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Index

AAbility beliefs, 157

entity concept of ability, 157incremental concept of ability, 157

Action control theory, 8, 30Adams, J. S., 184¯186Affective domain, 12Akinsola, M. K., 139Algorithmic, 56, 265, 267Allport, G., 13, 182Alschuler, A. S., 27¯28, 31, 33, 39American Society for Training and

Development, 262Analyzing instructional materials, 56, 58,

65¯66, 69, 299, 310Anderson, M., 316Anne, 168, 169, 170Aoshima, M., 142¯143Aphrodite, 152Aragon, S. R., 307ARCS categories, 270, 278, 282, 322ARCS model, 5¯11, 34, 43¯74, 133, 166,

216, 220, 224, 264¯265, 272¯273,277, 286, 297¯298, 300, 302,307¯311, 318, 322

Armstrong, B., H., 292Armstrong, L., 21Arnstine, D., 85Aronson, E., 182Arousal theory, 76, 92Ashton, M. C., 14¯15Ashton, P., 155, 158Astleitner, H., 222, 272, 311¯313Attention getting strategies, 47¯48Attention readiness, 212¯213,

218¯220Attribution theory, 150¯151Audience

analysis, 3, 40, 56, 58¯62, 64¯65,67¯68, 74, 76, 92, 195, 206¯207,210¯213, 215¯225, 229, 235, 253,306, 308, 313

information, 57, 59, 194,206¯210, 224

motivational profile, 211Autonomy, need for, 118, 166

BBagnall, J., 22, 196, 201Baird, W., 114¯115Balance theory, 179, 183¯184Bandura, A., 11, 109, 139, 146¯148, 155Bangkok, 297Banks, W. P., 80,Baylor, A., 315Beck, R. C., 167Bell, R. Q., 84Berlyne, D. E., 47, 77¯79, 82, 94, 114Bernard, R. S., 174Bialer, I., 140Blended learning settings, 303Bloom, B. S., 12Blueprint, 58, 64, 255, 263Bob, 147, 183¯184Boekaerts, M., 30Bolen, L. M., 142¯143Bonk, C. J., 303, 309Boone, C., 139Bootzin, R. R., 173¯175Boredom, 36, 47, 51, 60, 75¯77, 79¯80,

88¯92, 95, 108¯109, 282Brainstorming tactics, 72, 195, 233, 241,

253Brandstatter, V., 8Brehm, J., 182Brehm, J. W., 181Briggs, L. J., 12Brophy, J. E., 33, 46, 167, 177Brown, M. B., 142¯143Burkman, E., 271Burtonsville, Maryland, 116

CCalifornia University, 196Caputi, P., 143¯144Carey, L., 58, 66¯68, 71Carlos, 15¯16Carlsmith, J. M., 175, 179¯180Carolyn, 138Caron, A. J., 83Carstensen, L. L., 111¯112Carter, J., 13

345

Cartwright, D., 183¯184Carver, C. S., 316Cattell, H. E. P., 13¯14Cattell, R. B., 13¯14Charlie, 138Chen, H., 122¯125Chia, R., 142¯143Chicago, 142Classical conditioning, 4, 168¯169Cognitive dissonance, 80, 175¯176,

179¯183, 186theory, 175¯176, 179, 183, 186

Cognitive domain, 12¯13Cognitive map, 103Cognitive orientation, 233Cohen, A., 182Cohen, P. A., 32Collative variables, 79, 85, 114Combining tactics, 57, 72, 241, 249,

250, 253Competence, 4, 33, 46, 50, 78, 81,

108¯109, 111, 113, 115, 117¯119,121, 123, 145, 156, 159, 166, 175,185, 275, 290, 321

Conde, G., 124Conditioned response, 168¯169Conditioned stimulus, 168¯169Condry, J., 18, 119, 176, 177Confidence building strategies, 50¯52Cooper, J., 183Corno, L., 9, 30, 31Costa, P. T., 14Course information, 57, 59, 194, 197¯199,

203¯204Course Interest Survey, 268, 277¯281Craik, K., 103Crandall, V. C., 140Crandall, V. J., 140Cronbach, L. J., 38, 285Crowne, D. P., 139, 140Croyle, R., 182Csikszentmihalyi, M., 120¯124, 311Curiosity, 6, 10, 15¯16, 22, 27, 45, 47¯48,

