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Recommendations for Meeting the Needs of Struggling Readers

15 Recommendations

• Direct, explicit comprehension instruction

• Effective instructional principles embedded in content

• Motivation and self-directing learning

• Text-based collaborative learning• Strategic tutoring• Diverse texts

Recommendations Con’t

• Intensive writing• Technology• Ongoing formative assessment of

students• Extended time for literacy• Professional development• Ongoing summative assessment

of students and programs• Teacher teams• Leadership• A comprehensive and coordinated

literacy program

Combine Elements

• Flexibly try out various combinations– Must include the following:

• Professional Development• Formative Assessment• Summative Assessment

Programs• Planned Variation• Evaluate implementation using a

common process– Allow for comparisons across programs

• Outcomes and Procedures– For evaluation to promote cross-

program comparisons.

Key Part to These Programs

• Should not be used in isolation• Should be used in a dynamic and

powerful interrelationship.

Instruction and Infrastructure

• School reform• Curricular Improvement

Instructional Elements

• Direct, explicit comprehension instruction– Comprehension strategies– Comprehension monitoring and

metacognition instruction– Teacher modeling– Scaffolding instruction– Apprenticeship models

Effective Instructional Principles Embedded in

Content

• Teaches technique and content-area materials

• Reinforce instruction in the skills and strategies that are effective and coordinate it with an emphasis on reading and writing practices– Graphic Organizers– Prompted Outlines– Guided Discussions

Motivation and Self-Directed Learning

• Promote greater student engagement and motivation– Let them select materials to read and

topics to research– Promote relevancy

Text-Based Collaborative Learning• Interact with each other around a

text• Teachers provide scaffolding for

engagement at every ability level and promote better oral language and content-area skills.

Strategic Tutoring• Individualized instruction• Be taught “how to learn”• Teach learning strategies• Empower adolescents to complete

similar tasks independently in the future.

Diverse Texts• Providing students with diverse

texts, topics, and reading levels.• High interest and low readability• Link multiple ability levels

Intensive Writing• Help students improve their

writing skills• Writing instruction helps improve

reading comprehension• Increase the amount of writing

and also the quality of writing

A Technology Component

• Technology is a facilitator of literacy and a medium of literacy.

• Instructional reinforcement and opportunities for guided practice.

Ongoing Formative Assessment of

Students• Informal and frequently on a daily

basis• Track progress• Inform instruction

Infrastructural Elements

• Extended Time for Literacy• Professional Development• Ongoing Summative Assessment

of Students and Programs• Teacher Teams• Leadership• A Comprehensive and Coordinated

Literacy Program

Extended Time for Literacy

• 2 – 4 hours of literacy-connected learning daily

• Teachers need to realize that they are not only teaching content but also ways of reading and writing.

Professional Development

• Ongoing, long-term• Include teachers, coaches,

librarians, and administrators.• Built into regular school schedule• Learn new research and practice

Ongoing Summative Assessment of Students and

Programs

• Implementation with continuous progress-monitoring system.

• Formal• Demonstrate progress specific to

school and program goals

Teacher Teams• Teachers meet regularly to discuss

students and to align instruction.• Plan for consistency in instruction

across subject areas.

Leadership• Principal is the instructional

leader.• Teachers assume leadership roles

and spearhead curricular improvements.

A Comprehensive and Coordinated Literacy

Program• Teachers coordinate literacy

programs that teachers work on in teams and are responsible for a cohort of students.

• Recognize adolescents’ varying needs and develop a comprehensive program that will successfully address the needs of all their students.

WRITING NEXT

All Students Need To Become Proficient and

Flexible WritersProvide Guidance for

Improving Writing Instruction

11 Elements of Effective Adolescent Writing Instruction

• Writing Strategies• Summarization• Collaborative Writing• Specific Product Goals• Word Processing• Sentence Combining

Elements Continued• Prewriting• Inquiry Activities• Process Writing Approach• Study of Models• Writing for Content Learning

Writing Strategies

• Explicitly teach strategies for planning, revising, and/or editing

• Self-Regulated Strategy Development (SRSD)

SRSD• Develop Background Knowledge• Describe It• Model It• Memorize It• Support It• Independent Use• Plan• Write

Summarization• Explicitly and systematically

teaching students how to summarize texts.

• Write Summaries– Rule-Governed Approach or– Intuitive Approach

Collaborative Writing

• Peers Writing as a Team• Developing instructional arrangements

where students work together to:– Plan– Draft– Revise– Edit

Specific Product Goals

• Provides students with objectives to focus on particular aspects of their writing.

• Assigning students specific, reachable goals.

Word Processing• Can be particularly helpful for low-

achieving writers.• Work collaboratively on writing

assignments• Neat and legible script that can be

easily changed.

Sentence Combining• Teaching students to construct more

complex and sophisticated sentences through exercises in which 2 or more basic sentences are combined into a single sentence.

• Enhance the quality of their writing.

Pre-Writing• Engages students in activities

designed to help them generate or organize ideas for their composition.

• Gather information– Reading– Visual Representations

Inquiry Activities• Students examine and analyze

data in order to describe them in writing.

• Hands-on learning• Sharpen inquiry skills

Process Writing Approach

• Involves several activities:– Creating extended opportunities for

writing– Emphasizing writing for real

audiences– Encourage planning, translating, and

reviewing– Stress personal responsibility and

ownership– Facilitate student interactions– Supportive writing environments– Self-reflection and evaluation

Study of Models• Provides good examples or models

of different types of writing.• Analyze examples

– Find the critical elements, patterns, and forms

Writing for Content Area

• Writing-To-Learn– Writing in the content area helps the

student learn the content better.– 75% if the writing-to-learn studies

showed a positive effect.

Bringing The Elements Together

A comprehensive and coordinated literacy program includes the

elements of both reading and writing strategies.

All students can learn, and an informed and educated teacher can teach

them how to learn.