Referencetodefinitekinds

M.TeresaEspinalTeresa.Espinal@uab.cat

Thegenericnotebook:currentapproachesto

genericity.June2,2017

1Grants.MINECOFFI2014-52015-P,2014SGR1013,IcreaAcademia

Goal

•  Definitekinds•  Spanish,Russian,BrazilianPortuguese(1)EldodóvivióenlaislaMauricio.‘ThedodolivedintheislandofMauriWus.’Borik&Espinal(2015),TheLinguis:cReview.Borik&Espinal(2017a,b),submiZed.Cyrino&Espinal(2015),NLLT.

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Claims

•  Definitekinds(DKs)denotethekinditself,andaretheexpressionofD-genericityinRomance(Spa,Cat,BrP).ExtensiontoRussian

•  Atthesyntax-semanWcsinterfaceDKsarenumberlessDPs,composedbyapplyingaiotaoperator(themeaningencodedbythedefinitearWcle)tothemeaningofnouns(properWesofkinds,oftype<ek,t>),conceivedasintensionalenWWes

•  Avoid:‘singulardefinitegenerics/kindterms’ 3

English[commonassumpWonsfromtheliterature]

(2) a. Theowliscommon/widespread/fastdisappearing/oeenintelligent.b. Owlsarecommon/widespread/fastdisappearing/oeenintelligent.

Carlson(1977,2011)•  Bothsubjectsrefertokinds•  Definitegenerics(2a)havearestricteddistribuWonwrtbarepluralkinds(2b)(Krihaetal.1995,Dayal2004)

•  FocusonBPls.Defaultwaytorefertokinds4

English[commonassumpWonsfromtheliterature]

(2) a. Theowliscommon/widespread/fastdisappearing/oeenintelligent.b. Owlsarecommon/widespread/fastdisappearing/oeenintelligent.

TwodifferentsemanWctypesofkindreferringexpressions:•  Thedefinitesubjectin(2a)isderivedbymeansoftheιoperator

•  TheBPlsubjectin(2b)isaresultoftheapplicaWonofthespecialnom/∩operator

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Ourclaims

•  BPlsarenotthedefault,mostcommon,orstandardwaytorefertokindscrosslinguisWcally

•  DKsarethedefaultwaytoexpressD-genericityinRomance(Spanish,BrazilianPortuguese)

•  DKsalsoexistinlanguageswithoutarWcles(Russian)•  DKsnamethekindorspecies(Jespersen1927),whereaspluralsubjectsrefertoa(maximal)sumofrepresentaWvesofthekind

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Spanish

(3) a. El búho es común / estáportodas partes/ theowl is common/ is at all parts/ desaparece rápidamente/amenudo es inteligente. disappears rapidly/ oeen is intelligent ‘Theowliscommon/widespread/fastdisappearing/oeenintelligent.’

b. *(Los)búhossoncomunes/ están portodas partes/ theowls arecommon/ are at all parts/

desaparecenrápidamente/amenudo son inteligentes.disappear rapidly oeen are intelligent

‘Owlsarecommon/widespread/fastdisappearing/oeenintelligent.’

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Maincontrasts

English(2a)–(2b)

Spanish(3a)–(3b)

definiteness ✓ ✕

number ✓

✓

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FundamentalquesWon•  Whatisexactlytheroleofdefinitenessandnumberinreferencetokinds(andtoothergenericexpressions)?

•  Wearguethat:–  CommonnounsdenoteproperWesofkinds–  ThedefinitearWcleturnsthisdenotaWonintoaDK–  Numbershouldbeanalysedasarealiza:onoperator(Carlson1977,Déprez2005),whichwhenappliedtoacommonnounyieldsproperWesofobjects

–  DKsdonorefertoanyinstanWaWonofthekind,duetotheabsenceofnumber

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TheoreWcalproposalI:themeaningofN

•  OpWonA– commoncountnounsdenoteproperWes(Partee1987;Chierchia1984,1998;Kriha2004)

•  OpWonB-commoncountnounsdenoteakindofthing(Carlson1977,Zamparelli1995)

•  OpEonC– commoncountnounsdenoteproperWesofkinds(Espinal&McNally2007,2011;Espinal2010;Dobrovie-Sorin&PiresdeOliveira2008)

