References

1 Introduction

Andreski, S. (1974) Social Sciences as Sorcery (Harmondsworth, Penguin).

Blanton, R. (1962) 'Science and Art in the Training of Psychologists', Journal of Clinical Psychology, vol. 8, p. 10.

Bolton, N. (1976) The Psychology of Thinking (London, Methuen). Boyd, R. D. (1991) Personal Transformation in Small Groups: a Jungian

Perspective (London and New York, Tavistock/Routledge). Cartwright, D. and A. Zander (1953) Group Dynamics: Research and

Theory (London, Tavistock). CCETSW (1976) Values in Social Work, paper 13, London. Garvin, C. D. (1981) Contemporary Groupwork (Englewood Cliffs, NJ,

Prentice-Hall). Kadushin, A. (1959) 'The Knowledge Base of Social Work', in A. J. Kahn

(ed.), Issues in American Social Work (New York, Columbia University Press) pp. 39-79.

McCleod, D. L. and H. J. Meyer (1967) 'A Study of the Values of Social Workers', in E. Thomas (ed.), Behavioral Science for Social Workers (New York, Free Press) pp. 401-16.

Pappell, C. P. and B. Rothman (1966) 'Social Groupwork Models: Possession and Heritage', Journal of Education for Social Work, 2(2) pp.66-77.

Pashley, B. W. (1967) 'Social Work Models', Social Work, 24(4) pp. 12-17.

Rosenthal, W. A. (1973) 'Social Group Work Theory', Social Work, 18(5) pp.60-6.

Schwartz, W. (1963) 'Small Group Science and Groupwork Practice', Social Work, 8(4) pp. 39-46.

Silverman, M. (1966) 'Knowledge in Social Group Work: a Review of the Literature', Social Work, 11(3) pp. 56-62.

Timms, N. (1959) 'Theory and Practice in Social Work "Education', Case Conference, 5(7) pp. 167-73.

Wilson, G. (1956) 'Social Groupwork Theory and Practice', in The Social

155

156 References

Welfare Forum, Proceedings of the National Conference on Social Welfare (New York, Columbia University Press) p. 150.

2 Interactive and affiliative patterns in groups

Aronson, E. (1980) The Social Animal, 3rd edn (San Francisco, H. Freeman and Company) p. 1.

Bonner, H. (1959) Group Dynamics: Principles and Applications (New York, The Ronald Press Co.) p. 46.

Dru, A. (1938) The Journals of Kierkegaard, 183411854 (London, Oxford University Press).

Henriques, J., W. Holloway, C. Urwin, C. Venn and V. Walkerdine (1984) Changing the Subject (London, Methuen) p. 13.

Israel, J. (1956) Self Evaluation and Rejection in Groups (Uppsala, Alma­quist & Wicksell) pp. 121 ff.

Jackson, J. M. (1953) 'Reference Group Processes in Formal Organisa­tions', in D. Cartwright and A. Zander (eds), Group Dynamics: Research and Theory (London, Tavistock).

Malinowski, B. (1939) The American Journal of Sociology, May, pp. 936-46.

Raven, B. H. and J. Z. Rubin (1976) Social Psychology: People in Groups (New York, John Wiley) pp. 41-55.

Sherif, C. W. (1976) Orientation in Social Psychology (New York, Harper & Row), pp. 201-3.

Stogdill, R. M. (1959) Individual Behaviour and Group Achievement (New York, Oxford University Press), p. 18.

Zalesnik, A. and D. Moment (1964) The Dynamics of Interpersonal Behaviour (New York, John Wiley) pp. 66-95.

Zander, A. and A. Havelin (1960) 'Social Comparison and Intergroup Attraction', Human Relations, 13, pp. 21-32.

3 Associative patterns in created and adapted groups

Argyle, M. (1970) Social Interaction (London, Methuen). Bruno, F. J. (1957) Trends in Social Work 1874-1956 (New York,

Columbia University Press). Cartwright, D. and A. Zander (1953) Group Dynamics: Research and

Theory (London, Tavistock). Collins, B. E. and H. Guetzkow (1964) A Social Psychology of Group

Processes for Decision-making (New York, John Wiley). Gordon, T. (1972) 'A description of the Group Centred Leader', in R. C.

