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RDF: Alternative Fuel tailor-made from Waste
RECUWATT Conference: Recycling and Energy Mataró, October 4 – 5, 2012
Hermann Krähling – on behalf of Managing Director tecpol [email protected] www.tecpol.de
RECUWATT Conference Recycling and Energy – Mataró, October 4 – 5, 2012 Slide 2
RDF: Alternative Fuel tailor-made from Waste
• What is RDF? • Why to develop RDF-routes? • What is the potential of RDF for the Energy Supply of Spain?
How to exploit the resource potential of waste? • RDF & End-of-Waste discussion • Conclusions
RECUWATT Conference Recycling and Energy – Mataró, October 4 – 5, 2012 Slide 3
What is RDF (Refuse Derived Fuel)?
Some believe, that
▶ RDF = mere (plastic) Waste ▶ RDF-use = camouflaged old-fashioned incineration
RDF is tailor-made Alternative Fuel • To meet market requirements of specialized power plants, cement kilns,… • Manufactured by dedicated RDF producers • Controlled with regard to composition, heating value, contaminants • Efficiently valorizing combustibles from waste (plastics, wood, paper, textiles,…)
RECUWATT Conference Recycling and Energy – Mataró, October 4 – 5, 2012 Slide 4
What is RDF?
Mixed calorific fractions RDF-producer
Packaging waste
Sorting
Recyclables Residues
MSWI/landfill
Agricultural waste
Sorting
Residual household waste
MBTs
Commercial waste
Sorting
Recyclables Residues
MSWI/landfill
RECUWATT Conference Recycling and Energy – Mataró, October 4 – 5, 2012 Slide 5
What is RDF?
Composition & properties Comments
Plastics [%] 15 40 Attractive: Heating value
Paper [%] 15 40
Wood [%] 5 25 Attractive: CO2-credits
Other (bio-) waste [%] 5 40
Inerts [%] 2 15 Extra payments for > 10 %
Heating value [MJ/kg] 12 > 30 Positive price for > 25 MJ/kg
Restrictions
Chlorine content [%] < 1 preferred Extra payment for > 1 %
Sb, As, Ba, Be, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Pb, Hg, Ni, Se, Ag, Th, V, Zn,…
User specific limits
Moisture, size, incineration properties,…
User specific requests
RECUWATT Conference Recycling and Energy – Mataró, October 4 – 5, 2012 Slide 6
RDF use vs. MSW incineration
Heating value [MJ/kg] < 10 > 25
Restrictions / Requests low high
MSWIs • High gate fees • Environmental
gains depend on energy recipient infrastructure
RDF power plants • moderate gate fees • Clear environmental
gains due to continuous energy delivery
Cement (lime) kilns,… • Positive RDF price possible • Significant environmental
gains (best energy use) - comparable or superior to mixed plastics recycling
RECUWATT Conference Recycling and Energy – Mataró, October 4 – 5, 2012 Slide 7
Why to develop RDF-routes?
Resource efficiency & environmental protection
• Land filling (energy) resources is no longer an acceptable option Sustainable waste management needs RDF-routes & MSWIs to supplement recycling Using mixed (plastic-rich) combustibles as RDF is superior to recycling
• Specific CO2-emissions of energy from RDF are below respective emissions from natural gas
• RDF-use is technically well-proven, safe, and compliant with strict emissions control
Economics & energy supply
• RDF-use offers an opportunity to disburden from volatile fuel markets
• 5 – 10 % of the industry energy demand can be supplied by RDF
• RDF power plants are particularly attractive for continuous heat but but also for combined heat & power supply
Market optimizes Recovery Mix
Recovery competes with landfill
costs [€/t]
0
50
100
revenues
Mechanical recycling – homogeneous/clean fractions economy driven – limited by collection/treatment costs + market requests
SRF-use – mixed fractions together with other caloric feed – limited by collection/treatment costs + markets requests
Energy recovery in MSWI – mixed fractions together with other caloric feed
No/ expensive
„Cheap“
Availability of landfills
Spain
RECUWATT Conference Recycling and Energy – Mataró, October 4 – 5, 2012 Slide 9
RDF potential for energy supply in Spain Note: Based on tecpol internal, publically available & Cicloplast information
Household waste (estimations based on data for waste plastics)
Sales packaging
73 % total recovery
57 % recycling 43 % energy
27 % disposal
Residual household waste
MBTs no separation of calorifics
90 % disposal
Potential additional source for RDF production
RECUWATT Conference Recycling and Energy – Mataró, October 4 – 5, 2012 Slide 10
RDF potential for energy supply in Spain Note: Based on tecpol internal & publically available information
Commercial & industrial waste (estimations based on data for waste plastics)
Commercial waste
15 % energy 85 % disposal
Agricultural waste
60 % disposal
< 35 % recycling < 10 % energy
Potential additional source for RDF production
RECUWATT Conference Recycling and Energy – Mataró, October 4 – 5, 2012 Slide 11
RDF potential for energy supply in Spain Note: Based on tecpol internal & publically available information
Estimation of total RDF potential
1.3 Mio. t/a plastics waste
disposed off today
• Corresponding to 60 PJ/a primary energy 5 % of industrial energy demand in Spain
• Import dependency of energy sources 75 %
• Countries with well developed RDF-routes use 25 % to produce RDF
• Typically waste plastics contribute 20% to RDF
Additional 1.6 Mio. t/a RDF
total 4 Mio. t/a RDF
2.4 Mio. t/a RDF-production
(reported 2010)
RECUWATT Conference Recycling and Energy – Mataró, October 4 – 5, 2012 Slide 12
Exploit the resource potential of waste in Spain: Divert calorific waste from landfills
Management of plastics waste
in Germany
Landfill ban
RECUWATT Conference Recycling and Energy – Mataró, October 4 – 5, 2012 Slide 13
RDF & End-of-Waste discussion
According to the European Waste Framework Directive Article 6 Certain specified waste shall cease to be waste… [provided that]
• the substance or object is commonly used for specific purposes
• a market or demand exists for such a substance or object
• the substance or object fulfils the technical requirements for the specific purposes and meets the existing legislation and standards applicable to products
• the use of the substance or object will not lead to overall adverse environmental or human health impacts
JRC/IPTS proposals for end-of-waste requirements with regard to waste plastics
• are restricted to MECHANICAL RECYCLING of waste plastics
• (implicitly) demand – amongst others – compliance with REACh, CLP,….
RECUWATT Conference Recycling and Energy – Mataró, October 4 – 5, 2012 Slide 14
Should RDF cease to be Waste?
PROs
• RDF users would not be obliged to comply with waste specific regulations • RDF shipment would be facilitated • The image of RDF might be improved • …?
CONs
• RDF producers would be obliged to comply with REACh, CLP,… • In consequence sources to produce RDF would be dramatically limited • In consequence RDF economics would most likely be not competitive • An end-of-waste discussion for RDF may well be perceived as a bogus attempt • …?
RECUWATT Conference Recycling and Energy – Mataró, October 4 – 5, 2012 Slide 15
Conclusions
RDF routes are attractive and responsible options in a resource oriented waste management
• Mixed calorific waste fractions are valorized efficiently • Significant environmental gains are proven • RDF contributes to a sustainable energy supply infrastructure – particularly for industry
To exploit the RDF potential in Spain political frameworks oriented towards resource efficiency should be developed further
• Calorific waste should be diverted from landfills • Experiences from other countries show that landfill bans / restrictions direct
private money into improved waste collection, sorting and recovery infrastructure