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Definition: We use the reciprocal pronouns to indicate that
two people can carry out an action andget the consequences of that
action at the same time. There are two reciprocal pronouns:
Reciprocal pronouns
each other
one another
They enable you to simplify sentences where the same general
idea is expressed two or more times.
For example:
• On their wedding day Jhon gave Mary a gold ring and Mary gave
Jhon a gold ring.
!sing the reciprocal pronoun" #each other#" this could be
rewritten:$% On their wedding day Mary and Jhon gave each
other gold rings.
• &eter and Mary 'issed each other.
(n this example #each other# indicates that both people involved
in the action of #'issing# gotthe result" 'isses" at the same
time.
(f you need to refer to more than two people" say the students
in a classroom" then we could use thereciprocal pronoun" #one
another#.
For example:
• The students in this classroom cooperate with one another.
• The teachers gathered to congratulate one another on the
year)s conclusion.
&ronouns
*emonstrative pronoun
(nterrogative &ronoun
&ersonal &ronoun
&ossessive &ronoun
+elative &ronoun
+eflexive &ronoun
+eciprocal pronoun
RELATIVE PRONOUNDefinition: We use the relative pronouns to
refer to a noun mentioned before and of which we are adding
moinformation. They are used to ,oin two or more sentences and
forming in that way what we call #relatie sent
Relatie pronouns
Who" Whom" That" Which
whoever" whomever" whichever
For example:
• &eople !ho spea' two languages are called
bilingual.
(n this example" the relative #who# introduces the relative
sentence #spea' two languages# that desgives more information about
the noun #people#.
Relatie pronouns: "u#$ect or O#$ect-s the relative pronouns
relate to another noun preceding it in the sentence" they connect a
dependent clause antecedent a noun that precedes the pronoun./
Therefore" relative pronouns acts as the sub,ect or ob,ect of t
http://www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/grammar/pronouns.asphttp://www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/grammar/demonstrative-pronoun.asphttp://www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/grammar/interrogative-pronoun.asphttp://www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/grammar/personal-pronoun.asphttp://www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/grammar/possessive-pronoun.asphttp://www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/grammar/relative-pronoun.asphttp://www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/grammar/reflexive-pronoun.asphttp://www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/grammar/reciprocal-pronoun.asphttp://www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/grammar/demonstrative-pronoun.asphttp://www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/grammar/interrogative-pronoun.asphttp://www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/grammar/personal-pronoun.asphttp://www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/grammar/possessive-pronoun.asphttp://www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/grammar/relative-pronoun.asphttp://www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/grammar/reflexive-pronoun.asphttp://www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/grammar/reciprocal-pronoun.asphttp://www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/grammar/pronouns.asp
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dependent clause.
0or example:
• The chef !ho won the competition studied in
&aris.
1ere" #who# relates bac' to or is relative to/ the noun #2hef#.
#Who# also acts as the sub,ect of thedependent clause and the verb
#won#.$% The dependent clause: who won the competition.$% The
independent clause: The chef studied in &aris.
• The shirt that 2arl bought has a stain on the poc'et.
1ere" #that# relates bac' to or is relative to/ the noun
#shirt#. #That# is also the ob,ect of the verb #b$% The dependent
clause is: that 2arl bought.$% The independent clause: The shirt
has a stain on the poc'et.
Referrin% to people: &ho' &hom' &hoeer'
&homeer
These pronouns ta'e a different case depending on whether the
relative pronoun is a sub,ect or an ob,ect in thdependent
clause.
3. "u#$ectie case
!se the sub,ective case when these relative pronouns are the
sub,ect initiating the action/ of the depeclause: &ho'
&hoeer
0or example:
o 4egotiations were not going smoothly between the two leaders"
!ho made no bones about no
each other. #Who# relates bac' to the noun #leaders# and is the
sub,ect of the dependent clause and the#made#.
o Most wor'ers" !hoeer was not employed by the auto
manufacturer" toiled at one of the millio
little minnow companies. #Whoever # relates bac' to the
noun #wor'ers# and is the sub,ect of the dependent clause anverb
#was employed#.
O#$ectie case
!se the ob,ective case when these relative pronouns are the
ob,ect receiving the action/ of thdependent clause: &hom'
&homeer
0or example:
o This is the approach ta'en by ,ournalists" !hom some
consider to be ob,ective.
#Whom# relates bac' to the noun #,ournalists# and is the ob,ect
of the verb #consider#. The the dependent clause is #some#.
o The three representatives" !homeer the committee chooses"
should be at the meeting tomo
#Whomever # relates bac' to the noun representatives and is
the ob,ect of the verb #choosesub,ect of the dependent clause is
#2ommittee#.
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Referrin% to a place' thin% or i(ea: &hich' ThatWhen using
relative pronouns for places" things or ideas" rather than
determining case" the writer must decidethe information in the
dependent clause is essential to the meaning of the independent
clause or simply additioinformation.
When information is critical to the understanding of the
main clause" use That as the appropriate relative prodo not set the
information off by commas.
0or example:
• +ussian generals have delivered a message that is
difficult to ignore.
#That # relates bac' to the noun #message# and is necessary
for the reader to 'now what #message# sentence is about.
• There is another factor that obviously boosts the reputation
of both of these men.
#That # relates bac' to the noun #factor# and is necessary
for the reader to 'now what #factor# the se
about.
When information is not critical to the understanding of the
main clause" use #Which# as the appropriate relapronoun and set the
information off by commas.
0or example:
• The toughest intramural fight of all for 2linton was the 4orth
-merican 0ree Trade -greement" !hich
undertoo' a full year before the 3556 election. #Which# relates
bac' to the noun #agreement# and the information following it is
not necessary for t
to 'now what #agreement# the sentence is about.
• 2linton refused to head toward the center on affirmative
action and abortion" !hich are the two most
issues to the traditional liberal wing of the party.
#Wich# relates bac' to the noun #affirmative action and
abortion# and the information following it is necessary for the
reader to 'now what #affirmative action and abortion# the sentence
is about.
When referring to more than one place" thing or idea use these
relative pronouns: Whatever, Whichever
0or example:
• The three approaches" !hicheer wor's is fine" produce a more
ambiguous picture of a man.
#Whichever # relates to the noun #approaches# and the
information contained within the commas is
additional" not critical information.
• -ny excessive profits" !hateer exceeded accepted limits" would
attract the notice of representatives
#Whatever # relates to the noun #profits# and the
information contained within the commas is additiocritical
information.
&ronouns &ossessive &ronoun
http://www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/grammar/pronouns.asphttp://www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/grammar/possessive-pronoun.asphttp://www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/grammar/pronouns.asphttp://www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/grammar/possessive-pronoun.asp
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*emonstrative pronoun
(nterrogative &ronoun
&ersonal &ronoun
+elative &ronoun
+eflexive &ronoun
+eciprocal pronoun
http://www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/grammar/demonstrative-pronoun.asphttp://www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/grammar/interrogative-pronoun.asphttp://www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/grammar/personal-pronoun.asphttp://www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/grammar/relative-pronoun.asphttp://www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/grammar/reflexive-pronoun.asphttp://www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/grammar/reciprocal-pronoun.asphttp://www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/grammar/demonstrative-pronoun.asphttp://www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/grammar/interrogative-pronoun.asphttp://www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/grammar/personal-pronoun.asphttp://www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/grammar/relative-pronoun.asphttp://www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/grammar/reflexive-pronoun.asphttp://www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/grammar/reciprocal-pronoun.asp