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TheoreWcalproposalI:themeaningofN

•  ThreeargumentsinsupportofOpWonC:

1.  RestricWonsonmodificaWon.AmodifiedBNinobjectposiWonofHAVE-predicatesdenotesanintersecWonofproperWesofkinds.Espinal(2010)

(4)a. Té parella estable/formal.

haspartner stable formal ‘(S)hehasalong–termpartner.’b. *Téparella alta/ malalta. haspartner tall illc. Té unaparella alta/malalta. hasa partner tall ill

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TheoreWcalproposalI:themeaningofN

•  ThreeargumentsinsupportofOpWonC:2.  Property-typeanaphoraenvs.object-level

anaphoraelinCatalan.Espinal&McNally(2011)

(5)a.Porta rellotge.En/ #el porta cada dia.wears watch PROP it.ACC.SGwears every day‘(S)heiswearingawatch.(S)hewearsoneeveryday.’

b.Excepcionalmentahirala tarda vaportarrellotge.

excepWonally yesterdayin theaeernoonPASTwear watch#En/ el va portar fins a la nit.

PROP it.ACC.SGPASTwear unWl to thenight‘ExcepWonally,yesterdayaeernoon(s)heworeawatch.(S)heworeitunWlnighyall.’

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TheoreWcalproposalI:themeaningofN

•  ThreeargumentsinsupportofOpWonC:3.  NumberneutralinterpretaWonofcountBNsin

argumentposiWon.Catalan.Espinal(2010)(6)a.L’ ametller té flor.

the almond–tree hasflower‘Thealmondtreehasbloomed.’(Itcouldhaveoneflower,ormorethanone)

b.Tinc compte corrent al DeutscheBank.have accountchecking at.the DB‘IamaclientoftheDB.’(Imayhaveoneaccount,ormorethanone)

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TheoreWcalproposalI:themeaningofN

•  FormalrepresentaWonofthemeaningofacommonnoun:

(7) !N"=λxk[P(xk)]

whereP=propertycorrespondingtothedescripWvecontentofNxk∈K(domainofkinds)

•  Wereconciletwopopularviews:–  TheoneaccordingtowhichanounhasapropertydenotaWon(Partee,i.a.)

–  TheoneaccordingtowhichthedenotaWoncomacommonnounrelatestokindsratherthantoobjects(Carlson,Zamparelli)

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TheoreWcalproposalI:themeaningofNàpropertyofk

•  Thisapproachpresupposesthatnounsareconceivedasintensionalen::es:intensionalitydoesnothavetobebroughtinbyanyspecialoperator(nom/∩,^,ι,GEN)

•  AssumethattherearetwodomainsinoursemanWcontology:thedomainofobjectsandthedomainofkinds.

•  Commonnounsrangeoverkinds:aNdodolooksforenWWesthatshareadodo-property,butinthedomainofkinds

•  Assumethatkindsareabstractsortalconcepts(Mueller–Reichau2011):mentalrepresentaWonsthatareusedtocategorizeobjects

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TheoreWcalproposalI:themeaningofNàpropertyofk

•  Kindsareuniqueen::es,withnointernalstructure,whichnametypesandclassesofthings–  Conceptualizingakindthiswaydoesnotleadtoakindbeing

intrinsicallylinkedtothenoWonofplurality.Kindsarearesultofgeneralizingovervariousinstances,buttheproductofthisgeneralizaWonabstractsawayfrominstanWaWon,andsemanWcallybehaveslikeanenWtywithoutanyinternalstructure

•  Kindsareintegralen::es:donotformpartofastandardquanWficaWonaldomainforindividualsrepresentedbyala~cestructure(Link1983)–  Thus,kindscanbeconjoined(thedodoandthepinkpigeon),but

cannotbepluralized(thedodos,thesedodos)orcombinedwithanyquanWfier(everydodo)

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TheoreWcalproposalI:themeaningofNàpropertyofk

•  IfnounsstartoutasproperWes,theyhavetocombinewithafuncWonthatcanturnaproperty-typeexpressionintoanargument-typeexpression,inordertobeabletocomposewithapredicatethatselectsforit

(8)a. *(El)dodó fue exterminado.K-levelpredicates

thedodo wasexterminated b.*(El)agua se encuentra portodaspartes.

