1

Reformation

Europe

(1500-1600s)

2

Scholastics = Medieval scholars prior

to the appearance of the first

universities (which occurred around

1000 AD)

3

**REVEALED RELIGION is the religious philosophy

people had in the Middle Ages.

Revealed Religion said:

• Human reason can NOT be used to understand

DIVINE mysteries.

• Whatever the clergy teach you should be accepted as

the truth (revealed religion). Accept it without

question.

4

Aristotelian Methodology

Aristotle = great Athenian

philosopher

Reformation scholastics read the

translated writings of Aristotle.

Aristotle sad that knowledge must be

proven through facts (aka -

Aristotelian Methodology).

Some Scholastics began to question

the existence of Heaven and of God

since there were no facts to prove

they existed.

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Thomas Aquinas (c. 1225-1274)

• Aquinas created a

compromise between faith

and human reason.

• He said God gave man a

brain so he could determine

his destiny.

• God would not have given

man a brain if he thought it

would disprove their belief

in Him.

• Aquinas said faith & human

reason work together.

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*NATURAL RELIGION is the religious philosophy

people had during the Renaissance.

Natural Religion believed that:

• The enormous variety of plants & animals on

Earth PROVED that there was a supreme

being because no human was capable of

creating the natural world.

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EARLY REFORMATION LEADERS

Desiderius Erasmus

(1466-1536)

From Rotterdam, the

Netherlands

Father of Christian

Humanism

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9Europe in 1517 AD

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In Praise of Folly (1508), Erasmus ruthlessly

criticized the ritualistic nature of the Catholic

faith.

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Thomas More (1478-1535

England) Utopia (1516)

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DEVOTIO MODERNA = lay religious

movement in N. Europe on

the eve of the Reformation

• Lay people could live with clergy and study the Bible

with them

• Houses all over N. Europe known as “Houses of the

Brotherhood”

• Participants called “Brothers of Common Life”

• Allowed people to get in depth study of religion

without committing their lives to the church

(becoming monks or nuns)

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Gerhard

Grooté

started

Devotio

Moderna

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Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531)

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Ulrich Zwingli, “The People’s

Priest in Zurich”

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Common Types of Religious

Corruption:

• Simony = selling of clerical offices

• Pluralism = situation where one clergyman held multiple clerical positions

• Absenteeism = clergyman hired a lower level priest to perform his responsibilities and never showed up in the diocese or archdiocese

• Indulgences = certificates releasing a person from a set number of years of suffering in purgatory in exchange for money

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Religious Immunity of Place and

Person

• Immunity of Place = Churches were immune from taxation

• Immunity of Person = clergy were exempt from municipal law, physical labor, and warfare. Clergy were held accountable to the Catholic Church’s own law system only for clergy = **Rota Romana

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Martin Luther and the German

Reformation

“Martin Luther as a Monk” 1520

by Lucas Cranach the Elder“St. Anne, help me!”

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Martin Luther (1483-1546)

• Son of a miner

• Educated by “Brothers of Common

Life”

• Masters in Theology at Univ. of

Erfurt in 1505

• Entered Augustinian monastery at

Erfurt

• 1507 ordained as Catholic priest

• 1510 sent to Rome on Augustinian

business. **This trip profoundly

influenced him!

• 1511 back to Augustinian

monastery - - in Wittenberg

• 1512 received doctorate in

Theology & became Prof. of

Theology at Univ. of Wittenberg

• 1512 also became abbot of the

monastery in Wittenberg

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Wittenberg - -

key center of the

Reformation.

Found in the

German province

of Saxony.

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Brandenburg

Wittenberg

Leipzig

Saxony

Erfurt

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The Scala

Sancta (Holy

Stairs), in Rome

Luther visited these

marble stairs (28 of them)

that were the stairs that

led up to Pontius Pilate’s

palace in Jerusalem.

They were later moved to

Rome and covered with

protective wooden stairs.

These stairs lead to the

Lateran, one of the most

important religious

buildings in Rome.