Diedrich and H. A. Dye (eds), Group Procedures; Purposes, Processes and Outcomes (Boston, Houghton Mifflin) pp. 71-101.

Haskell, R. E. (1975) 'The Presumptions of Groupwork: a value analysis', Small Group Behavior, 6(4) (London, Sage Publications).

References 157

Janis, I. L. (1972) Victims of Groupthink: a psychological study of foreign policy decisions and fiascoes (Boston, Houghton Mifflin).

Katz, D. and R. L. Kahn (1969) 'Common Characteristics of Open Systems', in F. E. Emery (ed.), Systems Thinking (Harmondsworth, Penguin).

Lang, N. C. (1972) 'A Broad-range Model of Practice in the Social Work Group', Social Service Review, 46(1) pp. 76-89.

Lang, N. C. (1973) 'The Selection of the Small Group for Service Delivery: An exploration of the literature on group use in social work', Social Work with Groups, 1(3) (New York, Haworth Press) pp. 247-63.

Northen, H. (1987) 'Selection of Groups as the Preferred Modality of Practice', in J. Lassner, K. Powell and E. Finnegan (eds), Social Group­work: Competence and Values in Practice (New York, Haworth Press).

Raven, B. H. and J. Z. Rubin (1976) Social Psychology: People in Groups (New York, John Wiley).

Rosenthal, W. A. (1970) 'A Theory of Beginnings in Social Group Work Process', unpublished doctoral dissertation, Pennsylvania School of Social Work, April.

Smith, D. (1978) 'Dyadic Encounter: The Foundation of Dialogue and the Group Process', Small Group Behavior, 9(2) (London, Sage Publications) pp. 287-304.

Toffler, A. (1970) Future Shock (London, Pan).

4 Resources

Collins, B. E. and H. Guetzkow (1964) A Social Psychology of Group Processes for Decision-making (New York, John Wiley).

Miller, G. A. (1969) The Psychology of Communication (Harmonds­worth, Penguin).

Napier, R. N. and M. K. Gershenfeld (1973) Groups: Theory and Experi-ence (Boston, Houghton Mifflin).

Reed, Langford The Limerick Book. Schumacher, E. F. (1974) Small is Beautiful (London, Abacus). Shaw, J. (1974) TheSelfin Social Work (London, Routledge &Kegan Paul). Strickler, M. and J. Allgeyer (1967) 'The Crisis Group: A New Applica-

tion of Crisis Theory', Social Work, 12(3) July. Thomas, S. E. (1975) Economics (London, English University Press). Wilden, A. (1980) System and Culture (London, Tavistock) p. 21 (quoting

J. Lacan, 1956).

5 Obstacles

Bass, B. M. and G. Dunteman (1963) 'Behavior in groups as a function of self-interaction, and task orientation', Journal of Abnormal & Social Psychology, 66, pp. 419-28.

158 References

Benne, K. D., L. P. Bradford and R. Lippitt (1964), in L. P. Bradford, J. R. Gibb and K. D. Benne (eds), T. Group Theory and Laboratory Method (New York, John Wiley).

Brehm, J. W. (1966) A Theory of Psychological Reactance (New York, Academic Press).

Collins, B. E. and H. Guetzkow (1964) A Social Psychology of Group Processes for Decision Making (New York, John Wiley).

Davis, J. H. (1969) Group Performance (Reading, Mass., Addison­Wesley).

Deutsch, M. (1988) 'Trust and Suspicion', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 2, pp. 265-79.

Ford, D. L., P. M. Nemiroff and W. A. Pasmore (1977) 'Group Decision­making Performance as Influenced by Group Tradition', Small Group Behavior, 8(2) (London, Sage Publications).

Gibb, J. R. (1964) 'Climate for Trust Formation', in L. P. Bradford, J. R. Gibb and K. D. Benne (eds), T. Group Theory and Laboratory Method (New York, John Wiley) pp. 279-309.

Glover, J. A. and T. Chambers (1978) 'The Creative Production of the Group: Effects of Small Group Structure', Small Group Behavior 9(3), (London, Sage Publications) pp. 387-92.