thewater CL finds by everypart

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•  ThedefinitearWclerepresentsanecessaryfuncWontoturnproperWesofkindsintoakind

TheoreWcalproposalII:themeaningofthedefinitearWcle

•  Partee(1987):thedefinitearWclecorrespondstoanoperaWonthatmapsanyproperty<e,t>ontoanindividualdenotaWon<e>

(9) ι:P→ιx[P(x)]

•  Sharvy(1980)andLink(1983)extendedthesemanWcsofthe

definitearWclesothatitcoulduniformlyapplytosingularandpluralnouns

•  Weassumethattheiotaoperatorexpressesmaximality:it

selectsthemaximal/uniqueen:tythatsaWsfiesthepropertydenotedbythenoun 18

TheoreWcalproposalII:themeaningofthedefinitearWcle

•  ThedefinitearWclealwayshasthesamesemanWccontribuWon.Noambiguity

•  InthecasethedefinitearWclecombineswithanounwhose

meaningistodenoteproperWesofkinds,theiotaoperatorselectsthemaximalspeciesitself

(10)a. [DPel[NPdodó]] -NointervenerbetweenDandN

b. !eldodó"=ιxk[dodó(xk)] -ιbindsvariablesofkinds(xk)

•  Output:definitekind•  Advantage:withoutextramachineryweaccountfortheDK

interpretaWonassociatedwiththedefinitearWcleasappliedtoanycommonnoun(acountnouneldodó,amassnounelagua,anabstractnounlasemán:ca)

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DKsinSpanish(11) a. El dodóseexWnguió en el siglo XVII. K-level

thedodoCLexWnguished in thecenturyXVII ‘ThedodowasexWnctintheXVIIcentury.’b. El dodó vivió en la islaMauricio. i-level thedodo lived in theisleMauriWus ‘ThedodolivedintheislandofMauriWus.’

•  ThekindreadingoftheDPsubjectkeepstheintensionalityof

thenoundodó,sincethedefinitearWclesimplyselectsthemaximal/uniqueenWtythatreferstotheclassitself,butdoesnotmakethedenotaWonrestrictedtoagivenworld

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DKsinSpanishArgumentsforthestatusofDKsasthedefaultwaytorefertokindsinSpanish:1.  ThedefinitearWcleisobligatorynotonlywithcount

nounsdenoWngspecies(12)a. *(El) iPod fueinventado por SteveJobs.

(the) iPod wasinvented by SteveJobs ‘TheiPodwasinventedbySteveJobs.’b. *(El) agua se encuentra portodas partes. the water refl found for all parts ‘Waterisfoundeverywhere.’c. *(La) Lingüís:ca es el estudio del lenguaje. the linguisWcs is the study of.the language ‘LinguisWcsisthestudyoflanguage.’

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DKsinSpanish

ArgumentsforthestatusofDKsasthedefaultwaytorefertokindsinSpanish:2.  UseofDKsincontextswherenewlydiscoveredthings

havetobenamed.(13) a. ThomasAlvaEdisondescubrió,entreotrascosas,la bombilla

ThomasAlvaEdisondiscoveredamongotherthingsthebulb y el fonógrafo. andthephonographb. AlexanderFleming inventóla penicilina. AlexanderFleming inventedthepenicillin

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DKsinSpanish

ArgumentsforthestatusofDKsasthedefaultwaytorefertokindsinSpanish:3.  DescripWvegeneralizaWons(Kriha2012),whichare

formulatedoverkinds(14)a. La mosca de la fruta es �pica del verano.

the fly of the fruit is typical of.the summer ‘Fruitfliesaretypicallyfoundinthesummer.’b. La drosophilamelanogaster es �pica del verano. the drosophilamelanogaster is typical of.the summer ‘Drosophilamelanogasteristypicallyfoundinthesummer.’

