Rev. sci. tech. Off. int. Epiz., 1995,14 (3), 873-887

Recommended biocontainment features for research and diagnostic facilities where

animal pathogens are used M.S. BARBEITO (1), G. ABRAHAM (2), M. BEST P. CAIRNS (4), P. LANGEVIN (5), W.G. STERRITT (6), D. BARR m, W. MEULEPAS (8), J.M. SANCHEZ-VIZCAINO (9a), M. SARAZA (9b), E. REQUENA (10a), M. COLLADO (10b), P. MANI (11), R. BREEZE (12),

H. BRUNNER (13a), C.A. MEBUS (14), R.L. MORGAN (15a), S. RUSK (13b), L.M. SIEGFRIED (15b) and L.H. THOMPSON (16)

Summary: Recommendations are presented for the minimum structural components, special utilities, installations, and other design and operational features which define a microbiologically-secure animal containment facility.

1) (Coordinator and rapporteur) Biological Safety Officer, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Program Staff, Room 208, Bldg 005, BARC-West, Beltsville, MD 20705, United States of America.

2) Microbiological Security Officer, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Australian Animal Health Laboratory. P.O. Bag 24, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia.

3) Head, Biosafety Services, Office of Biosafety, Laboratory Centre for Disease Control, Health and Welfare Canada, Tunney's Pasture, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0L2, Canada.

4) Agricultural Safety Officer, Animal and Plant Health, Animal Diseases Research Institute, 3851 Fallowfield Road, Nepean, Ontario K2H 8P9, Canada.

5) Chief, Maintenance Program Management, Facilities Management Division, Corporate Management Branch, Agriculture Canada, Sir John Carling Building, 930 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C5, Canada.

6) Director, Project Team, Virus Laboratory, Animal Diseases Research Institute, 3851 Fallowfield Road, Nepean, Ontario K2H 8P9, Canada.

7) Disease Security Officer, Pirbright Laboratory, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom. 8) Head of Safety and Quality Assurance Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Nature Management

and Fisheries, Agricultural Research Department, Central Veterinary Institute, Edelhertweg 15, P.O. Box 65, NL-8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands.

9) a) Animal Health Research Director b) Biosafety Officer, Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología, Embajadores, 68,28012 Madrid, Spain.

10) a) Civil Engineer b) Architect, Acciones Integrales en Seguridad Biológica, c/Ayala 27, 28001 Madrid, Spain.

11) Microbiological Security Officer, Institute of Virology and Immunoprophylaxis, P.O. Box 9, CH-3147 Mittelhausern, Switzerland.

12) Research Program Director, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, North Atlantic Area, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY 11944, United States of America.

13) a) Head of Safety and Engineering b) Microbiologist, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Midwest Area, National Animal Disease Center, P.O. Box 70, Dayton Road, Ames, IA 50010, United States of America.

14) Chief, Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, National Veterinary Services Laboratory, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY 11944, United States of America.

15) a) Head of the Animal Resources Section b) Associate Director, United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Science and Technology, National Veterinary Services Laboratory, P.O. Box 844, Ames, IA 50010, United States of America.

16) Microbiologist, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Northern Plains Area, Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Laboratory, Box 3965 University Station, Laramie, WY 82071-3965, United States of America.

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These biocontainment parameters are expected to enable the safe housing and handling of livestock and poultry infected with pathogenic agents. Physical testing and certification requirements for commissioning such facilities are described. Such a facility will minimise personnel exposure to infectious agents, limit cross-contamination between experiments, minimise horizontal transmission between research animals, and reduce the likelihood of pathogenic agents being released to the outside environment.

K E Y W O R D S : An ima l pa thogens - B iocon ta inment - Biosafety - Des ign -Facilities - Poultry pathogens - Recommendat ions .

INTRODUCTION

T h e ro le of a b i o c o n t a i n m e n t facility inc ludes p r o t e c t i o n of p e r s o n n e l , p r o t e c t i o n of r e s e a r c h a n i m a l s (1 ) a n d m a t e r i a l s f r o m c r o s s - c o n t a m i n a t i o n , a n d p r e v e n t i o n of e n v i r o n m e n t a l con t amina t ion .

T h i s r e p o r t is t h e c o n s e n s u s a g r e e m e n t r e a c h e d b y p a r t i c i p a n t s a t t h e F i r s t I n t e r n a t i o n a l V e t e r i n a r y B i o s a f e t y W o r k s h o p , h e l d f r o m 16 t o 18 O c t o b e r 1991 in Knoxv i l l e , T e n n e s s e e , U n i t e d S t a t e s of A m e r i c a ( U S A ) . T h e p u r p o s e of th is m e e t i n g w a s t o a s s e m b l e a n d c o o r d i n a t e i n t e r n a t i o n a l r e s o u r c e s t o i d e n t i f y m i n i m u m b i o c o n t a i n m e n t fea tu res for t h e safe hand l ing of p a t h o g e n i c agen t s in l a b o r a t o r i e s a n d an ima l r o o m s . Al l pa r t i c ipan t s w e r e m a n a g e r s r e spons ib le for microbio logica l activities in b i o c o n t a i n m e n t l abora to r i e s for r e sea rch a n d diagnosis in an ima l a n d pou l t ry d isease . O n e of t he tasks of t he m e e t i n g was t o cons ider a n d identify topics for discussion at the n e x t s u c h w o r k s h o p , t o b e h e l d a t t h e C o m m o n w e a l t h Sc ien t i f i c a n d I n d u s t r i a l R e s e a r c h O r g a n i s a t i o n ( C S I R O ) A u s t r a l i a n A n i m a l H e a l t h L a b o r a t o r y ( A A H L ) in G e e l o n g , Victor ia , in 1993.

F o r this r e p o r t , t h e pa r t i c ipan t s a g r e e d to classify facilities i n to four b iosafe ty levels ( B L 1-4), for which r e c o m m e n d e d guidel ines wou ld b e d e v e l o p e d to ind ica te m i n i m u m r e q u i r e m e n t s for facilities pe r fo rming w o r k wi th l ivestock a n d pou l t ry p a t h o g e n s (4, 6) p r e s e n t i n g vary ing levels of r isk. Basically, t h e four b iosafe ty levels c o r r e s p o n d to t he risk level of t he agent , wi th B L 4 r ep re sen t i ng t he g rea tes t risk.

Wi th few except ions , t he a d o p t e d classification of facilities in to B L 1-4 is in h a r m o n y wi th risk levels ident i f ied in t e rna t iona l ly (3, 4, 5, 6, 7 , 8 ) . F o u r exis t ing sys tems for risk level des ignat ions and facility classification schemes w e r e used to i l lustrate t he concepts : t h e a g e n t risk ca t ego r i e s a n d c o r r e s p o n d i n g b iosafe ty levels a r e i l l u s t r a t ed in T a b l e I.

T h e charac te r i s t ics of t h e p a t h o g e n s d e s i g n a t e d as r isk level 1 (B iosecur i ty L e v e l 1, Risk G r o u p 1, Class I a n d Risk G r o u p I) m a y b e b road ly descr ibed as follows:

- unl ikely to cause d isease

- n o de le t e r ious impac t on t h e e n v i r o n m e n t

- m in ima l h a z a r d t o l abo ra to ry pe r sonne l .

