Railway Track Security Systm

8/10/2019 Railway Track Security Systm

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RAILWAY TRACK SECURITY SYSTEM



Introduction

The main objective of this project is to develop detecting

the crack in the railway track and alert the near by station.Two rails forming the part of the track are made using a

pair of discontinuous wire which biases a pair of

transistors being powered from DC source.

The discontinuation is sorted by a jumper wire to simulatehealthy track condition. Removing the jumper results in

transistors being cut off thus delivering logic one to the

microcontroller.

The program thereafter takes control to send SMS

message through GSM modem interface through

MAX232 to the microcontroller



Contents

Introduction

Block diagram

Hardware requirements

Power supply

Microcontroller

GSMSchematic diagram

Working of the project

Advantages

Applications

Conclusion



Block diagram



Hardware requirements TRANSFORMER (230 – 12 V AC)

VOLTAGE REGULATOR (LM 7805)

RECTIFIERFILTER

MICROCONTROLLER (AT89S52/AT89C51)

GSM COMMUNICATION

GSM MODEM

LEDLCD DISPLAY

MAX 232

DB9 CONNECTOR

1N4007

RESISTOR

CAPACITOR



Hardware Components description

1. 230 V AC

50 Hz

12V step downtransformer

2. Using In4007 as Bridge rectifier

3. Capacitors Filter(470µf ) 4. 5v Regulator 5. Relay



7. OPTO-ISOLATOR6. GSM MODEM

8. Max 2320



8. DB9 CONNECTOR9. LED

10. RESISTOR

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Verschiedene_LEDs.jpg



11. Capacitor



Power supply



Description of power supply

The circuit uses standard power supply comprising of a step-downtransformer from 230v to 12v and 4 diodes forming a Bridge Rectifier

that delivers pulsating dc which is then filtered by an electrolytic

capacitor of about 470microf to 100microF.

The filtered dc being un regulated IC LM7805 is used to get 5v

constant at its pin no 3 irrespective of input dc varying from 9v to 14v.The regulated 5volts dc is further filtered by a small electrolytic

capacitor of 10 micro f for any noise so generated by the circuit.

One LED is connected of this 5v point in series with a resistor of

330ohms to the ground i.e. negative voltage to indicate 5v power supply

availability.



Block diagram of mc

CPU

On-chip

RAM

On-chipROM for

program

code

4 I/O Ports

Timer 0

Serial

PortOSC

Interrup

t

Control

External interrupts

Timer 1

Timer/Counter

Bus

Control

TxD RxDP0 P1 P2 P3

Address/Data

Counter

Inputs



Microcontroller(at89s52)

• • Compatible with MCS®-51 Products

• • 8K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP)Flash Memory

• – Endurance: 10,000 Write/Erase Cycles

• • 4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range

• • Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz • • Three-level Program Memory Lock

• • 256 x 8-bit Internal RAM

• • 32 Programmable I/O Lines

• • Three 16-bit Timer/Counters

•

• Eight Interrupt Sources • • Full Duplex UART Serial Channel

• • Interrupt Recovery from Power-down Mode

• • Watchdog Timer

• • Dual Data Pointer

o • Fast Programming Time



PIN DIAGRAM OF AT89S52



BC547 (NPN – Transistor)

The BC547 transistor is an NPN Epitaxial

Silicon Transistor.

It is used in general-purpose switching and

amplification BC847/BC547 series 45 V, 100mA NPN general-purpose transistors.

The ratio of two currents (Ic/Ib) is called the DC Current Gain of

the device and is given the symbol of hfe or nowadays Beta, (β).



The current gain from the emitter to the collector

terminal, Ic/Ie, is called Alpha, (α), and is a function of the

transistor itself



GSM COMMUNICATION

The term GSM usually means the GSM standard

and protocols in the frequency spectrum around

900MHz.MS

- Mobile Station:

The MS is the physical equipment used by a

subscriber, most often a normal hand-held cellular

telephone.

BTS

-Base Transceiver Station:

The BTS comprises the radio transmission and

reception devices, and also manages the signal processing related to the air interface.



GSM MODEMA GSM modem is a specialized type of modem which accepts a SIM card,

and operates over a subscription to a mobile operator, just like a mobile phone.

From the mobile operator perspective, a GSM modem looks just like a mobile phone.

When a GSM modem is connected to a computer, this allows the computer to

use the GSM modem to communicate over the mobile network.

While these GSM modems are most frequently used to provide mobile internet

connectivity, many of them can also be used for sending and receiving SMS and

MMS messages.



MAX 232

The MAX232 is an integrated circuit that converts signals from an RS-

232serial port to signals suitable for use in TTL compatible digital logic

circuits.

The MAX232 is a dual driver/receiver and typically converts the

RX, TX, CTS and RTS signals .

When a MAX232 IC receives a TTL level

to convert, it changes a TTL Logic 0 to

between +3 and +15V, and changes TTL

Logic 1 to between -3 to -15V, and vice

versa for converting from RS232 to TTL.



DB9 CONNECTOR

The DB9 (originally DE-9) connector is an

analog 9-pin plug of the D-Sub miniature

connector family (D-Sub or Sub-D).



LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY (LCD)

Most common LCDs connected to the microcontrollers are

16x2 and 20x2 displays.

This means 16 characters per line by 2 lines and 20

characters per line by 2 lines, respectively.

The standard is referred to as HD44780U, which refers to

the controller chip which receives data from an external

source (and communicates directly with the LCD.



LCD BACKGROUND

If an 8-bit data bus is used the LCD will require 11 data lines

(3 control lines plus the 8 lines for the data bus)

The three control lines are referred to as EN, RS, and RW

EN=Enable (used to tell the LCD that you are sending it data)

RS=Register Select (When RS is low (0), data is treated as a command)

(When RS is High(1), data being sent is text data )R/W=Read/Write (When RW is low (0), the data written to the LCD)

(When RW is low (0), the data reading to the LCD)



Software Requirements

Keil an ARM Company makes C compilers, macro assemblers,

real-time kernels, debuggers, simulators, integrated

environments, evaluation boards, and emulators for

ARM7/ARM9/Cortex-M3, XC16x/C16x/ST10, 251, and 8051

MCU families.

• Compilers are programs used to convert a High Level

Language to object code. Desktop compilers produce an

output object code for the underlying microprocessor, but

not for other microprocessors.



i.e the programs written in one of the HLL like „C‟ will compile the

code to run on the system for a particular processor like x86

(underlying microprocessor in the computer).

For example compilers for Dos platform is different from the

Compilers for Unix platform So if one wants to define a compiler

then compiler is a program that translates source code into object

code.



Advantages of 190:

• Accident can be prevented by taking

immediate response

• Immediately cracked information delivered

globally to consultants

Disadvantages:

• Memory is versatile, phone number stored in

the RAM of µC



BIBILOGRAPHY “The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded systems”

by Muhammad Ali Mazidi and Janice Gillispie Mazidi

, Pearson Education.

ATMEL 89S52 Data Sheets.

• www.atmel.com

• www.beyondlogic.org

• www.wikipedia.org

• www.howstuffworks.com

• www.alldatasheets.com





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Railway Track Security Systm