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DKsinSpanish4.  ModifiedDKs.Restrictedkindswithclassifyingexpressions(15)a.Eldodó {blanco,de la islaReunión} sólo se conoce

thedodo white from the isle Reunion only CL knowsaparWrdedibujos y descripciones.from drawings and descripWons‘The{whitedodo,SolitaireofReunion}isonlyknownfromdrawingsand descripWons.’

b.!eldodóblanco"=ιxk[(blanco(dodó))(xk)]

•  Modifiedkindswithclassifyingexpressionsmaintaintheabilityoftheunmodifiedexpressioneldodótorefertoakind

•  Builtbyapplyingkindmodifiers(oftype<<ek,t>,<ek,t>>)toproperWesofkinds(oftype<ek,t>) 24

NextquesWon

•  WhatcanwesayforalanguagewithoutarWcles(Russian)andforalanguagethatcanomitthearWcle(BrazilianPortuguese)?

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Russian[commonassumpWonsfromtheliterature]

•  Bothsgandplnominalexpresionscanhaveagenericreference(Chierchia1998,Doron2003,Dayal2004)

(16)a. Panda naxoditsja na grani isčeznovenija.

panda.NOM.SG is.found on verge exWncWon.GEN ‘ThepandaisonthevergeofexWncWon.’b. Pandy naxodjatsja na grani isčeznovenija. pandas.NOM.PL are.found on verge exWncWon.GEN

‘PandasareonthevergeofexWncWon.’

•  Pluralgenericsareconsideredasmorenaturalandpreferable

26

Russian[commonassumpWonsfromtheliterature]

•  Giventhat(16a)isgrammaWcalandnatural,ananalysisofitisneededinthetheoryofgrammarinanycase

•  Goal:toproposeanexplicitanalysisforcomposingDKsfrombarenominalsinRussian.WeprovideindependentempiricalsupportforthedefinitenessofapparentbarenominalsinargumentposiWonofkind-levelpredicatesandarguethatdefinitenessistobeassociatedwithanullD,interpretedastheiotaoperator

•  Hypothesis:DKs,eveninalanguagewithoutarWcles,encodedefinitenesssemanWcallyandsyntacWcally

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Russian[commonassumpWonsfromtheliterature]

•  Thecorrespondencebetweentheso-calledEnglishdefinitegenericandtheRussianbarenominalwithakindreferenceinterpretaWonin(16a)isusuallyassumedtoholdmerelyonthebasisoftheirapparentsingularnumbermorphology(Dayal2004)

(16)a. Pandanaxoditsjanagraniisčeznovenija. ‘ThepandaisonthevergeofexWncWon.’

•  But,whatappearstobeamorphologicallysingularkindexpressionis,infact,anumberlessnominalphrase–  Wesupporttheclaimthatnumbermorphologydoesnotalwaysget

interpretedsemanWcally(Pereltsvaig2011,2013,amongothers);andarguethatthesyntacWcrepresentaWonandthedenotaWonofthe“singular”kindnominalexpressionin(16a)doesnotincludemorphosyntacWcNumber 28

DKsinRussian

•  SyntacWcstructureandmeaning:

(17)a. [DPD[NPN]]b. !DefN"=ιxk[P(xk)] wherePcorrespondstothedescripWvecontentofanounN, andxk∈K(i.e.,thedomainofkinds)

•  DKsaresyntacEcallyandsemanEcallynumberless•  (IntherepresentaWonofgenericpluralslike(16b)

morphosyntacWcnumberispresent)(16)b. Pandy naxodjatsjana grani isčeznovenija.

pandas.NOM.PL are.found on verge exWncWon.GEN ‘PandasareonthevergeofexWncWon.’

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DKsinRussian(16)a. Panda naxoditsja na grani isčeznovenija.

panda.NOM.SG is.found on verge exWncWon.GEN ‘ThepandaisonthevergeofexWncWon.’

•  Recall:theanalysisofSpanish(andEnglish)DKsincludes

theiotaoperatorinthesemanWcrepresentaWon•  ιisstandardlyassumedtocorrespondtothedefinite

arWcle

•  IntheabsenceofarWclesinRussian,weshouldbeabletofindindependentevidencethattheiotaoperatorispresentinthesemanWcrepresentaWonofthesubjectargumentin(16a)

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DKsinRussian

ArgumentsforsemanWcdefiniteness:1.  UseandinterpretaWonoftheseexpressionsina

contextthatrequiresdefiniteness(18)Context:Inabiologylesson,theteacherexplainsvariousthingsabout

mammals.Sheexplainsthattherearemanyendangeredspeciesintheworld,thensaysthefollowing:Kit, naprimer, naxoditsja na grani isčeznovenija.whale.NOM for.instance is.found on verge exWncWon.GENThewhale/#Thiswhale/#Onewhale,forinstance,isonthevergeofexWncWon.

