158

REFERENCES

Adams, E.C.G. (2011) Ecological studies of microarthropods in a New Zealand pasture soil

with special reference to Collembola , Pedobiologia, 11: 321-337

Addison, J. (1981) Biology of Hypogastrura tulbergi (Collembola) at a high Arctic site

Holaractic Ecology – 4: 49-58.

Alexander. (1977) Introduction to soil microbiology 2nd Edn. John Wiley & sons, New York.

(Second Indian Reprint,(1983),Wiley Eastern limited New Delhi)480pp.

Allison, F.E.(2010). Soil organic matter and its role in crop production,Elservier Scientific

publishing Company, New York 210pp.

Anderson R.V., Elliot E.T., Mc Clellan J.F., Coleman D.C. & Cole.C.V (2012).Trophic

interaction in soil fauna as they affect energy and nutrient dynamics. Biotic interactions of

bacteria, amoeba and nematodes,Microb.Ecol-4,361-371

Anderson, J.M. & Healy, J.N. (1972) Seasonal and interspecific variation in major components

of some Woodland Collembola.J. Anim.Ecol. 41 : 359-368.

Andren,P. (1984).Introduction in soil mesofauna of Arable land and its significance for

decomposition of organic matter.Report No.16,Sweedish University of Agricultural Sciences,.

Dept. Of Ecology and Environmental Research, Uppsala, pp.6-16.

Andrews, M I & Sanil, G.(1991): Toxic effects of pesticides on tadpoles of frog, Rana

hexadactyla Lesson.J. Ecotoxi. Environ. Monit 1 (2): 142-147.

159

Andrews, M.I & Sanil G. (1992) Effects of some pesticides on the hatching rate and larval

survival of frog Rana hexadactyla Lesson. Proc. Fourth Kerala science congress. Trissur pp 30-

33.

Anupama, P.V. & Supriya, K.(2011).Spacial distribution of soil fauna in an elevated forest

ecosystem of Western Ghats.J.Appl.Zool.4(2):34-42.

APHA, (2005) Standard methods for the examination of water and waste water.

Aravind, G. & Arun, K. K.(2009). Fecundity studies of a microarthropod.Ecoscan.2(10):37-46.

Arun Kumar (1979). Some preliminary observations on the life cycle of Entamobrya

species(collembolan. Entamobryidae). Soil biology and ecology 22: 156-162.

ASA.(1965) methods of Soil Analysis part I and II,Black CA et, al (eds)Amer-soc.Agro

Madison. 1512 pp.

Ashraf.M. (1969) Studies on the biology of Collembola. Rev. Ecol. Biol. Sol, 6(3): 337-347.

Baeuer, T. & Christian, K.2012.Pesticides and soil. American chemical society.

Washington.212pp.

Balamurali, R.S. & Sanalkumar, M.G.(2012). Reproductive biology of a soil Isopod Philoscia

javanensis (Rich) in relation to soil nutriens.Int.J.Scie.Res.Pub.2(8):1-4.

Baner, T.H. & Christian, E (2005)Habitat dependent differences in the flight behavior of

Collembola Pedobiologia 30, 234-239.

160

Behera, N. & Dash, M.C (2008) Seasonal dynamics of micro fungal population in some crop

field of sambalpur. In: Veeresh, G.K. (ed), Soil Biology and Ecology in India. U.A.S Tech. Ser

37: 26PP.

Bellinger, P.F. (1954) Studies on soil fauna with special reference to Collembola. Conn. Univ.

Stors. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. 583: 1-65.

Bellinger, P.F.(1960) Possible adaptive coloration in poduroid Collembola. Entomol. News, 71:

254-256.

Berthet, P. (1967) The Metabolic activity of oribatid mites ( Acarina) in different forest floors.

In: Petursewicz, K.(ed), Secondary Productivity of Terrestrial Ecosystems. PWN, Warsaw: PP

709-725.

Bhatngar (2010).As mentioned by K.E Lee ‘The Role of soil fauna in Nutrient Cycling. In

Advances in Management and Conservation of soil fauna.Veeresh,Rajagopal and

Viraktmath.(Eds). 342pp.

Bhattacharya, Joy.T.S & Joy.V.C(1981). Progress in Soil Zoology in India. In Advances in

Management and Conservation of Soil fauna. Veeresh, Rajagopal and Viraktmath. (Eds)342pp

Block, W (1979) Cold tolerance of microarthropods from Alaskan taiga. Ecological

entomology, 4: 103-110.

Block, W. (1966) Seasonal fluctuation and distribution of mite populations in moorland soils,

with a note on biomass.J.Anim. Ecol., 35: 487-503.

161

Booth & Anderson (1979) The influence of fungal food quality on the growth and fecundity of

Folsomia candida (Collembola: Isotomidae) Ecologia 36: 317-323.

Boyland, E & Goulding , R (1968). Modern trends in the Toxicology . Butterworth.

London. 412pp.

Bullock, J.A. (1967).Tropical ecology and soil fauna. In Advances in management and

Conservation of Soil Fauna . Eda- Veeresh, Ragagopal and Viraktmath.( Eds) 342pp.

Bund, V. D.(2011).Influence of crop and tillage on mites and springtails in arable soil Neth. J.

Agr. Sci.18:308-314.

Burges, N.A. (1967) The decomposition of organic matter in the soil., Soil Biology:4: 479-492.

Butcher, J.W., & R. Snider (1975) The effect of D.D.T. on the life history of Folsomia candida

(Collembola : Isotomidae) Pedobiologia, 15: 53-59.

Butcher, J.W., Kirknel,E. & Zabik, M. (1969a) Conversion of DDT to DDE by Folsomia

candida. Rev. Ecol. Biol. Sol, 6(3): 291-298.

Butcher, J.W., R. Snider & Aucamp, T (1969b) Investigations on Biology of selected

Microarthropods and their role in degradation. Report of Secretary Commission on Pesticides

and their relationship to environmental health.344pp

Butcher, J.W., Snider, R. & Snider, R.J. (1971) Bioecology of soil Collembola and Acarina.

