5
1 3 2 BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL VOLUME 29 0 12 JANUARY 1985 Needs and Opportunities i n Rehabilitation Rehabilitation i n rheumatic diseases DAPHNE GLOAG "Someone t o look after t h e whole patient, no t just t h e part that hurts" w a s h ow o n e consultant summarised t h e medical needs o f patients with rheumatic disease. Another described rehabilitation a s pulling together t h e relevant information a n d pointing t h e patient i n t h e right direction-for much known a n d much i s available. Yet both patients a n d general practitioners tend t o have l o w expectations o f services a n d l o w levels o f demand.' Even worse, nearly a quarter o f health districts i n 1982 h ad n o specialists i n rheumatology and others h ad minimal specialist help.' A s many a s 4 2 % o f arthritics in a study done i n t h e early 1970s could have been helped b y specialist advice a nd treatment h a d i t been offered t a n earlier stage'; t h e position i s n o t thought t o b e greatly altered today. O n e consultant I talked t o w a s worried about more attention being given t o drugs than t o t he patients' functional disability: while occupational therapists would spot t h e disability they were i n short supply a n d n o t always called i n when needed, a n d i t might no t be so obvious t o t h e doctor when a patient w a s getting steadily less able t o d o anything. There w a s n o t enough specific question- in g about activities a n d problems, h e thought, a t clinics; a n d this kind f insidious deterioration, which w a s n o t regarded a s a crisis, meant that such patients tended not t o have good enough services. O n t h e other hand a n immunologist concerned with rheumatoid arthritis spoke o f t h e opposite danger-paying more attention t o rehabilitation than t o getting drug treatment right. Some 2 0 million people a year a re suffering from some sort o f rheumatic complaint a n d over 8 million consult their doctor; more than 1 million a r e impaired b y o n e of these diseases a n d over 2 00 000 severely disabled.' I n th e context o f these figures t h e deficiencies i n services point t o a great burden o f unalleviated distress-"opportunities foregone a n d pain a n d difficulty left without mitigation."' I n this article space does n o t m e t o look a t many individual conditions, a nd I refer most often t o rheumatoid arthritis; bu t clearly osteoarthritis, especially o f t h e hips a n d knees, i s a large problem, a n d spinal disease i s very important. T h e aims Rehabilitation i n rheumatic diseases i s concerned, a s i n a n y chronic disabling condition, with t he total life situation. " I t i s t h e outcome over t h e long haul that i s o f greatest importance" ( p 293D), a n d there i s th e problem o f long term motivation; t h e battle i s wo n a n d lost, a consultant said, i n t h e mind o f t he patient-who must cooperate with professional help a n d believe i n t h e rehabilitation process. A good rapport between doctor a n d patient is important here. I n rheumatoid arthritis t h e unpredictability i s also a problem, a nd depression a n d anxiety a re common, especially n young people a n d i n those with mild o r moderate disease.4 Scarce British Medical Journal, London W C1 9 J R DAPHNE GLOAG, m A , staff editor resources a s well as sound rehabilitation philosophy point to a strategy o f enabling th e patient t o cope f o r himself ( p 298'). B u t this implies effective help a nd counselling, preferably early o n . With th e total care approach a n d early referral, falls i n t he proportion o f near complete cripples from 2 5 % t o 5 % i n rheuma- toid arthritis, and from 1 5% t o 1% i n ankylosing spondylitis, have been reported (d e Blecourt e t al'), a n d consultants I have m e t have also spoken o f improvement. Here rehabilitation i s also prevention i t i s n o t a n endstage affair, after the event, i n these diseases, a s a consultant said t m e : t he techniques must b e used continuously right from t he start a n d they merge into treatment. I n rheumatoid arthritis, example, drugs treat th e inflammatory state a n d reduce pain, making movement more tolerable; joint protection-rest a s appropriate a n d avoiding harmful positions f o r t h e joints, including t h e u s e o f aids i s both restoration a n d prevention, a nd so i s physiotherapy f o r preserving function: attending t o joint range a n d "keeping t h e muscles i n good This rheumatologist depicted rehabilitation as o n three levels, a l l aiming a t th e optimum independence a n d quality o f life: firstly, preventing disease progression s o f a r a s possible through joint protection a n d physical methods; secondly, joint replacement where necessary; and, thirdly, f o r those w h o do e n d u p disastrously crippled a l l poosible aids a nd adaptations- including i f necessary "remote controlled everything." He thought that Possum environmental control systems, though widely used f o r paraplegics, were n o t considered often enough f or arthritic patients. Coping with life F o r th e actual business o f coping with life t h e basic needs a r e general counselling-taking account o f psychological, family, a nd social problems a s well a s t h e practicalities o f living a n d h o w t o adapt t o disability with t h e maximum independence-and a detailedi look a t al l t h e things that might need adjustment such a s t h e layout o f the home a n d perhaps work place a n d th e organisa- tion o f t h e day. I t i s futile a nd infuriating o advise th e busy housewife t o rest, says Chamberlain3; b u t ways o f easing difficult tasks a n d schedules c a n b e found. Patients' o w n dissatisfactions i n t h e activities o f daily living need t o b e properly assessed.' Advice about good and b a d positions f or the joints a nd posture, with thought about furniture a nd kitchen arrangements, i s given b y occupational therapist a nd physiotherapist. F o r people with disease o f t h e hips a n d knees high chairs (see next article) a n d toilets a n d also beds o f t h e right height c a n make an enormous difference. Home visits b y occupational therapists i n connection with aids a n d methods o f coping a nd by health visitors or social workers a ll provide important opportunities-assessing a n d talking about psychological a n d social problems, a nd spotting t he need for more counselling, a r e obviously easier in such a setting. Clearly i t i s unrealistic t o suppose that everyone i n need will have this kind o f total help-especially t h e increasing numbers o f elderly people with their worsening osteoarthritis. O n e district general hospital I visited h a s direct access t o occupational therapy 13 2 BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL VOLUME 2 9 0 1 2 JANUARY 1985

Rehabilitation in Rheumatic Diseases

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1 3 2 BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL VOLUME 290 12 JANUARY 1985

Needs and O p p o r t u n i t i e s i n R e h a b i l i t a t i o n

R e h a b i l i t a t i o n i n r h e u m a t i c d i s e a s e s

DAPHNE GLOAG

" S o m e o n e t o l o o k a f t e r t h e w h o l e p a t i e n t , n o t j u s t t h e p a r t t h a th u r t s " w a s how o n e c o n s u l t a n t s u m m a r i s e d t h e m ed i ca l n ee d s o f

p a t i e n t s w i th r h e um a t ic d i s e a s e . A n o t h e r d e s c r i b e d r e h a b i l i t a t i o na s p u l l i n g t o g e t h e r t h e r e l e v a n t i n f o r m a t i o n a n d p o i n t i n g t h e

p a t i e n t i n t h e r i g h t d i r e c t i o n - f o r much i s known a n d much i s

a v a i l a b l e . Y e t b ot h p a t i e n t s a n d g e n e r a l p r a c t i t i o n e r s t e n d t o h a v el o w e x p e c t a t i o n s o f s e r v i c e s a n d l o w l e v e l s o f d e m a n d . ' E v e n

w o r s e , n e a r l y a q u a r t e r o f h e a l t h d i s t r i c t s i n 1 9 8 2 h a d n o s p e c i a l i s t si n r h eu m a to l og y a n d o t h e r s h a d m i n i m a l s p e c i a l i s t h e l p . ' A s m a n ya s 42% o f a r t h r i t i c s i n a s t u d y d o n e i n t h e e a r l y 1 9 7 0 s c o u l d h a v e

b e e n h e l p e d b y s p e c i a l i s t a d v i c e a n d t r e a t m e n t h a d i t b e e n o f f e r e da t a n e a r l i e r s t a g e ' ; t h e p o s i t i o n i s n o t t h o u g h t t o b e g r e a t l y a l t e r e dt o d a y .