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Visitors to Rome were

supposed to climb the

stairs on their knees and

say a “Pater Noster” (Our

Father - - or “The Lord’s

Prayer”) on each step to

free a loved one or family

member from all his/her

suffering in Purgatory. You

could free 28 people from

all their suffering in

Purgatory!

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Notice the long, narrow, oval cuts in the wooden stairs that reveal

the original marble stairs.

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This glass window allows visitors to view the stain from the blood of

Christ, on the marble beneath.

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“I was a good monk, and I kept the rule of my order so

strictly that I may say if ever a monk got to heaven by his

monkery, it was I.” Martin Luther

While studying the book of Psalms in the tower of the

Augustinian monastery, Luther arrived at his theory of “the

grace of God.” The key factor was that Jesus Christ also

experienced the fear of hell while on the crucifixion cross.

Psalm 22 - “My God, my God, why hast thou forsaken me?”

Jesus Christ

As a result, Luther determined that it was not possible to

“earn” one’s way into heaven. People could only get to

heaven through God’s merciful nature.

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Indulgences:

1) 1343 Pope Clement VI declared the existence of a

**“treasury of merit” (infinite pool of good works to

be disbursed at the Pope’s discretion.

2) Indulgences initially released a person from

penance or from the duty to fight in a Crusade.

3) 1476 Pope Sixtus IV extended indulgences to

Purgatory.

4) 1514 Pope Leo X (1513-21, son of Lorenzo “the

Magnificent de Medici) revived the Jubilee

Indulgence which was originally started by Pope

Julius II to rebuild St. Peter’s Basilica.

5) 31 October 1517 Martin Luther raised serious

questions about the use of indulgences in the **“95

Theses”

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“Cardinal Albrecht of Brandenburg”

1523 by Albrecht Dürer

Types of Religious Corruption

Demonstrated by *Albrecht of

Brandenburg:

• Simony

• Pluralism

• Absenteeism

• Use of religious power to get

secular power. Wanted to get

his family (Hohenzollerns) into

power as the leaders of the

Holy Roman Empire, instead of

the Hapsburgs.

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Archbishop Albrecht of Mainz (or

of Brandenburg):

1. Incurred debts to hold 3 ecclesiastical appointments

A) Archbishopric of Magdeburg

B) Bishopric of Halberstadt

C) Archbishopric of Mainz

2. Albrecht wanted to be the primate of Germany. This

would give him more political power to move his

Hohenzollern family into control of the Holy Roman

Emperor position instead of the dominant Hapsburg

dynasty.

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To get the Archbishopric of Mainz (3rd

see), Albrecht had to:

• Personally pay 20,000 ducats to the

papacy (10,000 induction fee <annate>

& 10,000 to Pope Leo <simony>)

• Pope Leo and Albrecht agreed that

Albrecht would initially put up the

money & get reimbursed later

• Pope Leo X used ½ of the Jubilee

Indulgence revenue to pay Albrecht’s

10,000 ducats back and the other ½ to

pay for the continued reconstruction of

St. Peter’s Basilica

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“Albrecht von

Brandenburg”

portrait by

Lucas

Cranach the

Elder

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Johann Tetzel –

famous

Catholic Friar,

known for

selling

indulgences.

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Indulgence

flyer - - “As

soon as

gold in the

basin rings,

right then

the soul to

heaven

springs.”

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Martin

Luther

nailing “the

95 Theses”

to the

church door

in

Wittenberg

on 31

October

1517 (the eve

of All Saints

Day)

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The Holy Roman

Empire in the 16c

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Events that Delayed the Secular and Religious

Attacks on Martin Luther and Allowed the

Reformation to Succeed

In 1519, Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I

{r. 1508 – 1519} was old and wanted to

make sure that his grandson, Spanish

King Charles I, would be elected as the

next Holy Roman Emperor.

Maximilian knew that Martin Luther was

good friends with John Frederick, the

Elector.

John Frederick was one of the most

powerful of the 7 Holy Electors.

Maximilian needed his vote to get his

grandson elected HRE.

***HRE Maximilian DID NOT charge Luther

with treason because that would have

made John Frederick mad & he would not

have voted for Maximilian’s grandson to

be the next HRE.