Ann. Rev. Ent., 16: 249-288.

Chacko, P.V.(2011).Soil fauna and natural fire in forest ecosystems.J.Trop.Forestry.4(1):86-91.

162

Charlie, P. & Ransingh, P.(2010).Temperature relations of soil faunal distribution and

diversity.J.Ecobiol.8(2):210-216.

Choudhari, D.K & Roy, S. (1971a) Seasonal fluctuation and vertical distribution of the genus

Lepidocytus (Collembola: Insecta) in some uncultivated fields at gangetic West Bengal, India.

Rev. Ecol. Biol.Sol , 8(2): 253-259.

Choudhari, D.K & Roy. S (1971b) Distribution of Collembola in relation to soil conditions in

the district of Jalpaiguri, West Bengal (India). Annales de Zoologie, 1 : 289-296.

Choudhari, D.K. (1960) Influence of temperature on the development of Onychirus furciferus

Proc. Zool. Zoc. Calcutta 13: 123-128.

Choudhary, D.K & Banerjee.S. (1975). Soil Factors and oribatid mites under conditions of

West Bengal. The University of Burdwan, Press.410pp

Choudhary, D.K & Roy, S.(1967)Dominant soil fauna. Rev. Eco. Bio, Soil, 4(3): 507-515.

Choudhuri, D. K. & Roy, S. (1970) Interactions between Soil Collembola and other

Subterranean Arthropods. Sci. and Cult, 36: 280-282.

Choudhuri, D. K. (1961) Influence of temperature on the sex ratio of Onychirus imperfectus

Sci. Cult. Calcutta 27: 494-495.

Choudhuri, D.K & Banerjee, S. (1975) Qualitative and quantitative composition of Acari and

Collembola in relation to soil organic matter – microbes complex. Oriental Ins., 9 (3): 313-316.

163

Choudhuri, D.K and Roy, S. (1972) An ecological study on Collembola of West Bengal

(India). Rec. Zool. Surv. India, 66(1-4): 81-101.

Choudhuri, D.K & Roy,S. (1971c) The Collembola (Insecta) of the uncultivated fields in

Burdwan district ( West Bengal), with remarks on correlation between monthly population and

certain soil factors. Proc. Zool. Soc., Calcutta, 24: 33-39.

Choudhuri, D.K. & S. Banerjee (1975) Qualitative and quantitative compositionof Acari and

Collembola in relation to soil seraphic factors. Soil Zooolgy 4(2):31-38

Choudhuri, D.K. (1960) Temperature and its effect on the three species of the genus

Onuchiurus( Collembola) Proc. Zool. Soc., Calcutta, 16: 97-117.

Choudhuri, D.K., Hazra, A.K & Roy, S. (1978) Soil factors governing the distribution of

Collembola. Soil Biol and Ecol. U.A.S. Tech. Ser. No. 22: 161-172.

Christiansen, K. (1964) Bionomics of Collembola. Ann. Rev. Ent., 9: 147-178.

Christiansen, K. (1967) Competition between collembolan species in culture jars. Rev. Ecol.

Boil. Sol, 4 (3): 439-462.

Christiansen, K. (1970) Invertebrate populations in the Moulis cave. Annales de speleogie,

25, (2): 243-273.

Christiansen, T. (1964). Binomics of collembolan Anu. Rev. Ento 9 : 147-178.

Christiansen, T., Resu, P.V & Green, N. (1961)The Collembola of Hunter cave with

apreliminary study of the microarthropod ecology of Hunters Cave. The Natural Speleological

Society Bulletin 23, (2): 59-70.

164

Cladwell, R.S (1977). Biological effects of pesticide on the Dungensess crab. Enol

Resser EPA-600(3) : 77-131.

Connell, J. & Slayer, R.O.(1977) Mechanisms of succession in natural communities and their

role in community stability and organization .J Am. Net., 111: 1119-1144.

Coto, H.E. (2004) Faculative parthenogenesis in Collembola. Nature, 188: 958-959.

Darlong, V.T. & Alfred. J.R.B. ( 1982)Ecology of Soil Collembola Pedobiologia, 23: 112-119.

Davidson, J . (1931) The influence of temperature on the incubation period of the eggs of

Sminthurus viridis (Collembola). Austral.J. Exp. Biol.med.Sci., 8: 143-152.

Davidson, J. (1932) Factors affecting the ovlposition of Sminthurus viridis (Collembola)

Austral. J. Expt. Biol. Med. Sc. 10: 1-16.

Davidson, S.J. (1979) Mesofaunal responses to cattle drug with particular reference to

Collembola. Pedobiologia, 19: 402- 407.

Davidson, S.J. (1981) The environmental gradients at cattle droppings and corresponding

population densities of microarthropods. Pedobiologia: 21: 230-245.

Davis, B.N.K. (1963) A study of micro arthropod communities in mineral soil near Corby,

Northants. J. Anim. Ecol., 32: 49-71.

Davis, R & Harries, H.M. (1936) The biology of Pseudosinella violent with effects of

temperature and humidity on its life stages. Lowa State Coll. J. Sci., 10: 421- 430.

Dennis.2012.Effect of temperature on distribution of Collembola.J.Envt. Biol.2(1):18-25.

165

Dhillon, B.S & Gibson, N.H.E(1962) A study of the Acarina and Collembola of agricultural

soils. Pedobiologia, 1: 189-209.

Dindal, D.L. & L.J. Metz (1977) Community structure of Collembola affected by fire

frequency. Proc. In Life Sci. W.J. Mattson (Ed). Am. Lin Pub.Coy.NEWYORK.187pp

Dowding, P. (1976) Allocation of resources, nutrient uptake and release by decomposer

organisms. In: Anderson, J.M and McFadden, A. (eds), The Role of Terrestrial and Aquantic

Organisms in Decomposition Processes. Blackwell Scientific, Oxford:pp 169-184.

Dowdy, W.W. (1965) Studies on the ecology of mites and Collembola. The Am. Midland Natl.

74: 196-210.

