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MILLENNIUMDEVELOPMENT GOALS

RAINIER N. MAING


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The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)Are eight international development goals

that all 192 United Nations member states and

at least 23 international organizations

have agreed to achieve by the year 2015. They include

reducing extreme poverty, reducing child mortality rates,

fighting disease epidemics such as AIDS,

and developing a global partnership for development.


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The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are the most broadly supported,comprehensive and specific development goals the world has ever agreedupon. These eight time-bound goals provide concrete, numericalbenchmarks for tackling extreme poverty in its many dimensions. Theyinclude goals and targets on income poverty, hunger, maternal and childmortality, disease, inadequate shelter, gender inequality, environmentaldegradation and the Global Partnership for Development.

Adopted by world leaders in the year 2000 and set to be achieved by 2015,the MDGs are both global and local, tailored by each country to suit specificdevelopment needs. They provide a framework for the entire international

community to work together towards a common end making sure thathuman development reaches everyone, everywhere. If these goals areachieved, world poverty will be cut by half, tens of millions of lives will besaved, and billions more people will have the opportunity to benefit from theglobal economy.


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The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

were developed out of the eight chapters of the

United Nations Millennium Declaration,

signed in September 2000. There are eight

goals with 21 targets, ]

and a series of measurable indicators for each target.


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Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger

Target 1A: Halve the proportion of people living on less than $1 a day

Target 1B: Achieve Decent Employment for Women,Men, and Young People

Target 1C: Halve the proportion of people who suffer from hunger

Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education

Target 2A: By 2015, all children can complete a full course of primary schooling, girls and boys

Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women

Target 3A: Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary educationpreferably by 2005, and at all levels by 2015


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Goal 4: Reduce Child Mortality Rate

Target 4A: Reduce by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015,

the under-five mortality rateGoal 5: Improve maternal health

Target 5A: Reduce by three quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the maternalmortality ratio

Target 5B: Achieve, by 2015, universal access to reproductive health

Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases

Target 6A: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS

Target 6B: Achieve, by 2010, universal access to treatment for HIV/AIDS for allthose who need it

Target 6C: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major diseases


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Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability

Target 7A: Integrate the principles of sustainable development into countrypolicies and programmes; reverse loss of environmental resources

Target 7B: Reduce biodiversity loss, achieving, by 2010, a significant reduction inthe rate of loss

Target 7C: Halve, by 2015, the proportion of peoplewithout sustainable access tosafe drinking water and basic sanitation (for more information see the entry on

water supply)

Target 7D: By 2020, to have achieved a significant improvementin the lives of at least 100 million slum-dwellers

Goal 8: Develop a global partnership for development

Target 8A: Develop further an open, rule-based, predictable, non-discriminatorytrading and financial system

Target 8B: Address the Special Needs of the Least Developed Countries (LDC)

Target 8C: Address the special needs of landlocked developing countries andsmall island developing States


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Target 8D: Deal comprehensively with the debt problems

of developing countries through national and international measures in order to make debt sustainable in the long term Indicators

Official development assistance (ODA)

Market access

Debt sustainability

Target 8E: In co-operation with pharmaceuticalcompanies, provide access to affordable, essential drugs in developing countries

Target 8F: In co-operation with the private sector, make available the benefitsof new technologies, especially information and communications


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ProgressProgress towards reaching the goals has been uneven.

Some countries have achieved many of the goals,while others are not on track to realize any.

The major countries that have been achieving their goals include China(whose poverty population has reduced from 452 million to 278 million) and

India due to clear internal and external

factors of population and economic development. However,areas needing the most reduction, such as the Sub-Saharan Africaregions have yet to make any drastic

changes in improving their quality of life theSub-Saharan Africa reduced their poverty about one percent,

and are at a major risk of not meeting the MDGs by 2015.


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Controversy Over Funding of 0.7% of GNIO ver the past 35 years, the members of the

UN have repeatedly made a "commitment 0.7% of rich-countriesgross national product (GNI) to O fficial Development Assistance.

