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Campbell's Biology, 9e (Reece et al.)

Chapter 42 Circulation and Gas Exchange

Substantial emphasis is placed in Chapter 42 on the big picture of animals existing only by virtue ofexchanging matter with their environments. In particular, oxygen and carbon dioxide dynamics are

explored in a wide variety of animals, with close investigation of the diverse structures and functions

involved in gas exchange. The Test an! "uestions assess learning across many levels of in"uiry, from

atomic to organismal.

#ultiple$Choice %uestions

&' (as exchange in the a"uatic salamander !nown as the axolotl is correctly described as

)' active transport to move oxygen into the salamander from the water.

' carrier$mediated transport to move oxygen into the salamander from the water.C' facilitated diffusion of carbon dioxide from the salamander into the water.

*' simple diffusion of oxygen into the salamander from the water.

+' active transport of carbon dioxide from the salamander into the water.)nswer *

Topic Concept 42.&S!ill -nowledgeComprehension

2' Circulatory systems have the primary benefit of overcoming the shortcomings of

)' temperature differences between the lungs and the active tissue.

' the slow rate at which diffusion occurs across cells.C' communication systems involving only the nervous system.

*' having to cushion animals from trauma.

+' fetal organisms maintaining an optimal body temperature.)nswer

Topic Concept 42.&

S!ill -nowledgeComprehension

/' To become bound to hemoglobin for transport in a mammal, atmospheric molecules of oxygen must

cross

)' 0ero membranesoxygen binds directly to hemoglobin, a protein dissolved in the plasma of the

blood.

' one membranethat of the lining in the lungsand then bind directly to hemoglobin, a protein

dissolved in the plasma of the blood.

C' two membranesin and out of the cell lining the lungand then bind directly to hemoglobin, a

protein dissolved in the plasma of the blood.

*' four membranesin and out of the cell lining the lung, in and out of the endothelial cell lining the

pulmonary capillary1and then bind directly to hemoglobin, a protein dissolved in the plasma of theblood.

+' five membranesin and out of the cell lining the lung, in and out of the endothelial cell lining the

pulmonary capillary, and into the red blood cellto bind with hemoglobin.

)nswer +

Topic Concept 42.&

S!ill -nowledgeComprehension

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4' The fluid that moves around in the circulatory system of a typical arthropod is

)' the digestive 5uices.' the intracellular fluid.

C' the blood plasma.

*' the cytosol.+' the interstitial fluid.

)nswer +

Topic Concept 42.&

S!ill -nowledgeComprehension

6' Circulatory systems in molluscs

)' are open in all species of molluscs.' are closed in all species of molluscs.

C' are open in species of large$si0ed molluscs and are closed in species of small$si0ed molluscs.

*' are open in species of small$si0ed molluscs and are closed in species of large$si0ed molluscs.+' are open or closed without regard to body si0e.

)nswer *

Topic Concept 42.&S!ill -nowledgeComprehension

7' The circulatory system of bony fishes, rays, and shar!s is similar to

)' that of birds, with a four$chambered heart.' the portal systems of mammals, where two capillary beds occur se"uentially, without passage of

blood through a pumping chamber.

C' that of reptiles, with one pumping chamber driving blood flow to a gas$exchange organ, and adifferent pumping chamber driving blood to the rest of the circulation.

*' that of sponges, where gas exchange in all cells occurs directly with the external environment.

+' that of humans, where there are four pumping chambers to drive blood flow.)nswer

Topic Concept 42.&

S!ill )pplication)nalysis

8' ) significant increase in the amount of interstitial fluid surrounding the capillary beds of a human9s

lungs will cause

)' an increase in the amount of carbon dioxide moving from the blood to the lungs.' an increase in the amount of oxygen moving from the lungs into the blood.

C' a decrease in the amount of oxygen moving from the lungs into the blood.

*' an increase of pressure that would cause the capillary beds to burst.+' a decrease in the amount of wor! needed for effective ventilation of the lungs.

)nswer C

Topic Concept 42.&

S!ill )pplication)nalysis

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:' ;rganisms with a circulating body fluid that is distinct from the fluid that directly surrounds the

body9s cells are li!ely to have)' an open circulatory system.

' a closed circulatory system.

C' a gastrovascular cavity.*' branched tracheae.

+' hemolymph.

)nswer

Topic Concept 42.&S!ill -nowledgeComprehension

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&7' ) human red blood cell in an artery of the left arm is on its way to deliver oxygen to a cell in the

thumb. To travel from the artery in the arm to the left ventricle, this red blood cell must pass through)' one capillary bed.

' two capillary beds.

C' three capillary beds.*' four capillary beds.

+' five capillary beds.

)nswer

Topic Concept 42.2S!ill )pplication)nalysis

&8' ?hich of the following is the correct se"uence of blood flow in reptiles and mammals=)' left ventricle @ aorta @ lungs @ systemic circulation

' right ventricle @ pulmonary vein @ pulmocutaneous circulation

C' pulmonary vein @ left atrium @ left ventricle @ pulmonary circuit*' vena cava @ right atrium @ right ventricle @ pulmonary circuit

+' right atrium @ pulmonary artery @ left atrium @ ventricle

)nswer *Topic Concept 42.2

S!ill -nowledgeComprehension

&:' ) patient with a blood pressure of &2386, a pulse rate of 43 beatsminute, a stro!e volume of 83mAbeat, and a respiratory rate of 26 breathsminute will have a cardiac output of

)' 633 mAminute.

