Referencing System

Dr. Kithsiri EdirisingheMBBS , MSc, MD ( Medical Administration )

Master Trainer ( Australia )TAE ( Australia )Cert. IVLP ( USA)

Referencing System

• Harvard system – we use this !• Vancouver system

Objectives of the referencing

• Avoid plagiarism – Copying of another person's thoughts, ideas or

written material and claiming that they are your own

• Lend credibility • Locate the source if required.

The Rules of Referencing:

1. A reference must be included every time you use someone else’s ideas or information

2. A reference must be included in – Paraphrase or summarize (express someone else’s

idea in your own words)– quote (using their exact words) – copy (reproduce someone’s diagram, graph or table)

3. Each reference must appear in two places – ‘shortened version’ in the text and a ‘full version’ at the end of the page

Main components

1. Citation - which provides brief identifying details about the work in the body of the text, each time it is used

2. Reference Page/Bibliography - which lists all the references used and includes all the details needed to properly identify the source.

A. Referencing a book

A. Referencing a book

1. Author - Last name and initials of given names

2. Date of publication3. Title of the book4. The edition of the book5. The publisher6. The city in which the book was published

• Author's surname and initials of given name, year of publication, title (in italics or in quotation marks or, if handwritten, underlined). Edition (where relevant), publisher, place of publication.

• Zgola, J.M., 1987, Doing Things: A guide to programming activities for persons with Alzheimer’s disease and related disorders, John Hopkins University Press, London.

Edited Volumes of books

• The style is the same as for books except that the editor's name should be followed by (ed.) or for more than one editor by (eds.)

• Mulhoney, D. J. & Gottson, J. (eds.), 1991, Urban Man and Environmental Concerns in Australia, ANU Press, Canberra.

• Hiatt, B., 1994, Woman and gatherer. In Fay Gale (ed.), Woman's Role in Aboriginal Society, pp.4-15, AIAS, Canberra.

B. Referencing Journal

B. Referencing Journal

1.Author - Last name and initials of given names

2.Year of Publication

3.Title of article

4.Title of journal or periodical

5.Volume and issue number or month or season

6.Page numbers of the article

• Author's surname and initials of given name, year of publication, 'title of article', title of the journal or periodical (in italics with each word capitalised except for articles , volume and issue number etc, page number or numbers.

• Nadel, L. ,1993-4, 'Do men and women speak different languages?' International Brain Dominance Review, vol 9, no 2. pp. 21-25.

C. Video and Television Recordings

C. Video and Television Recordings

• Note: television programs are identified as video recordings.

• Title ‘name of television program’, transmission details (for TV) or publisher (for video). (N.B. For names of months used as identifiers write: Jan., Feb., Mar etc)

• American apartheid, [television recording], 25 Mar. 1996, ‘Four Corners’, ABC Television.

• Understanding Alzheimer’s, Group 3 video, [video recording], 1992, Grundy Television, Alzheimer’s Association, NSW

D. Electronic Information Sources

D. Electronic Information Sources• Type of medium may be [online], [CD-ROM], [disk], [magnetic tape] • Author’s name (where present) on a WWW site may be at the top or

bottom of the Web page - check both places. • Date of publication (where present) on a WWW site may be at the top

or bottom of the Web page - check both places. • Title of a WWW document is usually printed along the edge of a

printout of the page; if this is not the case, use the screen heading as the title of the document.

• Publisher • Internet items include date accessed because Internet addresses may

not be permanent. • URLs (Internet addresses) are not split; they should be written on one

line.

• These are then referenced similar to that of a book:• Author, Year, Title [type of medium],

Publisher/Place, Accessed: day month year, <URL>• Mirza, Q. ,1995, Race relations in the work place

[online], CRER Database of Resources in Ethnic Relations, Warwick, England, Accessed 10 June 1996,<http://www.warwick.ac.uk/www/faculties/social_studies/CRER_RC/search.html>

E. Conferences / Paper articles

E. Conferences / Paper articles

• Conferences papers • Edmond, D. G.,1998, The mechanism of

nutrition consumption by plant roots, Trans. 9th Int. Congress, Soil Science, Adelaide., Vol. II, pp. 183-190.

• A newspaper article with a named author:• Dayton, L., 2005, Blisters precede onset of

dementia, The Weekend Australian, 26/27 February, p.3

REFERENCING WITHIN THE TEXT

REFERENCING WITHIN THE TEXT

• Quotations should be relatively short- fewer than 30 words or 2 lines they should be written in single quotation marks (‘ …’) as part of your own sentence.

• Longer quotations should be written without any quotation marks but as an indented paragraph.

• Both would be followed by in-text referencing. See below. If a word or words are left out, this is indicated by (…)

• eg. ‘Facing the end of a chronological era … each new decade is approached as if it holds some new promise’.(Mackay,1993, p.231)

Direct Quotes

• When using direct quotes you need to be aware of the following:

• always identify the material you have directly copied by inserting it in quotation marks

• at the conclusion of the quote include the author, date and page numbers contained within brackets

• quotes should be only 1 or 2 sentences • it is sometimes better to paraphrase as this shows greater

understanding of the material read • only use a direct quote if you feel that the original wording

is so precise that it can not be made any better

• The following example shows the reference of a direct quote:

• The man was described as ‘rather quaint with a slight tendency to rattle when shaken with extreme emotion’ (Young, 1989, pp. 4).

• Where there are two or three authors, you include family names:

• According to Cooper, Krever and Vann (2002) ‘the use of this process leads to greater accuracy’.

Indirect Quotes or Paraphrasing

• Consider the following alternate examples where the surname of the

author has been included with the date and page numbers within

the brackets –this gives prominence to the information:

• The success of Cook's voyages has been attributed, in part, to

improved means of navigation and nutrition (Blainey, 1966, pp. 11-

13).

• We can change this statement and write it in an alternative, positive

form by including the name of author within the text as shown below

– this gives prominence to the author:

• Blainey (1966, pp.11-13) has suggested that the success of Cook's voyages

can be attributed, in part, to improved means of navigation and nutrition.

• When a quotation or idea is cited from a secondary source, reference

should be made to both in the text but only the author you read in the

Reference Page

• In all academic disciplines there are `...universally recognised scientific

achievements that for a time provide model problems and solutions to a

community of practitioners.' Kuhn cited in Harvey 1973, p. 16) used the

word `paradigm' for this concept

BIBLIOGRAPHY/REFERENCE LIST

• A Bibliography lists all references consulted in your research in alphabetical order by the surname of the author.

• A Reference List denotes only those works directly quoted in your text

RULES FOR BIBLIOGRAPHY/REFERENCE LIST:

• A Bibliography lists all references consulted in your research in alphabetical order by the surname of the author.

• This is on a separate page and comes at the end of the assignment, essay or report.

• It contains a list of all references you have used while researching your assignment –books, journals, electronic media listed alphabetically together.

• DO NOT list your references in specific groups separately eg. books then journals then URL’s etc.

Examples

1. Australian Bureau of Statistics, 1997, Government Finance2. Statistics 1995-96, Cat. No. 55120, ABS, Canberra.3. Coca-Cola Amatil Ltd ,1998, Annual Report 1997-98, Coca-4. Cola Amatil, Sydney.5. George, D. ,1996, Productivity in Business, Vol II, Academic6. Press, London.7. Jones, M.D. (ed.) ,1998, Management in Australia, Academic Press,

London.

Thank you!