O n e c o n s u l t a n t I t a l k e d t o w a s w o r r i e d a b o u t more a t t e n t i o n

b e i n g g i v e n t o d r u g s t h a n t o t h e p a t i e n t s ' f u n c t i o n a l d i s a b i l i t y :w h i l e o c c u p a t i o n a l t h e r a p i s t s w o u l d s p o t t h e d i s a b i l i t y t h e y w e r e i n

s h o r t s u p p l y a n d n o t a l w a y s c a l l e d i n w h e n n e e d e d , a n d i t m i g h tn o t b e s o o b v i o u s t o t h e d o c t o r w h e n a p a t i e n t w a s g e t t i n g s t e a d i l yl e s s a b l e t o d o a n y t h i n g . T h e r e w a s n o t e n o u g h s p e c i f i c q u e s t i o n -i n g a b o u t a c t i v i t i e s a n d p r o b l e m s , h e t h o u g h t , a t c l i n i c s ; a n d t h i s

k i n d o f i n s i d i o u s d e t e r i o r a t i o n , w h i c h w a s n o t r e g a r d e d a s a c r i s i s ,m e a n t t h a t s u c h p a t i e n t s t e n d e d n o t t o h a v e g o o d e n o u g h s e r v i c e s .On t h e o t h e r h a n d a n i m m u n o l o g i s t c o nc e rn e d w it h r h e u m a t o i d

a r t h r i t i s s p o k e o f t h e o p p o s i t e d a n g e r - p a y i n g more a t t e n t i o n t o

r e h a b i l i t a t i o n t h a n t o g e t t i n g d r u g t r e a t m e n t r i g h t .S o m e 2 0 m i l l i o n p e o p l e a y e a r a r e s u f f e r i n g f r o m some s o r t o f

r h e u m a t i c c o m p l a i n t a n d o v e r 8 m i l l i o n c o n s u l t t h e i r d o c t o r ; more

t h a n 1 m i l l i o n a r e i m p a i r e d b y o n e o f t h e s e d i s e a s e s a n d o v e r

2 0 0 0 0 0 s e v e r e l y d i s a b l e d . ' I n t h e c o n t e x t o f t h e s e f i g u r e s t h ed e f i c i e n c i e s i n s e r v i c e s p o i n t t o a g r e a t b u r d e n o f u n a l l e v i a t e dd i s t r e s s - " o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r e g o n e a n d p a i n a n d d i f f i c u l t y l e f t

w i t h o u t m i t i g a t i o n . " 'I n t h i s a r t i c l e s p a c e d o e s n o t a l l o w m e t o l o o k a t many i n d i v i d u a l

c o n d i t i o n s , a n d I r e f e r m o s t o f t e n t o r h e u m a t o i d a r t h r i t i s ; b u t

c l e a r l y o s t e o a r t h r i t i s , e s p e c i a l l y o f t h e h i p s a n d k n e e s , i s a l a r g e

p r o b l e m , a n d s p i n a l d i s e a s e i s v e r y i m p o r t a n t .

The a i m s

R e h a b i l i t a t i o n i n r h e u m a t i c d i s e a s e s i s c o n c e r n e d , a s i n a n yc h r o n i c d i s a b l i n g c o n d i t i o n , w i t h t h e t o t a l l i f e s i t u a t i o n . " I t i s t h eo u t c o m e o v e r t h e l o n g h a u l t h a t i s o f g r e a t e s t i m p o r t a n c e " ( p 2 9 3 D ) ,a n d t h e r e i s t h e p r o b l e m o f l o n g t e r m m o t i v a t i o n ; t h e b a t t l e i s wona n d l o s t , a c o n s u l t a n t s a i d , i n t h e m i n d o f t h e p a t i e n t - w h o m u s t

c o o p e r a t e w i t h p r o f e s s i o n a l h e l p a n d b e l i e v e i n t h e r e h a b i l i t a t i o np r o c e s s . A g o o d r a p p o r t b e t w e e n d o c t o r a n d p a t i e n t i s i m p o r t a n th e r e . I n r h e u m a t o i d a r t h r i t i s t h e u n p r e d i c t a b i l i t y i s a l s o ap r o b l e m , a n d d e p r e s s i o n a n d a n x i e t y a r e c o m m o n , e s p e c i a l l y i ny o u n g p e o p l e a n d i n t h o s e w i t h m i l d o r m o d e r a t e d i s e a s e . 4 S c a r c e

B r i t i s h M e d i c a l J o u r n a l , L o n d o n WC1 9 J R

DAPHNE GLOAG, m A , s t a f f e d i t o r

r e s o u r c e s a s w e l l a s s o u n d r e h a b i l i t a t i o n p h i l o s o p h y p o i n t t o as t r a t e g y o f e n a b l i n g t h e p a t i e n t t o c o p e f o r h i m s e l f ( p 2 9 8 ' ) . B u tt h i s i m p l i e s e f f e c t i v e h e l p a n d c o u n s e l l i n g , p r e f e r a b l y e a r l y o n .

W i t h t h e t o t a l c a r e a p p r o a c h a n d e a r l y r e f e r r a l , f a l l s i n t h ep r o p o r t i o n o f n e a r c o m p l e t e c r i p p l e s f r o m 25% t o 5 % i n r h e u m a -

t o i d a r t h r i t i s , a nd f r om 1 5 % t o 1% i n a n k y l o s i n g s p o n d y l i t i s , h a v eb e e n r e p o r t e d ( d e B l e c o u r t e t a l ' ) , a n d c o n s u l t a n t s I h a v e m e t h a v ea l s o s p o k e n o f i m p r o v e m e n t .

H e r e r e h a b i l i t a t i o n i s a l s o p r e v e n t i o n i t i s n o t a n e n d s t a g ea f f a i r , a f t e r t h e e v e n t , i n t h e s e d i s e a s e s , a s a c o n s u l t a n t s a i d t o m e :t h e t e c h n i q u e s m u s t b e u s e d c o n t i n u o u s l y r i g h t f r o m t h e s t a r t a n dt h e y m e r g e i n t o t r e a t m e n t . I n r h e u m a t o i d a r t h r i t i s , f o r e x a m p l e ,d r u g s t r e a t t h e i n f l a m m a t o r y s t a t e a n d r e d u c e p a i n , m a k i n gm o v e m e n t m o r e t o l e r a b l e ; j o i n t p r o t e c t i o n - r e s t a s a p p r o p r i a t e

a n d a v o i d i n g h a r m f u l p o s i t i o n s f o r t h e j o i n t s , i n c l u d i n g t h e u s e o f

a i d s i s b o t h r e s t o r a t i o n a n d p r e v e n t i o n , a n d s o i s p h y s i o t h e r a p yf o r p r e s e r v i n g f u n c t i o n : a t t e n d i n g t o j o i n t r a n g e a n d " k e e p i n g t h e

m u s c l e s i n g o o d n i c k . " T h i s r h e u m a t o l o g i s t d e p i c t e d r e h a b i l i t a t i o na s o n t h r e e l e v e l s , a l l a i m i n g a t t h e o p t i m u m i n d e p e n d e n c e a n dq u a l i t y o f l i f e : f i r s t l y , p r e v e n t i n g d i s e a s e p r o g r e s s i o n s o f a r a s

p o s s i b l e t h r o u g h j o i n t p r o t e c t i o n a n d p h y s i c a l m e t h o d s ; s e c o n d l y ,j o i n t r e p l a c e m e n t w h e r e n e c e s s a r y ; a n d , t h i r d l y , f o r t h o s e who d oe n d u p d i s a s t r o u s l y c r i p p l e d a l l p o o s i b l e a i d s a n d a d a p t a t i o n s -i n c l u d i n g i f n e c e s s a r y " r e m o t e c o n t r o l l e d e v e r y t h i n g . " He t h o u g h tt h a t P o s s u m e n v i r o n m e n t a l c o n t r o l s y s t e m s , t h o u g h w i d e l y u s e df o r p a r a p l e g i c s , w e r e n o t c o n s i d e r e d o f t e n e n o u g h f o r a r t h r i t i cp a t i e n t s .

C o p i n g w i t h l i f e

F o r t h e a c t u a l b u s i n e s s o f c o p i n g w i t h l i f e t h e b a s i c n e e d s a r eg e n e r a l c o u n s e l l i n g - t a k i n g a c c o u n t o f p s y c h o l o g i c a l , f a m i l y , a n ds o c i a l p r o b l e m s a s w e l l a s t h e p r a c t i c a l i t i e s o f l i v i n g a n d how t oa d a p t t o d i s a b i l i t y w i t h t h e maximum i n d e p e n d e n c e - a n d a

d e t a i l e d i l o o k a t a l l t h e t h i n g s t h a t m i g h t n e e d a d j u s t m e n t s u c h a st h e l a y o u t o f t h e home a n d p e r h a p s w o r k p l a c e a n d t h e o r g a n i s a -t i o n o f t h e d a y . I t i s f u t i l e a n d i n f u r i a t i n g t o a d v i s e t h e b u s yh o u s e w i f e t o r e s t , s a y s C h a m b e r l a i n 3 ; b u t w a y s o f e a s i n g d i f f i c u l tt a s k s a n d s c h e d u l e s c a n b e f o u n d . P a t i e n t s ' o w n d i s s a t i s f a c t i o n s i nt h e a c t i v i t i e s o f d a i l y l i v i n g n e e d t o b e p r o p e r l y a s s e s s e d . ' A d v i c ea b o u t g oo d a n d b a d p o s i t i o n s f o r t h e j o i n t s a n d p o s t u r e , w i t h

t h o u g h t a b o u t f u r n i t u r e a n d k i t c h e n a r r a n g e m e n t s , i s g i v e n b yo c c u p a t i o n a l t h e r a p i s t a n d p h y s i o t h e r a p i s t . F o r p e o p l e w i t h

d i s e a s e o f t h e h i p s a n d k n e e s h i g h c h a i r s ( s e e n e x t a r t i c l e ) a n dt o i l e t s a n d a l s o b e d s o f t h e r i g h t h e i g h t c a n m a k e a n e n o r m o u sd i f f e r e n c e . Home v i s i t s b y o c c u p a t i o n a l t h e r a p i s t s i n c o n n e c t i o n

w i t h a i d s a n d m e t h o d s o f c o p i n g a n d b y h e a l t h v i s i t o r s o r s o c i a lw o r k e r s a l l p r o v i d e i m p o r t a n t o p p o r t u n i t i e s - a s s e s s i n g a n d

t a l k i n g a b o u t p s y c h o l o g i c a l a n d s o c i a l p r o b l e m s , a n d s p o t t i n g t h e

n e e d f o r m o r e c o u n s e l l i n g , a r e o b v i o u s l y e a s i e r i n s u c h a s e t t i n g .C l e a r l y i t i s u n r e a l i s t i c t o s u p p o s e t h a t e v e r y o n e i n n e e d w i l lh a v e t h i s k i n d o f t o t a l h e l p - e s p e c i a l l y t h e i n c r e a s i n g n u m b e r s o f

e l d e r l y p e o p l e w i t h t h e i r w o r s e n i n g o s t e o a r t h r i t i s . O n e d i s t r i c tg e n e r a l h o s p i t a l I v i s i t e d h a s d i r e c t a c c e s s t o o c c u p a t i o n a l t h e r a p y