Goldbart, S. and L. Cooper (1976) 'Safety in Groups: An Existential Analysis', Small Group Behavior, 7(2) (London, Sage Publications) pp. 237 ff.

Hoffman, L. R. (1965) 'Group Problem-Solving', in L. Berkowitz (ed.), Advances in Experimental Psychology (London, Academic Press) vol. II, pp. 99-132.

Jones, E. E. and R. E. Nisbett (1971) The Actor and the Observer: Divergent Perceptions of the Causes of Behavior (Morristown, NJ, General Learning Press).

McGrath, J. I. and I. Altman (1966) Small Group Research (New York, Holt, Rinehart).

Melnick, J. and G. S. Rose (1979) 'Expectancy and Risk-Taking Pro­pensity: Prediction of Group Performance', Small Group Behavior, 10(3) (London, Sage Publications).

Rosenberg, M. J. (1956) 'Cognitive Structure and Attitudinal Effect', Journal of Abnormal & Social Psychology, 53, pp. 367-72.

Schwartz, W. (1971) 'On the Use of Groups in Social Work Practice', in W. Schwartz and S. P. Zalba (eds), The Practice of Groupwork (New York, Columbia University Press) pp. 3-24.

Stock, D. (1964) 'A survey of research on T. Groups', in L. P. Bradford, J. R. Gibb and K. D. Benne (eds), T. Group Theory and Laboratory Method (New York, John Wiley) pp. 395-441.

6 Techniques that group workers Use

Bales, R. F. (1950) 'A Set of Categories for the Analysis of Small Group Interaction', American Sociological Review, 15.

References 159

Bertcher, H. J. (1979) Group Participation: Techniques for Leaders and Members (London, Sage Publications).

Garvin, C. D. (1981) Contemporary Groupwork (Englewood Cliffs, NJ, Prentice-Hall).

Heap, K. (1985) The Practice of Social Work with Groups: a systematic approach, National Institute Social Services Library No. 49 (London, George Allen & Unwin).

Hodge, J. (1979) 'Social Groupwork - rules for establishing the group', Social Work Today, 8(17) pp. 8-11.

Klein, A. F. (1972) Effective Groupwork (New York, Association Press). Lerner, B. (1972) Therapy in the Ghetto: Political Impotence and

Personal Disintegration (Baltimore, Johns Hopkins Press) p. 11. Manor, O. (1988) 'Preparing the Client for Social Groupwork: An Illus­

trated Framework', Groupwork, 1(2) (London, Whiting & Birch) pp.1OO-14.

Mullender, A. and D. Ward (1989) 'Challenging Familiar Assumptions: Preparing for and Initiating a Self-directed Group', Groupwork, 2(1) (London, Whiting & Birch) pp. 5-26.

Scheidlinger, S. (1953) 'The Concept of Social Groupwork and of Group Psychotherapy', Social Casework, 34.

Schwartz, W. (1971) 'On the Use of Groups in Social Work Practice', in W. Schwartz and S. P. Zalba (eds), The Practice of Groupwork (New York, Columbia University Press).

Toren, N. (1972) Social Work: The Case of a Semi-profession (Beverly Hills, Sage Publications).

7 Resource theory

Coffey, H. S. (1952) 'Socio and Psyche Group Process: Integrative Con­cepts', Journal of Social Issues, 8.

Collins, B. E. and H. Guetzkow (1964) A Social Psychology of Group Processes for Decision Making (New York, John Wiley).

Kendall, M. G. (1961) 'Natural Law in the Social Services', Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, vol. 124, part 1, pp. 1-16.

Lang, N. C. (1978) 'The Selection of the Small Group for Service Delivery: an exploration of the literature on group use in social work', in Social Work with Groups, 1(3) (New York, Haworth Press) pp. 247-64.

Toren, N. (1972) Social Work: The Case of a Semi-profession (Beverly Hills, Sage Publications).

8 Group design I

Dewey, J. (1938) Experience and Education (New York, Collier Books). Engebrigsten, G. K. and K. Heap (1988) 'Short Term Groupwork in the

Treatment of Chronic Sorrow', in Groupwork, 1(3) (London, Whiting & Birch) pp. 197-214.