Leve l 2 p a t h o g e n s m a y b e cha rac te r i sed as follows:

- caus ing mild d isease

- m o d e s t e c o n o m i c impac t

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Comparison of disease agent risk categories and biosecurity facility classification

Country/organisation Disease agent risk Facility

Austral ia Biosecurity level 1 Biosecurity level 2 Biosecurity level 2(E) Biosecurity level 3 Biosecurity level 3(E) Biosecurity level 3(Z) Biosecurity level 4

Biosecurity level 1 Biosecurity level 2 Biosecurity level 2 (E) Biosecurity level 3 Biosecurity level 3(E) Biosecurity level 3(Z) Biosecurity level 4

Canada Risk G r o u p 1 Risk G r o u p 2 Risk G r o u p 3 Risk G r o u p 4

Conta inment level 1 Conta inment level 2 Conta inment level 3 Conta inment level 4

Uni ted States of Amer ica Class 1 Class 2 Class 3 Class 4 Class 5 (a)

Biosafety level 1 Biosafety level 2 Biosafety level 3 Biosafety level 4 Biosafety level 3 or 4 ( b)

World Hea l th Organisat ion Risk G r o u p I Risk G r o u p II Risk G r o u p III Risk G r o u p IV

Basic Basic Conta inment Maximum conta inment

E: exotic Z : zoonotic a) non-indigenous pathogens of domestic livestock and poultry b) facility use depends on agent, activity, and location of laboratory

- i nhe ren t ly r ap id biological decay r a t e

- l imi ted survival in t h e e n v i r o n m e n t (only o n e seasona l change)

- m i n i m a l h a z a r d t o p e r s o n n e l

- n o t hor izon ta l ly t r a n s m i t t e d

- readi ly t r e a t e d wi th ant ib io t ics

- m a y b e p r e v e n t e d t h r o u g h read i ly-ava i lab le m e a s u r e s

- i nd igenous o r e n d e m i c in t h e country .

Leve l 3 covers p a t h o g e n s with t he fol lowing charac ter i s t ics :

- m a y cause a se r ious d i sease

- e c o n o m i c impac t of m o r e t h a n U S $ 5 0 mil l ion

- easily t r a n s m i t t e d by aeroso ls

- m a y b e medica l ly t r e a t e d a n d p r e v e n t e d t h r o u g h readi ly-ava i lab le m e a s u r e s

T A B L E I

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- m a y b e p r e v e n t e d t h r o u g h t h e use of ava i lab le vaccines

- m a y infect la rge n u m b e r s of l ivestock, p o u l t r y o r h u m a n s

- occas ional ly l e tha l c o n s e q u e n c e s

- i nd igenous or e n d e m i c in t h e country .

P a t h o g e n s des igna ted as level 4 possess t h e fol lowing character is t ics :

- causing a very ser ious d isease

- h igh mor ta l i t y r a t e

- high risk t o p e r s o n n e l

- readi ly t r a n s m i t t e d by aeroso ls o r t r a n s m i t t e d b y a r t h r o p o d s

- often n o effective vacc ine

- l imi ted or ineffect ive m e d i c a l t r e a t m e n t r e g i m e s o r p r e v e n t i v e m e a s u r e s t o w a r d

off infect ion

- m a y b e ind igenous , e n d e m i c or exot ic t o t h e c o u n t r y

- often also caus ing diseases of h u m a n s .

T h e d e s i g n a t i o n of C l a s s 5 a g e n t s i n t h e U S A is r e s e r v e d fo r n o n - i n d i g e n o u s p a t h o g e n s of d o m e s t i c l ives tock a n d p o u l t r y o r exo t i c s t r a ins of e n d e m i c d i s e a s e (4) . C l a s s 5 a g e n t s a r e r e s t r i c t e d b y law, a n d p o s s e s s i o n r e q u i r e s a p e r m i t i s s u e d b y t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s D e p a r t m e n t of A g r i c u l t u r e ( U S D A ) . T h e s e l eve l 5 p a t h o g e n s m a y b e k e p t only a t a special B L 3 or B L 4 Agr icu l tu ra l facility: t hey a r e readi ly t r a n s m i t t e d via a e r o s o l s o r t r a n s m i t t e d by a r t h r o p o d s ; e f f ec t ive v a c c i n e s a r e l i m i t e d , a n d t h e s e p a t h o g e n s a r e of ma jo r e c o n o m i c i m p o r t a n c e (possibly severa l bi l l ion U S dol la rs ) .

Th i s r e p o r t focuses p r imar i ly o n B L 3 A g r i c u l t u r a l c o n t a i n m e n t facil i t ies, a l t h o u g h c e r t a i n r e q u i r e d f ea tu re s of B L 4 facilities a r e a lso d i scussed . E a c h c o u n t r y e m p l o y i n g t h e s e g u i d e l i n e s m a y u s e s u b s e t s w i t h i n t h e f o u r b i o s a f e t y l eve l s t o a d d r e s s s p e c i a l r e q u i r e m e n t s for c o m p l y i n g wi th specif ic n a t i o n a l r e g u l a t i o n s , i n d i v i d u a l l a b o r a t o r y guide l ines , a n d t h e special r e q u i r e m e n t s of t he d isease agen t s wi th which t h e y w o r k .

M i n i m u m g u i d e l i n e s w e r e d e v e l o p e d t o d e s c r i b e c o n t a i n m e n t faci l i t ies ( B L 3 a n d B L 4) w h i c h w o u l d b e s u i t a b l e for r e s e a r c h w i t h m o d e r a t e l y a n d h i g h l y d a n g e r o u s a g e n t s , r e spec t ive ly . T h e u s e of p r o p e r s a f e g u a r d s , i n d i c a t e d in t h e v a r i o u s b io sa fe ty guide l ines , will min imise risks f rom aeroso l infect ions. T h e y a r e e x p e c t e d t o p r e v e n t t h e sp r ead of e n d e m i c or exot ic d iseases with po t en t i a l ser ious o r l e tha l effects o n l ivestock, p o u l t r y o r h u m a n s . T h e r e is a l so an e c o n o m i c i ncen t ive for t h e u s e of t h e s e b iosa fe ty s t a n d a r d s , as t h e y c a n h e l p t o p r e v e n t d i s r u p t i o n of s t a b l e f o r e i g n a n d d o m e s t i c agr icul tura l m a r k e t s .

T h e par t i c ipan t s at this w o r k s h o p j u d g e d tha t cons t ruc t ion of a facility con ta in ing t h e f ea tu res ou t l i ned be low wou ld e n a b l e p e r s o n n e l to w o r k safely wi th b o t h e n d e m i c a n d exo t i c p a t h o g e n s of l ives tock o r pou l t ry . A d d i t i o n a l l y , t h e facili ty m u s t b e t e s t e d a n d certified, as ou t l ined below, to en su re tha t c o n t a i n m e n t of mic roo rgan i sms is ach ieved by t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n p r a c t i c e s . O n e c a n n o t , h o w e v e r , r e ly o n m e c h a n i c a l o r s t r u c t u r a l f ea tu res of t he bu i ld ing a lone . T o g e t h e r wi th t h e des ign of t h e facility, g o o d l a b o r a t o r y pract ices , p r o c e d u r e s and t echn iques , and the in tegra t ion of s o u n d an ima l ca re in to each activity, a r e r e q u i r e d . If z o o n o t i c agen t s a r e used , t h e facility f ea tu re s d e s c r i b e d b e l o w m a y n e e d to b e s u p p l e m e n t e d w i t h a C las s I I I b i o l o g i c a l s a f e ty c a b i n e t s y s t e m , a

877

ven t i l a t ed , se l f -conta ined p e r s o n n e l su i te a n d / o r t h e use of o t h e r p ro t ec t i v e e q u i p m e n t for p e r sonne l , and i m p l e m e n t a t i o n of a c o m p r e h e n s i v e medica l survei l lance p r o g r a m m e .