1 3 2 BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL VOLUME 2 9 0 1 2 JANUARY 1 9 8 5

7/29/2019 Rehabilitation in Rheumatic Diseases

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/rehabilitation-in-rheumatic-diseases 2/5

BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL VOLUME 290 1 2 JANUARY 1985

G a r d e n i n g at M a r y M a r l b o r o u g h L o d g e ( N u f f i e l d O r t h o p a e d i c C e n t r e ) , O x f o r d ,

w h e r e a r e s e a r c h g a r d e n e r i s a member o f t h e s t a f f . T h e s e tw o men, s u f f e r i n g f r o m

a r t h r i t i s ( r i g h t ) a n d t h e e f f e c t s o f a s t r o k e ( l e f t ) , a t t e n d g a r d e n i n g s e s s i o n s e v e r y w e e k ,

t a k i n g a d v a n t a g e o f t he s p e c i a l f a c i l i t i e s a n d t o o l s f o r d i s a b l e d p e o p l e . ( P h o t o g r a p h b y

E l s a M a y o . )

f o r g e n e r a l p r a c t i t i o n e r s , b o t h i n i t s own r e h a b i l i t a t i o n d e p a r t m e n t

a n d a t i t s s u b s i d i a r y h o s p i t a l s . B u t , s a i d t h e s e n i o r o c c u p a t i o n a l

t h e r a p i s t , many GPs h a v e l i t t l e c o n c e p t i o n o f w h a t o c c u p a t i o n a l

t h e r a p y ca n d o . " I f t h e y h a d , " s h e a d d e d w r y l y , "we s h o u l d b e

s w a m p e d . " I n B r i t a i n as a w h o l e o c c u p a t i o n a l t h e r a p y d e p a r t -ments are a c t u a l l y c l o s i n g b e c a u s e s t a f f cannot b e f o u n d ; i n t h e

d i s t r i c t r e f e r r e d t o r e c e n t c u t b a c k s t h r e a t e n t h e w o r k , a n d i t w i l l

b e c h i e f l y t h e i m p o r t a n t d o m i c i l i a r y w o r k t h a t w i l l go. The same

f a t e i s b e f a l l i n g o t h e r d i s t r i c t s . B u t i t s h o u l d a l w a y s b e s o m e o n e ' s

r e s p o n s i b i l i t y t o l o o k a t t h e w h o l e l i f e a n d n e e d s o f t h e s e p a t i e n t s ,a n d t h e g e n e r a l p r a c t i t i o n e r or o t h e r member o f t h e p r i m a r y care

team c o u l d b e i n a g o o d p o s i t i o n . Th e A r t h r i t i s a n d R h e u m a t i s m

C o u n c i l ' s e x c e l l e n t s e r i e s o f b o o k l e t s f o r p a t i e n t s s h o u l d b e s t o c k e d

b y d o c t o r s a n d o t h e r w o r k e r s ; b o o k l e t s p r o d u c e d b y t h e D i s a b l e dL i v i n g F o u n d a t i o n a n d t h e D i r e c t o r y f o r t h e D i s a b l e d 6 a n d C o p i n g

w i t h D i s a b i l i t y , " a a re a l s o r e l e v a n t .Some 7 0 0 0 a i d s a n d a p p l i a n c e s a re a v a i l a b l e . 7 The o n l y way t o

make i n t e l l i g e n t u s e o f t h e m i s t o v i s i t a n a i d s c e n t r e o r s t u d y

p u b l i c a t i o n s on a i d s ( s e e b o x e s ) . Many p a t i e n t s a re a d v i s e d b y no

o n e b u t t h e i r g e n e r a l p r a c t i t i o n e r ; b u t GPs a re o f t e n u n f a m i l i a r

w i t h w h a t i s a v a i l a b l e . A v i s i t t o a n a i d s c e n t r e , someone s a i d ,o u g h t t o b e m a n d a t o r y i n a l l GP v o c a t i o n a l t r a i n i n g s c h e m e s . A t

t h e l e a s t a m a i l o rd e r c a t a l o g u e o f p r o d u c t s f o r t h e d i s a b l e d s h o u l d

s u r e l y b e k e p t i n every G P ' s surgery a n d w a i t i n g room a n d every

d a y c e n t r e . I w i l l b e d i s c u s s i n g a i d s a n d a d a p t a t i o n s i n g e n e r a l i nmy n e x t a r t i c l e .

T a k i n g t o a w h e e l c h a i r may b e p a r t o f r e h a b i l i t a t i o n i f i t means

more i n d e p e n d e n c e . More t h a n mo s t a i d s , i t may seem t o s p e l l

d e f e a t a n d t he i d e a h a s t o b e put o v e r n o t as l i f e sentence b u t a s ap a t h t o m o b i l i t y . 3 I n a L e e d s survey f e w h a d a n o u t d o o r w h e e l c h a i r

d e s p i t e d i f f i c u l t y i n g e t t i n g a b o u t . 8 E l e c t r i c w h e e l c h a i r s c a n e x t e n d

h o r i z o n s b u t s e l f o p e r a t e d o n e s cannot b e s u p p l i e d f r e e e x c e p t f o ri n d o o r u s e - " L u d i c r o u s , " s a i d a n o c c u p a t i o n a l t h e r a p i s t , a v i e w

t h a t i s e c h o e d b y many w o r k e r s . B u t t h e m o b i l i t y a l l o w a n c e c a n b e

s p e n t o n a n e l e c t r i c o u t d o o r w h e e l c h a i r , a n d s o m e p e o p l e mayn e e d t o b e r e m i n d e d o f t h i s . U n f o r t u n a t e l y , h o w e v e r , manyp a t i e n t s w i t h r h e u m a t i c d i s e a s e a r e n o t e l i g i b l e f o r t h i s a l l o w a n c e

a s t h e y a r e a s s e s s e d a s m o b i l e e v e n t h o u g h t h e y h a v e l i t t l e e f f e c t i v em o b i l i t y a s r e g a r d s g e t t i n g a b o u t . T h i s s u r e l y n e e d s s o m e r e m e d y .

A d v i c e a b o u t s e x i s s a i d t o b e s e l d o m a s k e d f o r ; c l e a r l ys o m e o n e s h o u l d b e r e s p o n s i b l e f o r s p o t t i n g t h e n e e d f o r c o u n s e l -

l i n g a b o u t s e x a n d f a m i l y p r o b l e m s i n g e n e r a l . T h e p r o b l e m s i nr h e u m a t o i d a r t h r i t i s a r e d i s c u s s e d b y E l s t e t a l . 9 T h e A r t h r i t i s a n dR h e u m a t i s m C o u n c i l h a s a g o o d b o o k l e t ; SPOD ( A s s o c i a t i o n t oA i d t h e S e x u a l a n d P e r s o n a l R e l a t i o n s h i p s o f t h e D i s a b l e d ) a l s og i v e s i n f o r m a t i o n a n d t h e D i r e c t o r y f o r t h e D i s a b l e d " i n c l u d e s as e c t i o n o n t h e s u b j e c t .