This delayed the secular attack on Luther.

Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I

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John Frederick

“the Elector”

**His Goal = Turn Wittenberg

into “the Rome of the North!”

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Holy Roman Emperor Charles V

(1519 – 1556)

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Castile

Aragon

Burgundy

Austria

Charles V’s Empire (HRE 1519 – 1556)

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January 1519 Leipzig Debates =

Luther versus Eck

Ingolstadt Univ. Professor John Eck vs. Martin Luther

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Luther’s most famous

pamphlets, published in 1520:

• “Address to the Christian Nobility of

the German Nation”

• “Babylonian Captivity of the Church”

• “Freedom of a Christian”

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June 15, 1520 – Papal bull “Exsurge

Dominé”

• Condemned Luther

as a heretic

• Gave him 60 days to

retract his statements

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January 3, 1521 – “Decet

Pontificem Romanum”

• Represents the religious attack on

Luther

• Excommunicates Martin Luther!

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April 1521 Diet of Worms

• Luther was called to a meeting of the Diet of the Holy Roman Empire

• He was promised safe passage to and from the meeting

• HRE Charles V demanded that Luther recant

• Luther responded with the famous quote, “I cannot. I will not. Here I stand!!”

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May 1521 – Edict of Worms

• Represents the secular attack on

Luther

• HRE Charles V declared Luther to be

under an Imperial ban as an “outlaw of

the Empire!”

• A bounty was put on Luther’s head!

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Prince John Frederick “the Elector” hid

Luther in the dungeon of his

Wartburg Castle (near Eisenach)

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Luther’s study in the dungeon of

Wartburg Castle

During Luther’s Seclusion in

Wartburg Castle from April 1521 –

March 1522 he:

1) Disguised himself as “Sir George”

2) Translated the New Testament into

German

3) Led the beginning of the Reformation

through his correspondence with other

leaders

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Key German Reformation

Locations

Wartburg Castle is close

to Eisenach

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Factors that saved Luther and allowed

the Reformation to succeed:

• HRE Charles V’s attention was diverted to a war between his

own Spanish Hapsburgs and the French Valois Dynasty – War

from 1521-1559

• ** 1526 Battle of Mohacs {named after plains in Hungary} - -

Muslim Turks conquered Hungary, killing the King and 16,000

Hungarian Soldiers!!

• HRE Charles V and Pope Leo X needed German princes to send

soldiers to fight off this Moslem incursion into Eastern Europe.

They could not risk alienating the German princes so they

allowed them to enforce the Edict of Worms as they saw fit!

• *** Key Result = the delay in acting against Luther allowed the

Reformation to get firmly rooted before it was seriously

addressed!

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Location of the Mohacs Plains - - site of the

1526 Battle of Mohacs

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The Spread of Lutheranism

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The Peasant Revolt - 1525

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Peasants’ Revolt 1524-1525

• German princes tried to raise money by increasing demands and taxes from peasants

• Peasants initially saw Luther as an ally since he used their lifestyle as an example of “Philosophia Christi”

• Peasants wanted Luther’s help to end serfdom

• Luther had to have the support of German nobles to make the Reformation succeed

• Luther sided with the nobles

• 70,000 – 100,000 peasants killed in the revolts!!

• By 1525, people protested against Luther as much as against the Pope!

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Political Consolidation of

the Lutheran Reformation

1530 Diet of Augsburg - - HRE

Charles V ordered all Lutherans to

revert to Catholicism!!

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1547 – 1552 = HRE Charles Vattempted to use military force to

get rid of the Protestants.

He gave up after a major Protestant

military victory by the Lutheran

Schmalkaldic League in 1552!

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Political Consolidation of

the Lutheran Reformation

*** 1555 Peace of

Augsburg =

The ruler of each German

province was allowed to

determine the religion of

his land. Only real

choices were Lutheran or

Roman Catholic faiths.

Calvinism & Anabaptist

faiths were strictly

forbidden!!