U s e of exo t i c a g e n t s in a c o n t a i n m e n t facility will d e p e n d o n t h e iden t i f i ed n e e d in t h e e v e n t of an i d e n t i f i e d d i s e a s e o u t b r e a k , e c o n o m i c i m p a c t , p u b l i c p e r c e p t i o n a n d a c c e p t a n c e , t h e n e e d t o d e v e l o p vacc ines o r r e a g e n t s , a s s e s s m e n t of t h e p o t e n t i a l for r e l e a s e of t h e p a t h o g e n f r o m t h e fac i l i ty a n d i n f e c t i o n of s u s c e p t i b l e l i v e s t o c k o r poul t ry , a n d a c o m p a r a t i v e analysis of r isk versus benef i t .

MINIMUM FEATURES FOR BIOSAFETY LEVEL 3 AND 4 FACILITIES

T h e c o n s e n s u s a g r e e m e n t of m i n i m u m f e a t u r e s fo r a B L 3 o r B L 4 A g r i c u l t u r a l c o n t a i n m e n t facility a r e de ta i l ed below.

D e s i g n

T h e c o n c e p t of t h e des ign shou ld b e t h a t of a b o x wi th in a box .

Animal cage

T h e an ima l r o o m itself se rves as t h e c o n t a i n m e n t cage.

Integrity

S t r u c t u r a l in t eg r i ty s h o u l d b e d e m o n s t r a t e d for t h e safe u s e of d o m e s t i c o r fore ign ep izoo t i c and z o o n o t i c d i sease agen t s .

Control signs

Signs w a r n i n g of t h e h a z a r d s a n d e n t r y r e q u i r e m e n t s ( i m m u n i s a t i o n a n d c lo th ing ) shou ld b e p o s t e d o n access d o o r s .

Surfaces

All in te r io r surfaces shou ld b e un i fo rm.

A l l i m p e r v i o u s j o i n t s a n d s u r f a c e s s h o u l d b e s e a l e d w i t h a r e a d i l y - c l e a n a b l e , s t r u c t u r a l l y - s o u n d a n d chemica l ly - r e s i s t an t m a t e r i a l wh ich can w i t h s t a n d a i r -p re s su re differentials , t e m p e r a t u r e g r a d a t i o n s a n d m o i s t u r e .

Access

A c c e s s t o a n i m a l fac i l i t i e s s h o u l d b e s t r i c t l y c o n t r o l l e d a n d r e s t r i c t e d s o l e l y t o ass igned p e r s o n n e l a n d o t h e r p e r s o n n e l r e q u i r e d t o s u p p o r t t h e ope ra t i on .

Access doors

D o o r s shou ld h a v e locks con t ro l l ed by specia l pass keys (e.g. card k e y ) , f ingerpr in t or eye ident i f icat ion, or n u m e r i c a l codes .

Airlock

A n a i r l o c k s h o u l d b e p r o v i d e d fo r p a s s a g e of m a t e r i a l s o r a n i m a l s i n t o t h e c o n t a i n m e n t space .

Showers

S h o w e r s s h o u l d b e p o s i t i o n e d n e a r t h e a n i m a l r o o m / a r e a a n d u s e d b y p e r s o n n e l leaving this a rea .

878

E m e r g e n c y showers a n d eyewash s ta t ions should b e p r o v i d e d at s t ra tegic loca t ions .

Floors

Floor s shou ld b e s t ruc tura l ly sound , rigid, non-s l ip , waterproof , chemical ly- res is tant , s e a m l e s s , s t a b l e a t e l e v a t e d t e m p e r a t u r e , ea sy t o c l e a n , s u i t a b l e for u s e b y d i f f e r en t a n i m a l spec ies , f i t ted wi th a coved b a s e at t he wal l jo in t , a n d c a p a b l e of b e i n g b o n d e d p e r m a n e n t l y t o t he dissimilar surfaces e n c o u n t e r e d wi thin t he facility.

Utilit ies

T h e jo in t s a r o u n d all uti l i ty p e n e t r a t i o n s shou ld b e p e r m a n e n t l y sea led .

Vacuum lines

V a c u u m l ines s h o u l d b e f i t ted wi th in- l ine 'h igh efficiency p a r t i c u l a t e a i r ' ( H E P A ) filters and , w h e n necessary, a charcoa l filter shou ld b e a d d e d .

Air receiver tanks

A i r r e c e i v e r t a n k s s h o u l d b e f i t t ed w i t h a H E P A f i l t e r a n d , w h e n n e c e s s a r y , a charcoa l filter should b e a d d e d .

Water

W a t e r l ines s h o u l d b e f i t ted wi th a dev i ce t o p r e v e n t b a c k f low ( e i t h e r d u a l c h e c k valves or a d e d i c a t e d b r e a k t a n k ) t o p r e v e n t l a b o r a t o r y w a t e r b e i n g s i p h o n e d b a c k to t he munic ipa l or cen t ra l on-s i te w a t e r source .

Gas

G a s supply (from a cen t ra l or p o r t a b l e source ) shou ld b e fit ted wi th i so la t ion valves, an in- l ine H E P A filter a n d / o r c h a r c o a l filter, a n d a p p r o p r i a t e o n e - w a y check o r b a c k -flow valves .

Steam

S t e a m shou ld b e p r o v i d e d at t he work sites at b o t h low p r e s s u r e ( u p to 140 k P a ) a n d high p r e s s u r e (140-700 k P a ) .

Drains

D r a i n s shou ld b e p r o v i d e d a t c en t r a l l oca t ions a n d a r o u n d t h e p e r i m e t e r of a n i m a l r o o m s .

A c a t c h m e n t b a s i n s h o u l d b e p r o v i d e d t o c o l l e c t so l id s fo r a p p r o p r i a t e d e c o n t a m i n a t i o n a n d r e m o v a l at a l a te r t ime .

F l o o r d r a i n s s h o u l d b e e q u i p p e d w i t h ' s e a l - o f f c a p s for e a s e of d e c o n t a m i n a t i o n d u r i n g a n d f o l l o w i n g t h e c o m m u n a l h o u s i n g of r e s e a r c h a n i m a l s , a n d t o i s o l a t e t h e r o o m s for r enova t ions .

E a c h d r a i n s h o u l d h a v e a n in - l ine l i qu id U sea l b e f o r e b e i n g j o i n e d to t h e c e n t r a l d r a inage sys tem.

Communicat ion

E a c h a r e a s h o u l d b e e q u i p p e d w i t h t e l e p h o n e s a t s t r a t e g i c l o c a t i o n s , c e n t r a l i s e d c o m p u t e r t e rmina l ( s ) a n d an e m e r g e n c y voice-ac t iva ted l o u d s p e a k e r sys tem.

T h e e m e r g e n c y s y s t e m s h o u l d b e c o n n e c t e d t o a c e n t r a l c o n t r o l s t a t i o n w h i c h is m o n i t o r e d by o n - d u t y p e r s o n n e l o r is c a p a b l e of a u t o m a t i c a l l y a l e r t i n g e m e r g e n c y p e r s o n n e l at r e m o t e locat ions .

879

Animal rooms/necropsy area

General

W a t e r p r o o f e l e c t r i c a l l a m p s , s w i t c h e s , j u n c t i o n b o x e s , c o m m u n i c a t i o n s y s t e m s ( t e l e p h o n e , pub l i c addres s , etc .) shou ld b e p r o v i d e d in e a c h an ima l r o o m a n d n e c r o p s y z o n e .

Swi tches t o d i s c o n n e c t t h e e lec t r ica l supp ly t o a n i m a l r o o m s a n d t h e n e c r o p s y a r e a sho u ld b e p r e s e n t b o t h wi th in a n d ou t s ide t h e s e a r eas .

E a c h a r e a shou ld b e e q u i p p e d wi th a vo ice-ac t iva ted c o m m u n i c a t i o n sys tem.

E m e r g e n c y l ight ing a n d e m e r g e n c y exits shou ld b e p r o v i d e d t h r o u g h o u t t h e facility.

