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Part 1
You are going to read a magazine article about learning while you sleep. Choose lrom the list A-I the
sentence which best summarises each part (1-7) 01the article. There is one extra sentence which you
do not need to use. There is an example at the beginning (O).
Mark your answers on Ihe separate answer sheet.
A '. The benelits 01learning a task can be lost il we don't go lo
sleep soon enough. '
B It is only when we sleep that thebraín-can help us with
tasks that require us to think imaQiñátively.
e It has taken so me time tor researchers to conclude that
sleeping helps us to learn .
.'O The brain is very active while we sleep and tries to connsct
events frorn the recent and more distant pasto
: 1 E It appears that we need a variety 01different kinds 01 sleep,
or learning ability is affected.
F Although some people don't appear to need as rnuch sleep
as others, it is important that we all get a certain amount
every night.
I G 1 I sleep is interrupted, our ability to learn can be reduced.
H It seems that certain skills have more chance 01being
improved by a night's sleep than others.
.'
'~ I It is olten hard to explain how, alter a night's sleep, we
know how to do something which previously proved
difficult.
.-/
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,.
Learning while you sleepHeather Holt finds out how sleep can help us to learn.
¡ (JHave you ever gone to bed frustrated that
you couldn't solve a' pró'blem, and then
seen the answer straiqht away the next
morning? Perhaps it was the final clue of a
crossword puzzle, or a face you couldn't
put a name to during the day. You might
notice something similar with a more
physical challenge - a tough piece of music
you were trying to learn, say - which
magically seemed much easier the next
day. Did you assume you were just too
tired to get things right the night before, or
did you leel that you'd worked things out in
your dreams?
Scientists have been suggesting links
between drearns and memories lar two
centurias, and many are now convinced
that memories Irom the day become lixed
as w e d ream. But by. revisiting these
'. memories while we sleep, can we .actualty
work out a problem or carry on learning
something? Some researchers think so.
One psychiatrist, Peter Stephens, suggests
that the alternating periods of deep sleep
and lighter, dreaming sleep we experience
each night are all vital. While we may think
that only practice makes perfect, he
believes sleep may also play an important
role. What's more, learning··' \ ¡;¡nd
understanding what we've learnt takes all
night. In f act, he believes that so melearning cannot happen without sleep.
Evidence that people might learn skills
during the time they are dreaming is
beginning toernerqe. Researchers trained
a group 01 people to report whether they'd
seen a certain pattern appearing on a
computer screen while they looked at a
letter in the centre. The task took about
100
rnilli-seconds, but il the trainees did the
test alter a night's sleep Ihey were about 15
rnitti-seconds faster. However, if the
trainees were woken up every time they
began to dream during the night, there was
no improvement.
Stephens did some more work on this and
discovered that the trainees had to sleep
within 24 hours 01 the initial test or they
wouldh:i show any improvement. Even a
good night's sleep 48 hours later was no
good.
Sleep is probably not necessary for all
torrns of learning, but it is especially
important lor learning 'how' rather than
'what'. Stephens says that some things are
learnt straight away. For example, if you
don't remember a phone number 50
seconds alter being told it, sleep won't
help. However, if you're trying to learn a
piano piece and you just cannot get it, you
might find that if you put it aside and come
back to it the next morning you'lI be able todo it.
Our brains are doing more than just
translerring mernories : while we dream.
According to Stephens and his colleagues,
we're also busy exploring the links between
old and new memories, which may help to
explain how we can sometimes solve
problems in our sleep. This may also
explain the strange dreams that we oltenexperience.
Stephens says that they are just beginning
to understand the way sleep works and the
links with learning. He says that the brain
has been designed to help us to find
creative solutions to problems. For this, it
needs us to sleep.
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Part 2
You are going lo read a newspaper article about attending a new attraction for film fans in the USo For
questions 8-15, choose Ihe answer (A, B, e or O) which you think fits besl according to the text.
Mark you r answers on the separate answer sheet.
Star for a Night
For 45 dollars , visitors to Tinseltown Studios are treated like their Hollywood idols
on Osear night . Laurellves joins the w outd - be stars .