"The commitment was first made in 1970 by the UN General Assembly.

The text of the commitment was:

E ach economically advanced country will progressively increase

its official development assistance to thedeveloping countries and will exert its best efforts to reacha minimum net amount of 0.7 percent of its gross national product

at market prices by the middle of the decade.

However, there has been disagreement from the US,

and other nations, over the Monterrey Consensus that urged "developedcountries that have not done so to make concrete efforts towards the target of 0.7 per cent of gross national product (GNI) as O DA to developing countries."


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Challenges to the 0.7% Target

However, many OE CD nations, including key members suchas the United States, are not progressing towards their promise

of giving 0.7% of their GNP towards poverty reduction by the targetyear of 2015. Some nations' contributions have been criticized as falling far short of 0.7%

J ohn Bolton argues that the U.S. never agreed inMonterrey to spending 0.7% of GDP on development assistance.

Indeed, Washington has consistently opposed setting specificforeign-aid targets since the U.N. General Assembly first endorsed the 0.7% goal in 1970

The Australian Government has committed toproviding 0.5% of GNI in International Development Assistance

by 2015-2016, without noting the long-standing 0.7% goal


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Challenges of the Millennium Development Goals Although developed countries' aid for the achievement

of the MDGs have been rising over the recent year, it has shown that more than half is towards debt relief owed by poor countries.

As well, remaining aid money goes towardsnatural disaster relief and military aidwhich does not further the country into development.

According to the United Nations Department of E conomic and Social Affairs (2006), the 50 least developed

countries only receive about one third of all aid that flows fromdeveloped countries, raising the issue

of aid not moving from rich to poor depending on their development needs but rather from rich to their closest allies.

Many development experts question the MDGs model of transferring billionsof dollars directly from the wealthy nation governments to the often bureaucratic

or corrupt governments in developing countries. This form of aid has led to extensivecynicism by the general public in the wealthy nations,

and hurts support for expanding badly needed aid.


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Philippine MDGsGoal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger

Extreme poverty refers to the proportionof population or families living below

the subsistence or food threshold. As of 2003,the proportion of people with incomes belowthe subsistence threshold was 13.5 percent.

This represents a decline of 0.90 percentage point each year.At this annual rate of decline,

the Philippines is on track in meeting its target of halvingthe proportion of people below the food threshold.

Goal 2: Achieve universal primary educationShows that in SY 2002-2003, the participation rate in primary

or elementary education, both public and private, of the school-agepopulation 6 to 11 years was 90.29 percent. The most recent figure

for SY 2005-2006 indicated a decline in the participation rate at 84.44 percenwith a huge decline noted in the urban areas.

By region, CALABARZON accounted for the highest NER of 92.87percent, with the lowest in CARAGA at 74.8 percent.


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Goal 3: Promote Gender EqualityThe participation rate of females in elementary education was better

than that of males. For example, in SY 2001-2002, female participationrate was 90.91 percent, compared to 89.33 percent of males.

In addition, female cohort survival rate exceeded that of males.Consequently, female participation rate in high school also exceededthat of males (63.53% vs. 53.65%). There was also a gender gap

in achievement levels in favor of girls as shown by the performanceof a cohort of children in the National Achievement Test (NAT).

The only regions with participation rates in elementary education equalor above the national average in SY 2005-2006 were

the NCR, Ilocos Region, Central Luzon, CALABARZON, Bicol Region,and the ARMM. The rest fell below the national average.

The Philippine Constitution upholds the right of women to sectoralparticipation in national and local legislative bodies.

