Name: ________________________________________ Block: _____ Date: _____/_____/_____

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

Read Chapter 15, Section 2 in the textbook (pages 412 – 422). Fill in the blanks with a word or phrase that best completes each item.

Chapter 15 – Section 2: Crops and Soil

I) Agriculture: Traditional and Modern

A) The basic processes of farming include:

1) ______________________________

2) ______________________________

3) ______________________________

4) ______________________________

B) In traditional agriculture:

1) Plows are _________________________________________________________________________

2) Organic fertilizers are used to __________________________________________________________

3) Fields are irrigated by ________________________________________________________________

4) Weeds are removed by _______________________________________________________________

C) Modern agricultural methods include:

1) Plowing done by machinery ___________________________________________________________

2) Synthetic ____________________ are used as fertilizers

3) Sprinklers and drip-systems are used for _________________________

4) Synthetic chemicals are also used to _________________________

II) Fertile Soil: The Living Earth

A) Soil that can support the growth of healthy plants is called ______________________________________

1) Plant roots grow in ________________

2) Fertile topsoil is composed of __________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

3) Chemical weathering happens when _____________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

4) Several layers of soil __ ______________________________________________________________

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Name: ________________________________________ Block: _____ Date: _____/_____/_____

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

III) Soil Erosion: Global Problem

A) Erosion is ____________________________________________________________________________

B) Eroded soil ___________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

C) Without topsoil, ________________________________________________________________________

IV)Land Degradation

A) Land degradation happens when ___________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

B) Desertification is the process by which _____________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

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Name: ________________________________________ Block: _____ Date: _____/_____/_____

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

V) Soil Conservation

A) Many soil conservation methods are designed to prevent _______________________________________

1) Building soil-retaining terraces _________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

2) The contour plowing method includes ___________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

3) An even more effective method of plowing is _____________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

B) In no-till farming, a crop is harvested without ________________________________________________

VI)Enriching the Soil

A) In traditional farming, the soil is enriched by adding ___________________________________________

B) Inorganic fertilizers that contain ___________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

C) A modern method of enriching the soil is to use ______________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

D) Compost is ___________________________________________________________________________

VII) Salinization

A) Salinization is the accumulation of _________________________________________________________

B) When water evaporates from irrigated land, __________________________________________________

C) Eventually, the soil may become so salty that ________________________________________________

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Name: ________________________________________ Block: _____ Date: _____/_____/_____

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

VIII) Pest Control

A) Worldwide, pests destroy about _____% of the world’s potential food harvest.

B) A pest is ______________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

C) Wild plants often have more ______________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

IX)Pesticides

A) Pesticides are __________________________________________________________________________

B) Pesticides can also harm beneficial _________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

C) Pesticide Resistance

1) Resistance is the ability to _____________________________________________________________

2) More than __________ species of insects have developed resistance to pesticides since the _________

D) Human Health Concerns

1) Pesticides are designed to _____________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

2) People who apply pesticides need to follow _______________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

E) Pollution and Persistence

1) Persistent pesticides do not ____________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

2) As a result, they accumulate ___________________________________________________________

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Name: ________________________________________ Block: _____ Date: _____/_____/_____

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

X) Biological Pest Control

A) Biological pest control is ________________________________________________________________

B) Pathogens

1) Pathogens are ______________________________________________________________________

2) One of the most common pathogens used to control pests is the bacterium ______________________

__________________________ (abbreviated ________)

C) Plant Defenses

1) Scientists and farmers have bred plant varieties that have ____________________________________

2) Examples of plant defenses include:

(a) _______________________________________________________________________________

(b) _______________________________________________________________________________

D) Chemicals from Plants

1) Another type of biological pest control also makes use of plants’ ______________________________

2) These chemicals are designed for use in the home because ___________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

3) These products are also _________________________

E) Disrupting Insect Breeding

1) A growth regulator is ________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

2) Pheromones are _____________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

3) Another way to prevent insects from reproducing is to make it ________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

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Name: ________________________________________ Block: _____ Date: _____/_____/_____

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

XI) Integrated Pest Management

A) Integrated pest management is a ___________________________________________________________

B) The steps involved in integrated pest management are shown in the diagram below:

XII) Engineering a Better Crop

A) Genetic engineering is ___________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

B) The plants that result from genetic engineering are called _______________________________________

(_____) plants.

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Name: ________________________________________ Block: _____ Date: _____/_____/_____

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

C) Implications of Genetic Engineering

1) Many genetically engineered agricultural products that we use everyday have not been fully tested for

their _____________________________________________.

2) Scientists warn that these products will __________________________________________________

XIII) Sustainable Agriculture

A) Sustainable agriculture is ________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

B) Sustainable agriculture is also called _______________________________________________________

C) Sustainable agriculture minimizes the use of:

1) _________________________

2) _________________________

3) _________________________

4) _________________________

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