Name: ________________________________________ Block: _____ Date: _____/_____/_____
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
Read Chapter 15, Section 2 in the textbook (pages 412 – 422). Fill in the blanks with a word or phrase that best completes each item.
Chapter 15 – Section 2: Crops and Soil
I) Agriculture: Traditional and Modern
A) The basic processes of farming include:
1) ______________________________
2) ______________________________
3) ______________________________
4) ______________________________
B) In traditional agriculture:
1) Plows are _________________________________________________________________________
2) Organic fertilizers are used to __________________________________________________________
3) Fields are irrigated by ________________________________________________________________
4) Weeds are removed by _______________________________________________________________
C) Modern agricultural methods include:
1) Plowing done by machinery ___________________________________________________________
2) Synthetic ____________________ are used as fertilizers
3) Sprinklers and drip-systems are used for _________________________
4) Synthetic chemicals are also used to _________________________
II) Fertile Soil: The Living Earth
A) Soil that can support the growth of healthy plants is called ______________________________________
1) Plant roots grow in ________________
2) Fertile topsoil is composed of __________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
3) Chemical weathering happens when _____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
4) Several layers of soil __ ______________________________________________________________
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Name: ________________________________________ Block: _____ Date: _____/_____/_____
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
III) Soil Erosion: Global Problem
A) Erosion is ____________________________________________________________________________
B) Eroded soil ___________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
C) Without topsoil, ________________________________________________________________________
IV)Land Degradation
A) Land degradation happens when ___________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
B) Desertification is the process by which _____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
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Name: ________________________________________ Block: _____ Date: _____/_____/_____
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
V) Soil Conservation
A) Many soil conservation methods are designed to prevent _______________________________________
1) Building soil-retaining terraces _________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
2) The contour plowing method includes ___________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
3) An even more effective method of plowing is _____________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
B) In no-till farming, a crop is harvested without ________________________________________________
VI)Enriching the Soil
A) In traditional farming, the soil is enriched by adding ___________________________________________
B) Inorganic fertilizers that contain ___________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
C) A modern method of enriching the soil is to use ______________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
D) Compost is ___________________________________________________________________________
VII) Salinization
A) Salinization is the accumulation of _________________________________________________________
B) When water evaporates from irrigated land, __________________________________________________
C) Eventually, the soil may become so salty that ________________________________________________
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Name: ________________________________________ Block: _____ Date: _____/_____/_____
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
VIII) Pest Control
A) Worldwide, pests destroy about _____% of the world’s potential food harvest.
B) A pest is ______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
C) Wild plants often have more ______________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
IX)Pesticides
A) Pesticides are __________________________________________________________________________
B) Pesticides can also harm beneficial _________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
C) Pesticide Resistance
1) Resistance is the ability to _____________________________________________________________
2) More than __________ species of insects have developed resistance to pesticides since the _________
D) Human Health Concerns
1) Pesticides are designed to _____________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
2) People who apply pesticides need to follow _______________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
E) Pollution and Persistence
1) Persistent pesticides do not ____________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
2) As a result, they accumulate ___________________________________________________________
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Name: ________________________________________ Block: _____ Date: _____/_____/_____
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
X) Biological Pest Control
A) Biological pest control is ________________________________________________________________
B) Pathogens
1) Pathogens are ______________________________________________________________________
2) One of the most common pathogens used to control pests is the bacterium ______________________
__________________________ (abbreviated ________)
C) Plant Defenses
1) Scientists and farmers have bred plant varieties that have ____________________________________
2) Examples of plant defenses include:
(a) _______________________________________________________________________________
(b) _______________________________________________________________________________
D) Chemicals from Plants
1) Another type of biological pest control also makes use of plants’ ______________________________
2) These chemicals are designed for use in the home because ___________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
3) These products are also _________________________
E) Disrupting Insect Breeding
1) A growth regulator is ________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
2) Pheromones are _____________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
3) Another way to prevent insects from reproducing is to make it ________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
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Name: ________________________________________ Block: _____ Date: _____/_____/_____
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
XI) Integrated Pest Management
A) Integrated pest management is a ___________________________________________________________
B) The steps involved in integrated pest management are shown in the diagram below:
XII) Engineering a Better Crop
A) Genetic engineering is ___________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
B) The plants that result from genetic engineering are called _______________________________________
(_____) plants.
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Name: ________________________________________ Block: _____ Date: _____/_____/_____
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
C) Implications of Genetic Engineering
1) Many genetically engineered agricultural products that we use everyday have not been fully tested for
their _____________________________________________.
2) Scientists warn that these products will __________________________________________________
XIII) Sustainable Agriculture
A) Sustainable agriculture is ________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
B) Sustainable agriculture is also called _______________________________________________________
C) Sustainable agriculture minimizes the use of:
1) _________________________
2) _________________________
3) _________________________
4) _________________________
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