50, 54, 63, 72, 77¯88, 92and ambiguity, 79, 86and anxiety, 15, 81, 87¯88and creativity, 85¯88developmental influences, 84and intelligence, 81¯83and learning, 6, 45, 72, 76, 83,

114, 310and self-concept, 81, 87¯88

Cyprus, 152

DDay, H. I., 82, 85¯87DeBacker, T. K., 111DeBrabander, B., 139deCharms, R., 33, 39, 51, 143¯144, 145,

175¯176Deci, E. L., 17, 19, 25, 33, 117¯119, 176Declerck, C. H., 139De Groot, E. V., 149Deimann, M., 125, 297, 304Del Soldato, T., 272, 311, 313Dembo, M. H., 155Denmark, 142Design challenges, 35¯38, 71Detailed lesson plan, 255, 257¯262Devine, P. G., 182De Volder, 110Dewey, J., 113Dick, W., 58, 66¯68, 71Diefes-Dux, H., 286Diversive curiosity, 79Dodson, J. D., 36, 76Dollinger, S. J., 140Doreian, P., 184Drabman, R., 174¯175Drive theory, 78, 80¯81, 83, 101,

103, 108Du Boulay, B., 272, 311, 313DuCette, J., 140Duffy, T. M., 34, 104Dunn, R., 87Dweck, C. S., 109, 112, 156, 158, 182Dwyer, R. M., 133

EEccles, J., 33, 154Effectance motivation, 109, 175Ego oriented, 112Egypt, 200Einstein, 135, 137Elaine, 95Elliot, A. J., 109, 182Elliott, P. H., 318Empirical, 2, 4¯5, 15, 64, 78, 81, 89, 109,

182, 277, 286, 307, 310Engelhard, G., 85Engle, R. W., 141Enhancement strategies, 257Environmentally-centered models,

31¯33, 39Epimetheus, 77Epistemic curiosity, 79¯80, 92, 94

346 Index

Equity, 6, 10, 53¯54, 179, 184¯189, 192,248, 291, 322

theory, 179, 184¯188Ericsson, K. A., 11, 178Expectancy-value theory, 6¯7, 33¯34,

98, 111Extinction, 139, 172Extrinsic motivation, 12, 17¯19, 33, 114,

118¯119, 165, 178Extrinsic reinforcement, 167, 175¯178, 303

FFamiliarity, 48, 50, 54, 126, 131, 201, 289,

302, 320Farmer, T. M., 64, 74, 104Feelings of efficacy, 109, 175¯176Fellini, F., 88Felt confidence, 212, 214, 218¯220Festinger, L., 80, 175, 179¯183, 186Field theory, 103¯105, 110Filcheck, H. A., 174Flanagan, J., 26Fleming, M., 116Flesch, R., 23, 50Florida State University, 297Flow, 94, 120, 125, 136, 169, 261, 267,

287, 311France, 272Fred, 93Fredrickson, B. L., 111¯112Freud, S., 88Friedman, S., 140Friesen, N., 316Fromm, E., 88Future

orientation, 99, 109¯112time perspective, 109¯112

GGagne, R. M., 24, 167, 258Gallup, H. F., 32Gardner, R., 31Garner, R., 115Geirland, J., 122Geiwitz, J. P., 89¯90Germany, 8, 80, 111, 297Gibson, S., 155Gillingham, M. G., 115Gluck, M., 46, 286Goal choice, 99¯101, 146Goal orientation, 8, 28, 48¯49, 111¯113,

126, 148, 150, 288, 319

Golas, K. C., 24, 167, 258Goleman, D., 27Gollwitzer, P. M., 7¯8Goodlad, J. I., 85Graves, T. D., 142Greco, L. A., 174Greece, 137, 200, 297Green, D., 177Greene, B. A., 111Greene, D., 33, 176Greenwald, A. G., 182