31

DKsinRussianCouldkitin(18)beindefinite? •  Commonlybelievedthatwithk-levelpredicatesindefiniteDPscan

onlybeinterpretedtaxonomically(i.e.,asreferringtoasubkindratherthantoakind).Thisisnotthereadingweobtainin(18)

•  WefollowMueller-Reichau’s(2011)difference:–  K-levelpredicatesliketobeex:nct.Familiararguments–  K-levelpredicatesliketoinvent.Novel,non-familiararguments

•  ItisdifficulttobecomeexWnctforsomethingthathasnotexistedbefore.Therefore,tobeex:nctrequiresfamiliarenWWes.PresupposiWonofexistenceofinstancesofthekindx,asknowntothehearerèdefiniteness

32

DKsinRussianCouldkitin(18)beindefinite? (19)a. Odin kit naxoditsja na grani

One.NOM.SG whale.NOM.SG is.found on verge isčeznovenija. exWncWon.GEN ‘OnewhaleisindangerofexWncWon.’b. Fredizobrel odnu sčetnuju mašinu. Fredinvented one.ACC.SG calculaWng.ACC.SG machine.ACC.SG ‘Fredinventedamechanicalcalculator.’

(19a)– subkindofwhale(19b)– newkindofmechanicalcalculator

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DKsinRussianCouldkitin(18)beindefinite? (18)Context:Inabiologylesson,theteacherexplainsvariousthingsabout

mammals.Sheexplainsthattherearemanyendangeredspeciesintheworld,thensaysthefollowing:Kit, naprimer, naxoditsja na grani isčeznovenija.whale.NOM for.instance is.found on verge exWncWon.GEN

•  Shouldthesubjectof(18)beindefinite,itwouldnecessarilyyieldasubkindreading,butitdoesnot

(20)!kit"=ιxk[kit(xk)]•  TheiotaoperatorsimplyselectstheuniqueenWtythatreferstothe

classitself(i.e.,theclassdescribedbythenounkit),butdoesnotmakethedenotaWonrestrictedtoagivenworld

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DKsinRussian

ArgumentsforsemanWcdefiniteness:2.  Ramchand&Svenonious(2008):Dheadisneeded

inRussianforreasonsofsemanWcuniformity<e,t>à<e>(Dheadshouldbeunderspecifiedforfeatureslike(in)definiteness,(un)specificity,etc.,whicharedeterminedcontextually)

35

DKsinRussianDKsinRussianareDPs•  WeassumeastrictcorrespondencebetweensyntacWcand

semanWcrepresentaWonsatthesyntax-semanWcsinterface:inthecaseofDKstheoperatorthatturnsthemeaningofacommonnounintoakindexpressionistheiotaoperator,whichneedstoberepresentedsyntacWcally(unlesswewanttoassumethatallnounsarestructurallyambiguous)

(21)[DPD[NPN]]•  TheDlayerispresentinthesyntacWcrepresentaWonofDK

argumentseventhoughthereisnoovertrealizaWonoftheD-projecWon

36

DKsinRussian•  Pereltsvaig(2006):nominalargumentscandifferinsize,they

cansyntacWcallycorrespondtofullDPsortosmallernominals(NPs,NumPs,QPs)

•  DPsubjectsobligatorilyagreewiththeverbalpredicate,whereassmallnominalsdonot

(22)a.Vètom fil’me igrali [pjat’izvestnyx aktërov].inthis film played.PL fivefamous actors.PL.GEN‘Fivefamousactorsplayedinthisfilm.’b.Vètom fil’me igralo [pjat’izvestnyx aktërov].inthis film played.SG.NEUT fivefamous actors.PL.GEN‘Fivefamousactorsplayedinthisfilm.’