S h o w e r s for m a l e a n d f e m a l e p e r s o n n e l s h o u l d b e i n t e g r a l t o e a c h a n i m a l r o o m , nec ropsy r o o m , or set of r o o m s .

T h e faci l i ty d e s i g n s h o u l d b e d e p e n d e n t o n t h e d i s e a s e a g e n t s , t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l r e s e a r c h p r o g r a m m e , a n d t h e an ima l species t o b e used .

T h e d o o r g a s k e t o n en t r ances / ex i t s of an ima l r o o m s o r n e c r o p s y a r ea s can b e m a d e of n o n - p o r o u s m a t e r i a l ( w h i c h m a y b e so l id a n d r ig id , o r h o l l o w a n d c o m p r e s s i b l e ) ; t h e s e g a s k e t s s h o u l d e i t h e r h a v e s ing le o r d o u b l e f r i c t i o n - s e a l i n g s u r f a c e s , o r b e inf la table (us ing n i t r ogen o r o t h e r iner t gas) .

Animal rooms

A n i m a l r o o m s c o n s t r u c t e d t o h o u s e la rge l ivestock shou ld be f i t ted wi th a n c h o r e d t ie r i ngs , i s o l a t i o n s t a n c h i o n s , l o a d i n g c h u t e s , p e n s / g a t e s for r e s t r a i n i n g a n i m a l s d u r i n g e x a m i n a t i o n o r t r e a t m e n t , a n d cen t r a l or p o r t a b l e hois ts ( e i the r m a n u a l l y - o p e r a t e d o r p o w e r - d r i v e n ) .

I so l a t i on d o o r s t o a n i m a l r o o m s shou ld b e f i t ted wi th a n o n - b r e a k a b l e w i n d o w , for p e r s o n n e l t o o b s e r v e t h e s t a tus of an ima l s p r i o r t o entry, a n d a g a s k e t t o p e r m i t seal ing of t he d o o r to t h e f rame.

Necropsy area

T h e n e c r o p s y r o o m o r a r e a s h o u l d b e a d j a c e n t t o a n d h a v e d i r e c t a c c e s s t o a p a t h o l o g i c a l i n c i n e r a t o r (carcass c r e m a t o r y ) e q u i p p e d wi th a c en t r a l o r p o r t a b l e ho i s t m e c h a n i s m . T h e r o o m s h o u l d b e d e s i g n e d to m i n i m i s e a e r o s o l g e n e r a t i o n a n d c o n t r o l any ae roso l s p r o d u c e d .

T h e n e c r o p s y r o o m s h o u l d h a v e a n i n t e g r a l c o l d r o o m fo r l o n g - t e r m s t o r a g e of an ima l s awai t ing n e c r o p s y o r inc ine ra t ion . I t shou ld also h a v e a fu l ly-equipped s u p p o r t l a b o r a t o r y ( a d j a c e n t t o t h e a n i m a l r o o m s , c o l d r o o m a n d p a t h o l o g i c a l i n c i n e r a t o r cha rge c h u t e ) . This l a b o r a t o r y m a y b e e q u i p p e d wi th s t a n d a r d e lect r ica l c o m p o n e n t s in k e e p i n g wi th local r e q u i r e m e n t s .

T h e n e c r o p s y r o o m shou ld also h a v e task l ight ing (for i l lumina t ion of t h e w o r k a r e a ) , i n t e g r a t e d c o m m u n i c a t i o n s y s t e m s , a n o p e r a t i o n a l d e c o n t a m i n a t i o n c h a m b e r a n d in tegra l p e r s o n n e l showers .

T h i s r o o m s h o u l d b e e q u i p p e d w i t h s t o r a g e c a b i n e t s , a c e n t r a l a u t o c l a v e , d e c o n t a m i n a t i o n e q u i p m e n t , p r o t e c t i v e e q u i p m e n t for p e r s o n n e l a n d a s u p p l y of b r e a t h a b l e air.

880

Corridors

A c c e s s t o a n i m a l r o o m s s h o u l d b e e i t h e r f r o m a s ing l e c o r r i d o r o r f r o m s e p a r a t e c lean a n d di r ty cor r idors .

C o r r i d o r ( s ) t o t h e a n i m a l r o o m s / n e c r o p s y a r e a s h o u l d b e e q u i p p e d wi th a d o u b l e -d o o r en t ry /exi t a i r lock which can se rve as a d e c o n t a m i n a t i o n chamber .

Sinks

H a n d w a s h i n g e q u i p m e n t ( o p e r a t e d by foot, e lbow, wrist o r au tomat ica l ly ) shou ld b e l oca t ed wi th in t h e r o o m s , n e a r t h e exit door , or in t he hal lway in t h e sui te exit a r ea .

Al te rna t ive ly , a c o m p l e t e b o d y s h o w e r m a y b e p rov ided . This shou ld fo rm a s e p a r a t e t r ans i t iona l a r ea b e t w e e n t h e c o n t a i n e d z o n e a n d t h e c lean a r e a of t h e bui ld ing .

Heating, ventilation and air conditioning

T h e h e a t i n g , v e n t i l a t i o n a n d a i r - cond i t ion ing ( H V A C ) sys tems s h o u l d b e d e s i g n e d a n d o p e r a t e d to p rov ide d i rec t iona l air m o v e m e n t .

A m i n i m u m nega t ive p r e s s u r e different ial of 12.5 P a s h o u l d b e m a i n t a i n e d b e t w e e n z o n e s or r o o m s . T h e m o s t h a z a r d o u s z o n e (e.g. nec ropsy r o o m ) wou ld b e a t t h e lowes t p r e s su re , a n d t h e en t i re bui ld ing would b e nega t ive in r e l a t ion t o a t m o s p h e r i c p r e s su re .

T h e air supp ly shou ld b e f i t ted wi th an in- l ine s ingle H E P A filter, o r e q u i p p e d wi th mechan ica l cont ro l s or devices t o p r e v e n t air r e l ea se d u e t o a r eve r sa l of d i rec t iona l air m o v e m e n t o r h igh wind veloci t ies .

E x h a u s t sys tems shou ld have a single H E P A filter, wi th a m p l e space for in se r t ion of a s econd H E P A filter if this is d e e m e d necessa ry for specific ope ra t i ons .

T h e des ign m i n i m u m e x c h a n g e r a t e shou ld b e 10-12 air changes p e r hour . A i r is n o t re -c i rcu la ted in t h e c o n t a i n m e n t facility.

T o fac i l i ta te d e c o n t a m i n a t i o n of a n i m a l o r l a b o r a t o r y s p a c e , t h e H V A C s h o u l d b e f i t ted wi th e q u i p m e n t to ad jus t a n d c o n t r o l t e m p e r a t u r e b e t w e e n 16°C a n d 2 7 ° C , a n d re la t ive humid i ty b e t w e e n 3 0 % a n d 7 0 % .

Decontamination/steri l isation

To aid d e c o n t a m i n a t i o n / s t e r i l i s a t i o n , t h e facility s h o u l d h a v e a p e r s o n n e l e n t r a n c e air lock, cen t ra l au toc lave , d e c o n t a m i n a t i o n c h a m b e r (which can b e a modi f ied a i r lock) , a n d a l i q u i d e f f l u e n t s t e r i l i s a t i o n s y s t e m ( o p e r a t e d as a c o n t i n u o u s f low o r b a t c h sys tem) a n d / o r pas t eu r i s a t i on sys tem ( o p e r a t e d as a c o n t i n u o u s flow o r b a t c h sys t em) .

U n d e r cer ta in r e s e a r c h condi t ions , l iquid chemica l d is infectants cou ld b e accep tab le for t r e a t m e n t of effluent f rom the facility.