160 References

Feldman, R. A. and J. S. Wodarski (1975) Contemporary Approaches to Group Treatment (London, Jossey Bass).

Klein, J. G. (1961) 'Social Group Treatment: some selected dynamics', in New Perspectives on Services to Groups (New York, National Associa­tion of Social Workers) pp. 35-47.

Kurland, R. (1978) 'Planning: the Neglected Component of Group Development', in Social Work with Groups, 1(2) (New York, Haworth Press) pp. 173-8.

Lang, N. C. (1972) 'A Broad-range Model of Practice in the Social Work Group', Social Service Review, 46(1) pp. 76-89.

Miller, G. A. (1969) 'Psychology as a Means of Promoting Human Welfare', American Psychologist, pp. 1064-74.

Pappell, C. P. and B. Rothman (1966) 'Social Groupwork Models Possession and Heritage', Journal of Education for Social Work, 2(2) pp.66-77.

Torras, A. C. (1989/90) 'Family Group Treatment in Drug Abuse', in Groupwork, 2(3) (London, Whiting & Birch) pp. 257-62.

9 Group design II

Breslin, A. and S. Sturton (1978) 'Groupwork in a Hostel for Mentally Handicapped', in N. McCaughan (ed.), Groupwork: Learning and Practice, National Institute Social Services Library No. 33 (London, George Allen & Unwin).

Brown, A. (1990) 'Groupwork with a Difference: The group "mosaic" in residential and day care settings', in Groupwork, 3(3) (London, Whiting & Birch) pp. 269-85.

Clarke, P. and A. Aimable (1990) 'Groupwork Techniques in a Residen­tial Primary School for Educationally Disturbed Boys', in Groupwork, 3(1) (London, Whiting & Birch) pp. 36-48.

Douglas, T. (1978) Basic Groupwork (London, Tavistock). Garvin, C. D. (1981) Contemporary Groupwork (Englewood Cliffs, NJ,

Prentice-Hall). Levy, L. H. (1976) 'Self-help: Types of Psychological Processes', Journal

of Applied Behavioral Science, 12, pp. 310-22. Matzat, J. (1989/90) 'Self-help Groups as Basic Care in Psychotherapy

and Social Work', in Groupwork, 3(2) (London, Whiting & Birch) pp.248-56.

Mullender, A. (1990) 'Groupwork in Residential Settings for Elderly People', in Groupwork, 3(3) (London, Whiting & Birch) pp. 286-301.

Payne, C. (1978) 'Working with Groups in a Residential Setting', in N. McCaughan (cd.), Groupwork: Learning and Practice, National Insti­tute Social Services Library, no. 33 (London, George Allen & Unwin) pp.58-70.

Priestley, P., J. McGuire, D. Flegg, V. Hemsley and D. Welham (1978) Social Skills and Personal Problem Solving: a handbook of methods (London, Tavistock).

References 161

Robinson, D. (1977) 'The Lord helps those ... ', Community Care, Feb. pp.16-17.

Robinson, D. (1980) 'Self Help Health Groups', in P. B. Smith (ed.), Small Groups and Personal Change (London, Methuen) chap. 7.

10 Implications

Atherton, J. S. (1986) Professional Supervision in Group Care (London, Tavistock).

Diedrich, R. C. and H. A. Dye (eds) (1972) Group Procedures: Purposes, Processes and Outcomes (Boston, Houghton Mifflin).

Garvin, C.D. (1981) Contemporary Groupwork (Englewood Cliffs, NJ, Prentice-Hall).

Konopka, G. (1978) 'The Significance of Social Groupwork Based on Ethical Values', in Social Work with Groups, J (2) (New York, Haworth Press) pp. 123-32.

Schwartz, W. (1971) 'On the use of Groups in Social Work Practice', in W. Schwartz and S. P. Zalba (eds), The Practice of Groupwork (New York, Columbia University Press).

Epilogue

Haskell, R. E. (1975) 'Presumptions of Groupwork: A Value Analysis', Small Group Behavior, 6(4) (London, Sage Publications) pp. 469-86.

Hirschman, A. O. and C. E. Lindblom (1962) 'Economic Development, Research and Development, Policy Making: Some Converging Views', in P. E. Emery (ed.), Systems Thinking (Harmondsworth, Penguin) pp.351-71.