German States in 1555

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The Anabaptists

Founder = Conrad Grebel

Ancestors of modern Mennonites and Amish

Wanted rapid implementation of primitive Christianity

Key Characteristics:

1. Baptism only for adults

2. Pacifist (refused to go to war)

3. Refused to hold offices in secular government (**separation

of church and state)

4. Lived in separate communities (religiously pure communities

- - only Anabaptists)

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The Anabaptists

Dutch persecution of Anabaptists (Mennonites)

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Münster Incident of 1534-35

St. Lamberti Church – Munster, Germany

Cages hung from the spire of St.

Lamberti Church. The Anabaptist King

and his top advisors put in cages!

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Europe in 1500

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John Calvin (1509 -1564)

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Institutes of the

Christian Religion

by John Calvin is

considered to be

the best single

volume

explanation of

Protestant

Christian beliefs.

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Defining Beliefs of

Calvinism:

• Predestination

• Hard work as a Christian virtue

(Protestant work ethic &

connection to capitalism)

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Calvinist Church Structure

• Greatest contribution was church structure &

discipline

• Structure of the Church:

1. Pastors – elected by Congregation (preached to

congregation)

2. Doctors / Teachers – studied and wrote. Mastered

difficult parts of the Bible and taught pastors.

3. Deacons – laymen chosen by congregation to oversee

social welfare actions such as hospitals, schools, etc.

4. Elders – most important & controversial part of the

Church. A body called the consistory, made up of 12

elders & the pastors, made all disciplinary decisions. The

consistory excommunicated and gave strict penalties for

immoral behavior (prostitution, adultery and sexual

offenses were most common - - also for laughing in

church, wearing bright clothing, dancing, swearing, etc.)

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ReformationEurope

(Late 16c)

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Catholic Reform and the Counter

Reformation

• Catholic Church decided to reform

itself due to loss of followers

• Key changes were made in “The

Council of Trent 1545 – 1563”

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Ignatius of Loyola (1491-1556)

and the Jesuits

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The Council of Trent (1545-1563)

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Modern Council Meeting

St. Peter’s

Basilica / The

Vatican

71

The English Reformation (An

“Act of State!”)

• King Henry

VIII

• (reign = 1509-

1547)

• Tudor

Dynasty

72

Wife # 1 = Catherine of Aragon

Daughter of

King

Ferdinand &

Queen

Isabella of

Spain

73

Wife # 2 = Anne Boleyn

Courtier to

Queen Catherine

74

Pope Clement VII

Pope at the time HRE

Charles V sacked

Rome.

Held under house arrest

by Charles V.

Pope Clement VII was

not allowed to grant

King Henry VIII an

annulment!

75

Thomas Cranmer

Became the

Archbishop of

Canterbury (top

leader of the

Anglican Church

after the King)

76

Thomas

Cromwell

Lord Chancellor to

King Henry VIII (top

advisor)

77

Wife # 3 = Jane Seymour

78

Wife # 4 = Anne of Cleves

79

Wife # 5 = Catherine Howard

80

Wife # 6 = Catherine Parr

81

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King Edward

VI (r. 1547-

1553)

1) King Henry VIII’s

son with Jane

Seymour

2) 10 years old when

became king

3) Under his rule and

that of his regents,

England became

Protestant

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Key Regents for King Edward VI:

1. Edward Seymour (Duke of Somerset)

Book of Common Prayer (Cranmer)

2. Duke of Northumberland

** These advisors were mostly responsible for

turning England Protestant.

84

Queen Mary

Tudor (r. 1553-

1558)

“Bloody Mary”

Returned England to

Catholicism

85

Queen

Elizabeth

Tudor (r. 1558-

1603)

1) Daughter with

Anne Boleyn

2) Illegitimate

child so she

could not be

Catholic

3) Tolerates

Catholicism but

makes England

Protestant

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The Tower of London

87

“Off with your head!”

88

Tower of London Fun - - “The

Rack!”

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Medieval Torture Device

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Medieval

Torture Device

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Torture Devices

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Spanish Inquisition Torture Methods

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Spanish Inquisition Torture