T h e sys t em for d e c o n t a m i n a t i o n of e q u i p m e n t o r r e fuse f rom t h e facili ty co u l d b e cent ra l i sed .

Two a l t e rna t ive a p p r o a c h e s for e q u i p m e n t d e c o n t a m i n a t i o n a r e as follows:

a) u se of col lect ion con ta ine r s o r t anks for m a n u a l or a u t o m a t e d o p e r a t i o n s b) u s e of su i t ab l e c h e m i c a l d i s in fec tan t s ( c o m m e n s u r a t e w i t h t h e d i s ea se a g e n t s in

use) to wash d o w n surfaces o r i m m e r s e e q u i p m e n t .

TEST CRITERIA

881

T h e t e s t c r i t e r i a fo r c e r t i f i c a t i o n / c o m m i s s i o n i n g of c o n t a i n m e n t fac i l i t i e s a r e desc r ibed b e l o w (see 'Tes t s ' for de ta i l s of tes t e q u i p m e n t and p r o c e d u r e s ) .

Filters

H E P A fil ters a n d h o u s i n g s s h o u l d b e t e s t e d us ing a c o n c e n t r a t i o n of p o l y d i s p e r s e d d ioc ty lph tha l a t e ( D O P ) s m o k e par t ic les . F lu ids equ iva len t to D O P a re food-g rade co rn oil, d i (2-e thylhexyl ) s e b e c a t e , p o l y e t h y l e n e glycol a n d med ic ina l -g rade light m i n e r a l oil.

T h e fil ter pas ses t h e tes t if s m o k e p e n e t r a t i o n ( m e a s u r e d by a l inear o r l oga r i t hmic p h o t o m e t e r o r o t h e r c o m p a r a b l e i n s t r u m e n t ) d o e s n o t exceed 0.01 %.

T h i s p r o c e d u r e t e s t s w h e t h e r t h e in situ H E P A fi l ters c o n t a i n p i n h o l e l e a k s in t h e filter m e d i a , in t he b o n d b e t w e e n t h e filter m e d i a and the filter f rame, o r in a n d a r o u n d t h e filter f r ame gaske t a n d filter s u p p o r t s .

Air pressure decay test of rooms

T h e r a t e of air l e a k a g e f rom l a b o r a t o r i e s , a n i m a l r o o m s u s e d to h o u s e la rge an imal s ou ts ide c o n t a i n m e n t cages, a n d c o m m u n a l hous ing for poul t ry should no t exceed 7 % pe r m i n u t e ( logar i thmic m e a s u r e of p ressure against t ime) over a 20 min pe r iod at 0.5-1.0 kPa . Th i s r a t e is equ iva l en t t o less t h a n 12.5 P a loss in 1 min a t 0.5-1.0 k P a (less t h a n 201/min a t 1 k P a ) .

Soap bubble test

A s o a p b u b b l e tes t can b e u s e d as an i n t e r im p re - t e s t for 'gas - t igh tness ' of ducts a n d p l e n u m s , p r o v i d e d t h a t all jo in t s a r e readi ly accessible.

T h e e q u i p m e n t is a ccep t ab l e if t h e r e is n o b u b b l e fo rma t ion a t jo in ts w h e n duc ts a n d p l e n u m s a r e p r e s s u r i s e d w i t h a i r t o 1 k P a , a n d a l i q u i d d e t e r g e n t w i t h a l o w s u r f a c e t e n s i o n is a p p l i e d t o j o i n t s f r o m a s q u e e z a b l e b o t t l e o r u s ing a soft b r i s t l e b r u s h . A n a l t e r n a t i v e p r e - t e s t i nvo lve s p r e s s u r i s i n g t o 0.5 k P a a n d o b s e r v i n g for air loss , w h i c h shou ld n o t exceed 1 0 % in 30 min .

Gas-tight ductwork and sewage treatment systems

A l l l i q u i d e f f l u e n t t r e a t m e n t s y s t e m s , d u c t w o r k , a n d a s s o c i a t e d f i l t e r h o u s i n g s ( p l e n u m ) b e t w e e n t h e i n l e t s i d e of s u p p l y H E P A f i l t e r ( s ) a n d t h e d i s c h a r g e s ide of exhaus t H E P A fi l ter(s) , shou ld b e gas- t ight at a p r e s s u r e of 1 k P a . A c c e p t a n c e r equ i r e s a l e a k r a t e of l e ss t h a n 1 x 1 0 - 5 c m 3 / s e c . T h e t e s t gas c a n b e e i t h e r d i c h l o r o -d i f l u o r o m e t h a n e o r he l i um. A su i tab le leak d e t e c t o r shou ld b e u s e d wi th a sensit ivity of 1 x 1 0 - 6 - 7 cm 3 / s ec .

TESTS

R e c o m m e n d e d testing and certification requirements for B L 3 and B L 4 Agricultural facilities

T h e t e s t e q u i p m e n t a n d a c c e p t a n c e c r i t e r i a d e s c r i b e d b e l o w a re s t a n d a r d i s e d a n d u s e d in loca t ions t h r o u g h o u t t h e wor ld .

T h e m a n d a t o r y l a n g u a g e is u s e d t o d e s c r i b e t h e s t a n d a r d i s e d tes t s a n d a c c e p t a n c e cr i ter ia .

882

T h e u s e r is e n c o u r a g e d t o a d o p t t h e s t a n d a r d i s e d t e s t s a n d a c c e p t a n c e c r i t e r i a . A r b i t r a r y m o d i f i c a t i o n of t e s t p r o c e d u r e s m a y i n v a l i d a t e t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s of t h e cert i f icat ion process a n d m a y cause a h a z a r d .

Dioctylphthalate filter test

T h e D O P t e s t s h o u l d b e p e r f o r m e d t o ver i fy t h a t t h e in situ H E P A f i l te rs d o n o t con ta in p inho l e leaks in t he filter m e d i a , t h e b o n d b e t w e e n the filter m e d i a a n d t h e filter f rame, or in a n d a r o u n d the filter f r ame gaske t a n d filter s u p p o r t s .

Equipment

A n a e r o s o l p h o t o m e t e r w i t h a l i n e a r o r l o g a r i t h m i c s c a l e is r e q u i r e d . T h e p h o t o m e t e r s h o u l d h a v e a t h r e s h o l d s e n s i t i v i t y of a t l e a s t 1 x 1 0 - 3 pg/1 for 0 .3 µm d i a m e t e r D O P pa r t i c l e s , a n d a capac i t y for m e a s u r i n g a c o n c e n t r a t i o n of 80-120 pg/1. T h e air s ampl ing r a t e shou ld b e at least 281/min.

A D O P g e n e r a t o r of t h e L a s k i n nozz le t ype (2) shou ld b e used . A n ae roso l of D O P par t i c les is c r e a t e d by flowing air t h r o u g h l iquid D O R T h e c o m p r e s s e d air s u p p l i e d t o t he g e n e r a t o r shou ld b e ad jus ted to a p r e s s u r e of 140 k P a (as m e a s u r e d at t h e e n t r a n c e of t he nozzle , d o w n s t r e a m of all res t r ic t ions) . T h e nozzles shou ld b e c o v e r e d wi th D O P to a d e p t h no t exceed ing 25 m m .

Procedure

I so la te a n d seal t h e filter p l e n u m .

P l a c e t h e g e n e r a t o r so t h a t t h e D O P a e r o s o l is i n t r o d u c e d i n t o t h e f i l ter p l e n u m , u p s t r e a m of t h e H E P A filter.

Swi tch o n t h e p h o t o m e t e r a n d c a l i b r a t e in a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e i n s t r u c t i o n s of t h e manufac tu re r .