E m p l o y m e n t c o u n s e l l i n g may b e v i t a l - m o d i f i c a t i o n s t o o r ac h a n g e i n t h e p r e s e n t j o b may b e n e e d e d a n d p o s s i b l e o r t h e r e mayb e s c o p e f o r f u r t h e r t r a i n i n g o r e d u c a t i o n . W i t h y o u n g p e o p l e t h ei m p o r t a n c e o f e d u c a t i o n a n d q u a l i f i c a t i o n s i s e m p h a s i s e d , t o g i v es c o p e f o r a g o o d n on - m a nu a l c a r e e r . ' 0 T h e r e s h o u l d b e e a r l yr e f e r r a l t o a d i s a b l e m e n t r e s e t t l e m e n t o f f i c e r w h e r e a p p r o p r i a t e

b e c a u s e , i t i s p o i n t e d o u t , t h e l o n g e r t h e r e f e r r a l i s l e f t t h e h i g h e r i st h e r i s k o f u n e m p l o y m e n t ; a n d i t i s o b v i o u s l y m o r e d i f f i c u l t t o f i n da new j o b t h a n t o r e t u r n t o o r m o d i f y a n e x i s t i n g o n e . "

W i t h t i m e o n t h e i r h a n d s o f t e n , a n d g r i e v i n g f o r t h e l o s s o f o l dp u r s u i t s , p a t i e n t s may n e e d t h e c h a n c e t o d i s c u s s l e i s u r e a c t i v i t i e si n d e t a i l ; new i n t e r e s t s a n d new w a y s o f p u r s u i n g o ld o ne s, w i t h

t h e h e l p o f a i d s p e r h a p s , c a n b e l i f e s a v e r s . C h a m b e r l a i n g i v e su s e f u l i n f o r m a t i o n . ' 2 A woman I m e t a t a d a y c e n t r e t o l d me howt h e p a i n t i n g s h e h a d t a k e n u p w h e n h e r f i n g e r s n o l o n g e r a l l o w e d

h e r t o m a k e d o l l s t o o k h e r m i n d o f f t h e p a i n . G a r d e n i n g i s a n

e x a m p l e o f a n a c t i v i t y t h a t b e c o m e s p o s s i b l e w i t h s p e c i a l t o o l s a n d

d e v i c e s ( f i g u r e ) ; t h e D i s a b l e d L i v i n g F o u n d a t i o n h a s a s e t o f p a p e r s

o n t h e s u b j e c t , a n d t h e t w o s e r i e s o f p u b l i c a t i o n s d e s c r i b e d i nb o x 1 i n c l u d e g a r d e n i n g .

E x e r c i s e

" T h e y n e e d t o g e t i n t o t h e h a b i t o f d o i n g t h e i r e x e r c i s e s a t l e a s tm o r n i n g a n d e v e n i n g j u s t l i k e c l e a n i n g t h e i r t e e t h " w a s how o n e

p h y s i o t h e r a p i s t p u t i t . A v i e w t h a t h a s c o m e i n t o f a v o u r , h o w e v e r ,

a m o n g p h y s i o t h e r a p i s t s i s t h a t i n s t r u c t i n g a b o u t a c t i v i t i e s t h a t a r ep a r t o f o r d i n a r y l i f e a n d c a n b e c o m e e x e r c i s e s , s u c h a s g e t t i n g o u t

o f a c h a i r i n a p a r t i c u l a r w a y , w i l l h a v e a m o r e l a s t i n g c h a n c e o f

s u c c e s s . E x e r c i s e s a r e t o h e l p j o i n t m o b i l i t y , p r e v e n t d e f o r m i t y ,a n d s t r e n g t h e n t h e m u s c l e s r o u n d t h e j o i n t s - s o l e s s e n i n g t h es t r e s s o n a f f e c t e d j o i n t s a s w e l l a s i m p r o v i n g s t r e n g t h - a n d t h e y

n e e d t o b e i n d i v i d u a l l y t a i l o r e d . 3 T h e y a r e d i vi d ed b r oa d l y i n t oi s o m e t r i c e x e r c i s e s t o b u i l d u p m u s c l e s , a c t i v e o r p a s s i v e e x e r c i s e st o m a i n t a i n o r i m p r o v e a r an g e o f m o v e m e n t , a n d p o s s i b l y a c t i v i t yt o p r o m o t e g e n e r a l f i t n e s s , e s p e c i a l l y i n y o u n g e r p a t i e n t s .

I n c r e a s i n g l y t h e p h y s i o t h e r a p i s t ' s r o l e i s t o e d u c a t e , a d v i s e , a n d

m o n i t o r m o r e t h a n t o h a n d o u t t h e r a p y . A l t h o u g h p h y s i o t h e r a p i s t sa r e n o t p l e n t i f u l t h e r e s ho ul d b e e n o u g h f o r t h i s t a s k , a t l e a s t s o f a ra s p a t i e n t s r e f e r r e d t o h o s p i t a l a r e c o n c e r n e d . M o r e d i r e c t r e f e r r a lb y g e n e r a l p r a c t i t i o n e r s t o a p h y s i o t h e r a p y d e p a r t m e n t w o u l de n a b l e many m o r e p e o p l e t o b e h e l p e d - f o r e x a m p l e , t h o s e w i t h

e a r l y o s t e o a r t h r i t i s w h o m i g h t o t h e . w i s e n o t b e s e e n , b u t who c a n

s i m p l y b e i n s t r u c t e d ( p e r h a p s w i t h a r e l a t i v e ) i n e x e r c i s e s ' 3 t h a tm i g h t a l t e r t h e c o u r s e o f t h e i r a f f l i c t i o n . M o r e a n d m o r e h o s p i t a l sa r e t r y i n g , o r p l a n n i n g , d i r e c t r e f e r r a l . More d o m i c i l i a r y p h y s i o -t h e r a p y , w h i c h h a s b e e n f o u n d f e a s i b l e a t N o r t h w i c k P a r k

H o s p i t a l , ' 4 f o r i n s t a n c e , w o u l d b e e s p e c i a l l y h e l p f u l t o t h e e l d e r l y ;b u t r e s o u r c e s w i l l n o t a l w a y s g o r o u n d . F a i l i n g t h i s , v e r y s i m p l em e a s u r e s t h a t m i g h t b e d e m o n s t r a t e d b y a n y o n e c a n m a k e as t r i k i n g d i f f e r e n c e . An i m p o r t a n t e x a m p l e i s q u a d r i c e p s e x e r c i s e s ,w h i c h ( t o g e t h e r w i t h w e i g h t r e d u c t i o n i f n e e d e d ) m i g h t m e a n t h a t

s o m e o n e w i t h a r t h r i t i s o f t h e k n e e s c a n g e t u p f r o m a c h a i r i n s t e a do f b e c o m i n g c h a i r b o u n d ( p 3 7 0 3 ) .A r e c u r r i n g t h e m e i s t h a t a p h y s i o t h e r a p y c o u r s e s h o u l d i m p l y

c a r e f u l a s s e s s m e n t : i s i t n e e d e d i n t h e f i r s t p l a c e , s h o u l d i t

c o n t i n u e , a n d s h o u l d a r e f r e s h e r c o u r s e b e g i v e n ? P h y s i o t h e r a p y

1 3 3

7/29/2019 Rehabilitation in Rheumatic Diseases

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/rehabilitation-in-rheumatic-diseases 3/5

BRITISH MEDICAL J O U RNAL VOLUME 290 12 JANUARY 1985

s h o u l d not b e u s e d as a p l a c e b o , points out C h a m b e r l a i n , when a l l

e l s e f a i l s . " I t may b e u s e d a s a r u b b i s h b i n , " one p h y s i o t h e r a p i s ts a i d t o me, " a n d i t i s s o m e t i m e s f o r g o t t e n t h a t i f s i x w e e k s d o no

g o o d t h r e e m o n t h s w o n ' t h e l p e i t h e r . " S h e h e r s e l f a t t e n d e d

o u t p a t i e n t c l i n i c s w i t h t h e r h e u m a t o l o g i s t , a n d c o u r s e s w e r e

p r e s c r i b e d as n e e d e d r a t h e r t h a n a c c o r d i n g t o a s e t plan-"We c a l l

b a c k p a t i e n t s who l o o k b l a n k w h e n you m e n t i o n exercise as w e l l as

t h e o n e s who a r e d e t e r i o r a t i n g . "T h e i n e v i t a b l e r a t i o n i n g o f p h y s i o t h e r a p y , h o w e v e r , means t h a t

h e l p i s d e n i e d t o many. On e c o n s u l t a n t t o l d me t h a t s h o r t a g e s h a d

f o r c e d h i m t o a b a n d o n t h e s ystem o f r e g u l a r l y r e v i e w i n g h i sp a t i e n t s w i t h r h e u m a t o i d a r t h r i t i s f o r r e p e a t p h y s i o t h e r a p y

courses. H y d r o t h e r a p y i s o f t e n e n j o y e d a nd f o u nd h e l p f u l b u t i s

not w i d e l y e n o u g h a v a i l a b l e . I know o f o n e p o o l i n a d i s t r i c tg e n e r a l h o s p i t a l t h a t is t h r e a t e n e d w i t h c l o s u r e f o r l a c k o f m o n e y .