•  Agreeingsubjectsallowanindividuated/aspecificinterpretaWon,anon-isomorphicwidescopereading,theymaycontrolPROandbeantecedentsofanaphors,whereasnon-agreeingsubjectsdonot

37

DKsinRussian

SyntacWcargumentsforaDPstructure:1.  ControlofPRO.Non-agreeingsubjectscannotbecontrollersof

PROininfiniWvalclauses,whileagreeingsubjects,beingfullDPs,can.DKsubjectscanalsocontrolPROofapurposeclause

(23)[Pjatbanditov]i pytalis’/*pytalos’[PROi ubit’Džemsa Bonda]

fivethugs.PL.GENtried.PL/*tried.SG.NEUT to.killJames Bond‘FivethugstriedtokillJamesBond.’

(24)Pandai imeet neobyčnye perednijelapy čtobypanda.SG.NOMhas.SG unusual front paws in.order.to PRO uderživat’ stebli bambuka.PROi hold stems bamboo‘Pandahasunusualfrontpawstoholdbamboostems.’

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DKsinRussian

SyntacWcargumentsforaDPstructure:

2.  Antecedentsofreflexivepronouns.Agreeingsubjectscanlicensereflexivepronouns.DKspaZernlikewise.

(25)[Pjatbanditov]i prikryvali/*prikryvalo sebjai ot pul’

fivethugs.PL.GENshielded.PL/*shielded.SG.NEUTself from bulletsDžemsaBondaJames Bond‘FivethugsshieldedthemselvesfromJamesBond’sbullets.’

(26)Tigri znaet kak zaščiWt’ sebjai ot napadenija.Wger.SG.NOMknows.SGhow defend self from aZacks‘TheWgerknowshowtoprotectitselffrombeingaZacked.’

39

DKsinRussian

SyntacWcargumentsforaDPstructure:

3.  PronominalsubsWtuWon.ThirdpersonpronounscanbeusedtosubsWtutefullDPs,butnotQPsorNPs,whichcanonlybesubsWtutedbyother(quanWficaWonaland/orpronominal)elements

(27)a.Pjatpar tancevali/tancevalo tango.

fivecouples.PL.GEN danced.PL/danced.SG.NEUTtango‘Fivecouplesdancedtango.’

b.Oni tancevali/*tancevalo tango.they.PL.NOM danced.PL/*danced.SG.NEUT tango‘Fivecouplesdancedtango.Theydancedatango’.

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DKsinRussian

SyntacWcargumentsforaDPstructure:

TheDKagreeingsubjectin(28)canonlybereplacedbyathirdpersonpronounona‘she’,thussupporWngalsotheclaimthatDKsareDPs

(28)a. Panda naxoditsja na grani isčeznovenija.

panda.SG.NOMis.found.SGon verge exWncWon.GENb. Ona naxoditsja na grani isčeznovenija. she.SG.NOM is.found.SG on verge exWncWon.GEN ‘Thepanda/SheisonthevergeofexWncWon.’

41

DKsinRussian

SyntacWcargumentsforaDPstructure:

4.  DistribuWonofrelaWveclauses(29)a. Petja xoditv galstuke,(*kotoryj delaet egosmešnym).

Petja goeswith We.OBL.SGwhichmakes himfunny ‘PetjaisaWe-wearer(ItcouldoneormorethatoneWe).’b. Katya nosit jubku, (*kotorujuonavsegdapokupaetsama). Katya wear.IMPskirt.ACC.SG which shealwaysbuys.IMPself ‘Katyaisaskirt-wearer.’(Itcouldbeoneormorethanoneskirt)c. Katya nosit mini-jubku, (*kotorujuonavsegdapokupaetsama). Katya wear.IMPmini-skirt[ACC.SG]which shealwaysbuys.IMPself ‘Katyaisamini-skirtwearer.’(Itcouldbeoneormorethanonemini- skirt)

(29)– barenominalobjectsunspecifiedforsynt.andsem.number 42

DKsinRussian

SyntacWcargumentsforaDPstructure:(30)Amurskij:gr, kotoryj očen’opasen, obitaetna jugo-vostokeRossii.

SiberianWger which verydangerous live on south-east Russia.‘TheSiberianWger,whichisextremelydangerous,livesinthesouth-eastpartofRussia’.

