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REAKT - Strategies and tools for Real time EArthquake risK reducTion________________________________________________________________________________
REAKT - Strategies and tools for Real time EArthquake risK reducTion
FP7, Theme [ENV.2011.1.3.1-1], Sept 2011 – Nov 2014
WP5 Vulnerability functions for industrial facilities and equipments
REAKT - Strategies and tools for Real time EArthquake risK reducTion________________________________________________________________________________
Evaluation of Seismic Risk of Industrial Facilities
Mário LopesInstituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon, Portugal António BritoEstrutconsult,Lisbon, Portugal Carlos Sousa Oliveira Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon, Portugal F. Mota de SáInstituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon, Portugal
REAKT - Strategies and tools for Real time EArthquake risK reducTion________________________________________________________________________________
Sines industrial complex- 13 km2
- Houses a significant number of National (Portuguese) and European Critical Infrastructures. Located next to the Atlantic Coast
- 180 km away from several major seismogenic sources: (the Gorringe Bank and the Marquês de Pombal Fault) both able to raise a 8.5 to 9 magnitude earthquake, leading to Peak Ground Accelerations of about 0.20 g to 0.24 g in stiff rock soils, with the possibility of 0.4 g to 0.5 g in soft soils.
- 90km away from the Lower Tagus Valley faults, able to generate magnitude 7 events
REAKT - Strategies and tools for Real time EArthquake risK reducTion________________________________________________________________________________
Sines
Seismic and Tsunamigenic Zones of concern
Tagus River Valley (Fault complex) (90 km from Sines)
Interaction of the African and Euroasiatic plates. (150 km from Sines)
REAKT - Strategies and tools for Real time EArthquake risK reducTion________________________________________________________________________________
REAKT - Strategies and tools for Real time EArthquake risK reducTion________________________________________________________________________________
Natural gas terminal with container and coal terminal behind
REAKT - Strategies and tools for Real time EArthquake risK reducTion________________________________________________________________________________
Floatation of containers due to tsunami
REAKT - Strategies and tools for Real time EArthquake risK reducTion________________________________________________________________________________
Container terminal and coal terminal
REAKT - Strategies and tools for Real time EArthquake risK reducTion________________________________________________________________________________
REAKT - Strategies and tools for Real time EArthquake risK reducTion________________________________________________________________________________
Oil tanker at oil and petro-cheminal terminals
REAKT - Strategies and tools for Real time EArthquake risK reducTion________________________________________________________________________________
Refinery
REAKT - Strategies and tools for Real time EArthquake risK reducTion________________________________________________________________________________
Petrochemical facility
REAKT - Strategies and tools for Real time EArthquake risK reducTion________________________________________________________________________________
Power plant
REAKT - Strategies and tools for Real time EArthquake risK reducTion________________________________________________________________________________
Evaluation of seismic vulnerability
- Meetings with stakeholders and inspection of the facilities
- Code base evaluation (related to date of design and construction)
- Detailed evaluation of the potential seismic performance of selected equipments
REAKT - Strategies and tools for Real time EArthquake risK reducTion________________________________________________________________________________
Seismic action: accelerograms (nonlinear dynamic analysis) or response spectra (for pushover analysis and N2 method)
2 types:
- Near-field events (moderate magnitude, small epicentral distance, rich in high frequencies)
- Far-field event (large magnitude, large epicentral distance, rich in low frequencies)
REAKT - Strategies and tools for Real time EArthquake risK reducTion________________________________________________________________________________
Standard REAKT accelerograms used in WP5 – representative of near-field events TC = 0,3s
REAKT - Strategies and tools for Real time EArthquake risK reducTion________________________________________________________________________________