Edwards, C.A. & Health, G.W. (1963) The role of soil animal in breakdown if leaf material. In

Doeksen, J. and Drift,J. Van der (eds), Soil Organisms. North Holland Publ.Co., Amsterdam:pp

76-84.

Edwards, C.A., Reichle, P. & Crossley, D.A. (1970)The role of soil invertebrates in turn over

of organic matter and nutrients, Ecological studies, Analysis and Synthesis. I.Ed. coy. Deraichle,

New york pp. 147-172.

Elizabath, P.P. & Vatsa, N.(2012).Seasonal variation in isopod and collembolan community in

riverbank ecosystem. Int.J.Scie.Res.Pub.2(12):1-10.

Engelman, M.D. (1961) The role of soil arthropods in the energetic of an old field community.

Ecol. Monogr. 31: 221-238.

166

Ernsting, G. & Joosse, E.N.C. (1974)Predation in two species of surface dwelling collambola

Pedobiologia 4(1):31-38

Finney, D.J .1971. Statistics of Biologis. Chapmann and Hall, London.148pp

Fitz Paluck, E.A (1971). Pedology a systematic approach to soil science Oliver and Boyd

Pb.Coy. Edinburg.375pp

Fizal, N. & Kabu, P.(2010).Relationship of soil fauna and vegetation.Ecochronicle.8(1):32-42.

Fratello, B., Betrolani, R., Sebatini, M.A, Mola L. & Rassu M.A. (1985)The effects of

atrazine on soil microarthropods Pedobiologia, 28: 161-,168.

Gasdorf, E.C. & Goodnight, C.J. (1963) Studies on the ecology of sol arachnids. Ecology, 44 :

261-268.

Geetha, P.V. & Kuruvila, S.(2011).Longivity studies of soil fauna in experimental

conditions.J.biodiv.con.4(1):118-121.

George, A. & Prabhoo, N.R. (1981) some aspects of biology of the pseudoscorption

Lagynochthonius hugricus( Chthoniidae: Chelonethi). In : Veeresh, G.K. (ed), Soil Biology and

Ecology in India. U.A.S. Tech. Ser., 37 : 114-119.

Ghaisas, P.S. & Ranade, D.P.(1981) Record of Japyx solifugus (Diplura) from poona. In :

Veeresh, G.K. (ed), Soil Biology and Ecology in India. U.A.S. Tech. Ser., 37: 147-152.

Gill, R.W. (1969) Soil micro arthropod abundance following old-field litter manipulation.

Ecology, 50(5): 805-816.

167

Green, C.D(2008). The life history and fecundity if Folsomia candida. Prox. Roy. Ent. Suc.Lond.

Ser.A 39: 125-128.

Gregoire- Wibo, C. & Snider, R.M (1983) Temperature related machanisms of population

persistence in Folsomia Candida and Protaphorura armata (Insecta: Collemboala).

Pedobiologia, 25: 413- 418.

Gupta & Mukherji, S.P.(1976) Microarthropods in some cultivated soils at Varanasi

(India). India J. Entomol. 38(3): 272-280.

Gupta, S.K. (1981) Some soil Prostigmatid mites (Acarima) from Bihar. In : Veeresh, G.K. (ed),

Soil Biology and Ecology in India. U.A.S. Tech. Ser.,37: 93-99.

Haariov, P. 2010. Migration in soil animals.Capeman coy.Willington.300pp.

Haarlov, N (1955) Vertical distribution of mites and Collembola in relation to soil structure. In:

kevan, D.K. McE (ed), Soil Zoology: pp 167-179.

Haarlov, N. (1960)Microarthropods from Danish soils. Ecology and Phenology. 3: 1-176.

Hagvar, S. (1983) Collembola in Norwegian coniferous forest soils and their vertical

distribution. Pedobiologia, 25: 383-401.

Hale, W.G. (1963) The Collembola of eroding blanket bog. In: Doeksen, J, and Drift, J. van der

(eds), Soil Organisms. North Holland Publ. Co., Amsterdam: pp 406-413.

Hale, W.G. (1965a). Observations on the breeding biology of collembolan. Ecology

4(8)32-46.

168

Hale, W.G. (1965b) Post embryonic development in some species of Collembola, Pedobiologia,

5: 228-243.

Hale, W.G.(1966) A population study of moor land Collembola. Pedobiologia, 6 : 65-99

Hammer, M.(1944) Studies on the oribatids and Collembola of Greenland. Medd. Grassland,

Ecology 4:141: 210.

Hanlon, R.D. (1981) Influence of grazing by Collembola on the activity of senescent fungal

colonies grown on media of different nutrient concentration. Oikos, 36(3) : 362-367.

Hanlon, R.D. & Anderson, J.M. (1979) The effects of Collembola grazing on microbial

activity in decomposing leaf litter. Oecologia, 32: 93-99.

Haq, M.A (1981) On the post-embyonic development of Galumna flabellifera orientalis ( Acari:

Oribetei), an intermediate host of the Cestode parasite, Moniezia sp. In: Veeresh, G.K. (ed), Soil

Biology and Ecology in India. U.A.S. Tech. Ser., 37: 99-140

Haq, M.A., Prabhoo, N.R & Adolph, C. (1981) Distribution and abundance of soil fauna in

two vegetationally different sites in Kerala, In: Veeresh, G.K. (ed), Soil Biology and Ecology in

India. U.A.S. Tech. Ser., 37 : 35-41.

Haq. M.A & Ramani, N.(1988). Population Ecology of Micro arthropods in relation to

vegetation and rain fall J. Mang and conservation 4(1)-86-92.

Harinarayanan, K.V.(2009).Biodiversity of Soil fauna in grasslands of high

altitudes.J.Ecobiol.22(1):1-8.

169

Hartenstein, R.(1962) Soil Oribatei, I. Feeding specificity among forest soil Oribatei(Acarina).

Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 55: 202-206.

Hatcher, L And Stepanski, E, (1994). A step by step approach to using the SAS system for

univariate and multivariate statistics. Nature., 8:141-148

Hawwa Mohammed & Zeenath, V.(2012).Proturans as a fragile group of soil

fauna.J.Env.monitoring.8(11):311-318.