M e a s u r e t he D O P c o n c e n t r a t i o n u p s t r e a m of t he H E P A filter.

F o r l inear r e a d o u t p h o t o m e t e r s (g radua ted 0-100), adjust t he ins t rument t o r ead 1 0 0 % while using at least o n e Lask in type nozzle p e r 2351/sec of airflow or i nc remen t s thereof.

F o r l o g a r i t h m i c r e a d o u t p h o t o m e t e r s , adjus t t h e u p s t r e a m c o n c e n t r a t i o n t o 1 x 1 0 4

a b o v e t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n n e c e s s a r y fo r o n e s c a l e d i v i s i o n ( u s i n g t h e i n s t r u m e n t ca l ib ra t ion curve) .

W i t h t h e n o z z l e of t h e p r o b e n o t m o r e t h a n 25 m m f r o m t h e s u r f a c e , s c a n t h e d o w n s t r e a m s ide of t h e H E P A fil ters a n d t h e p e r i m e t e r of e a c h fil ter p a c k by pas s ing t h e p h o t o m e t e r p r o b e in s l igh t ly o v e r l a p p i n g s t r o k e s o v e r t h e e n t i r e s u r f a c e of t h e H E P A filter. Scan t h e e n t i r e p e r i p h e r y of t h e fi l ter a n d t h e j u n c t i o n b e t w e e n t h e fi l ter a n d t h e filter m o u n t i n g f r ame . S c a n n i n g s h o u l d b e p e r f o r m e d at a t r a v e r s e r a t e of n o t m o r e t h a n 50 mm/sec .

D O P p e n e t r a t i o n s h o u l d n o t e x c e e d 0 . 0 1 % a t a n y p o i n t m e a s u r e d b y a l i n e a r o r l o g a r i t h m i c p h o t o m e t e r . I d e n t i f y all p o i n t s of l e a k a g e w h i c h e x c e e d 0 . 0 1 % of D O P p e n e t r a t i o n . R e p a i r all ident i f ied l eaks a n d r e p e a t t h e tes t un t i l t h e a c c e p t a n c e cr i te r ia specified a b o v e a r e satisfied.

Containment room: pressure decay/soap bubble test

T h i s t e s t wil l d e t e r m i n e if t h e wa l l , c e i l i ng a n d f l o o r s u r f a c e s of a c o n t a i n m e n t bu i ld ing or r o o m used to h o u s e l ivestock or pou l t ry will se rve as a ba r r i e r t o p r e v e n t t h e r e l e a s e of h a z a r d o u s m a t e r i a l t o t h e e n v i r o n m e n t o r a d j a c e n t a r e a s . T h i s t e s t c a n b e c o n d u c t e d u n d e r e i the r v a c u u m or p r e s s u r e , as desc r ibed below.

883

Equipment and materials

T h e fol lowing e q u i p m e n t a n d ma te r i a l s a r e r equ i r ed :

- s e a l i n g m a t e r i a l s ( w o o d , m e t a l o r p l a s t i c p l a t e s ; p r e s s u r e s ens i t i ve t a p e ; p l a s t i c shee t s ; r u b b e r s t oppe r s ) t o fo rm iso la t ion ba r r i e r s wi th in t he test z o n e

- s o u r c e of air p r e s s u r e ( p o r t a b l e t a n k o r c o m p r e s s e d air) or v a c u u m p u m p wi th a capac i ty t o satisfy t h e tes t cr i ter ia

- c a l i b r a t e d a n d s c a l e d m a n o m e t e r ( p r e f e r a b l y i n c l i n e d ) , p r e s s u r e g a u g e o r p r e s s u r e t r a n s d u c e r

- s o a p so lu t ion (e.g. l iquid d e t e r g e n t w i th a low surface t ens ion o r c o m m e r c i a l tes t so lu t ion)

- soft br is t le b r u s h or s q u e e z a b l e b o t t l e to apply soap so lu t ion t o t he surface.

Procedure

I s o l a t e a n d s e a l al l e x t e r n a l o p e n i n g s ( e .g . d o o r s ; v e n t i l a t i o n d u c t s , s u p p l y a n d exhaus t ; d ra ins) in t h e r o o m , a r e a o r sys tem to b e tes ted . Seal ing ma te r i a l s shou ld cover a n d seal only t h e open ing , so tha t t h e ad jacen t p e r m a n e n t seals can also b e tes ted .

P ressur i se t h e r o o m or bu i ld ing wi th air t o a m i n i m u m of 0.5 kPa .

O b s e r v e a n d r e c o r d tes t p r e s s u r e a n d decay r a t e . In t e r io r p r e s s u r e or v a c u u m can b e m e a s u r e d wi th a n incl ined m a n o m e t e r , p r e s s u r e gauge o r p r e s s u r e t ransducer .

S u r v e y all j o i n t s , c o r n e r s a n d s e a l e d p e n e t r a t i o n s w i t h i n t h e r o o m o r b u i l d i n g for aud ib le l eaks . M a r k each l eak a n d r e p a i r after shu t t ing d o w n t h e source of air p r e s su re . D o n o t r e - t e s t un t i l s e a l a n t o r o t h e r r e p a i r s h a v e set a n d c u r e d in a c c o r d a n c e wi th t h e ins t ruc t ions of t h e manufac tu re r .

F u r t h e r l e a k a g e m a y b e d e t e c t e d us ing t h e soap b u b b l e tes t desc r ibed below.

A p p l y s o a p o r c o m m e r c i a l d e t e c t o r so lu t ion on all jo in t s , co rne r s , gaske ts a n d sea led p e n e t r a t i o n s wi th in t he r o o m or bu i ld ing (or o t h e r loca t ions which can b e a p o i n t sou rce of air l e a k a g e ) a n d o b s e r v e for b u b b l e fo rma t ion .

E s t a b l i s h 0 .5-1.0 k P a n e g a t i v e p r e s s u r e in t h e r o o m a n d o b s e r v e for b u b b l e f o r m a t i o n . L e a k s wi l l b e i n d i c a t e d b y b u b b l e s . L e a k s m a y o c c u r w h i c h b l o w t h e d e t e c t i o n fluid away f rom t h e ho l e w i t h o u t fo rming b u b b l e s ; t h e s e m a y b e d e t e c t e d by t h e feel o r s o u n d of a slight airflow.

T h e air l eak r a t e shou ld n o t exceed 7 % p e r m i n u t e ( logar i thmic m e a s u r e of p r e s s u r e aga ins t t ime) over 20 m i n a t 0.5 k P a . Normal ly , this air leak r a t e is equ iva len t to 12.5 P a p r e s s u r e loss in 1 m i n a t 0.5-1.0 k P a (less t h a n 201/min a t 1 k P a ) .

M a r k each l eak a n d shu t d o w n t h e source of air p r e s s u r e or v a c u u m .

R e p a i r all ident i f ied l eaks a n d r e p e a t t h e tes t unt i l t h e a c c e p t a n c e c r i te r ia specif ied a b o v e a r e satisfied. D o n o t re - tes t unt i l s ea lan t o r o t h e r r epa i r s h a v e set a n d cu red .

Welded ductwork: pressure decay/soap bubble test

This tes t m a y b e u s e d to l oca t e l eaks in t h e gas- t ight d u c t w o r k o r s e w a g e t r e a t m e n t sys t ems b e f o r e c o n d u c t i n g t h e ha logen or he l ium leak test (final t e s t ) . Th i s tes t avo ids c o n t a m i n a t i o n of t h e s u r r o u n d i n g a r e a w i t h h a l o g e n a t e d c o m p o u n d s , w h i c h w o u l d in te r fe re wi th h a l o g e n de t ec t i on dur ing final test ing.