Sines
REAKT - Strategies and tools for Real time EArthquake risK reducTion________________________________________________________________________________
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
S a[m
s-2]
T [s]
Record Set MeanIndividual Records
Second set of accelerograms representative of far-field events: semi natural, semi artificial, TC = 0,6s
REAKT - Strategies and tools for Real time EArthquake risK reducTion________________________________________________________________________________
IA
[ms-1]
Earthquake Name Date
ePGV
ePGA
eSa T=0.10s
eSa T=0.50s
eSa T=1.00s
eSa T=2.00s
0.610
13.623SD [s]
SI [m]
e IA
e SD
e SI
ID ID IDWaveform Earthquake Station
MW Fault Repi EC8 Vs,30
49 34 ST14 Friuli 06-05-1976
6.5 thrust 42 BMechanism [km] Site class [ms-1]
1.674
PGV [ms-1]
PGA [ms-2]
Sa T=0.10s [ms-2]
Sa T=0.50s [ms-2]
Sa T=1.00s [ms-2]
Sa T=2.00s [ms-2]
0.306
2.865
5.562
5.801
3.790
-3-2-101234
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
acce
lera
tion
[ms-2
]
t [s]
-0.40
-0.20
0.00
0.20
0.40
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
velo
city
[ms-1
]
t [s]
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
0.10 1.00 10.00
log 1
0S a
[ms-2
]
T [s]0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
I A/I
A,m
ax
t [s]
REAKT - Strategies and tools for Real time EArthquake risK reducTion________________________________________________________________________________
Selected equipments
Power transformers – exist in all large facilities and are indispensable
Refinery chimney – indispensable to the operation of the refinery. Its a very specific type of structure.
Reinforced concrete frames that support sulphur storage cylinders – representative of recent RC structures
REAKT - Strategies and tools for Real time EArthquake risK reducTion________________________________________________________________________________
REAKT - Strategies and tools for Real time EArthquake risK reducTion________________________________________________________________________________
REAKT - Strategies and tools for Real time EArthquake risK reducTion________________________________________________________________________________
Kocaeli earthquake, Turkey, August 1999, Seka paper factory
REAKT - Strategies and tools for Real time EArthquake risK reducTion________________________________________________________________________________
Kocaeli earthquake, Turkey, August 1999, factory EnerjiSA
REAKT - Strategies and tools for Real time EArthquake risK reducTion________________________________________________________________________________
Damage – dominant mode: horizontal movement relatively to adjacent equipments or rotation damage in bushings
Compare displacement due to the earthquake with slack of connections to other equipments
Calculation of displacements- transformers modelled as rigid bodies (only friction opposes the displacements) one degree of freedom systems
Numerical solution of the dynamic equation of movement
Ma+Cv+kd=-Mas Ma-Fa=-Mas
REAKT - Strategies and tools for Real time EArthquake risK reducTion________________________________________________________________________________
Flexible connections
REAKT - Strategies and tools for Real time EArthquake risK reducTion________________________________________________________________________________
Stiff connections
REAKT - Strategies and tools for Real time EArthquake risK reducTion________________________________________________________________________________
Knowing the average friction coefficient at the base, which
depends on the number of wheels with stoppers and of the
coefficient of friction between the wheels and the base, it is
possible to evaluate the median of a vulnerability function,
which corresponds to a probability of 50% of the horizontal
displacement of the transformer being above a maximum
value, associated with damage leading to disruption of power
supply
Time dependency (foreshocks and aftershocks) state
dependency
REAKT - Strategies and tools for Real time EArthquake risK reducTion________________________________________________________________________________
0.0000
0.0500
0.1000
0.1500
0.2000
0.2500
0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00 18.00 20.00
Max
imum
rela
tive
disp
lace
men
t[m
]
aG [ms-2]
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
Near-field event - md=0.4me
REAKT - Strategies and tools for Real time EArthquake risK reducTion________________________________________________________________________________
0.0000
0.0500
0.1000
0.1500
0.2000
0.2500