Lang, N. C. (1972) 'A Broad-range Model of Practice in the Social Work Group', Social Service Review, 46(1) pp. 76-89.

Index

acceptance 22-3 achievement 26, 94 action 3,11-13,130 adaptability 90 adaptation 149 adapted groups 151

action 12 association 37-8, 46-8 common problem focus 113 resource theory 103

affiliation 21-3 aggression 29 agreement 64-5 Allgeyer, J. 52 Altman, I. 74-5 analog differences

group design 110, 111 resources 53, 57

analytical psychology 35 anchors, social 21 Andreski, S. 2 apprehension, evaluation 77 appropriate consequences 68 Argyle, M. 29 Aristotle 18 Aronson, E. 18 artificiality 151

affiliation 22, 23 association 45 observer effect 5 resource theory 99, 102 see also created groups

assembly effect 48, 56, 59 assessment

groupwork 95

needs 84, 85, 146, 149 assets see resources association 29-48, 103 Atherton, J. S. 140 awareness 57

Bales, R. F. 81 Bass, B. M. 65, 76 behaviour, ideas about 2-9 belief systems 2-6 Benne, K. D. 69 Bertcher, H. J. 80-1 bias 5 Blanton, R. 11 Bolton, N. 6 Bonner, H. 20 borrowed knowledge 2-7 Boyd, R. D. 15 Bradford, L. P. 69 Brehm, J. W. 77 Breslin, A. 138 Brown, A. 132-3, 134 Bruno, F. J. 38

Cartwright, D. 4, 38 catalyst effect 57 causation 7 Chambers, T. 65 change 39, 54 characteristics, personal

association 42 obstacles 66-7,72,74-5

choice obstacles 68

162

Index

resource theory 102-3, 105, 141-2

resources 50, 53-4, 57 clarification

of problems 60-1, 129 of roles 117

classification of groups 110-11 coercion 142-3 Coffey, H. S. 97-8 collective resource systems

55-61 Collins, B. E. 48

obstacles 68, 75-6, 79 resources 56, 59

commitment of members 23 obstacles 69-70, 78

common fate 76 common problem focus 112-19 communication

association 34 common problem groups 119 interaction 25

competitive approach 76 complementarity 58-9, 61 conformity 22-3, 38 consensus 64-5 contact, social 21 content, group 121, 122-3 contextual associative groups see

group-as-context contracts 142 contribution 56 convenors 44, 45, 48 Cooper, L. 65 coping mechanisms

group design 115 resources 51, 52-3, 55

costs obstacles 68 opportunity 54, 136

counting 7-8 created groups 151

affiliation 22 association 31,37-8,45-6,

47-8 common problem focus 113 resource theory 99, 102-3 self-help groups 127, 131

creation, group 12, 149 creativity 101 credibility 121 cumulative processes 56

Davis, J. H. 68 defence reduction 67 democracy 44

163

demonstrations of behaviour 138 dependence in groups 93, 124 design of groups 110-39, 152 Deutsch, M. 76 development, group 26, 95 developmental sequences 14,

144-5 Dewey, John 6, 110 Diedrich, R. C. 142 differences

group design 110-11, 113-14 obstacles 65 residential groups 133-4,

135-7 resources 53,56-8,61,101-2 self-help groups 130

digital differences 53, 57, 110 directive leadership 17 discussion groups 128 distrust 67 division of labour 58-9, 101 domination of groups 75 Douglas, T. 133 Dru, A. 19 Dunteman, G. 65, 76 dyadic interaction 34-5 Dye, H. A. 142 dynamics of groups 2-4, 20

education 115 education groups 111 elderly people 21 elitism 136-7 empowerment 153 energy 36-7, 89 enforced membership 77-8 Engebrigsten, G. K. 120 entrants 57-8, 76 environment 73,90-1 ethics 142