Hazra, A.K. & Choudhuri, D.K. (1981) Studies on the distribution of Collembolan population

in two different soil conditions (Grangetic alluvium and laterite soil) in relation to some major

edaphic factors. In : Veeresh , G.K (ed), Soil Biology and Ecology in India. U.A.S Tech. Ser.,

37:131-142.

Heungens, A. & Vandaele, E. (2011)The influence of some acids, bases and salts on the Mites

and Collembolan population of a pine litter substrate Pedobiologia 27: 298-311.

Homeberg, B. Jensen, S. Carson, A, Cwamder, K & Oisson, M (1972). Metabolic effects of

technical pentacholophenol on eel.J. Biochen and Physi 43: 171.

Jackson. M.I., (1958). Soil Chemical Analysis. Prentice hall Engle Wood cliffs. 498 pp.

Janetschek, H. (1967) Arthropod ecology of South Victoria Land. Antarctic Res. Ser., 10: 205-

293.

Jayakumari, P.K. & Ajith, V.(2011).Moisture gradient and soil faunal

distribution.J.Ecobiol.4(1):110-114.

170

Joosse, E. N. & Veltkamp. E (1970)Some aspects of growth, moulting and reproduction in five

speciesm of surface dwelling collembolan. Netherlands J. Zool. 20(3): 315-325.

Joosse, E.N. & Testerink G.J. (1977)The role of food in the population dynamics of

Orchesella cincta. Oecologia.,29: 189-204.

Joosse, E.N. (1966) Some observation on the Biology of Anurida Maritima (Guerin),

(Collembola) Z. Morph. Okol. Tiere, 57 : 320-328.

Joosse, E.N. (1971) Ecological aspects of aggregation in Collembola, Rev. Ecol. Biol. Sol, 8 (1):

91-97.

Joosse, E.N. (1975)Feeding activity and availability of food in Collembola. In. Progress in Soil

Zoology. Proc. V. International Collog. On Soil Zoology, pp315-324.

Joosse, E.N.G, Brugman, F.A & Veld, C.J. (1973) the effect of Constant and fluctuating

temperatures on the production of spermatophores and eggs in populations of Orchesella cincta

(Linne) (Collembola, Entomobryidae). Neth. J. Zool., 23(4) : 488-502.

Joy,S. & Bhattacharya, T. (1981) Cryptostigmatid population of the soil of a banana plantation

in relation to some edaphic factors. In : Veeresh G.K. (ed) , Soil Biology and Ecology in India

U.A.S Tech , Ser., 37: 100-107.

Kannan, N.V.(2012).Nutrient composition of soil and soil faunal density.J.Bio.Cons.4(8):81-88.

Karat, H.(2011). Seasonal studies of soil mites in an abandoned field of Pine apple.

Int.J.Scie.Res.2(2):331-338.

171

Kaveri, C. (2010). Density studies of soil acari in a tropical ecosystem. Int. J. Scie.Res.

2(1):228-234.

Kendrick. W.B & Burgess, A.A (1962) Biological aspects of the decay of Pinus sylvestris leaf

litter. Nova Hedwigia, 4 : 313-342.

Kethak, K.V.(2011). Diversity of soil animals in evergreen forest ecosystems of high altitude

Biodiversity Doc.and Taxonomy.3(1):291-299.

Kevan, D.K. (1955) Identification of soil and litter inhabiting animals. Soil Zoology. Proc. Univ.

Nottingham, 1 : 23-28, Butterworth , London.

Kevan, D.K. (1962)Soil animals: H.F. & G. Wither coy Ltd. London, 237 pp.

Khan, M.A.Q (1977). Pesticides in Aquatic environment. Plenum press. New York.

340pp.

King, H.G.C, & Health , G.W (1967) The chemical analysis of small samples of leaf

material and the relationship between the disappearance and composition of leaves.

Pedobiologia, 7 : 192-197.

Kiral, V.S.(2011).A notational composition of soil fauna in moist deciduous forest ecosystem.

Int.J.Scie.Res.Pub.2(10):4-8.

KSAM,2012; Kerala State Agriculture Manual, Kerala Agricultural University Publication

No.1021 Thrissur, 348pp

KSLUB,2011; Kerala State Land Use Board Manual.Govt of Kerala. Govt press Trivandrum

242pp

172

Kuhnelt, W. (1961) Soil Biology. Faber,pub.coy London: 397 pp.

Kuhnelt, W. (1976)Soil Biology, Faber & Faber, pub.coy London, 483 pp.

Kurup, N.C (1982) Some aspects of the Reproductive Biology of Collembola ( Apterygota :

Insecta) ph. D Thesis, University of Kerala.231pp

Kurup, N.C & Prabhoo, N.R (1981) Some aspects of reproduction in Cyphoderus Javanus

(Entomobryidae: Collembola). In: Veeresh , G.K (ed), Soil Biology and Ecology in India. U.A.S.

Tech . Ser., 37: 120-124.

Kurup, N.C. & Prabhoo, N.R. (1977) Dynamics of soil and litter Collembola of a Bamboo

groove and grass plot in Trivandrum Symp. Insects and environment 21: 11-12.

Kurup, N.C. & Prabhoo. N.R. (1983) Vertical distribution of Collembola in the soil of an

abandoned field in Kerala. In: Sen-Sarma, Sangal and Kulshrestha (eds), Insect interrelations in

forest and agro ecosystems : pp 239-246.

Kurup, N.C. & N.R. Prabhoo (1981)Some aspects of reproduction in the female

Cyphoderus javasnus. In. Soil Biology and Ecology in India Ed. G.K. Veeresh, U.A.S. Tech Ser.

37: 120-124.

Lawa, E.A(1981). Aquatic pollution. John Wiley and sons, New York. 218pp.

Lindenmann, W. (1950)Embryonic development in mites. Rev. Suisse Zool. 57: 353-428.

Loomis. T.A (1968). Essential OF toxicology, Lea febiger, pub.coy

Philadelphia.212pp.