0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00 18.00 20.00
Max
imum
rela
tive
disp
lace
men
t[m]
aG [ms-2]
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
Near-field event - md=0.7me
REAKT - Strategies and tools for Real time EArthquake risK reducTion________________________________________________________________________________
0.0000
0.0500
0.1000
0.1500
0.2000
0.2500
0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00 18.00 20.00
Max
imum
rela
tive
disp
lace
men
t [m
]
aG [ms-2]
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
Far-field event - md=0.4me
REAKT - Strategies and tools for Real time EArthquake risK reducTion________________________________________________________________________________
0.0000
0.0500
0.1000
0.1500
0.2000
0.2500
0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00 18.00 20.00
Max
imum
rela
tive
disp
acem
ent
[m]
aG [ms-2]
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
Far-field event - md=0.7me
REAKT - Strategies and tools for Real time EArthquake risK reducTion________________________________________________________________________________
Refinery chimney
REAKT - Strategies and tools for Real time EArthquake risK reducTion________________________________________________________________________________
DExt
Thickconcrete
As,Ext
As,Int
Thickbricks
234m tall
Base - D =18m Thick = 0,65m
Top - D = 6,4m Thick = 0,20m
REAKT - Strategies and tools for Real time EArthquake risK reducTion________________________________________________________________________________
Modes 1 and 2 Modes 3 e 4 Modes 5 e 6 Mode 7 Mode 8 (vertical) [T=3.73s] [T=1.03s] [T=0.46s] [T=0.25s] [T=0.20s]
Linear dynamic analysis
REAKT - Strategies and tools for Real time EArthquake risK reducTion________________________________________________________________________________
Chimney deformed shapes – predominance of higher modes
t=17.24s t=19.36s t=27.30s(Accelerogram: NF-6501x; PGA=12.0 ms-2)
REAKT - Strategies and tools for Real time EArthquake risK reducTion________________________________________________________________________________
Maximum strains at each section along the height – 40m long
plastic hinge centered at 180m (original design, at late 1970´s did
not applied Capacity Design)
REAKT - Strategies and tools for Real time EArthquake risK reducTion________________________________________________________________________________
Estado de degradação
Critério
I Sem danos
es <
0.7 esy
II Ligeiramente danificado
0.7 esy
< es <
esy
III Moderadamente danificado
esy < es
< esy +
0.25 ( esu -
esu )
IV Severamente danificado
esy +
0.25 ( esu -
esy ) <
es < esu
V Rotura es > esu
ou ec
> ecu
Consideraram-se os estados de degradação indicados no quadro seguinte.NOTA: esy=412 MPa / 200GPa = 2.06‰; esu = 75‰; ecu = 4 ‰;
Estado de degradação Critério
INo damage es < 0.7 esy
IISlight damage 0.7 esy < es < esy
IIIModerate damage esy < es < esy + 0.25 ( esu - esu )
IVSevere damage esy + 0.25 ( esu - esy ) < es <
esu
VColappse es > esu ou ec > ecu
Note: esy=412 MPa / 200GPa = 2.06‰; esu = 75‰; ecu = 4 ‰;
REAKT - Strategies and tools for Real time EArthquake risK reducTion________________________________________________________________________________
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0
Freq
uenc
e
PGA [ms-2]
I - II II - III
III - IV IV - V
I - II II - III
III - IV IV - V
Far-field event GALP - Chimney
REAKT - Strategies and tools for Real time EArthquake risK reducTion________________________________________________________________________________
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0
Freq
uenc
e
PGA [ms-2]
I - II II - III
III - IV IV - V
I - II II - III
IV - V
Near-field event GALP - Chimney
REAKT - Strategies and tools for Real time EArthquake risK reducTion________________________________________________________________________________
F
t
Time dependency (ageing effects)
REAKT - Strategies and tools for Real time EArthquake risK reducTion________________________________________________________________________________
Sulphur storage cylinders and support structure
REAKT - Strategies and tools for Real time EArthquake risK reducTion________________________________________________________________________________
Single degree of freedom system in two orthogonal
directions
Pushover analyses and N2 method
Performance points for different damage states represent
median values of fragility functions
Fragility functions can be drawn if variability is known
REAKT - Strategies and tools for Real time EArthquake risK reducTion________________________________________________________________________________
Thank you for your attention