HHades, 77Hansen, A. S., 142Hanson, R. C., 142Harary, F., 183¯184Harlow, H. F., 175Harp, S. F., 76, 115¯116Harrow, A., 12Hawking, S., 137Healy, S. D., 88¯89Hebb, D. O., 76, 80, 108Heider, R., 183¯184Hemmingway, E., 232Hendricks, Dr., 315Henry, P., 93Heraclitus, 135¯137Heuristic, 56, 196, 267¯268Hicks, G., 202Hidi, S., 76, 114¯115Higgins, H., 151Hildyard, A., 115Hilgard, E. R., 182Hoffman, R., 77Holden, K. B., 140Holdsworth, K. M., 31, 34Holistic approach, 109, 129, 133Holt, B. G., 86Homer, 30Hong Kong, 142Hout-Wolters, B. v, 150Hoy, W., 155, 158Hsieh, T. T., 142Huang, W. D., 286Huang, W.-Y., 286Hull, C. L., 78, 101, 105Hummon, N. P., 184Humphreys, M. S., 29Hunt, D. E., 33, 80, 100, 175Hurricane Katrina, 115Huseman, R. C., 187Hypothetico-deductive, 4¯5

Index 347

IIdentifying motivational gaps, 231¯253,

276, 299Ifamuyiwa, S. A., 139Imbrie, P. K., 286Ingham, J., 87Inquiry arousal, 47, 92, 287, 319Instinct theory, 100Instructional design process, 11, 33, 56, 65,

67¯69, 194Instructional Materials Motivation Survey,

277, 283Instructor-facilitated environments, 303Integrate motivational tactics, 72, 249,

253, 256Interaction-centered models, 33¯34Interest

capture, 93¯94CIS, 278¯282human, 23, 50, 55, 92, 115intrinsic, 18¯19, 99, 114, 117, 120,

176¯177, 189, 213, 271lack of, 36, 217match, 128¯131personal, 99, 126, 130, 133, 166,

175, 308relevance, 113¯117

Intrinsic motivation, 17¯19, 33, 53, 98¯99,114, 117¯121, 166, 175¯177,188¯189, 303, 311

Inverted U-curve, 36, 60

JJack, 172Jackson, D. A., 31¯32Jacobson, L., 152, 155James, W., 77, 100, 153Jane, 183, 231¯232, 234¯235Japan, 143, 269Jason, 161Jenkins, J., 202Jenson, W. R., 173Jessor, R., 142Jessor, S. L., 142Jim, 96, 126, 231¯232, 234¯235Job aids, 318¯323John, O. P., 14¯15, 113, 153Johnson, G., 153Johnson-Laird, P. N., 103Johnson, S. D., 307Johnson, W. L., 315Jonassen, D. H., 34, 104, 133, 312Jones, E. E., 150

Joolingen, W. R. v, 150Jossey-Bass, Inc, 262Joyce, B., 34June, 183¯184Jung, C., 88¯89Jussim, L., 154

KKabat-Zinn, J., 27Kagan, J., 80Kaplan, R., 48Kaplan, S., 48Karl, 15¯16Karreman, J., 297Katkovsky, W., 140Kazantzakas, N., 3Kazdin, A. E., 173¯175Keller, H., 21Keller, J. M., 5¯6, 9¯10, 21, 24, 26, 33¯35,

38¯39, 44, 46, 48, 50, 61, 64¯65, 74,125, 142, 156, 167, 222, 256, 258,269¯272, 277, 297, 300, 302, 304,306, 310¯313

Keller, F. S., 32Ken, 192Kester, L., 34Kim, C. M., 102, 297, 304, 306Kim, H., 308Kinzie, J., 142Kirschner, P. A., 34Knebel, E., 318Knowlton, A., 46Koberg, D., 22, 196, 201Koffka, K., 80Kohyama, T., 142¯143Kopp, T., 47Kopp, T. W., 46, 61, 90Ko, S., 309Krajicek, D., 80Krapp, A., 76Krathwohl, D. R., 12Krishna, D., 153Kuhl, J., 8¯9, 29, 30Kuhn, T. S., 5Kuklinski, M., 155Kulik, C.-L. C., 32Kulik, J., 32

LLa Dolce Vita, 88Landa, L. N., 268Langevin, R., 82, 86

348 Index

Lang, F. R., 111Lass, A. H., 50Las Vegas, 7Learned helplessness, 156Learned optimism, 157Learning goals, 40, 112, 125, 160, 195, 247,