T h e r e may a l s o b e p s y c h o l o g i c a l b e n e f i t in f o r m a l p h y s i o -t h e r a p y . A woman w i t h r h e u m a t o i d a r t h r i t i s I m e t w o u l d h a v e

l i k e d t h e e n c o u r a g e m e n t o f f u r t h e r c o u r s e s b u t s h e knew t h a t i t

was up t o h e r now a n d t h a t s h e was " n o t b a d e n o u g h . " S h e was

t h e n a t t e n d i n g a n a c u p u n c t u r i s t . A t t h e b e g i n n i n g o f p h y s i o -t h e r a p y a n e n c o u r a g i n g a n d warm a t m o s p h e r e c a n make a l l t h e

d i f f e r e n c e . A p h y s i o t h e r a p i s t in t h e e a s t e n d o f London s a i d t h a tt h e l o c a l p o p u l a t i o n was not exercise o r i e n t e d a n d p a t i e n t s m i g h t

d r o p out a f t e r a s i n g l e v i s i t , b u t b y b e i n g o f f er ed t he b r i b e o f

w e l c o m e h e a t treatments t h e y were e n c o u r a g e d t o s t a y t h e c o u r s e

a n d b e i n d o c t r i n a t e d a b o u t exercises.

Hom e e x e r c i s e s , h o w e v e r , p r a c t i s e d d a i l y , were j u s t as b e n e f i c i a la s o u t p a t i e n t p h y s i o t h e r a p y in a s t u d y in L e e d s . T h i s u s e d j u s t tw o

s i m p l e exercises w i t h g r a d u a t e d w e i g h t s , w i t h t h r e e i n i t i a l sessions

f o r i n s t r u c t i o n . One p r o b l e m i s t h e s h e e r d i f f i c u l t y o f p e r s e v e r in g

on o n e ' s own i n t h e f a c e o f p ain a n d o f t e n p o o r h e a l t h . A s h e e t o fexercises t o f o l l o w i s not e n o u g h . The L e e d s s t u d y s h o w e d t h a thome exercises a re doomed t o f a i l u r e u n l e s s p a t i e n t s know t h a tt h e y a re g o i n g t o b e a s s e s s e d a t a f o l l o w up v i s i t a n d h a v e a d i a r yf o r r e c o r d i n g progress. F a m i l y e n co ur a g e me n t may a l s o , o f course,

b e important h e r e .P h y s i c a l t r a i n i n g t h a t i n c l u d e s g e n e r a l c o n d i t i o n i n g t o i m p r o v e

f i t n e s s seems not t o b e n o r m a l l v a d v o c a t e d in B r i t a i n f o r t h ecommon r h e u m a t i c d i s e a s e s . I t c a n b e d i f f i c u l t c l e a r l y f o r t h ee l d e r l y w i t h e s t a b l i s h e d o s t e o a r t h r i t i s ( t h o u g h i t s h o u l d b e

important in t h e e a r l y s t a g e s ) ; a man o f 6 2 w i t h o s t e o a r t h r i t i s o fo n e h i p w a s , h o w e v e r , e n a b l e d t o w a l k a t o v e r 8 k i l o m e t r e s a n h o u r

w i t h c r u t c h e s ( c o m p a r e d w i t h 3 - 5 k m / h w i t h o u t ) , a t 85% o f h i smaximum o x y g e n i n t a k e . ' 6 T h o s e w i t h r h e u m a t o i d a r t h r i t i s , o fcourse, t e n d t o b e i n p o o r g e n e r a l h e a l t h w i t h l i t t l e energy-

t h o u g h d o c t o r s may t r y t o g e t t h e m going. Some i n t e r e s t i n g w o r kon p h y s i c a l a c t i v i t y in i n f l a m m a t o r y r h e u m a t i c d i s o r d e r s h a s b e e n

d o n e in S c a n d i n a v i a . A r e v i e w a r t i c l e recommends t r a i n i n g

programmes t o i m p r o v e p o o r p h y s i c a l c o n d i t i o n a n d m e n t a l

w e l l b e i n g , t o b u i l d up a reserve t o f a l l b a c k on i n b a d p e r i o d s , a n dt o t r a i n j o i n t s a n d m u s c l e s not y e t a f f e c t e d : t h e y s h o u l d b e

d e s i g n e d t o k e e p t he l oa d on j o i n t s t o a minimum, u si n g swimming

in warm w a t e r ; e as y c y c l i n g , h i k i n g , o r s k i i n g ; w a l k i n g a n d g e n t l ejogging on s o f t s u r f a c e s ; o r g e n t l e g a m e s o r d a n c i n g . ' A t t h eK a r o l i n s k a H o s p i t a l , S t o c k h o l m , p a t i e n t s w i t h r h e u m a t o i d

a r t h r i t i s a g e d 3 8 - 6 9 ( m e a n 5 6 ) years p u r s u e d f o r f r o m f o u r t o e i g h tyears a t r a i n i n g programme c o n s i s t i n g o f f o r t n i g h t l y g r o u p

exercises p l u s b i c y c l e ergometer t r a i n i n g a t home o r , a s time w e n t

on, t h e i r own v a r i e d a c t i v i t i e s f o r an avera g e o f n e a r l y si x h o u r s a

w e e k e x c e p t d u r i n g e x a c e r b a t i o n s . ' 6 R a d i o g r a p h y o f t h e j o i n t s ,

p h y s i o l o g i c a l t e s t s , a n d v ar i o u s c l i n i c a l m e a s u r e s a l l s h o w e d t h e" t r a i n e d " g r o u p t o b e in a s i g n i f i c a n t l y b e t t e r s t a t e t h a n t h em a t c h e d c o n t r o l s ( t h o u g h I h a v e h e a r d s c e p t i c i s m o f t h e v a l i d i t y o fa c o n t r o l l e d t r i a l in t h i s c o n t e x t ) . C a p a c i t y f o r t h e a c t i v i t i e s o f d a i l yl i v i n g c o r r e l a t e d w i t h a m o u n t o f t r a i n i n g . ' " The a u t h o r s c o n c l u d e

t h a t e v e n i n r h e u m a t o i d a r t h r i t i s i t i s b e t t e r t o b e o v e r a c t i v e t h a n

u n d e r a c t i v e . Some r h e u m a t o l o g i s t s I h a v e m e t h a v e b e e n d u b i o u s

a b o u t t h i s f r o m v a r i o u s p o i n t s o f v i e w , t h o u g h s w i m m i n g a n d

p e r h a p s us e o f a n exercise b i c y c l e are f a v o u r e d f o r m s o f a c t i v i t y .

S u c h a p r o g r a m m e w o u l d b e u n d e s i r a b l e , i t i s f e l t , i f in p r a c t i c e i t

o v e r s h a d o w e d t h e h e a l i n g p o t e n t i a l o f r e s t f o r a c u t e l y i n f l a m e d

j o i n t s .

J o i n t r e p l a c e m e n t

F o r some p e o p l e w i t h a r t h r i t i s t h e b e s t r e h a b i l i t a t i o n i s c l e a r l ys u r g e r y . The t r a n s f o r m a t i o n t h a t c a n b e a c h i e v e d b y j o i n t r e p l a c e -m e n t i s i l l u s t r a t e d b y t h e case o f t h e 6 2 y ea r o l d man I r e f e r r e d t o

a b o v e : w h i l e t h e mean e n e r g y c o s t o f w a l k i n g a t 3 - 5 k i l o m e t r e s a n

h o u r was 2 0 5 k J ( 4 9 k c a l ) b e f o r e h i p r e pl a c e m en t , i t h a d f a l l e n t o

1 3 0 k J ( 3 1 k c a l ) / k m n i n e m o n t h s a f t e r w a r d s , so t h a t t h e l o s s o f

e f f i c i e n c y d u e t o a r t h r i t i s h a d b e e n a r o u n d 5 8 % . 1 6 B y t h i s t im e h e

c o u l d w a l k a t 8 km/h w i t h o u t a s t i c k .The sna g i s t h e l o n g w a i t i n g t i m e , o f t e n r u n n i n g i n t o ye ar s f o r

h i p r e p l a c e m e n t , e s p e c i a l l y w h e r e b e d s a re not s e p a r a t e d f r o m

t h o s e f o r a c c i d e n t s . The D u t h i e C o m m i t t e e commen de d s y s t e m s

s u c h as t h o s e a t t h e N u f f i e l d O r t h o p a e d i c C e n t r e , O x f o r d , a n d t h eR o y a l E a s t S u s s e x H o s p i t a l , H a s t i n g s , r e s u l t i n g i n a f a s t e rt h r o u g h p u t o f o r t h o p a e d i c p a t i e n t s 2 0 ; t h e l a t t e r , w h i c h d e p e n d s on

" t o t a l c a r e " p l a n n i n g b e f o r e o p e r a t i o n p l u s i n t e n s i v e r e h a b i l i t a -t i o n , I w i l l d e s c r i b e i n a l a t e r a r t i c l e on r e h a b i l i t a t i o n o f t h e e l d e r l y .