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Equipment and supplies

T h e e q u i p m e n t a n d s u p p l i e s s p e c i f i e d a b o v e ( s e e ' C o n t a i n m e n t r o o m ' ) a r e a l so appl icab le for tes t ing w e l d e d duc twork .

Pressure decay/soap bubble (pre-test to gas-tight test for ductwork)

T h e p r o c e d u r e for p re - tes t ing d u c t w o r k is basical ly t he s a m e as tha t desc r ibed a b o v e for a c o n t a i n m e n t r o o m . T h e only excep t ion is t h a t t he t e m p e r a t u r e ins ide t he d u c t w o r k m u s t b e w i t h i n 1 ° C of t h e a m b i e n t r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e . T h i s e q u i l i b r a t i o n t a k e s 20-30 m i n w h e n r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e is a p p r o x i m a t e l y 20°C.

A l l we lds , gaske t s , p e n e t r a t i o n s , o r seals o n e x t e r i o r sur faces of duc t s a n d p l e n u m s m u s t b e ab le t o sus ta in air p r e s s u r e for 20 min a n d m u s t b e free of s o a p b u b b l e s at 1 k P a .

Gas-tight ductwork: hel ium or halogen leak test

H e l i u m shou ld b e u s e d as t h e tes t gas ; d i c h l o r o d i f l u o r o m e t h a n e is a lso a c c e p t a b l e , however , p r o v i d e d t h a t t h e u s e of h a l o g e n a t e d c o m p o u n d s is legal in t h e coun t ry w h e r e t h e tes t is p e r f o r m e d . A s a f inal tes t , t h e h e l i u m o r h a l o g e n l eak tes t is p e r f o r m e d at a p r e s s u r e of 1 k P a o n all w e l d e d d u c t w o r k a n d p l e n u m s , a n d l i qu id e f f luen t ( s e w a g e ) t r e a t m e n t s y s t e m s . T h e h e l i u m o r h a l o g e n wil l e n a b l e t h e e x a m i n e r t o d e t e r m i n e w h e t h e r ex te r io r jo in ts c r e a t e d by welding , gaske t ing or use of sea lan t s a r e free of leaks . A n y leak m i g h t r e l e a s e po t en t i a l l y h a z a r d o u s m a t e r i a l s i n to t h e w o r k e n v i r o n m e n t o r t h e a t m o s p h e r e . A c c e s s d o o r s ( for H E P A f i l t e r s o r d a m p e r s ) in t h e d u c t w o r k o r p l e n u m s l o c a t e d wi th in t h e e s t a b l i s h e d c o n t a i n m e n t b o u n d a r i e s s h o u l d b e t e s t e d a n d cert if ied as p a r t of t h e d u c t w o r k sys tem.

Equipment and materials H e l i u m m a y b e subs t i t u t ed by a n o t h e r gas , p r o v i d e d t h a t t h e a p p r o p r i a t e d e t e c t i o n e q u i p m e n t is used .

I n addi t ion , t h e fol lowing e q u i p m e n t a n d ma te r i a l s a r e r e q u i r e d :

- i n d u s t r i a l t y p e h a l o g e n l e a k d e t e c t o r c a p a b l e of d e t e c t i n g a h a l o g e n l e a k of 1 x 1 0 - 7 c m 3 / s e c , c a l i b r a t e d in a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e i n s t r u c t i o n s of t h e m a n u f a c t u r e r using a ca l ib ra ted leak s t a n d a r d

- sou rce of h a l o g e n gas

- r e s p i r a t o r e q u i p p e d w i t h a c a r t r i d g e for o r g a n i c v a p o u r r e m o v a l , t o b e w o r n by p e r s o n gene ra t i ng gas on h igh -p re s su re s ide

- two-way c o m m u n i c a t i o n sys tem

- c a l i b r a t e d a n d s c a l e d m a n o m e t e r ( p r e f e r a b l y i n c l i n e d ) , p r e s s u r e g a u g e o r p r e s s u r e t ransducer .

Procedure

R e m o v e h a l o g e n a t e d c o m p o u n d s f rom the tes t a rea .

Weld ing a n d s m o k i n g a r e p r o h i b i t e d in t h e tes t a rea .

Ca l ib r a t e t h e l eak d e t e c t o r in a c c o r d a n c e wi th t h e ins t ruc t ions of t h e manufac tu r e r . Ad jus t t h e leak s t a n d a r d to ind ica te a l eak r a t e of 1 x 1 0 - 7 cm 3 / s ec .

P r io r t o test ing, p e r f o r m a b a c k g r o u n d scan of t he a r e a t o en su re tha t t h e a t m o s p h e r e is free of h a l o g e n a t e d c o m p o u n d s .

885

Pres su r i se all s ea led duc t s a n d p l e n u m s to 1 k P a wi th a m i x t u r e of d ich lo rod i f luoro -m e t h a n e a n d air (at a v/v r a t io of 1:9).

M o v e d e t e c t o r p r o b e ove r s e a m s , j o in t s , gaske t s a n d o t h e r a reas of poss ib le l e akage , a t a r a t e of a p p r o x i m a t e l y 25 m m / s e c . K e e p d e t e c t o r p r o b e a p p r o x i m a t e l y 6-12 m m f rom t h e surface .

L e a k r a t e shou ld n o t e x c e e d 1 x 1 0 - 5 cm 3 / s ec .

Ident i fy all po in t s of h a l o g e n l e a k a g e which exceed 1 x 1 0 - 5 cm 3 / s ec .

R e p a i r all ident i f ied l eaks a n d r e p e a t t h e tes t un t i l t h e a c c e p t a n c e c r i te r ia specif ied a b o v e a r e satisfied. D o n o t re - tes t unt i l s ea l an t o r o t h e r r epa i r s h a v e set .

GENERAL OPERATIONS

Personal clothing

T o e n t e r v e t e r i n a r y r e s e a r c h a r e a s d e s i g n a t e d as B L 3 o r B L 4 A g r i c u l t u r a l c o n t a i n m e n t zones , all p e r s o n a l c lo th ing ( inc luding u n d e r g a r m e n t s ) shou ld b e r e m o v e d a n d r e p l a c e d wi th d e s i g n a t e d l a b o r a t o r y a n d an ima l c lo th ing, p r o v i d e d for exclusive u s e wi th in t h e c o n t a i n e d space .

This specia l c lo th ing shou ld b e s ter i l ised after use , t h e n l a u n d e r e d a n d re -used .

CONCLUSIONS

A m o n g t h e s e v e n c o u n t r i e s r e p r e s e n t e d a t t h e F i r s t l i t t e r n a t i o n a l V e t e r i n a r y Biosafe ty W o r k s h o p , u n a n i m o u s a g r e e m e n t was r e a c h e d o n t h e fol lowing po in t s :

- E v i d e n t s i m i l a r i t i e s ex i s t b e t w e e n fac i l i t i e s , a n d al l h a v e s i m i l a r b i o s a f e t y (secur i ty) p r o b l e m s .

- T h e loca t ion of s u b s e q u e n t m e e t i n g s will a l t e rna t e a m o n g pa r t i c ipan t s .

- T h e w o r k s h o p f o r m a t focusing o n b iosafe ty issues was c o n s i d e r e d ve ry beneficial a n d p r o d u c t i v e , a n d to b e occur r ing at an a p p r o p r i a t e t ime .

- F u r t h e r w o r k s h o p s will b e he ld a p p r o x i m a t e l y every e igh t een m o n t h s .

- T h e hos t c o u n t r y will f inance t he p r e p a r a t i o n of w o r k s h o p p r o c e e d i n g s .

- P r e s e n t e r s will b e individual ly r e spons ib l e for t h e t echn ica l c o n t e n t a n d f o r m a t of the i r w r i t t e n submiss ions .

