8/7/2019 RD3901 A15

1/12

LOVELY PROFESSIONALUNVERSITY

CAP302

Analysis and design of InformationSystem

Homework#3

Submitted to: Submitted by:Amandeep Mam Rahul Pandey

RD-3901-A-15

Reg no.-10903849

8/7/2019 RD3901 A15

2/12

Q-1 Data dictionary is interrelated with steps of SDLC in project

development. Justify giving examples?

Ans :

Data dictionary is interrelated with steps of SDLC in project

development because:--

a) Data dictionary are integral components of structured analysis; since

data flow diagrams by themselves do not fully describe a subject of the

investigation.

b) A data dictionary is a catalog-a repository of the element in thesystem.

c) In data dictionary one will find a list of all the elements composing the

data flowing through a system. The major elements are

Data flows

Data stores

Processes

d) The dictionary is developed during data flows analysis and assist the

analysis Involved in determining system requirements and its content are

used during System design as well.

e) The data dictionary contains the following description about the data:-

The name of the data element.

The physical source/ Destination name.

The type of the data element.

The size of data element.

Usage such as input or output or update etc

Reference(/s) of DFD process nos, where used.

Any special information useful for system specification such as

validation rules etc.

8/7/2019 RD3901 A15

3/12

f) this is appropriately called as system development data dictionary, Since

it is created during the system development, facilitating the

development functions, used by the developers and is designed for the

developers information needs in mind.

g) for every single data element mentioned in the DFD there should be at

least one and only one unique data element in the data dictionary.

h) the type of data elements is considered as numeric, textual or image,

audio etc

i) usage should specify whether the referenced DFD process uses it as

input data(only read) or creates data output (e.g Insert) or update.

j) a data element can be mentioned with reference to multiple DFD

processes but in that case if the usages are different , then there

should be one entry for each usage.

k) the data dictionary is used as an important basic information during the

development stages.

l) Importance of data dictionary:

To manage the details in large system.

To communicate a common meaning for all system elements.

To document the features of the system.

To facilitate analysis of the details in order to evaluate

characteristics and determine where system changes should be

made.

To locate errors and omissions in the system.

m) Points to be considered while constructing a data dictionary

Each unique data flow in the DFD must have one data dictionary

entry. There is also a data dictionary entry for each data storeand process.

Definition must be readily accessible by name.

There should be no redundancy or unnecessary definition in the

data definitions. It must also be simple to make updates.

8/7/2019 RD3901 A15

4/12

The procedures for writing definitions should be straightforward

but specific there should be only one way of defining words.

Q-2 Draw a Data Flow diagram for University management system (UMS).

Ans :

8/7/2019 RD3901 A15

5/12

Q-3 CASE tools improve effectiveness and productivity of the analyst. How?

What can be impact of using CASE tools on quality of a software product?

Ans :

Benefits of using Case Tools :--

CaseTools extend the capability of the systems analyst. They provide

the potential to improve the productivity of the analyst, facilitate more

effective procedures, and improve system quality. In other words, both

the process of systems development and the product that results can

be improved through the use of proper tools.

Improve Productivity: -

With the right tools, the analyst has the potential to be more

productive; the same development activities can be completed in less

time than when tools are not used. Tools increase the analysts

productivity by reducing the amount of time needed to document,

analyze, and construct information systems. When used properly, they

increase the analysts efficiency.Provoke

Improve Effectiveness: -

Tools suggest procedures, leading to the use of more effective

processes. If productivity means doing the task right i.e. improved

productivity, effectiveness means doing the right task i.e.deciding the

best task to perform to achieve a result. Tools can suggest the right

way to approach a task.

Improve System Quality: -

Users of information systems want the same thing : a quality system

delivered in a reasonable length of time. At one time, there were very

few tools. Thus, application prototyping was not possible, and neither

was structured analysis. The invention of fourth-generation languages

8/7/2019 RD3901 A15

6/12

and dataflow diagrams- two essential tools for these respective

activities, changed systems analysis procedures in organizations.

OBJECTIVES OF USING CASE Tools :

1. Improve Productivity :

Most organizations use CASE to increase the speedswith which systems

are designed and developed. Imagine the difficultiescarpenters would face

without hammers and saws. Tools increase the analystsproductivity by reducing

the time needed to document, analyze, and constructan information

system.

2. Improve Information System Quality: When tools improve processes,

they usually improve the results as well as they:

(i). Ease and improve the testing process through the use of

automatedchecking.

(ii). Improve the integration of development activities via common method-

ologies.

(iii). Improve the quality and completeness of documentation.

(iv). Help standardize the development process.(v). Improve the management of the project.

(vi). Simplify program maintenance.

(vii). Promote reversibility of modules and documentation.

(viii). Shorten the overall construction process.

(ix). Improve software portability across environments.

(x). Through reverse engineering and re-engineering, CASE products

extend the files of existing systems.Despite the various driving forces (objectives)

for the adoption of CASE,there are many resisting forces that also preclude many

organizations from investing in CASE.

3. Improve Effectiveness:

Effectiveness means doing the right task (i.e.,deciding the best task to

perform to achieve the desired result). Tools can suggest procedures (the

right way) to approach a task. Identifying userrequirements, stating them

8/7/2019 RD3901 A15

7/12

in an understandable form, and communicatingthem to all interested

parties can be an effective development process.