A t D o r k i n g G e n e r a l H o s p i t a l i n S u r r e y , w h e r e s e p a r a t e

B o x 1

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E q u i p m e n t f o r t h e D i s a b l e d i s a s e r i e s o f 1 2 r e f e r e n c eb o o k s p r o v i d i n g f u l l d e t a i l s a n d i n d e p e n d e n t comment( b a s e d o n e x p e r t a s s e s s m e n t a n d , m o s t l y , u s e r s ' e x -p e r i e n c e ) o n t h e w i d e r a n g e o f a i d s a n d e q u i p m e n t

a v a i l a b l e . E a c h e n t r y i n c l u d e s a n i l l u s t r a t i o n a n d a d -d r e s s e s o f m a n u f a c t u r e r s o r d i s t r i b u t o r s . The b o o k s a l s oc o v e r e v e r y d a y c o n s u m e r p r o d u c t s t h a t c a n m a k e l i f e

e a s i e r , a n d d e s c r i b e s i m p l e d e v i c e s t h a t c an b e m a d e i n ah o s p i t a l d e p a r t m e n t o r a t h o m e . E a c h s e c t i o n o f e v e r vb o o k i n c l u d e s g e n e r a l i n f o r m a t i o n a n d g u i d e l i n e s t o h e l p

i n t h e s e l e c t i o n o f a n a i d , t o g e t h e r w i t h s u g g e s t i o n s f o rs o l v i n g many p r o b l e m s a n d f o r c o p i n g w i t h d i f f i c u l t i e s .E v e r y t h r e e o r f o u r y e a r s e a c h b o o k i s r e v i s e d . T h es u b j e c t s c o v e r e d a r e i n c o n t i n e n c e a n d s t o m a c a r e ; o u t -d o o r t r a n s p o r t ; c o m m u n i c a t i o n ; w h e e l c h a i r s , h o i s t s ,w a l k i n g a i d s ; h o u s i n g a n d f u r n i t u r e ; home m a n a g e m e n t ;

c l o t h i n g a n d d r e s s i n g f o r a d u l t s ; l e i s u r e a n d g a r d e n i n g ;

p e r s o n a l c a r e ; d i s a b l e d m o t h e r ; d i s a b l e d c h i l d . P u b l i s h e d

a t £ 3 5 0 e a c h ( p l u s p o s t a g e a n d p a c k i n g ) b y t h e O x f o r d -

s h i r e H e a l t h A u t h o r i t y f o r t h e DHSS, t h e b o o k s may b e

o b t a i n e d f r o m E q u i pm e n t f o r t h e D i s a b l e d , M a r yM a r l b o r o u g h L o d g e , N u f f i e l d O r t h o p a e d i c C e n t r e ,H e a d i ng t on , O x f o r d OX3 7LD.

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b r o a d s u b j e c t s - b e d s ; p r e s s u r e r e l i e f ; c h a i r s ; c o m -m u n i c a t i o n a i d s , i n c l u d i n g s o m e c o m p u t e r s , a n d o r g a n -

i s a t i o n s c o n c e r n e d w i t h s e n s o r y a n d s p e e c h i m p a i r m e n t ;

r e m o t e c o n t r o l a p p a r a t u s , e m e r g e n c y c a l l s y s t e m s , i n t e r -c o m s , a n d t e l e p h o n e a i d s ; e a t i n g a n d d r i n k i n g a i d s ;h o i s t s a n d l i f t i n g e q u i p m e n t ; l e i s u r e a c t i v i t i e s ; p e r s o n a lt o i l e t ; p e r s o n a l c a r e ; t r a n s p o r t , i n c l u d i n g t u i t i o n ;w a l k i n g a i d s ; w h e e l c h a i r s ; h o u s e h o l d e q u i p m e n t ; h o u s e -

h o l d f i t t i n g s ; i n c o n t i n e n c e ; c l o t h i n g ; f o o t w e a r ; c h i l d r e n ' s

a i d s ; c h i l d r e n ' s f u r n i t u r e . T h e l i s t s c o n t a i n b r i e f d e s c r i p -t i o n s o f t h e i t e m s w i t h a d d r e s s e s o f m a n u f a c t u r e r s o r

m a j o r s u p p l i e r s , o r b o t h , t o g e t h e r w i t h o t h e r r e l e v a n tp u b l i c a t i o n s . T h e y a r e r e v i s e d a n n u a l l y , w i t h b i m o n t h l yu p d a t i n g s . L i s t s c o s t 7 5 p e a c h , i n c l u d i n g p o s t a g e ( o rc o m p l e t e s e t s may b e s u p p l i e d b y s u b s c r i p t i o n ) , a n d mayb e o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e D i s a b l e d L i v i n g F o u n d a t i o n , 3 8 0 - 4

H a r r o w R o a d , L o n d o n W9. T h e DL F a l s o p u b l i s h e so t h e r i n f o r m a t i o n p a p e r s , b o o k l e t s , a n d b oo k s a n d p r o -v i d e s a n i n f o r m a t i o n s e r v i c e .

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7/29/2019 Rehabilitation in Rheumatic Diseases

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/rehabilitation-in-rheumatic-diseases 4/5

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t i m e s ( t h e r e c o r d i s 2 4 h o u r s ) , p r i n t e d s c h e d u l e s f o r a l l c a t e g o r i e so f s t a f f e n s u r e a c o n s i s t e n t a p p r o a c h t o p o s t o p e r a t i v e c a r e a n d

r e h a b i l i t a t i o n i n t h e f a c e o f s t a f f c h a n g e s .

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make a l l t h e d i f f e r e n c e t o i n d e p e n d e n c e . 4 H e n c e a b e t t e r s p r e a d o f

t h e v a r i o u s r e h a b i l i t a t i o n a p p r o a c h e s a n d s e r v i c e s , m o d e s t e n o u g hi n t h e m s e l v e s , s h o u l d b e c o s t e f f e c t i v e . B u t t h e r e s o u r c e s a r e n o t

e n o u g h a n d a r e n o t g o i n g t o i n c r e a s e . The q u a l i t y o f p r e s e n ts e r v i c e s i s m a i n t a i n e d , d e B l e c o u r t a n d o t h e r s p o i n t o u t , ' o n l yb e c a u s e t h e y a r e n o t u n i v e r s a l l y a v a i l a b l e . G r e a t e r e q u i t y , t h e ys a y , m u s t come f r o m g r e a t e r e c o n o m y o f e f f o r t , w i t h " p r o f o u n d

a d j u s t m e n t s " i n t h e r o l e s o f a l l p r o f e s s i o n a l s - m u c h o f w h o s e

a c t i v i t y s h o u l d b e c o n c e r n e d " l e s s w i t h d o i n g a n d m o r e w i t h

t e a c h i n g o t h e r s how t o a p p l y t h e k n o w l e d g e t h a t e m a n a t e s f r o mt h e i r s k i l l s a n d e x p e r i e n c e . " An o c c u p a t i o n a l t h e r a p i s t I m e t

s t r o n g l y o b j e c t e d t o t h i s p r i n i c i p l e a s a c he a p w a y o u t . N e v e r t h e -

l e s s , i n t h e a b s e n c e o f s u f f i c i e n t o c c u p a t i o n a l t h e r a p i s t s ( o rw h o e v e r i s i n s h o r t s u p p l y ) t h e o n l y w a y f o r w a r d l i e s i n f i n d i n g a

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B l e c o u r t e t a l u r g e a more e x p l i c i t p i n p o i n t i n g o f t h e i m m e d i a t e

a i m s i n e a c h c a s e , s o t h a t a l l m e m b e r s o f t h e t e a m a n d a l s o t h ep a t i e n t , h i s f a m i l y , a n d a n y o t h e r s c o n c e r n e d c a n h a v e a c l e a rc o n t r i b u t i o n t o m a k e . '

C o s t e f f e c t i v e n e s s w o u l d a l s o b e h e l p e d b y k n o w i n g f r o m t h es t a r t who m o s t n e e d s h e l p . A p p r o a c h e s t o m e a s u r i n g o u t c o m e i nr h e u m a t o i d a r t h r i t i s h a v e b e e n d e v e l o p e d . ' W h e r e i s i t t h a ti n t e r v e n t i o n s m a k e m o s t d i f f e r e n c e ? R e s e a r c h e v a l u a t i n g some

r e h a b i l i t a t i o n p r o c e d u r e s c o u l d p o i n t t o e c o no m i es . I n a l i m i t e ds t u d y r e f e r r e d t o b y d e B l e c o u r t e t a l a g r o u p r e c e i v i n g i n p a t i e n tc a r e w i t h o u t f o l l o w u p o r s p e c i a l i s t g u i d a n c e t h e r e a f t e r f a r e ds i g n i f i c a n t l y w o r s e t h a n t h o s e h a v i n g o u t p a t i e n t c a r e f o r w h o mc o m m u n i t y s e r v i c e s w e r e m o b i l i s e d . '

A g l a r i n g d e f i c i e n c y i n t h e s e r v i c e s i s t h e l a c k o f c o n s u l t a n tr h e u m a t o l o g i s t s i n m a n y d i s t r i c t s . ' T h i s m e a n s a m o n g o t h e r t h i n g st h a t G P s a n d o t h e r p r o f e s s i o n a l s l a c k w h a t Wood a n d B a d l e y c a l l a

v i t a l e d u c a t i o n a l r e s o u r c e , w i t h o u t w h i c h t h e p r i m a r y c a r e t e a m

c a n n o t e a s i l y p l a y i t s f u l l p a r t ; f u r t h e r m o r e , w i t h o u t a s p e c i a l i s tt h e r e may b e n o o n e t o o r g a n i s e a n d c o o r d i n a t e s e r v i c e s - w i t h t h er e s u l t i n g n e g l e c t o f p o s s i b i l i t i e s . ' I n t h e p a s t t h e r e h a v e n o t b e e n

e n o u g h p e o p l e i n t r a i n i n g t o i n c r e a s e t h e n u m b e r o f s p e c i a l i s t s b u t

a c c o r d i n g t o t h e s t u d y b y Wood a n d B a d l e y t h i s h a s n o w c h a n g e d . '

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m e n t s , b u t a l t h o u g h n e w p o s t s h a v e b e e n a p p r o v e d i n some c a s e s

t h e y h a v e n o t b e e n f u n d e d b y t h e r e g i o n s c o n c e r n e d .