164

evaluation apprehension 77 examples of behaviour 138 exclusions from groups 136-7 expectations

association 44-5 obstacles 73, 76, 78 resource suppression 53

experts common problem groups 113,

114 self-help groups 128-9, 131,

132 treatment groups 124

exploitable differences 113-14 exposure of influences 141, 142 extrapolation effect 5-6

facilitating factors 64 facilitative leadership 17 familiarisation 14, 26 families 24 feedback 135 Feldman, R. A. 119 flexibility 143 focus 34, 112-25 Ford, D. L. 65 formal structures 66 functionalism 44

Garvin, C. D. 9, 85, 128, 142 Gershenfeld, M. K. 59 Gibb, Jack R. 67 Glover, J. A. 65 Goldbart, S. 65 Gordon, T. 32 group-as-context 33-6, 48

common problem focus 114-15, 117

residential groups 138 resources 58, 61, 103-4 treatment focus 119, 124-5

group-as-instrument 31-3, 36, 48 common problem focus 115,

117 resources 58, 61, 103-4,

143 self-help groups 131

group design 110-39, 152

group interaction 24-7 association 34-5 obstacles 70-1

Index

groupwork groups 30-1, 37, 40-5

Guetzkow, H. 48 obstacles 68, 75-6, 79 resources 56, 59

Haskell, R. E. 37, 43-4, 153 Havelin, A. 25 Heap, K. 82,85,91,120 Henriques, J. 18-19 Hirschman, A. O. 153 Hodge, J. 83 Hoffman, L. R. 63,64,65-6 holding 12, 88-90 human behaviour, ideas about

2-9 Human Relations Laboratories

137

imagination 148 individualistic approach 76 individuality 27 individuation 35, 106 influence

family 24 interaction 26 residential groups 139 resource theory 105, 141-2 sociality 20 values 44

information common problem groups 114,

115-16 starting period 85-6, 90 treatment groups 121, 124

inhibiting factors see obstacles innocent bystander syndrome 70 insight 128 instrumental associative groups

see group-as-instrument integration 5 intensity of involvement 34 interaction 24-7

association 34-5 obstacles 70-1

Index

intervention 39, 141, 143 intrusion 5 involvement, intensity of 34 isolation 28

common problem groups 113 fear of 19 punishment 21

Israel, J. 25

Jackson, Jay M. 24-5 Janis, I. L. 44 Jones, E. E. 73

Kadushin, A. 6 Kahn, R. L. 36 Katz, D. 36 KendalJ, M. G. 97 Kierkegaard, S. A. 19 Klein, A. F. 80 Klein, Joyce G. 111 Koestler, Arthur 28 Konopka, Gisela 149 Kurland, R. 110

Lacan, J. 53 Lang, Norma C. 98-9, 112,

154 association 30-1,32,37,41-2

language 27, 107 lawfulness 43 leadership

action 13 assessment 95 association 30,32-3,36-7,44,

47 common problem groups 114-

15,116-19 resource theory 103 resources 58, 143 style 17 treatment groups 119-20

learning 115 leisure time groups 111 Lerner, B. 87 Levy, L. H. 127-8 liking 25 Lindblom, C. E. 153 Lippitt, R. 69

Malinowski, B. 18 management 74, 95 Manor, O. 86 material resources 73-4 Matzat, J. 128 McGrath, J. 1. 74-5 McLeod, D. L. 8 Melnick, J. 66 membership perceptions 72,

75-9 mentally handicapped people

138 Meyer, H. J. 8 Miller, G. A. 56,110 models of groupwork 15 Moment, D. 25 motivation 128 Mullender, A. 83, 134

Napier, R. N. 59 natural groups 151

affiliation 22, 23 resource theory 99, 102-3 sociality 20

nature 6,7 needs of groups 146, 149

planning 84, 85

165

resource contribution 56, 60 self-help groups 127

Nemiroff, P. M. 65 networks, social 21, 148-9 newcomers 57-8, 76 Nisbett, R. E. 73 Northen, H. 42, 85 numbers of members see sizes of

groups

observations 4-5, 26 observer effect 5 obstacles 63-79, 152-3

common problem groups 117-18

recognition 104-6, 143-4 removal techniques 82-3 self-help groups 129 teaching groupwork 147-8

opportunity costs 54, 136 opportunity creation 71

166

ostracism 21 outcomes of groupwork 104, l30

PappeU, C. P. 15,111 partial redistribution 153 Pashley, B. W. 15 Pasmore, W. A. 65 patience 143 Payne, C. l38 personal characteristics

association 42 obstacles 66-7,72,74-5

planning 83-5, 110, 152 polyadic interaction see group

interaction pooling see sharing potential, resource 52-3 power

association 32 obstacles 66 resource theory 101 sociality 20

practising groupwork 149-50 prediction 7 preparation 83-5, l39 presumptions of groupwork 37,

