a god job.


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10. BIBLIOGRAPHY

To bring the project to a fruitful completion we have consulted several websites

and books. We are giving a list of the important books and websites. These were

the initial points of our research for this project.

Software Engineering by K.K. Aggarwal

Software Engineering by Roger S. Pressman

www.wikianswers.com/q?id=320019/railwayreservation
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11.Synopsis

Now one can easily plan the journey comfortably as the process is efficient

and fast with being easy to access. Reservations can be made through the

Indian railways site or at the ample reservation centers all over thecountry. Also now there are authorized agencies which provide reservation

facility on behalf of India railways and without waiting in long line one can

easily book a ticket. The booking is done through an ETicket issue which

have a PNR number of which one has to take a print and just have to show

at the station. It not only provide reservation but cancellation can also be

done through this system at ease and one can use a credit card to complete

the process. * A route-based reservation system that facilitates the issue of

journey-cum-reservation tickets, which can be issued from any station toany station.

* Passenger journey to multiple laps of reservation can be handled from a

single terminal window.

* The reservation facility is offered round-the-clock (24 hours

uninterrupted).

* Changes in train profiles (train carriage addition, replacement, de-

allocation), route structures, etc., can be made effective immediately with

the appropriate contingency handling.* Dynamic definition of the advance reservation period is possible. This

feature facilitates defining different advance reservation periods for

different trains.

* Provides on-line aggregation of EIS figures such as revenue, seat / berth

utilisation, etc, and presentation of the summarised data in the form of

visual analytics from the operational system's information store. The data

aggregation is done incrementally, to inflict minimal impact.

* Provides automatic database recovery against all kinds of hardware and

software failures.

* Complete audit trails for transactions and data access.

* The application software is parametric, and standard railway business

rules are incorporated in the form of data instead of being part of the logic.

Documents

Railway Resvtn Systm