It is a warm evening in Los Angeles, and I am
standing in a long queue outside a fabulous-
looking place called Tinseltown Studios.
Nervous chatler and the noise of a distant six-
lane Ireeway hum in the airo Women busily.re-
apply their lipstick and smooth their dresses.
Like me, they are hoping that they are about to
get ataste 01 what it feels like to be a star.
We are spendinq an evening at one 01 the
newest and strangest ideas dreamt up by the
American entertainment industry. Tinseltown's
owners, Ogden Entertainment, claim that, for
one night only, they will ' turn ordinary
individuals into screen legends' - and I can
hardly wait.
Our evening begins a l 7.30 p.m. Handing over
my ticket, I walk down the long red carpet
ahead. 'Fans' approach and ask for my
autograph. I graciously agree. 'Reporters' ask
where I got my outfit and who will star with me
in my new film. On my right, a 'television crew'
is interviewing two girls. A ' journalist'
approaches. 'Congratulations,' she says, 'you
are nominated as Best Actress tonight.'
She turns out to be one 01 the orqanisers of
the event and she tells me that, al6ng' with
three other nominees, I will be edited into ascene from a lamous movie so that it will seem
as il I am the star. The eight scenes (showing
tour men and tour women) will then be
broadcast over dinner 'and the Best Actress
and Best Actor chosen. Nominees are chosen
by staft at the beginning 01 the evening, 'on the
basis 01 who they think looks as il they have
/ine 35 the most guts. So why did they choose me?
Suddenly, the nerves that the stall did not
detect come to the surface. Coping with
people who are pretending to be lans,
journalists and TV crews is one thing, but
being broadcast acting badly in Iront 01 200people? I didn't know il I could handle that.
Then I and the other three nominees are
shown into a lift and taken upstairs to the
studio. I am to replace Genevieve Bujold as
the Queen 01 England in the li lm Anne of a
Thousand Day s . They show me the scene,
hand me a costume and push me in Iront 01 a
camera. My l ive lines are written onto a large
white board and held in Iront of me. Suddenly,
it is all overo Once all lour nominees have been /ine 50
filmed, we join the rest 01 the 'stars' in the vast
banquet room. Over the lirst course, videos
are shown on a screen aboye uso The show
begins with the red carpet 'interviews' Iilmed
as we, the guests, arrived.
First up is aman called John Richardson. Is he
pleased to be nominated lor an award tonight,
asks the 'reporter'? 'You know, being a stuntman isn't as glamorous as being an actor,' he
replies. 'Most 01 the time, people watching the
picture think that it is the actors doing the
stunts, so it's good to linally get so me
recognition.' John's Iriends, who are sitting at
the table next to mine, are loving his interview,
applauding every time he speaks. 'Who'd have
thought that, in real lile, he is just a dull
computer programmer?' says one 01 them. He
is righl: as more 'stars-Ior-a-night' are
interviewed, I am struck by how competently
these people express themselves.
A waiter approaches with a warning: I am
about to be 'spotlighted'. I am introduced to
the audience, my blushing lace appears on the
big screen and then, as I squirm with
embarrassment in my chair, the lilm 01 me,
edited (rather badly) into Anne of a Thou sa nd
Da y s , is shown. I am also handed a pre-
scripted speech - with blanks so I c a n say a
thank-you to whomever I choose - just in case
I am chosen as Best Actress. However, my
performance was so wooden that I don't win.
Yet now that I know I won't have to make a
speech, I leel a moment 01 realdisappointment.
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8 When the writer is waiting 10 go into Tinseltown Studios, she
thinks she has little in common with the other people.
wants to lind that the claim the company makes is true ..
lears that the event may go on lar too long.
is surprised by the appearance 01 the building.
9 As she goes into the building, the writer/.
A gels conlused as to who some 01 the people are.
e acts as il she really is a star.
..'e is unable to respond 10 certain questions.
o is impressed by some 01 the other visitors.