43-5 Priestley, P. 128 probationary periods 22-3 problem solving 118 process, group 120-1,122-3 professionals see experts psyche group process 97-8 psychology, analytical 35 psychotherapy

groups 111 techniques 81

pure groupwork knowledge l3-14

purposes of groups association 42 ideas about 3, 9-11

quality of borrowed knowledge 6,7

Raven, B. H. 19, 29 reactance 77

reciprocal model 111-12 recognition

obstacles 104-5

Index

resources 54-5, 57, 59-61 Reed, Langford 52 relevance of groupwork 69 reliability of borrowed knowledge

6, 7 remedial model 111-12 residential groups 132-9 resistance

obstacles 68, 76-7 resource development 54

resources 17,49-62, 140-9, 152-3

association 31, 32 common problem groups 116-

17,118 obstacles 63-79 residential groups l38 self-help groups 127, 129-30 treatment groups 120-1,

123-4 respect 102 retirement 21 risk

obstacles 66, 67 resource development 54

Robinson, D. 126 role modelling 138 roles, group 59, 132 Rose, G. S. 66 Rosenberg, M. J. 73, 77 Rosenthal, W. A. 1,40 Rothman, B. 15, 111 Rubin, J. Z. 19, 29

scale economies 100 Scheidlinger, S. 81 Schumacher, E. F. 49 Schwartz, W. 16, 145

obstacles 70, 71 techniques 85-6, 88-9

scientism 16 seepage effect 63, 139 selection see choice self-analysis 123 self-disclosure 67

Index

self-help groups 123-5, 126-32

self-image 51, 55, 130 self-orientation 76 self-structure 52-3, 54-5 settings effect 5 sharing 20-1

resources 56-61, 101 self-help groups 128, 132

Shaw, J. 52 Sherif, Carolyn W. 21 Silverman, M. 13 similarities

common problem groups 113 interaction 25 residential groups 133-4 resources 58, 61, 99-102

situations 25 sizes of groups 4-5

interaction 26 obstacles 65-6, 74, 91-2 residential groups 137 resource theory 100-1, 102,

104 self-help groups 132

skills, groupwork 86-7, 91 Smith, D. 34 social anchors 21 social goals model 111-12 social group treatment 111 social groupwork groups 30-1,

37,40-5 social work 8 sociality 19-21 socio group process 97-8 solitude 28 speculation 5 starting period 85-7 statements about groupwork 3,

13-15 status 25 stepchild syndrome 69-70 stigmatisation 130 Stock, Dorothy 69 Stodgill, R. M. 25 Strickler, M. 52 structures of groups

interaction 26

obstacles 66 self-help groups 132

Sturton, S. 138 support

resource theory 101 self-help groups 128 sociality 20

167

suppression of potential 53, 65

T Groups 69 tabula rasa 44 teaching of groupwork 145-9 techniques 80-95, 147-8 termination of groups 92-4 Thomas, S. E. 50 threats 78 time

obstacles 65, 74 techniques 91 treatment groups 121-2

Timms, N. 2 Toffler, Alvin 39 Toren, N. 81,97 Torras, A. C. 123-4 training 9, 145-9 transformation of groups 93-4 treatment groups 111, 119-25 trust 67 tuning-in period 85-7 typologies of groups 111-12,

134-5

unanimity 64-5 uniqueness

common problem groups 113 resources 53

values dimensions 8-9 influence 44

Varela, J. A. 56 viability of groupwork 143 vulnerability 19

Ward, D. 83 Wilden, A. 53 willingness to contribute 55, 56

168

Wilson, Gertrude 9 wisdom, group 44 withdrawal 78 Wodarski, J. S. 119

workshops 115-19

Zalesnik, A. 25 Zander, A. 4,25,38

Index