Reaction ProductsReaction Products

Simple … But So EffectiveSimple … But So Effective

Reactions

1 - Precipitations 2 - Acid/Base 3 - Redox

1 - Precipitation Reactions1 - Precipitation Reactions

- - Solubility RulesSolubility Rules - -All salts containing _____ are solubleAll salts containing _____ are soluble1.1. NaNa++, K, K++, NH, NH44

++ (Cation Rule) (Cation Rule)

2.2. NONO33--, C, C22HH33OO22

--, ClO, ClO33-- and ClO and ClO44

--

3.3. Halides, except Group I (AgHalides, except Group I (Ag++, Pb, Pb2+2+, Hg, Hg222+2+))

4.4. Sulfates, except Group I, BaSulfates, except Group I, Ba2+2+ and Sr and Sr2+2+

5.5. Everything else is insoluble - The ExceptionEverything else is insoluble - The Exception

2 – Acid/Base Reactions2 – Acid/Base Reactions

• Strong Acids/Weak AcidsStrong Acids/Weak Acids• Strong Bases/Weak BasesStrong Bases/Weak Bases• BrBrØØnsted-Lowry Patternsnsted-Lowry Patterns

– SA/SBSA/SB– SA/WBSA/WB– WA/SBWA/SB– WA/WBWA/WB

• Phantom MoleculesPhantom Molecules• AnhydridesAnhydrides• HydrolysisHydrolysis• Lewis Acid/BasesLewis Acid/Bases

Strong Acids and BasesStrong Acids and Bases

• Strong Acids … (Brown-LeMay)Strong Acids … (Brown-LeMay)– HCl, HI, HBrHCl, HI, HBr– HH22SOSO44 (first ionization) (first ionization)– HNOHNO33

– HClOHClO33

– HClOHClO44

• Strong Bases … (Brown-LeMay)Strong Bases … (Brown-LeMay)– LiOHLiOH– NaOHNaOH– KOHKOH– RbOHRbOH– CsOHCsOH– Ca(OH)Ca(OH)22

– Ba(OH)Ba(OH)22

– Sr(OH)Sr(OH)22

BrBrØØnsted-Lowry Patternsnsted-Lowry Patterns

• Strong Acid + Strong BaseStrong Acid + Strong Base HH33OO++ + OH + OH-- H-OH + H H-OH + H2200

• Strong Acid + Weak BaseStrong Acid + Weak Base HH33OO++ + BOH + BOH H-OH + H H-OH + H220 +B0 +B--

• Weak Acid + Strong BaseWeak Acid + Strong Base HA + OHHA + OH-- H-OH + A- H-OH + A-

• Weak Acid + Weak BaseWeak Acid + Weak Base HA + BOH HA + BOH H-OH + BA H-OH + BA

Phantom MoleculesPhantom Molecules

‘Unstable Products’‘Unstable Products’

• HH22SOSO33 H H22O + SOO + SO22

• HH22COCO33 H H22O + COO + CO22

• NHNH44OH OH H H22O + NHO + NH33

AnhydridesAnhydrides• Acidic AnhydridesAcidic Anhydrides

– Oxides of a NonmetalOxides of a Nonmetal– SOSO22 + H + H22O O H H22SOSO33

• Basic Anhydride Basic Anhydride – Oxides of a MetalOxides of a Metal– CaO + HCaO + H22O O Ca(OH) Ca(OH)22

• Acid Anhydride + Base Anhydride Acid Anhydride + Base Anhydride – SaltSalt– CaO + SOCaO + SO33 CaSO CaSO44

• Add Heat to … CaO + SOAdd Heat to … CaO + SO33 CaSO CaSO44

– Reverses the ReactionReverses the Reaction

HydrolysisHydrolysis• NaCl + HNaCl + H22O …O …

– NaNa++ + Cl + Cl-- + H + H22O O Na Na++ + OH + OH-- +H +H++ +Cl +Cl--

– HH22O O H H++ + OH + OH--

• NaF + HNaF + H22O …O …

– FF-- + H + H22O O HF + OH HF + OH--

• NHNH44++ + H + H22O …O …

– NHNH44++ + H + H220 0 H H3300++ + NH + NH33

• NHNH44CC22HH33OO22 + H + H22O …O …

– NHNH44CC22HH33OO22 + H + H22O O NH NH44OH + HCOH + HC22HH33OO22

Lewis Acids/BasesLewis Acids/Bases

• BFBF33 + NH + NH33 • Lewis Diagram …Lewis Diagram …

FF H H

FF BB :N H:N H

FF H H

• BFBF33 + NH + NH33 F F33B-NHB-NH33

• Complex IonsComplex Ions– Double the cation charge (except Al – use 4)Double the cation charge (except Al – use 4)– CuCu2+2+ + NH + NH33 [Cu(NH [Cu(NH33))44]]2+2+

3 – Redox Reactions3 – Redox Reactions

• Elemental FormsElemental Forms– 2 … H2 … H22, N, N22, O, O22, F, F22, Cl, Cl22, Br, Br22, and I, and I22

– ‘‘HHorses orses NNeed eed OOats ats FFor or ClClean ean BrBrown own IIyes’yes’– 3 … O3 … O33

– 4 … P4 … P44 and As and As44

– 8 … S8 … S88

• Ions in SolutionIons in Solution• CombustionCombustion• ElectrolysisElectrolysis

– Fused SaltFused Salt– IonsIons