4. Organizations Reject CASE Because:

The start-up cost of purchasing and using CASE.

The high cost of training personnel.

The big benefits of using CASE come in the late stages of the SDLC.

CASE often lengthens the duration of the early stage of the project.

CASE tools cannot easily share information between tools.

Lack of methodology standards within organizations. CASE products force

analysts to follow a specific methodology for system development.

Lack of confidence in CASE products.

IS personnel view CASE as a threat to their job security.

Despite these issues, in the long-term, CASE is very good. The functionality

ofCASE tools is increasing and the costs are coming down. During the next

severalyears, CASE technologies and the market for CASE will begin to mature

8/7/2019 RD3901 A15

8/12

PART-B

Q-4 A woolen manufacturer, without compromising in quality and by keeping

the sales same, can increase his profit. How a software could help him to do

so and at what places?

Ans :

Software and ICT play a significant part in enabling an effective CRM capability,

especially in large organizations.

There are many and various systems available, and it is important to have a clearidea of your requirements during the software solution selection process, which for

most organizations will also involve the selection of ICT service provider too, since

any software solution, for all but very small companies, generally requires support

for specifying, implementation, training and maintenance.

Siebel, Sage (who now provide the well-known Accpac and ACT! CRM solutions), and

Front Range (whose product is Goldmine) are all significant and proven CRM

software products companies. There are many others, and very many more ICT

service providers through whom distribution and support is normally arranged.

As with any ICT project, ensure you work with reliable and knowledgeable advisors,

with access to cost-effective proven solutions, who can help you to build and

implement an effective CRM software and ICT capability.

8/7/2019 RD3901 A15

9/12

Q-5 Take a real life system and apply prototype approach and describe the

steps that would be followed in the approach.

Ans :

The system prototype method involves the user more directly in the analysis

& design experience than does the SDLC or structured analysis method.

A prototype is working sys not just an idea on paper that is developed to

test ideas and assumption about the new system. Like any computer based

sys it consists of working software that accepts input, performs calculations,

produces printed or displayed information or performs other meaningful

activities.it is the first version or iteration of an information system an

original model.

The design and the information produced by the system are evaluated by

users. This can be effectively done only if the data are real & the situations

live. Changes are expected as the system is used

Reasons for system prototyping:

Information requirements are not always well defined. Users may know only

that certain biz areas need improvement or that existing procedures must be

changed. Or they may know that they need better information for managing

certain activities but are not sure what that info is.

The users requirements might be too vague to even begin formulating a

design. In other cases, a well managed systems investigations may produce a

comprehensive set of sys requirements, but building a sys that will meet

those requirements may require development of new technology.

Unique situations, about which developers have neither info nor experience,

and high cost or high risk situations in the proposed design is new and

untested, are often evaluated through prototypes.

8/7/2019 RD3901 A15

10/12

The prototype is actually a pilot or test model; the design evolves through

use.

Although the prototype is working system, it is designed to be easilychanged. Information gained through its use is applied to a modified design

that may again be used as a prototype to reveal still more valuable design

information.

The process is repeated as many times as necessary to reveal essential

design requirement.

System prototyping is an interactive process. It begins with only few

functions and be expanded to include others that are identified later.

Steps in the prototyping process:

1. Identify the user known information requirements and features needed in

the system.

2. Develop a working prototype

3. Use the prototype, noting needed enhancements and changes. These expand

the list of known sys requirements

4. Revise the prototype based on info gained through user experience

5. Repeat these steps as needed to achieve a satisfactory system.

8/7/2019 RD3901 A15

11/12

Q-6 Why various development activities are important to be carried out

during structured analysis?

Ans :

Various development activities are important to be carried out

during structured analysis to :--

Ensure that projects can successfully continue should a loss of staff occur

without a damaging effect on the project.

Develop overall better quality systems

Improve the way in which projects are controlled and managed

Allow more effective use of experienced and inexperienced staff and their

Development.

Make it possible for projects to be supported by computer based tools e.g.

computer-aided software engineering systems.

Improve communication between participants in a project so an effectiveframework is in place.

Benefits :

Timelines: Theoretically, SSADM allows one to plan, manage and control aproject well. These points are essential to deliver the product on time.

Usability: Within SSADM special emphasis is put on the analysis of user

needs. Simultaneously, the systems model is developed and a comprehensive

demand analysis is carried out. Both are tried to see if they are well suited

8/7/2019 RD3901 A15

12/12

to each other. Respond to changes in the business environment. As in SSADM

documentation of the projects progress is taken very seriously, issues like

business objectives and business needs are considered while the project is

being developed. This offers the possibility to tailor the planning of the

project to the actual requirements of the business.

Effective use of skills: SSADM does not require very special skills and can

easily be taught to the staff. Normally, common modelling and diagramming

tools are used. Commercial CASE tools are also offered in order to be able to

set up SSADM easily. Better quality: SSADM reduces the error rate of IS

by defining a certain quality level in the beginning and constantly checking

the system.

Improvement of productivity: By encouraging on-time delivery, meeting

business requirements, ensuring better quality, using human resources

effectively as well as trying to avoid bureaucracy, SSADM improves the

overall productivity of the specific project and the company.

Cuts costs: SSADM separates the logical and the physical systems design.

So the system does not have to be implemented again with new hard -or

software.