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o f t e n w i t h r e h a b i l i t a t i o n , more a w a r e n e s s o f w h a t i s p o s s i b l e i s o n eo f t h e g r e a t n e e d s .

I a m g r a t e f u l f o r h e l p f r o m many p e o p l e , e s p e c i a l l y D r M a r y C o r b e t t ,M i d d l e s e x H o s p i t a l , L o n d o n ; D r A 0 F r a n k , N o r t h w i c k P a r k H o s p i t a l ,H a r r o w ; Dr A J H i c k l i n , C r a w l e y H o s p i t a l , C r a w l e y ; M r s C e c i l yP a r t r i d g e , P h y s i o t h e r a p y R e s e a r c h U n i t , K i n g ' s C o l l e g e , L o n d o n ;Dr P H N W o o d , AR C E p i d e m i o l o g y U n i t , M a n c h e s t e r ; a n d P r o f e s s o rV e r n a W r i g h t a n d Dr M A n n e C h a m b e r l a i n , R h e u m a t i s m R e s e a r c h a n dR e h a b i l i t a t i o n U n i t , U n i v e r s i t y o f L e e d s .

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A s s o c i a t i o n to A i d t h e S e x u a l a n d P e r s o n a l R e l a t i o n s h i p s o f t h e D i s a b l e d ( S P O D )2 8 6 Camden R o a d , L o n d o n N7 O B J

B r i t i s h R h e u m a t i s m a n d A r t h r i t i s A s s o c i a t i o n a n d A r t h r i t i s C a r e ( w e l f a r e c h a r i t i e s )6 G r o s v e n o r C r e s c e n t , L o n d o n SWIX 7ER

D i s a b l e d L i v i n g F o u n d a t i o n 3 8 0 - 4 H a r r o w R o a d , L o n d o n W9

B o x 2

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A i d s c e n t r e s p r o v i d e i n f o r m a t i o n t o t h o s e p r o f e s s i o n a l l yc o n c e r n e d w i t h d i s a b i l i t y a n d t o d i s a b l e d p e o p l e a n dt h e i r r e l a t i v e s , a n d t h e y d i s p l a y a s e l e c t i o n o f a i d s t h a tc a n b e i n s p e c t e d a n d t r i e d o u t . I n t e n d i n g v i s i t o r s s h o u l d

a l w a y s m a k e a n a p p o i n t m e n t .

B E L F A S T A i d s C e n t r e , R e h a b i l i t a t i o n E n g i n e e r i n g U n i t ,M u s g r a v e P a r k H o s p i t a l , S t o c k m a n ' s L a n e , B e l f a s t BT9 7 J B

( 0 2 3 2 6 6 9 5 0 1 )

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B L A C K I ' O O L B l a c k p o o l A i d s C e n t r e , 8 Q u e e n S t r e e t , B l a c k p o o l

FYI 1 P D ( 0 2 5 3 2 1 0 8 4 )

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C a e r p h i l l v CF8 3SL ( 0 2 2 2 8 8 7 3 2 5 )

EDINBURGH S o u t h L ot hi an A id s D i s t r i b u t i o n a n d E x h i b i t i o n

C e n t r e , A s t l e y A i n s l i e H o s p i t a l , E d i n b u r g h EH 9 2 HL ( 0 3 1 -4 4 7 9 2 0 0 )

GLASGOw A i d s A d v i c e a n d R e s o u r c e C e n t r e , F l o r e n c e S t r e e tC l i n i c , 2 6 F l o r e n c e S t r e e t , G l a s g o w 5 ( 0 4 1- 4 2 9 2 8 7 8 )

L E F D S W i l l i a m M e r r i t t A i d s a n d I n f o r m a t i o n C e n t r e f o rD i s a b l e d P e o p l e , S t M a r y ' s H o s p i t a l , G r e e n h i l l R o a d , L e e d sL S 1 2 3 Q E ( 0 5 3 2 7 9 0 1 2 1 )

L E I C E S T E R M e d i c a l A i d s D e p a r t m e n t , B r i t i s h R e d C r o s s

S o c i e t y , 7 6 C l a r e n d o n P a r k R o a d , L e i c e s t e r LE2 3AD ( 0 5 3 3

7 0 0 7 4 7 )I I V E R P O O L M e r s e y s i d e A i d s C e n t r e , Y o u e n s W a y , E a s t

P r e s c o t t R o a d , L i v e r p o o l 1 4 2EP ( 0 5 1 - 2 2 8 9 2 2 1 )

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MANCHESTER G r e a t e r M a n c h e s t e r R e g i o n a l C e n t r e f o rD i s a b l e d L i v i n g , 2 6 B l a c k f r i a r s S t r e e t , M a n c h e s t e r M3 5 B E( 0 6 1 - 8 3 2 3 6 7 8 )

NEWCASTLE U l P O N TYNE N e w c a s t l e u p o n T y n e C o u n c i l f o r t h e

D i sa bl ed A i d s C e n t r e , Me a H o u s e , E l l i s o n P l a c e , N e w c a s t l e

u p o n T y n e NEI 8XS ( 0 6 3 2 3 2 3 6 1 7 )PORTSMOUTH D i s a b l e d L i v i n g C e n t r e ( P o r t s m o u t h a n d

D i s t r i c t ) , P r i n c e A l b e r t R o a d , E a s t P o r t s m o u t h P04 9HR( 0 7 0 5 7 3 7 1 7 4 )

SOUTHAMPTON S o u t h a m p t o n A i d s C e n t r e , S o u t h a m p t o nG e n e r a l H o s p i t a l , T r e m o n a R o a d , S o u t h a m p t o n S 0 9 4XY( 0 7 0 3 7 7 7 2 2 2 e x t 3 4 1 4 o r 3 2 3 3 )

S H E F F I E L D S h e f f i e l d A i d s C e n t r e , F a m i l y a n d C o m m u n i t yS e r v i c e s , 8 7 - 9 Th e W i c k e r , S h e f f i e l d 3 8 H T ( 0 7 4 2 7 3 7 0 2 5 )

STOCKPORT S t o c k p o r t A i d s C e n t r e , S t Thomas H o s p i t a l , 5 9 a

S h a w H e a t h , S t o c k p o r t S K 3 8BL ( 0 6 1 - 4 8 0 7 2 0 1 )SWINDON S w i n d o n A i d s C e n t r e , T h e H a w t h o r n C e n t r e ,

C r i c k l a d e R o a d , S w i n d o n , W i l t s S N 2 IAF ( 0 7 9 3 4 3 9 6 6 )

WAKEFIELD N a t i o n a l D e m o n s t r a t i o n C e n t r e , P i n d e r f i e l d s

H o s p i t a l , A b e r f o r d R o a d , W a k e f i e l d ( 0 9 2 4 7 5 2 1 7 e x t 2 5 1 0 o r2 2 6 3 )

T r a v e l l i n g e x h i b i t i o n s

MOBILE A I D S CENTRE S c o t t i s h C o u n c i l o n D i s a b i l i t y , P r i n c e s

H o u s e , 5 S h a n d w i c k P l a c e , E d i n b u r g h EH 2 4RG ( 0 3 1 - 2 2 98 6 3 2 )

TRAVELLING EXHIBITION OF A I D S FO R INDEPENDENCE R o y a l

A s s o c i a t i o n f o r D i s a b i l i t y a n d R e h a b i l i t a t i o n , 2 5 M o r t i m e r

S t r e e t , L o n d o n WIN 8AB ( 0 1 - 6 3 7 5 4 0 0 )V I S I T I N G A I D S CENTRE S p a s t i c s S o c i e t y , 1 6 F i t z r o y S q u a r e ,

L o n d o n WIP SHQ ( 0 1 - 3 8 7 9 5 7 1 )

F o r d e t a i l s o f p r o p o s e d new a i d s c e n t r e s c o n t a c t :

J O I N T A I D S CENTRES COMMITTEE (Mrs An n C r u m b i e ) d / oM e d i c a l A i d s D e p a r t m e n t , B r i t i s h R e d C r o s s S o c i e t y , 7 6C l a r e n d o n P a r k R o a d , L e i c e s t e r LE2 3AD ( 0 5 3 3 7 0 0 7 4 7 )

1 2 JANUARY 1 9 8 5 1 3 5

7/29/2019 Rehabilitation in Rheumatic Diseases

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/rehabilitation-in-rheumatic-diseases 5/5

136 BRITISH MEDICAL JO URNAL VOLUME 290 12 JANUARY 1985

R e f e r e n c e s

I Wood PHN, B a d l e y EM. I f y o u ' v e g o t a r t h r i t i s e x p e r t a d v i c e i s b a d l y n e e d e d . A r e p o r t o n a s u r v e y o ft h e a v a i l a b i l i t v o f s p e c i a l i s t s ( r h e u m a t o l o g i s t s ) . L o n d o n : A r t h r i t i s a n d R h e u m a t i s m C o u n c i l ,1 9 8 3 .