10 What is meant by 'quts' in line 35?
A experience
e ambition
e energy
o courage
11 What does 'it' in line 50 reler to?
A the li lming 01 the writer
e the writing on the white board
e the lilming 01 all lour norninees
o the writer's last line ,
12 .John Richardson answers the question he. is asked by
A denying an accusation.
e explaining a change in attitude.
e expressing satisfaction.
o admitting to being confused.
13 The wriler notices that the other people who are interviewed
A try to respond in the same way that John Richardson did.
e try to appear more interesting than they really are ".
e have similar jobs to John Hichardson's in real lile.
O have little difficulty in giving qood answers 10 questions.
14 When the wriler is 'spotlighted', she
A linds that she is unable to speak.
e quickly looks away from the screen.
e clearly leels uncomfortable.
o becomes convinced that she will win.
15 When.she discovers that she has not won,the writer
A understands why she was not chosen as the winner.
e is glad that she will not have to make a speech.
e wishes she had not agreed to be lilmed.O regrels not having a better parto
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Part 3
You are going 10read a newspaper article about a woman who works as a personal assistant, or PA , to
the director of a museum. Seven paragraphs have been removed Irom the article. Choose Irom the
paragraphs A-H Ihe one which lits each gap (16-21). There is one exlra paragraph which you do not
need to use. There is an example at the beginning (O).
Mark your answers on the separate answer sheet./.
Working in a Museum Anna C uss is a FA in one oi the most irn portant museums in Lond on.
~
S he tc.¡lk st o Wend y S mith about her j ob.
Since she took up her post ayear ago asPA ro the director of the Natural
Historv Museum, Dr Neil Chalmers,
Anna Cuss has beco me a source of
knowledge on a11 manner of museum
issues - fram botany and zoology ro
f und-raising, re-roof ing and heating
systems.
r 18j
This means there are plenty of meetings
to organise. 'Neil sits on vanous
external committees and we have a11the
internal committee mectings that have
to be attended ~ the f ocus could be
anything fram fund-raising for future
years to buildings management.'
I ' , A 1 H
And visit they do in their thousands.The Natural History Museum gets up to
1.8 rnillion visitors each year, making it
the fourth most popular paying visitar
attraction in the UK.
Anna feels at home in rhis
environment. 'I always wanted to work
in a top job in a museum and f inally I've
rnanaged it,' she says.
This runs f or another year and is
. advertised as the f irst of its rvpe ro
explore eighteenth- and nin~˙;eJ:lth-
century British sea voyages of exploration.
'But that would have involved doing a
postgraduate course. That would have
meant another three years at university
and, to be honest, I'd had enough of studving by then.'
l.~l.]Her boss is also responsible f or the
running of the building. The site in
London covers a huge area and is home
to the largest collection of natural
history books, magazines, manuscripts,
maps and drawings in the world.
That was f ollowed by four years working
f or the director of the Royal Society of
Arts. 'I wasn't really looking to move,
but when ¡saw the Natural History
Museum job advertí sed ¡f elt ¡had to
apply f or it.'
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"
A 'This was the first one 1 had seen being
put up and it was a reallv busy time,' says
Anna. '1 had ro plan notes for Neil's
speech for the opening reception and
deal with the press office.'
B She orígí nallv studied archaeology as a
way of entering the museum world. 'Mydream had always been to become a
museum curator,' she says.
e As a result, both of thern try ro meet
each day to plan ahead. 'We always keep
Fridays free so he can sit down and do"
some research,' she says.
o Anna has become so keen that af ter
work she reads books on natural history
and attends the museum's lectures. Shehas also taken up bí rd-watching at the
weekend.
E Whether she is helping with school
parties or deáling with dí stí nguished
visitors f ram overseas, Anna admits she
is kept very busy. She and her boss have
just launched the museum's latest
exhibitíon.
F 'What many people don't know is that,
apart f ram the exhibits, we also have
300 scientists and academics working
here who are carrying out lots of
ihtportant research,' says Anna.
G She completed a secretarial course and
then worked her way through a range of . administrative positions. Later she
moved t o London to the Museums and
Galleries Commission as PA to the
assistant director.
H 'People always ask me what 1 do a11day,
orher than dust down the exhibits,' she
jokes. 'But there is a whole lot more
going on behind the scenes to make the
museum interesting to the people who
visit.'