Loots , G.C & Ryke, P.A.J. (1966) A comparative, quantitative study of the micro arthropods

in different types of pasture soils. Zool. Africana., 2 (2) : 187-292.

173

Lottal, K. M.(2012).Seasonal abundance of soil fauna in Shola

forests.Int.J.Scie.Res.Pub.2(11):1-8.

Lussenhop, J. (1973) Thr soil arthropod community of a Chicago expressway margin. Ecology,

54(5): 1124-1137.

Lussenhop, J. (1976)Soil arthropod response to Prairie burning. Ecology, 57: 88-98

Macfadyen, A.(1964) Animal ecology. Aims and methods, 2nd

ed. Pitman,coy. London: 344pp.

Madge, D.S (1964) the humuidity reactions of oribatid mites. Acarologia., 6 : 566-591.

Madge, D.S. (1965b) A study of the arthropod fauna of four contradicting environments.

Pedobiologia., 5 : 289-303.

Mahajan , S.V & Singh, J (1981) Seasonal variations of Collembolan population in arable

soil. In: Veeresh, G.K. (ed), Soil Biology and Ecology in India. U.A.S.Tech Ser., 37:125-126.

Mani, M.S. (1968) Ecology and Biogeography of high altitude insects. Series Entomologica.,

4: 527-530.

Marr,I.C., & Cresser, M.S (1983). Envioronmental chemical analysis. International

text book copy, New York. 281pp.

Marshall T.J .(1959). Relation between water and soil, Common wealth agricultural Bureau,

England. 310pp.

Marshall, V.G. & Kevan D.K. (1962) Preliminary observations on the biology of

Folsomia candida . Canad. Entomologist. 94:575-580.

174

Mc Fadyen, A. (2012)The small arthropods of a Molinia fen at cot. Hill, J. Anim Ecol. 21: 87-

117.

Metz, L.J. & Dindal, D.L. (1975) Collembolan population and prescribed burning.

Environmental Entomology: 4(4): 583-587.

Metz, L.J.& Farrier M.H. (1973)Prescribed burning and population of soil meso fauna

Environmental Entomology., 2(3): 433-440.

Milne, S. (1960) Studies on the life history of various species of Arthropleone Collembolan.

Proc.R. Ent. Soc. London (A), 35: 131-140.

Milne, S. (1960)Studies on the life history of various species of micro arthropods Collembola.

Proc. Roy. Ent. Soc. London (A) 35: 131-140.

Milne, S. (1962)Phenology of a natural population of soil Collembola. Pedobiologia, 2: 41-52.

Mitra S.K, (1973): Behaviour, during Ecdysis and mode of eclosion from egg in

Lobella corallina. J. BOM Nat. Hist Soc., 72(3): 867-870.

Mitra, S.K, Hazra, A.K. & Sanyal, A.K. (1979)Distribution of Collembola in at Eden

Gardens, Culcutta. In: Soil Biology and Ecology in India. Ed. C.A. Edwards& G.K. Veeresh.

U.A.S. Tech. Ser. 22: 152-156.

Mitra, S.K., Hazra, A.K., Sanyal, A.K & Mandal, S.B.(1981) Changes in the population

structure of Collembola and Acarina in a grass land ecosystem at Calcutta. In : Veeresh,

G.K.(ed), progress in Soil Biology and Ecology in India. U.A.S Tech Ser., 37 : 143-146.

Moore,J.C., Walter, D.E. & Hunt, J.W (1988) Arthropod regulation of micro and mesobiota in

belowground detrital food webs. Ann. Rev. Ent., 33: 419-439.

175

Moriarity, F .(1983). The study of pollutants in ecosystem Academic press,

London.132pp.

Mukgerjee, P. & Roy, S. (1981) Collembolan community in two contrasting environment of

west Bengal. In: Veeresh, G.K. (ed), Soil Biology and Ecology in India. U.A.S Tech . Ser.,

37:125.

Mukherji S.P & Singh,J. (1970)Seasonal variations in the density of a soil arthropod population

in a rose garden at Varanasi (India) Pedobiologia 10: 442-446.

Mukhopadhyay. P.K & Dehadrai . P.K (1980). Biochemical changes in air

breathing cat fish Clarias batrahcus exposed to malathion: Env. Poll. 22:149-158.

Muraleedharan, V& Prabhoo,N.R.(1981) Feeding cycle in the Collembolan Cyphoderus

javanus. In: Progress in soil Biol. And Ecol. In India, U.A.S. Tech. Ser. 37: 125.

Nameer,T.P.(2010).Seasonal variation in the density of soil collembolans in

agroecosystems.Eco-chronicle.5(3):218-221.

Niijima, K. (1973) Experimental studies on the life history, fecundity and growth of Sinella

curviseta (Apterygota:Collembola) Pedobiologia, 13: 186-204.

O’Neill, Lamd, W. & Pedigo,L.P (1969) Exploratory studies of Collembolan Populations in

Iowa. Proclowa Acad. Sci., 76 : 500-509.

Odum E. P. (1971) Fundametal of Ecology, W.B. Saunders Co., London, 574pp.

Ogino, K, Saichuae, P & Imadate, G (1965) Seasonal changes of soil microarthropod

population in Central Thailand, Nature., 4 : 303-315.

176

Pai, C.G.A & Prabhoo, N.R(1981) Preliminary observation on the micro arthropod fauna of

paddy fields and adjoining uncultivated soils in South Kerala. In: Veeresh, G.K (ed), Soil

Biology and Ecology in India. U.A.S. Tech Ser., 37: 27-32.

Pall, A And Chatterjee, C. (1985). Effect of a fungicide on the biomass and soil

micro-arthopod population in a undisturbed grass land of Burdwan. W Bengal India

Bur Uni Sci., 3: 26-30.

Pandala, P. V.(2012).pH preferences of different soil fauna.Polutionbiology.7(2):46-54.

Pedigo, L.P (1970) Activity and local distribution of surface- active Collembola ( Insecta): I

wood land populations. Amer. Midl. Natur., 83(1): 107-118.