253, 290, 309Learning requirements, 11, 50¯51, 72, 159,

247, 289, 320Lenehan, M. C., 87Lens, 110Lens, W., 110Lepper, M. R., 17, 33, 176, 177Lesson

blueprint, 64plan, 64, 162, 192, 195, 253, 255¯258,

261, 285, 317Lester, J. C., 315Levie, W. H., 116Lewin, K., 103¯107Lim, D. H., 297, 308Liu, Z., 304Liverant, S., 139Livingston, J. S., 152Locus of control, 138¯143, 149, 277London, 151Loorbach, N., 297Lotsof, E. J., 142Lowenstein, G., 76, 80Lowyck, J., 34, 104Lucille, 160, 161

MMadison, S., 155Magoon, A. J., 86¯87Main, R. G., 67Malone, T., 25Manojlovich, M., 155Mark, 128Markle, S. M., 32Markus, 7Martin, B. L., 12Marx, 154Masia, B. B., 12Masie, E., 12Maslow, A. H., 106Maw, E. W., 76, 80, 82¯87Maw, W. H., 76, 80, 82¯87Mayer, R. E., 76, 115¯116McCann, B., 82Mcclelland, D. C., 27, 33, 106¯107McCrae, R. R., 14¯15

McDougall, W., 100McIntyre, J., 27¯28McLaughlin, T. F., 174McMullin, D., 166McNeil, C. B., 174McQuillan, J., 124Medsker, K. L., 31, 34Mehrabian, A., 90Mental models, 103Merrill, M. D., 309¯310Merton, R. K., 153¯154Merton, T. K., 151, 153Messick, S., 12, 85Miles, E. W., 187Milgram, S., 182Miller, R. B., 150Mississippi, 115Mohammad Ali, 13Monsaas, J. A., 85Motivational assessments, 56, 59, 66, 71,

195, 235¯240, 273Motivational delivery checklist, 268,

292¯295Motivational design

ARCS model of, 43¯74challenges of, 35¯38characteristics of, 22¯26limitations of, 38¯39models of, 26¯34objectives, 235¯238, 240process, 3, 11, 19, 22¯23, 37¯38, 40,

55¯58, 65, 67, 71, 74, 103, 128,193¯194, 200, 210, 215, 222, 256,268¯269, 271, 301, 309

research and development, 297¯323tools supporting, 267¯295

Motivational idea worksheet, 268, 274¯276Motivationally adaptive computer-based

instruction, 269, 271, 311¯315Motivationally adaptive instruction, 222,

271¯272, 311Motivational measures, 63¯64Motivational messages, 38, 163, 190,

273¯274, 300¯305, 311, 315¯316Motivational objectives, 56, 59, 62¯66, 68,

71, 195, 210, 229, 236¯237, 238,240, 242, 249

Motivational strategy, 64, 72, 74, 257¯258,272¯273, 300, 307

Motivational tacticsattention getting strategies, 47¯48,

287¯288checklist, 224, 242, 268, 286¯292

Index 349

Motivational tactics (cont.)confidence building strategies, 50¯52,

289¯290relevance producing strategies, 48¯50,

288¯289satisfaction-generating strategies,

52¯54, 290¯291Motivation, definition, 4, 31Motive(s), 6, 10, 28, 35, 37, 45, 49, 98¯99,

105¯107, 112, 126, 320matching, 48¯49, 126, 246, 288

Mozambique, 272, 301¯302Muller, P. A., 142Murray, H. A., 106Murray, J. B., 87My Fair Lady, 151

NNaime-Diffenbach, B., 46, 286Nass, C., 315Natural consequences, 53, 248Need(s), 33, 45, 47¯48, 70, 78, 91¯92,

95, 99, 101, 105¯106, 108,117¯118, 126¯128, 130, 166, 174,198¯199, 204, 221¯222, 224, 229,249, 262, 271, 284, 295, 308, 310,319¯320

for achievement, 13, 35, 40, 49,106¯107, 277

for affiliation, 35, 49, 107for power, 108

The Netherlands, 272, 297New Jersey, 202Nicholls, J., 119, 182Nichols, J., 52, 112Nichols, J. D., 150Nilan, M. S., 122¯123, 125Nisbett, R. E., 17, 177Norman, W. T., 14North Ireland, 297Nuttin, J. R., 110