•  DKstakerelaWveclausesandtheserelaWveclausescanonlybeinterpretedasnon-restricWve;theyprovideaddiWonalinformaWonaboutanalreadyestablishedreferent

•  Non-restricWverelaWveshavebeenclaimedtohaveaDPantecedent(Jackendoff1977,Demirdache1991,DeVries2006,ArsenijevićandGračanin-Yuksek2016)

43

DKsinRussian

•  Conclusions:–  foranarWclelesslanguagelikeRussiankindunitsunspecifiedforsyntacWcnumberexpresssemanWcdefiniteness

–  thesyntacWcrepresentaWonofDKsinvolvesanullD,whichistranslatedastheiotaoperator

44

BrazilianPortuguese•  Bothsgandplnominalexpressionscanhaveageneric

reference,precededornotbyadefinitearWcle(Muller2002,Dobrobie-Sorin&PiresdeOliveira2008)

(31)a. O brasileiro é trabalhador. the.SG Brazilian is hardworking ‘Braziliansarehardworking.’b. Os brasileiros sãotrabalhadores the.PL Brazilian.PL arehardworking.PL ‘Braziliansarehardworking.’c. Brasileiro é trabalhador. Brazilian is hardworking ‘Braziliansarehardworking.’d. Brasileiros sãotrabalhadores. Brazilian.PL arehardworking.PL ‘Braziliansarehardworking.’

45

•  VariaWoninnumberagreement(Scherre1994,Scherre&Naro1998a,b,Costa&FigueiredoSilva2006,Naro&Scherre2013,amongothers)

BrazilianPortuguese

•  DS&PO(2008):twowaysofreferringtokinds:–  Baresingulars(brasileiro)àkinddenoWngBPlsinEnglish–  Definitesingulars(obrasileiro)àkinddenoWngdefinite‘singulars’inEnglish

46

BrazilianPortuguese

•  Ouranalysis:–  Baresingulars(brasileiro)

Ø DKØ Maximalsumofindividuals(intensionalizedandcoercedbytheV)

–  Definitesingulars(obrasileiro)

Ø DKØ Atomicindividual

47

BrazilianPortuguese•  BNsinBrPmayhaveagenericinterpretaWon(inpreverbal

posiWon),associatedwitheitheradefinitekindtermoramaximalsum

(31)c. Brasileiro é trabalhador.(Müller2002:280,ex.(4))

Brazilian is hardworking ‘Braziliansarehardworking.’

•  TheEnglishtranslaWonsthatareusuallygivenforthistypeofexamples(namely,bareplurals)donotreflectthemeaningofBNsappropriatelyand,furthermore,haveinfluencedtheanalysisthatlinguistshaveprovidedforthemintheliterature

•  Example(31c)isagenericsentenceinwhichani-levelpredicatecombineswithagenericargumentthatcaneitherreferto‘theBrazilian’kindtermorthemaximalsumofalltheindividualsofthisclass:‘theBrazilians’

48

BrazilianPortuguese

•  RelevantquesWonsinBrP:–  Isbrasileiroin(31c)bareinthesyntacWcrepresentaWon?–  IsthereopWonalityoftheD?–  ArepreverbalBNssemanWcallydefinite?

•  Wearguethat:–  Brasileiroisnotbare–  TheopWonalityofDisonlyapparent.ThecategoryDisrequiredfor

canonicalargumenthoodinRomance.(OnlyobjectsofHAVE-predicatescanbesmallerthanDPs)

–  Subjectsofcategoricaljudgments

49

BrazilianPortuguese•  BrPpaZernswithotherRomancelanguagesinrequiringDfor

argumenthood(Longobardi1994,1999,2000;Ghomeshietal.2009)

•  ADisnecessary,eitherovertorcovert,asanargumentcreatorandasabearerofdefiniteness

•  NumberencodingonD(32)a. Os brasileiro é trabalhador.

the.PL Brazilianis hardworking.SG ‘Braziliansarehardworking.’b. Os brasileiro são trabalhadores. the.PL Brazilianare hardworking.PL ‘Braziliansarehardworking.’c. *O brasileiros é trabalhadores. the Brazilian.PL is hardworking.PL

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BrazilianPortuguese•  WithoutanullDhypothesisitwouldbedifficulttoexplainthe

licensingoftheenWty-typeanaphoraele‘it’.ThispronounimposesstrongrestricWonsontheantecedentitmayhave.ItcanonlyrefertoanenWty-denoWngexpression

(33)a. Osbrasileiroétrabalhador.Nestafábricanóscontratamos

eles/*eletodososmeses. ‘Braziliansarehardworking.Inthisfactorywehirethemeverymonth.’ b. Brasileiroétrabalhador.Nestafábricanóscontratamoseles/*ele todososmeses. ‘Braziliansarehardworking.Inthisfactorywehirethemeverymonth.’

