Reconstruction: An Unfinished Revolution (1865-1877)

Chapter 16

I. Assimilation of Former Slavesand States

1. Reestablish state governments.

2. 10% of the voting pop.; swear an oath of loyalty to the U.S.

3. Lincoln’s 10 Percent Plan

4. Complete pardons; if they took an oath of agreement; eliminate slavery

Assimilation of Former Statesand Slaves (cont’d)

5. Wade Davis Bill, 18646. 50% of southern voters; must take oath7. Non-active members/supporters of Conf. can

approve new state constitutions.8. Vetoed…9. Freedman’s Bureau, 186510. Help: food, shelter, medical aid11. Establish schools12. Funding ceased; expired in 1872

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Andrew Johnson

II. Uneasy Rule ofAndrew Johnson

1. Kept 10% plan

2. Disenfranchisement of former Conf. leaders; those with $250,000 or more

3. Many Conf. leaders back by 1865!!!

4. Refused to support blacks

5. Rep. Congressmen feared S. Dems.

6. “Waving the Bloody Shirt”

Uneasy Rule ofAndrew Johnson (cont’d)

7. Black Codes

8. Restricted movement of blacks; can’t own land

9. Sharecropping—leased land

10. Borrow supplies to work; give large part of harvest as a “loan” payment

III. 14th Amendment

1. Rad. Rep.protect African Americans

2. Civil Rights Bill of 1866—destroy black codes; Blacks get full citizenship

3. Johnson vetoes; congress overturns

4. 14th Amendment, 18681. Protect Rights of all U.S. citizens

2. Due process & equal protection

3. No state/fed. office; Conf. officers

IV. More Troubles for Johnson

1. Military Reconstruction Act

2. 5 military districts (martial law)

3. Conf. States must: 1. 1. ratify 14th amend.

2. universal manhood suffrage

More Troubles for Johnson (cont’d)

4. Impeachment?

5. Tenure of Office Act

6. Pres. can’t discharge a fed. appointee w/out Senate approval

7. Sec. of War: Edwin Stanton fired!!

8. Impeached; but not removed

V. 15th Amendment

1. 1868, Pres. Ulysses S. Grant (R)

2. States can’t prevent citizens from voting based on: race, color, or previous servitude

3. Enforcement?

VI. Southern Governments

1. Scalawags-S. Rep.

2. Carpetbaggers-N. Rep; went to the S.

3. Military Reconst. Successes1. Public Education

2. Infrastructure

3. Tax codes; collection

4. Military Reconstruction Failures1. Accusations of N. corruption

KKK (Ku Klux Klan)

                                    

                     

                                      

                  

KKK(cont’d)

5. Force Acts 1870-71

6. Fed. troops; stop violence; enforce 14th-15th Amend.

VII. “Reedemers”

1. Rid the S. of Reps.

2. Won S. Seats

3. Low taxes, small gov., white power

4. 1870-Rep. dead in the S.

VIII. Freedmen

1. Some stayed; some left

2. 1878-1880@25,000 left for KS

3. Exodusters

4. Church; Center for Freedmen

5. Freedman’s Bureau1. Struggled to stay alive

6. “40 Acres & a Mule”—Pres. Johnson never approved

IX. Compromise of 1877

1. Election of 18761. Rutherford B. Hayes (R) vs. Samuel Tilden

(D)

2. Dispute in S. votes

3. Rep. gave it to Hayes

4. Compromise of 1877

5. End of Recon.!!

X. Failures

• Lack of passion and motivation from republicans• No education for most• No land redistributed• No voting ex: poll taxes, literacy tests, etc.• Sharecropping• KKK-racial hostility• Lack of enforcement of 14th and 15th

• Corruption and greed• Poverty and homeless• Land was not rebuilt• Fiscal problems to rebuild south• Segregation now became the norm in the south

XI. Successes

• Some got educated; land; voting• Black senators and congressmen• Citizenship established• Slavery dead• 13, 14, and 15th Amendments radically altered

the federal government• Individual rights were now federally protected• Increase in federal power and responsibilities• Stronger nationalism-sense of a nation• Unprecedented federal intervention