- Pa r t i c ipan t s will b e r e spons ib l e for the i r o w n t rave l a n d p e r d i em expenses .

- Pa r t i c ipan t s m u s t h a v e ex tens ive k n o w l e d g e of b iosafe ty wi th in the i r o rgan i sa t ion a n d t h e ins t i tu t iona l i m p l e m e n t a t i o n p r o g r a m m e .

- E a c h c o u n t r y m u s t p r e s e n t i n fo rma t ion o n t h e c h o s e n top ic for t h e w o r k s h o p .

- P r o p o s e d topics for fu tu re m e e t i n g s a r e as follows:

a) c lass i f i ca t ion of r i sk l eve l s , w i t h e v a l u a t i o n c r i t e r i a , for e p i z o o t i c a n d z o o n o t i c d i sease agen t s ( inc luding fore ign d isease agen t s o r exot ic s t ra ins of e n d e m i c d iseases)

b) r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s for i m m u n i s a t i o n prac t ices a n d policies

c) s t a n d a r d i s a t i o n of p rac t ices a n d p r o c e d u r e s for hand l ing zoono t i c agen ts .

886

A C K N O W L E D G E M E N T S

T h e co-sponsorsh ip of t h e Firs t I n t e r n a t i o n a l Ve te r ina ry Biosafe ty W o r k s h o p by t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s D e p a r t m e n t of A g r i c u l t u r e , A g r i c u l t u r a l R e s e a r c h S e r v i c e ( U S D A / A R S ) a n d t h e C o m m o n w e a l t h S c i e n t i f i c a n d I n d u s t r i a l R e s e a r c h O r g a n i s a t i o n , A u s t r a l i a n A n i m a l H e a l t h L a b o r a t o r y ( A A H L ) is g r a t e f u l l y a c k n o w l e d g e d . C o o r d i n a t o r s of t h e w o r k s h o p w e r e M . S . B a r b e i t o , B i o l o g i c a l Safe ty Officer ( U S D A / A R S ) a n d A.J . D e l l a - P o r t a ( D e p u t y H e a d of t h e A A H L ) .

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R E C O M M A N D A T I O N S C O N C E R N A N T LES C O N D I T I O N S D E S É C U R I T É B I O L O G I Q U E D E S INSTALLATIONS D E R E C H E R C H E ET D E DIAGNOSTIC O Ù S O N T U T I L I S É S D E S A G E N T S P A T H O G È N E S P O U R LES A N I M A U X . -M.S. Barbeito, G. Abraham, M. Best , P. Cairns, P. Langevin, W.G. Sterritt, D . Barr, W. Meulepas, J.M. Sanchez-Vizcaino, M. Saraza, E. Requena, M. Collado, P. Mani, R. Breeze, H. Brunner, C.A. Mebus, R.L. Morgan, S. Rusk, L.M. Siegfried et L.H. Thompson.

Résumé : Les auteurs font des recommandations sur les infrastructures de base, les équipements spéciaux, les installations et autres conditions de conception et de fonctionnement garantissant la sécurité microbiologique d'un local d'isolement pour animaux. Le respect de ces paramètres devrait permettre le logement et la manipulation d'animaux infectés par des agents pathogènes sans risques sanitaires. Les auteurs décrivent quelques essais de mise en service et conditions d'agrément de ces installations. Ces dispositions diminueront l'exposition du personnel aux agents infectieux, limiteront la contamination entre les animaux utilisés dans diverses expériences ainsi que la transmission entre animaux d'une même expérience, et réduiront le risque de dissémination d'agents pathogènes dans le milieu extérieur.

M O T S - C L É S : Agents pathogènes pour la volaille - Agents pathogènes pour les an imaux - Biosécur i té - Concep t ion - I so l emen t b io logique - Locaux -Recommandat ions .

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C A R A C T E R Í S T I C A S D E B I O H O S P E D A J E R E C O M E N D A D A S P A R A I N S T A L A C I O N E S D E I N V E S T I G A C I Ó N Y D I A G N Ó S T I C O E N L A S Q U E SE U T I L I Z A N A G E N T E S P A T Ó G E N O S P A R A LOS A N I M A L E S . - M.S. Barbeito , G. Abraham, M. Best , P. Cairns, P. Langevin, W.G. Sterritt, D . Barr, W. Meulepas , J.M. Sanchez-Vizcaíno, M. Saraza, E . R e q u e n a , M. Col lado, P. Mani, R. Breeze , H. Brunner, C.A. Mebus, R.L. Morgan, S. Rusk, L.M. Siegfried y L.H. Thompson.

Resumen: Los autores presentan recomendaciones sobre los requisitos mínimos en cuanto a infraestructura, equipamientos especiales, instalaciones y otras características funcionales y de diseño que definen un espacio de hospedaje animal microbiógicamente seguro. Se espera que estos parámetros de biohospedaje permitan alojar manipular de forma segura el ganado y las aves infectados con agentes patógenos. Se describen los controles físicos y los requisitos administrativos necesarios para poner en funcionamiento tales

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instalaciones. Instalaciones de esta índole minimizarán la exposición del personal a agentes infecciosos, limitarán la contaminación cruzada entre experimentos, minimizarán la transmisión horizontal entre animales utilizados para la investigación y reducirán las probabilidades de que agentes patógenos sean liberados al medio externo.

P A L A B R A S C L A V E : A g e n t e s p a t ó g e n o s an ima les - A g e n t e s p a t ó g e n o s av ia res - B i o h o s p e d a j e - B i o s e g u r i d a d - D i s e ñ o - I n s t a l a c i o n e s -Recomendaciones .

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R E F E R E N C E S

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2. A N O N . (1987). - Biological safety cab ine ts . S t a n d a r d N o . 49, Class I I (Lamina r f low). Biohazard cabinetry. Nat ional Sanitat ion Foundat ion , A n n Arbor , Michigan, 136 pp.

3. A N O N . (1990). - Labo ra to ry biosafety guidelines. Hea l th and Welfare Canada ; Medical R e s e a r c h Counc i l of C a n a d a ; a n d L a b o r a t o r y C e n t r e for D i s e a s e C o n t r o l ( H e a l t h Protect ion Branch) . Minister of Supply and Services, Ot tawa, 66 pp.

4. A N O N . (1993). - Biosafety in microbiological and biomedical laboratories, 3rd Ed. Uni ted S ta te s D e p a r t m e n t of H e a l t h a n d H u m a n Services Pub l i ca t i on N o . ( C D C ) 93-8395. Uni ted States Gove rnmen t Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 177 pp .

5. A N O N . (1995). - Guide l ines for research involving recombinan t D N A molecules ( N I H G u i d e l i n e s ) . U n i t e d S t a t e s D e p a r t m e n t of H e a l t h and H u m a n Serv ices , N a t i o n a l I n s t i t u t e s of H e a l t h ( N I H ) . Office of R e c o m b i n a n t D N A Act iv i t i e s , B e t h e s d a , Maryland, 103 pp.

6. C O M M O N W E A L T H S C I E N T I F I C A N D I N D U S T R I A L R E S E A R C H O R G A N I S A T I O N (1991) . -

Microbiological security and safety manua l [in four volumes]. Austral ian Animal Hea l th Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, 630 pp .

7. S C H E R E W.F., E D D Y G.A. , M O N A T H T.P., W A L T O N T.E. & R I C H A R D S O N J .H. (1980). -

L a b o r a t o r y safety for arboviruses and cer ta in o the r viruses of ver tebra tes . Am. J. trop. Med. Hyg., 29 (6), 1359-1381.

8. W O R L D H E A L T H O R G A N I S A T I O N ( W H O ) (1983). - Labora tory biosafety manual . W H O , Geneva , 133 pp .