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BrazilianPortuguese•  PreverbalBNsexpressthesubjectofcategoricaljudgments•  BriZo(1998,2000)postulatesthatcategoricaljudgmentsinthis

languagearebuiltbymeansofleedislocatedconstrucWonswithafullDPcontaininganovertdeterminerinatopicposiWon,takenbackbyaresumpWvethirdpersonpronoun

(34)a. Brasileiro ele é trabalhador.

Brazilian he is hardworkingb. Brasileiro eles sãotrabalhadores. Brazilian they arehardworking.PLc. Brasileiro pro é trabalhador. Brazilian is hardworking

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BrazilianPortuguese

•  PreverbalBNswithi-levelandk-levelpredicates(35)a. Brasileiro é trabalhador.(Müller2002:280,ex.(4))

Brazilian is hardworking ‘Braziliansarehardworking.’

b. Nãohá umproblemadeexWnção.Pandaécomumna China. not hasa problemofexWncWonpandaiscommonin.theChina ‘ThereisnotaproblemofexWncWon.PandasarecommoninChina.’

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BrazilianPortuguese•  PreverbalBNswithi-levelandk-levelpredicates•  TheDPnamesakindofthing,withnoreferencetothemembers

ofthekind.DKinterpretaWon(36)a. [TOP[DPø[NPbrasileiro]][IPproétrabalhador]]b. [TOP[DPø[NPbrasileiro]][IPeleétrabalhador]](37) ιxk[brasileiro(xk)∧trabalhador(xk)] •  PluraldefiniteDP.GenericdefinitepluralinterpretaWon:

maximalsumofindividualsoftheBraziliankind.V-drivengenericity

(38)a. [TOP[DPø[NumPø[NPbrasileiro]]][IPproétrabalhador]]b. [TOP[DPø[NumPø[NPbrasileiro]]][IPelesétrabalhador]](39) ^ιxo∃xk[brasileiro(xk)∧R(xo,xk)∧xo∈Sum∧trabalhador(xo)]

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BrazilianPortuguese

•  Doalltheexamplesin(31)havethesamemeaning?(31)a. O brasileiro é trabalhador.

the.SG Brazilian is hardworking ‘Braziliansarehardworking.’

•  OvertdefiniteDPwithtwostructures:

–  OnewithnoNumberàDKinterpretaWon–  OnewithNumberàatomicinterpretaWon(onlyavailableforthistype

ofgenericsentencesincontrasWvecontexts)

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BrazilianPortuguese

•  Doalltheexamplesin(31)havethesamemeaning?(31)c. Brasileiro é trabalhador.

Brazilian is hardworking ‘Braziliansarehardworking.’

•  CovertdefiniteDPwithtwostructures:

–  SimplerDPwithnoNumberàDKinterpretaWon–  FullDPwithNumberàmaximalsuminterpretaWon(theBrazilians)

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BrazilianPortuguese•  Doalltheexamplesin(31)havethesamemeaning?(31)b. Os brasileiros sãotrabalhadores

the.PL Brazilian.PL arehardworking.PL ‘Braziliansarehardworking.’d. Brasileiros sãotrabalhadores. Brazilian.PL arehardworking.PL ‘Braziliansarehardworking.’

(32)a. Os brasileiro é trabalhador. the.PL Brazilian is hardworking.SG ‘Braziliansarehardworking.’b. Os brasileiro são trabalhadores. the.PL Brazilian arehardworking.PL ‘Braziliansarehardworking.’

•  ThepresenceorabsenceofapluralarWcleisnottobeassociatedwithdifferentmeanings

•  DPstructure.Dnecessarilyspecifiedforpluralnumber.MaximalsuminterpretaWon

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Generalconclusion

•  BothinlanguageswithandwithoutarWclesreferencetokinds,conceivedofasintegraluniqueenWWes,encodedefiniteness

•  DKsarethedefaultwaytoexpressD-genericityinRomance

•  DKsaresyntacWcallyandsemanWcallynumberless

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Thankyou!!

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