Pedigo, L.P. (1967) Selected life history Phenomerna of Ledpidocyrtus cynereus. with

reference to grooming and the role of collophore. Entomol. News, 78(10): 263-267.

Petersen, H. (1971) Parthenogensis in two common species of Collembola: Tullbergia

krausbaueri (Borner) and Isotoma notabilis (Schaffer). Rev. Ecol. Biol. Sol, 8(1): 133-138.

Pillai, K.S & Singh, J. (1980). The composition of soil Microarthropods in the Grassland

Ecosystem of Upper Gangetic plain. Proc. Symp. Enviorn Biol. Trivandrum, pp.24-34.

Poole, T.B. (1961) an ecological study of the Collembola in a Coniferous forest soil.

Predobiologia. 1: 113-137.

Prabhoo (1981)Trends of progress in studies on the Biology and Ecology of soil insects in India.

Recent advances in Entomology in India. Ed. T.N. Ananthkrishnan, pp. 49-60.

Prabhoo, N.R. (1971a) Soil and litter Collembola of South India. J.Oriental Ins., 5 (1) :1-46.

177

Prabhoo, N.R. (1971b). Advances in Management and Conversation of Soil Fauna. Eds-

Veereesh, Rajagopal and Viraktmath. Oriental Ins. 5: 243-262.

Prabhoo, N.R. (1976) Soil microarthropods of a virgin forest and adjoining tea fields in the

western ghata in Kerala; a brief ecological study, Oriental Ins., 10: 435-442.

Price, D.W.(1974) Vertical distribution of small arthropods in a Caledonia pine forest soil. Ann.

Entomol. Soc. Am., 68: 174-180.

Price, K. & Benham, P.(1977)Vertical distribution of soil inhabiting microarthropoda in an

Agricultural habitat in California. Environmental Entomology, 6(4): 575-580.

Rahim, K. (2008). Vertical distribution of soil animal. Int.J.Res.in Chem.and Envt.3(1):321-332.

Raina, M.K., Kachroo,P., Dhar, S. & Singh,J(2012) An ecological study of soil mesofauna

from soil and litter of evergreen forest and grass lands in Yusmarg of Kashmir Himalayas. In :

Veeresh, G.K.(ed), Soil Biology and Ecology in India. U.A.S Tech Ser., 37: 33-34.

Raw. F(1961) Agricultural importance of soil mesofuna. Soils and fertilizers, 24: 1-2.

Roy, S. & Ghatak, D.K.(2008) Soil micro-arthropod community of a forest ecosystem of

West Bengal. Proc. Symp. Environ. Biol. Trivandrum, pp.19-23.

Rusek, J. (2011) Soil microstructures- contribution on specific soil organisms. Quaest.

Entomol., 21: 497-514.

Ryke, L. & Lootz, P.K (1967)A systematic ecological investigation of the macro fauna of the

forest floor in Megeebaskloof with special reference to the Mesostigmata. Biologia. 6: 157-234.

178

Sanal Kumar M.G & Swarupanandan, K. (1995). Soil fauna of Nelliyampathy Hill Forest,

KFRI Research report No. 127 Peechi. 88pp.

Sanal Kumar M.G. & Sujatha M.P (1966). Population density and diversity of microarthopods

in the rheed growing forest soil of Vazhachaal Reserve Forest south India. J. Tro. Forestry.,

3:11-19.

Sanal Kumar, M.G & Nair, R. K. G. (1994). Effects of Malathian on the population

density of some soil micro-arthropods.J. Zool Soc. Kerala 4 (1&2): 23-26.

Sanal Kumar, M.G & Sujatha, M.P (1995). Effects of monocrotophos on the

population density of soil micro arthropods in the rheed growing soil of vazhachhal.

Kerala J. Eco toxical. Environ monit, 3 (1): 82-88.

Sanal Kumar, M.G., Nandakumar, S. & Remya, P.M.(2012).Seasonal variations in the

population density and diversity of soil fauna in two different habitats of Central Travancore area

of South Kerala- India.Int.J.Scie.Res. Pub.2(1):1-5.

Sanal Kumar, M.G., Vaisakh, S. & Balamurali, R.S.(2011).Density and Diversity of soil

microarthropods, annelids and nematodes in relation to soil edaphic and chemical factors. The

Ecoscan.1(1):215-218.

Sanal Kumar,M.G Nair, R.K.G & Anil, P.C (1996). Toxic effects of Endosulfan

and quanalphos on adult and juvenile soil collembolan. J. Tro. Ecology, 3: 42-48.

Sanil, G. & Andrews, M.I (1994). Effects of some pesticides on the growth of

tadpoles of Rana hexadactyla. Lesson J. Zool Soc, Kerala. 4 (1&2): 19-22.

179

Santal, K. H.(2009).Soil purification by microarthropods.Biodiversity doc.and Taxonomy. 3(2):

210-214.

Santhosh, V. & Bhatt, V.V.(2011).Organic carbon content and soil fauna. J. Env. monitoring.

4(2):71-78.

Santos, P.F. & Whit ford, W.G. (1981) The effects of micro arthropods in litter decomposition

in a Chihuahuan desert ecosystem. Ecology, 62: 654-663.

Sanyal, A.K. (1981) Ecology of soil Oribatid mites in an uncultivated field of Gangetic delta of

West Bengal in relation to soil pH and salinity. In: Veeresh, G.K (ed), Soil Biology and Ecology

in India. U.A.S. Tech . Ser., 37: 107-112.

Schults, P. & Peggyann, T.(2006)Grazing influences of two Collembolan species Folsomia

candida and Priosotoma minuta for ecotomycorrhizan fungi. Pedobiologia, 35: 313-325.

Seastedi, T.R. (1984) The role of micro arthropods in decomposition and mineralization

processes. Ann. Rev. Ent., 29: 25-46.

Shaddy, J. & Butcher, J.W. (2010) Preliminary examination of the effects of insecticides on

soil arthropods and their role in the breakdown of organic matter. Proc. North Central Branch,

Entomol. Soc. Am, 22 : 93pp.