OOdysseus, 30Oh, S. Y., 317Oka, E. R., 150Okey, J. R., 67¯68O’Leary, K. D., 174Omnibus models, 26, 34¯37, 39Online instructor-facilitated

courses, 307

Operant conditioning, 4, 167, 170¯172continuous reinforcement, 4, 167,

170¯171discriminative stimulus, 171negative punishment, 171negative reinforcement, 170¯171non-discriminative stimulus, 171positive punishment, 170positive reinforcement, 170

Origin-pawn concept, 144

PPandora, 77Pandora’s Box, 77Paradowski, W., 83Paris, S. G., 150Parmenides, 136Parsons, O. A., 142Paunonen, S. V., 14¯15Pavlov, I. P., 168Pedagogical agents, 300, 311, 315¯316Perceived relevance, 16, 49, 61, 97, 120,

212¯213, 218, 220, 300Perceptual arousal, 47, 92¯93, 287, 319Perceptual curiosity, 47, 79Performance goals, 69, 112Perkins, G., 132Personal control, 50¯52, 121, 137, 143,

159, 162, 175, 321Personalized motivational messages,

304¯305Person-centered models, 26¯31Perspectivalist, 5Peters, R. A., 88Pfeiffer, 262Phares, E. J., 1140, 142Piaget, J., 85Picard, R. W., 315Pintrich, P. R., 33, 149, 167Popovich, N. G., 297Porac, J., 25, 176Porter, L. W., 98Poseidon, 77Positive consequences, 53, 167, 290, 322Potential tactics, 57, 59, 194, 241¯248,

271¯272Poylymenakou, A., 297Premack, D., 31Pressey, S. L., 32Purposeful behavior, 22, 101Pygmalion, 151¯152

Pygmalion effect, 151¯152

350 Index

RRandi, J., 30¯31Raynor, J. O., 109Reeves, B., 315Reigeluth, C. M., 167Relevance

ARCS model, 45establishing and supporting, 97¯133motivational categories, 67, 238meaning of, 98¯99perceived, 213¯214, 218, 220producing strategies, 48¯50, 125¯126psychological basis for, 99¯101

Renninger, K. A., 76Reusable motivational objects, 311,

316¯318Revelle, W., 29Rezabek, R. H., 311Rickel, J. W., 315Robert, 188Robertson, I. T., 155Robinson, R., 316Rogers, C. R., 182Ronis, D. L., 182The Roots of Boredom, 89Rosenthal, R., 152, 155Rossen, S., 309Rossett, A., 318¯319, 322Rotter, J. B., 12, 51, 139, 140, 144Ryan, R., 19, 33Ryan, R., M., 118¯119

SSadri, G., 155Santiago, R. S., 67¯68Satisfaction generating strategies, 52¯54Satisfaction potential, 61, 212, 214¯217,

219, 220Savage, T., 46Savelsbergh, E. R., 150Saxe, R. M., 84Schachter, S., 76Schaefer, E. S., 84Schank, R. C., 114, 117, 175Scheier, M. F., 316Schneider, B., 121¯123Schneider, J. M., 142School of Architecture and Environmental

Design, 196Schrank, W., 152, 154Schunk, D. H., 9, 33, 146, 149, 167Seductive augmentation, 115

Selecting tactics, 198, 241, 250Self

-determination, 27, 90, 117-directed learning environments, 271,

310¯318-efficacy, 11, 22¯23, 109, 146¯150,

154¯155, 158, 277, 312-fulfilling prophecy, 151¯154-regulation, 7, 9, 25, 29¯30, 304theory, 19, 33, 118

Seligman, M. E., 156, 157Selye, 76Sendai Daichi Junior High School, 269Sendai, Japan, 269Sensation seeking, 47, 75, 91¯92Shamian, J., 155Shank, 114Shellnut, B., 46Shen, E., 315¯316Shernoff, D. J., 121¯123Shernoff, E. S., 121¯123Shybut, J., 142Signer, B., 87Simplified approach to motivational

design, 268¯269Simplified design in distance learning,

271¯274Simpson, E., 12Sins, P. H. M., 150Sivin-Kachala, J., 316Skinner, B. F., 24, 32Sloane, H. N., 31¯32, 173Small, R. V., 46Smock, C. D., 86Snow, R. E., 38Song, S. H., 68, 222, 269, 272, 313¯314South Korea, 297Specific curiosity, 79, 82Spence Laschinger, H. K., 155Sperber, D., 48, 117, 133Sprites, 77Stage, F. K., 142State, 12¯16, 27, 36, 78, 80¯83, 88, 92,