The Philippines is one of the few countries with a woman President.Four out of 24 senators are women. Women dominate the civil service

at the technical level (74%) but are still largely outnumbered by men indecision-making positions (35%). Women account for only 20 percent of total positions in the judiciary. In the 2004 elections, mean participationrate of women was 18.2 percent at the national and local levels of both

executive and legislative bodies


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Goal 4: Reduce child mortalityBased on data from the Technical Working Group

on Maternal and Child Mortality, under-five mortality rate (U5MR)was 80 deaths per 1,000 live births for 1990. This rate declined to

48 in 1998 and to 42 in 2003. In 2006, using results of the FamilyPlanning Survey (FPS) of NSO, the rate fell down further to 32 deathsper 1,000 live births. For the period 1990-2006, the decline was about

60 percent. This suggests a high likelihood of meeting the target of 26.7deaths per 1,000 live births by 2015.

Still, there were regions that in 2006 had infant mortality ratesexceeding the national average of 24 deaths per 1,000 live births.

These were Cordillera (29), MIMAROPA (32), Bicol (26),Eastern Visayas (29), Zamboanga (38), Davao (28), CARAGA (28),

and the ARMM (31).


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Goal 5: Improve maternal healthMMR is defined as the number of maternal deaths per 100,000 live births.

The indicator on maternal health status is disturbing.Based on data from the 1993 and 1998 National Demographic

and Health Survey (NDHS), MMR went down to172 deaths from a 1993 baseline figure of 209 deaths.

In 2006, based on the FPS, it declined to only 162 deaths.Though the decline continued, it was at a sharply diminishing rate.

Out of three (3) million pregnancies that occur every year, half wereunplanned and one-third of these end in abortions, according to a

2006 report of the Allan Guttmacher Institute conducted inthe Philippines. Induced abortion was the fourth leading cause

of maternal deaths. Young women accounted for 17 percent of inducedabortions. Over half of births occurred at home and one-third of them

were assisted by traditional birth attendants (TBAs).


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Goal 6: Combat HIV and AIDS, malaria and other diseasesFrom 2004 to 2006, the DOH noted an increase in

the number of reported cases ranging from 200 to 300 annually.This is a 20 percent increase that has raised concerns, as it suggests

spreading, rather than a reversal of the number of seropositive cases.In addition, the cumulative death toll from

AIDS had already reached 298.

There seems to be an underreporting of HIV and AIDS cases in thecountry; the DOH estimated the HIV and AIDS cases to be

about 11,200 as of 2005. The social stigma of disclosing to the publicone s infection in a predominantly Catholic population may be one of the reasons for the underreporting.

In 2006, for instance, six Filipinos were reported infected withHIV every week. One in every three cases was an OFW, mostly

seafarers and domestic workers who reportedly had unprotected sexualcontact. Cases among OFWs are easily detected because they aremandated to undergo HIV-testing by their prospective employers.


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Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainabilityPhilippine Agenda 21 continues to be the guiding

document for the country s strategy for sustainable development.The action agenda for protecting the ecosystem, for example is

comprehensive, with targets for the following: forest and upland,coastal and marine, urban ecosystem, freshwater, lowland and

agricultural, minerals and biodiversity.

Forest cover statistics was generated in early 2004 usingsatellite imageries taken in 2002 and 2003. Results of this undertaking

show that the remaining forest cover was about 7.2 million hectaresor 24 percent of the total land area of the country.

The MDG target for 2015 is to ensure that 86.8 percent of the population will have access to safe water and 83.8 percent will

have access to a sanitary toilet facility. Given the current trend,there is a high probability that the targets will be achieved.


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Goal 8: Develop a global partnership for developmentIn Southeast Asia, the Philippines is an active participant in the

ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) anchored on the Common EffectivePreferential Tariff (CEPT) scheme. The applied tariff scheme for importsin the ASEAN ranges between zero and five percent, with few requested

exceptions that may be subject to compensation. At this point,60 percent of products in the inclusion list are subject to zero duty.

In addition, the Philippines is a founding member of the Asia-PacificEconomic Cooperation (APEC), an informal grouping that is committedto open regionalism. APEC seeks open and free trade and investment

in the region by 2010 for industrialized economies andby 2020 for the developing economies.


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High Low - High Low High High -

The 8 MDGs at the National Progress Level


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