' &,333 mAminute.C' &,863 mAminute.

*' 2,:33 mAminute.

+' 4,:33 mAminute.)nswer *

Topic Concept 42.2

S!ill )pplication)nalysis

&

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23' ) stro!e volume in the heart of 83 mAcycle, with a pulse of 82 cycles per minute, results in a

cardiac output of)' 6 Aminute.

' 634 mAminute.

C' 3.6 Aminute.*' 63 Aminute.

+' 633 Aminute.

)nswer )

Topic Concept 42.2S!ill )pplication)nalysis

2&' The semilunar valves of the mammalian heart)' are the route by which blood flows from the atria to the ventricles.

' are found only on the right side of the heart.

C' are the attachment site where the pulmonary veins empty into the heart.*' prevent bac!flow of blood in the aorta and pulmonary arteries.

+' are at the places where the anterior and posterior venae cavae empty into the heart.

)nswer *Topic Concept 42.2

S!ill -nowledgeComprehension

22' The material present in arterioles that is not present in capillaries is)' fully oxygenated blood.

' plasma in which carbon dioxide has been added.

C' a lining of endothelial cells.*' circular smooth muscle cells that can alter the si0e of the arterioles.

+' white blood cells and platelets.

)nswer *Topic Concept 42./

S!ill -nowledgeComprehension

2/' The set of blood vessels with the slowest velocity of blood flow is

)' the arteries.

' the arterioles.

C' the metarterioles.*' the capillaries.

+' the veins.

)nswer *Topic Concept 42./

S!ill -nowledgeComprehension

24' The set of blood vessels with the lowest blood pressure driving flow is)' the arteries.

' the arterioles.C' the metarterioles.

*' the capillaries.

+' the veins.)nswer +

Topic Concept 42./

S!ill -nowledgeComprehension

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26' )n increased concentration of nitric oxide within a vascular bed is associated with)' vasoconstriction.

' vasodilation.

C' narrowing of the arteries.*' a reduction in blood flow in that region.

+' a decreased amount of blood in the capillaries of that vascular bed.

)nswer

Topic Concept 42./S!ill -nowledgeComprehension

27' )mong the following choices, which organism li!ely has the highest systolic pressure=)' mouse

' rabbit

C' human*' hippopotamus

+' giraffe

)nswer +Topic Concept 42./

S!ill -nowledgeComprehension

28' Small swollen areas in the nec!, groin, and axillary region are associated with)' increased activity of the immune system.

' a bro!en limb.

C' blood sugar that is abnormally high.*' dehydration.

+' sodium depletion.

)nswer )Topic Concept 42./

S!ill -nowledgeComprehension

2:' The velocity of blood flow is the lowest in capillaries because

)' the capillary walls are not thin enough to allow oxygen to exchange with the cells.

' the capillaries are far from the heart, and blood flow slows as distance from the heart increases.C' the diastolic blood pressure is too low to deliver blood to the capillaries at a high flow rate.

*' the systemic capillaries are supplied by the left ventricle, which has a lower cardiac output than the

right ventricle.+' the total cross$sectional area of the capillaries is greater than the total cross$sectional area of the

arteries or any other part of the circulatory system.

)nswer +Topic Concept 42./

S!ill Synthesis+valuation

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//' ) species that has a normal resting systolic blood pressure of D273 mm g is li!ely to be

)' an animal that is small and compact, without the need to pump blood very far from the heart.' an animal with abundant lipid storage.

C' a species that has very wide diameter veins.

*' an animal that has a very long distance between its heart and its brain.+' an animal that ma!es fre"uent, "uic! motions.

)nswer *

Topic Concept 42./

S!ill Synthesis+valuation

/4' *ialysis patients, who will have blood withdrawn, dialy0ed, then replaced, are always weighed when

they enter the facility and then weighed carefully again before they leave, because)' even small changes in body weight may signify changes in blood volume and therefore blood

pressure.

' many people who have dialysis are diabetic and must control their weight carefully.C' dialysis removes blood proteins and these weigh more than other blood components.

*' dialysis is li!ely to cause edema and such swelling must be controlled.

+' reclining posture during dialysis can cause a tendency for weight gain.)nswer )

Topic Concept 42./S!ill Synthesis+valuation

/6' Aarge proteins such as albumin remain in capillaries rather than diffusing out, resulting in the

)' loss of osmotic pressure in the capillaries.' development of an osmotic pressure difference across capillary walls.

C' loss of fluid from capillaries.

*' increased diffusion of C;2.

+' increased diffusion of b.)nswer

Topic Concept 42./

S!ill -nowledgeComprehension

/7' Easoconstriction in the gut is a li!ely response when an individual is

)' lying down after standing up.

' standing up after lying down.C' stressed and secreting stress hormones.

*' responding to increased blood pressure.

+' having an allergy attac! with lots of histamine secretion.)nswer C

Topic Concept 42./

S!ill -nowledgeComprehension