101, 105¯108, 118, 120, 122,124¯125, 127, 169, 179, 182, 186,193, 199, 203, 222, 225, 237, 244,251, 297, 313¯315

Steehouder, M., 297Steers, R. M., 98Steffen, J., 166Stimulus generalization, 169Stockdale, J., 297Stollak, G. E., 84

Index 351

Strategies, 3, 8, 22, 30, 46¯47, 202, 278,286, 298, 300, 303¯304, 322

attention getting, 47¯48, 92confidence building, 50¯52, 158¯163enhancement, 257motivational, 64, 71¯72, 74, 257¯258,

272¯273, 300, 307relevance producing, 48, 125¯127satisfaction-generating, 52¯54,

188¯189sustaining, 257

Success opportunities, 50¯51, 160¯163,275, 321

Sullivan, E. V., 33, 175Susan, 94Sustaining strategies, 257Suzuki, K., 44, 46, 64, 269¯271, 273Swain, J. C., 174Sweeney, J., 153Sweller, J., 141System theory, 5, 276

TTabor, D., 27¯28Tactics, 2, 23, 92, 192, 224, 231¯253,

262, 272, 305¯306, 309,315¯316, 319

brainstorming, 72, 195, 233, 241, 253combining, 57, 72, 241, 249¯250, 253integrate motivational, 72, 249,

253, 256motivational, 67, 238potential, 57, 59, 194, 241¯248,

271¯272selecting, 198, 241, 250

Taiwan, 143Task oriented, 112, 120Teacher self-efficacy, 155Tennyson, R. D., 12Thematic Apperception Test, 107, 144Thomas, D. S., 47, 153Thomas, W. I., 47, 153Tilaro, A., 318¯319, 322Titans, 77Token economy, 172Tolman, E. C., 101¯103, 105, 109¯110Tom, 231Torrance, E. P., 85Tosti, D. T., 32, 165Trait, 12¯16, 25, 33, 78, 92, 136, 141,

144, 277Truchlicka, M., 174

Tschannen-Moran, M., 155Tulane University, 153Turner, M. L., 141

UUnconditioned response, 168Unconditioned stimulus, 168United Kingdom, 155, 272United States, 131, 143, 151, 154, 209, 232The Universal Traveler, 196, 201

VValence, 99¯100, 104, 109¯110, 122, 138Van Calster, K., 110¯111Van Merrienboer, J. J. G., 34Variability, 36, 47¯48, 56, 92, 245, 287,

308, 319Venn, J., 154Vidler, D. C., 79, 82, 85¯86, 88Viney, L. L., 144¯145Visser, J., 38, 272, 300, 302, 304Visser, L., 269, 272¯274Vodanovich, S. J., 90¯91Volitional, 7, 10¯11, 22, 31, 125, 300, 304,

307, 310Vroom, V. H., 98¯99

WWager, W. W., 24, 167, 258Webb, R., 155, 158Weil, M., 34Weiner, B., 12, 151Weinstein, R., 155Weintraub, J., 316Westbrook, L., 103Westbrook, M. T., 144, 145Wheelwright, P., 5, 77, 136White, R. W., 50, 108¯109, 175Wicklund, R. A., 181Wigand, R. T., 123¯125Wigfield, A., 33Wilensky, R., 114Williams, R., 13Wilson, D., 48, 117, 133Wlodkowski, R. J., 33, 39, 46Wohlwill, J. F., 85Wolk, S., 140Wongwiwatthananukit, S., 297Wood, R., 155Woodworth, R. S., 101

352 Index

Woolfolk, A., 155, 158Woolfolk Hoy, A., 155

YYeigh, T., 141Yerkes, R. M., 36, 76Young, K. R., 173YouTube, 48, 73, 260, 276

ZZaharias, P., 297Zeus, 77Zhang, K., 303, 309Zimmerman, B. J., 9, 30Zorba, 3Zorba the Greek, 3Zuckerman, M., 76, 91

Index 353