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"
Part 4
You are going 10 read some book reviews. For questions 22-35, choose Irom the reviews (A-E). The
reviews may be chosen more than once. There is an example at lhe beginning (O).
Mark your answers on the separate answer sheet.
/.
In which book
does the author make a number 01choices which most readers
would not expect?
is the inlormation organised by topic rather than place?
0 1 e
1221., ,> ' .._ .
does the author's imagination seern 10 lake over at times? f 23 I
do we learn about certain prolessional techniques?
are ordinary places made to seem more interestinq?
Which book
might help us to understand more about ourselves?
covers lts subject thoroughly?
makes us leel some 01the writer's enjoyment 01Ihe subject? E28'1
introduces us 10 some very slrange people?
shows how people may try to influence others? r ~O Iwas based on an earlier piece al work?
is one 01 a number on a similar theme? ¡ ~ 2 l
lails to underline the connection between:;two aspects 01its subject? [~5!] Ir · . . ,
[3,~Jshows us changes taking place at the present lime?
was written beca use 01an anniversary? 1 : 3 { ) 1
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,
Book of the Week
Hungry for You, by Joan Smith
-Food is 01 monumental importance to
us and yet we often tend to make .itsrole seem unimportant. In this
intriguing collection 01 articles, Joan
Smith tries to make usrealise that we
should not simply take food lor granted.
The book shows how our choice 01
whal we eat, how we prepare it and
with whom we share it can reveal
things aoout uso The book invites us 10
look at how food can be used to charm
and impress people. This is a
lascinating read, but be warried - you
may never be able to sit down to a mealin auite the same
Rotter d am - P hotograph i c
I mpressions , by Martin Kers"
Martin Kers has become lamous lor his
photographs 01 the Dutch landscape
and many people still leel that this is
what he does best. In this book he
shows that he is equally skilful in
showing just how interesting a citylandscape can be. The book paints a
powerful picture 01 a modern and
dynamic city. With his keen eye lor
contrast, Kers makes even the most
uninspiring harbour scene come to lile.
However, it is a pity that he doesn't
make more of the opportunity to show
how closely the city and the harbour
are related to each other. In the end,
though, Kers succeeds in showinq us a
modern city working tirelessly en -its
own translormation and
A Personal J o u rney w ith M a rti n
Sco r cese th r ou gh Ame ri ca n
Movies, by Martin Scorcese
This book was written a§ a result 01 a
television documentary made by the
lilm-director Martin 'Scorcese some
years ago, at lhe invitation 01the British
Film Inslitute, to mark the lirst hundred
years 01'cinema. Scorcese's selection
01the lilms which have most influenced
him is quite surprising. For every
widely accepted classic, lhere is a long-
lorgotten crime movie or cowboy lilm
which, in the author's eyes, takes lilm-
making mto new territory. Scorcese's
inleclious delight in his subject and
detailed understanding of what
directors were attempting to achieve
with various camera angles and
styles 01 editing make lor a lascinating
read.;
F u ll Cir c l e , by Luis Sep˙lveda
Circle comes lrom a series 01
books 01 travellers' stories brought out
recenlly by a leading publisher. FuJ/
Circle is about what it calls 'a journey
without any set plan' into the heart 01
South America: The author paints
vivid, sometimes surreal, pictures 01
people and places where it is olten
difficult to tell the difference between
lact and liction. Whether he is
travelling in Patagonia or in some
sleepy tropical town, the author creates
characters who are almosl
unbelievable and then places them in
Afri ca : A B iograp h y of th e
Co n fi ne nt , by John Reader
This book is concerned not only with
the Alrica of European explorers,
traders and colonists but with the Alrica
01lhe Alricans who have been there lor
lour million years or more. This book
does not deal with Alrica region by
region, but rather adopts a themalic
approach, dealing with specific
subjects individually - crop gathering,
keeping animals, iron making, trade,
disease - taking examples Irom across
almost the whole 01the continent. This
is a solid work 01scholarship and at the
end we leel that reading it has taken
away the necessity 01 reading dozens
01 other books on the history and pre-
history 01Alrica.
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