Shaefer, M. & Schauermann, J. (1990) The soil fauna of beach forest.Ecology. 8(1): 38-46.

Sharma, C.D. (1967) Observation on the biology of Isotoma olivacea. Pedobiologia

,7 : 152-155.

180

Sharma, G.D. & Kevan , D.K. (1963 a) Observations on Isotoma notabilis (Collembola :

Isotomidae) in Eastern Canada. Pedobiologia, 3 (8): 48-61.

Sharma, G.D. & Kevan D.K. (1963b) Observation on Pseudosinella petterseni and

Pseudosinella alba ( Collembola: Entomobryidae) in Eastern Canada. Pedobiologia, 3 (8): 62-74.

Sharma, G.D. & Metz L.J. (1973)Bioecology of the Collembola Xenylla axelson and Lepido

cyrtus cyaneus. Ecological Entomology, 1: 209-212.

Sharma, G.D. (1967a)Observations on the biology of Isotoma olivaceae. Tullberg, 1871,

Pedobiologia, 7: 153-155.

Sharma, G.D. (1967b) Bionomics of Tomocerus Vulgaris. Proc.R. Ent. Soc., London, 42: 30-34.

Sharma, G.D. & Kevan, D.K.(1963)Observations on Folsomia similis.Pedobiologia, 3(1):41-42

Sheals, J.E. (1957) The Collembola and Acarina of uncultivated soil. J. Anim. Ecol. 26: 125-

134.

Singh, J. & Mahajan, S.V. (1981) Quantitative composition of soil mesofauna in tropical arable

and deciduous forest soils. In : Veeresh, G.K. (ed), Soil Biology and Ecology in India. U.A.S.

Tech Ser., 37: 35.

Singh, J. & Mukharji, S.P.(1973).Population size of soil arthropods in some field at Varansi (

India). Sci. and Cult.39:498-500.

Singh, J. & Mukherji, S.P. (1971) Quantitative composition of soil arthropods in some fields at

Varanasi ( India). Oriental Ins. 5 (4): 487-495.

Singh, J. & Pillai, K. S.(1975a). Soil animals in Tropics.Rev. Ecol.Biol.Sol.12:579-590.

181

Singh, J. & Pillai, K.S. (1975b) A study of soil micro arthropod communities in some fields.

Rev. Ecol Biol.Sol, 12 (3): 579-590.

Singh, J. & Uday, S..(2010).An ecological study of soil micro-arthropods from soil and litter of

tropical desciduous forest of Varanasi (India). Trop. Ecol.16:81-85.

Singh, J.(2011).In: Edwards, C.A and Veeresh, G.K(ed.) Soil Biology and Ecology in India.

University of Agricultural Science Tech. series, No.22.pp. 226-235.

Singh, U. R. & Singh, D.(1978).A quantitative study of Collembolan communities in different

ecosystems. Indian J. Entomol.40(1):39-41.

Snider R.M (1971). The life cycle relation to temperature of Protopherura aromata.

Entomologist, 7 (1): 9-15.

Snider, R. J. & Butcher, J. W.(1980).Response of Onychiurus justi to constant temperature and

variable relative humidity. Proc. Symp. On soil Animals.New York.422pp.

Snider, R. M.(1973).Laboratory observations on the biology of Folsomia candida (willern)

(Collembola: Isotomidae). Rev. Ecol. Biol. Sol.10(1):103-124.

Snider, R. M.(1974).The life cycle relative to temperature of Protaphorura armatus (Tullberg)

(Collemboal: Isotomidae) relative to temperature. The Great Lakes Entomologist.6 (4):97-106.

Snider, R. M.(1974).The life cycle relative to temperature of Proto-phorura aramata (Tullberg)

(Collembola:Onychiuridae), a parthenogenetic species. The Great Lake Entomologist.7(1):9-14.

Snider, R.M.(2007). Inflence of acids and temperature on Collembola.J.Appl.Zool.4(3):18-27.

182

Sninder, R. J., Shaddy, J. H. & Butcher, J. W.(1969).Culture techniques for rearing

soilarthropods.The Michigan Entomologist.1(10): 357-362.

Solhoy, T.(1972).Quantitative Invertebrate studies in mountain communities at Hardangervidda,

South Norvey I. Norsk ent. Tidsskr.19 (1):99-108.

SPSS. Statistical Packages in social science. South Asia Private Limitied. No. 2353/1-4 dolphin

Bangalore, Package Code : PASW Statistics 17.

Sreeram, K. & Sankar, P.P.(2012).Water relations of soil fauna.J.Env.biology.4(3):86-94.

Stainer, J. E. R. & Kevan, D. K.(1973).A preliminary Study of the Biology of Entomobryoides

purpurascens (Packard, 1873) (Collembola: Entomobryidae). Ent. News.84:217-224.

Straalen, N. M. & Joosse, E. N. G.(1985).Temperature responses of egg production and egg

development in two species of Collembola.Pedobiologia.28:265–272.

Swarupanandan, K.(1995).Behavior of Diplopodans. Acc.Press. New Delhi.100pp.

Swift, M. J., Heal, O. W. & Anderson, J. M.(1979).Studies in decomposition in terrestrial

Ecosystems. Univ. Calif press, Berkeley. Los. Angeles:373pp.

Takeda, H. & Ichimura, T.(1983).Feeding attributes of four species of Collembola in a Pine

forest soil.Pedobiologia.25:373-381.

Takeda, H.( 1973).A preliminary study on Collembola population in a Pine forest. Res. Popul.

Ecol.15:76-89.

183

Takeda, H.(1978).Ecological studies of Collembolan population in a Pine Forest soil, II.

Vertical distribution of Collembola. Pedobiologia.18:22-30.

Takeda, H.(1979).Ecological studies of Collembolan population in a Pine forest soil IV.

Comparison of distribution patterns. Res. Popul. Ecol.21(1):120-134.

Tamura, H., Nakamura, Y., Yamouchi, K. & Fujikawa, T.(1966).An ecological study of soil

fauna in Hidaka Momobestu, southern Hokkaido.J. Fac. Sci.17(1):17-57.

Thompson, L. M. & Troeh, F.R.(1979).Soils and Soil Fertility. Tata Mc Graw-Hill.Coy.New

Delhi: 516 pp.

Tilbrook, P. J.(1970).The biology of cryptopygus antarcticus Antarctic Ecology. 2nd

Ed. MW.

Holdgate. Academic Press, pp. 908-919.

Tintu, V. & Kajal, P.P.(2008).Temporal distribution of soil fauna in river bed ecosystems. J.

Zoology.4(2):31-33.

Tomlin, A. D.(1987).Effects on soil fauna of the fungicide, Benomul used to control

earthworm populations around an air port, Proc. Ecol.2:325-330.

Tortusu, N.(2011). Microarthropod association in agroecosystems. Biodiversity doc.and

Taxonomy.3(1):221-225.

Trivedy, R. K. & Goel, P. K.(1987).Practical Methods in Ecology and Environmental Science,

Environmental Publications, Karad.340pp.

Uchida, H. & Chiba, S.(1959).Studies on the development of Tomocerus minutes.Zool. Mag.

68:200-204.

184

Usher, M. B.(1976).Aggregation response of soil arthropods in relation to the soil environment.

Proc. the 17th

Symp. Of Brit. Ecol. Soc. Pp. 61-94.

Vail, P.V.(1965).Colonization of Hypogastrura manubrialis, with notes on its biology. Ann . Ent.

Soc. Am.58:555-561.

Van Straalen.(2009).Temperature responses of egg production and egg development in 2

species of collembolan.Pediologia.28: 265-278.

Varghese, G. & Chemy.(2010).Oviposition frequency in various soil micro arthropods. J.

Ecology and Fisheries.2(3):210-215.

Veeresh, G. K., Prabhuswamy, H. P. & Reddy, N. V. M.(1981).Preliminary observation on

soil fauna of grass land and cultivated soil of Hebbal, Bangalore. In : Veeresh, G.K (ed) Soil

Biology and ecology in India. U.A.S. Tech Ser.37:36-41.

Veltcamp, P. 2012. Soil chemical factors and arthropods. J.Envt.Tox.2(3):31-37.

Venu, P.V. & Radhakumari.(2010).Conservation strategies of soil fauna.Ecoscan.4(1):30-41.

Verhorf, T. & Witteven, P.(2010). Collembola in different habitats.J.Appl.Zool.4(8):20-32.

Verhorf, T.(2012).Aggregation in soil Collembola.J.Envt.Biol.4(2):20-26.

Vijayavel, N.P.(2011).Seasonal variation in soil properties and soil organisms. J. Ecobiol. 28(1)

:94-98.

Vinayak, K. & Ravisankar, S.(2011). Soil compaction and soil fauna. J. Env. biodegradation.

4(4):48-54.

185

Waldorf, E. S.(1971).The reproductive biology of Sinella curviest (Collembola: Entomobryidae)

in laboratory culture. Rev. Ecol. Biol.Sol.8(3):451-463.

Waldort, E. S.(1980).Horizontal movements is a natural population of entomobrya

species in a lawn. Proc VII int con. Soil Zool. Collg.pp.190-199.

Walker, T. J.(2011).Ecological studies of the arthropod associated with certain decaying

materials in four habitats. Ecology.38(2):262-276.

Wallace, H. R.(1963).The biology of plant parasitic nematodes, Arnold Press, London, 4100pp.

Wallance, N.& Hayer, P.2011.Reticulocyte count in Collembolan lymph. J. Envt. Biol. 4(2):18-

23

Wallance, P.2012. Micro environment of soil animals.J.Plant Prot.10(1):22-26

Wallwork, J. A.(1957).The Acarina of a hemlock-yellow brich forest floor. Ph.D. Thesis,

University of Michigan.168pp.

Wallwork, J. A.(1958).Notes on the feeding behaviours of some forest soil mites. Oikos.9: 260-

271.

Wallwork, J. A.(1959).The distribution and dynamics of some forest soil mites. Ecology.40:

557-563.

Wallwork, J. A.(1970).Ecology of soil animals. Mc Graw –Hill.Coy.London.283pp.

Wallwork, J. A.(1976).The distribution and diversity of soil fauna. Academic Press, New York:

355pp.

186

Watson, T. W. & Veeramani, P.(2010).Altitudinal variations in soil faunal density. J. Animal

Science.2(1):311-314.

Wayland, J. & Hayees, J. R.(1975).Toxicology of pesticides. Williams and Wilkins coy.

USA.321pp.

White, R. E.(1979).Introduction to the principles and practice of soil Science. Blackwell

Scientific Publication.New York.210pp.

Wiggins & Curl. 2012. Physiology of some microarthropods community .Ind. J. Envt. Prot.

11(1): 222-225.

Wise, K. A. J., Fearon, C. E. & Wilkes, O. R.(1964).Entomological Investigations in

Antarctica, 1962-63 seasons. Pacific Insects.6:541-570.

Witkamp, M. & Crossley Jr., D. A.(1966).The role of arthropods and micro flora in breakdown

of white oak litter.Pedobiologia.6:293-303.

Witkamp, M.(1966).Decomposition of leaf litter in relation to environment. Micro flora and

microbial respiration, Ecology.47:194-201.

Wood, F. W.(1960).Biological Antagonism due to phototoxic root exudates. Bot. Rev.26:546-

569.

Wood, T. G.(1966).The fauna of grassland soils with reference to Acarl and Collembola. Proc.

N.Z. Ecol. Ser.13:79-85.

187

Woodring, J. P. & Cook, E. F.(1962).The biology of Ceratozetes cisalpinus (Beri)

Scheloribates laevigatus (Koch) and Oppia neerlandica (Ouds) with a description of all stages.

Acarologi.6:101-137.

Woording, N. & Cook, C.2011. Temperature dependence of soil animals. J. Envt. Biol. 3(1):

210-216.

Zahir hussain & Hawwa zahira.(2010).Longivity of soil proturans.J.Ecol.Env.4(2):31-41.