2 T h o m p s o n M, A n d e r s o n M, W oo d PHN. L o c o m o t o r d i s ab i li t y , a s t u d v o f n e e d i n a n u r b a n

c o m m u n i t y . B r J P r ev S o c Me d 1 9 7 4 ; 2 8 : 7 0 - 1 .3 W o o l f D , e d . R e h a b i l i t a t i o n i n t h e r h e u m a t i c d i s e a s e s . C l i n i c s i n r h e u m a t i c d i s e a s e s . V o l 7 , No 2 .

L o n d o n : WB S a u n d e r s , 1 9 8 1 .4 C h a m b e r l a i n MA, W r i g h t V . T h e a r t h r i t i c p a t i e n t . I n : M a t t i n g l y S , e d . R e h a b i l i t a t i o n t o d a y i n

G r e a t B r i t a i n . 2 n d e d . L o n d o n : U p d a t e B o o k s , 1 9 8 1 : 1 4 8 - 5 1 .5 P i n c u s T , Summey J A , S o r a c i SA j u n , W a l l s t o n KA, H u m m o n N P . A s s e s s m e n t o f p a t i e n t

s a t i s f a c t i o n i n a c t i v i t i e s of d a i l y l i v i n g . A r t h r i t i s Rheum 1 9 8 3 ; 2 6 : 1 3 4 6 - 5 3 .

6 D a r n b r o u g h A , K i n r a d e D . D i r e c t o r y f o r t h e d i s a b l e d . 4 t h e d . C a m b r i d g e : W o o d h e a d - F a u l k n e r ,1 9 8 4 .

6 a J a y P . C o p i n g w i t h d i s a b i l i t y . 2 n d e d . L o n d o n : D i s a b le d L i v i n g F o u n d a t i o n , 1 9 8 4 .7 C h a m b e r l a i n A . I n : S c o t t J T , e d . C o p e m a n ' s t e x t b o o k of t h e r h e u m a t i c d i s e a s e s . 6 t h e d . E d i n b u r g h :

C h u r c h i l l L i v i n g s t o n e ( i n p r e s s ) .8 C h a m b e r l a i n MA, B u c h a n a n J M , H a n k s H . T h e a r t h r i t i c i n a n u r b a n e n v i r o n m e n t . A n n R h e um

D i s 1 9 7 9 ; 3 8 : 5 1 - 6 .9 E l s t P , S y b e s m a T , v a n d e r S t a d t R J , P r i n s APA, M u l l e r WH , d e n B u t te r A . S e x u a l p r o b l e m s i n

r h e u m a t o i d a r t h r i t i s a n d a n k y l o s i n g s p o n d y l i t i s . A r t h r i t i s R h e u m 1 9 8 4 ; 2 7 : 2 1 7 - 2 0 .1 0 C o c h r a n e GM. R h e u m a t o i d a r t h r i t i s : v o c a t i o n a l r e h a b i l i t a t i o n . I n t R e h a b i l Me d 1 9 8 2 ; 4 : 1 4 8 - 5 3

( i n i s s u e c o n t a i n i n g s y m p o s i u m o n r e h a b i l i t a t i o n of p a t i e n t s w i th c h ro ni c a r t h r i t i s ) .

1 1 S h e p p e a r d H , B u l g e n 1 ) , Ward D J . R h e u m a t o i d a r t h r i t i s : r e t u r n i n g p a t i e n t s t o w o r k . R h e u m a t o lR e h a b i l 1 9 8 1 ; 2 0 : 1 6 0 - 3 .

1 2 C h a m b e r l a i n MA. L e i s u r e f o r t h e d i s a b l e d . R e p o r t s on r h e u m a t i c d i s e a s e s J a n 1 9 8 1 ; N o 7 5 .( P u b l i s h e d b y t h e A r t h r i t i s a n d R h e u m a t i s m C o u n c i l . )

1 3 E l l m a n R , Adams SM, R e a r d o n J A , C u r w e n IHM. M a k i n g p h y s i o t h e r a p y m o r e a c c e s s i b l e : o p e na c c e s s f o r g e n e r a l p r a c t i t i o n e r s t o a p h y s i o t h e r a p y d e p a r t m e n t . B r Me d J 1 9 8 2 ; 2 8 4 : 1 1 7 3 - 5 .

1 4 G l o s s o p E S , S mi th D S . D o t n i c i l i a r y p h y s i o t h e r a p y : a r e s e a r c h p r o j e c t 1 9 7 6 - 7 8 . A r e p o r t t o t h eD e p a r t m e n t o f H e a l t h a n d S o c i a l S e c u r i t y . H a r r o w : N o r t h w i c k P a r k H o s p i t a l a n d C l i n i c a lR e s e a r c h C e n t r e R e s e a r c h D e p a r t m e n t , 1 9 7 9 .

1 5 C h a m b e r l a i n MA, C a r e G , H a r f i e l d B . P h y s i o t h e r a p y i n o s t e o a r t h r o s i s o f t h e k n e e s . A c o n t r o l l e dt r i a l o f h o s p i t a l v e r s u s h o m e e x e r c i s e s . I n t R e h a b Me d 1 9 8 2 ; 4 : 1 0 1 - 6 .

1 6 P u g h LGCE. T h e o x y g e n i n t a k e a n d e n e r g y c o s t of w a l k i n g b e f o r e a n d a f t e r u n i l a t e r a l h i pr e p l a c e m e n t , w i t h s o m e o b s e r v a t i o n s o n t h e u s e o f c r u t c h e s . J 7 B o n e J o i n t S u r g 1 9 7 3 ; 5 5 B :7 4 2 - 5 .

1 7 B j o r h o l t P G , H o y e r a a l HM , M u n t h e E, e t a l . P h y s i c a l a c t i v i t v i n t h e t r e a t m e n t of i n f l a m m a t o r yr h e u m a t i c d i s o r d e r s . S c a n d 7 S o c Me d 1 9 8 2 ; s u p p l 2 9 : 2 3 5 - 9 .

1 8 N o r d e m a r R , E k b l o m B , Z a c h r i s s o n L , L u nd q v i st K . P h y s i c a l t r a i n i n g i n r h e u m a t o i d a r th r i t i s : ac o n t r o l l e d l o n g - t e r m s t u d y . I . S c a n d J R h e u m a t o l 1 9 8 1 , 1 0 : 1 7 - 2 3 .

1 9 N o r d e m a r R . P h y s i c a l t r a i n i n g i n r h e u m a t o i d a r t h r i t i s : a c o n t r o l l e d l o n g - t e r m s t u d v . 1 1 .F u n c t i o n a l c a p a c i t y a n d g e n e r a l a t t i t u d e s . S c a n d J R h e u m a t o l 1 9 8 1 ; 1 0 : 2 5 - 3 0 .

2 0 D u t h i e R B . O r t h o p a e d i c s e r v i c e s : w a i t i n g t i m e f o r o u t - p a t i e n t a p p o i n t m e n t s a n d i n - p a t i e n t t r e a t -m e n t . R e p o r t o f a w o r k i n g p a r t y t o t h e S e c r e t a r y o f S t a t e f o r S o c i a l S e r v i c e s . L o n d o n : HMSO,1 9 8 1 .

2 1 F r i e s J F . T h e a s s e s s m e n t of d i s a b i l i t y : f r o m f i r s t t o f u t u r e p r i n c i p l e s . B r I R h e u m a t o l 1 9 8 3 ; 2 2 ,s u p p l : 4 8 - 5 8 .

F o r D e b a t e . . .

Wh y d o o u r h o s p i t a l s n o t m a k e m o r e u s e o f t h ec o n c e p t o f a t r a u m a t e a m ?

J D SPENCER

E m e r g e n c y a i d a t t h e r o a d s i d e - m a i n t a i n i n g a n a i r w a y , g i v i n go x y g e n a n d i n t r a v e n o u s f l u i d s - u n d o u b t e d l y s a v e s l i v e s , a n d i ns o m e a r e a s o f t h e U n i t e d Kingdom c o n s u l t a n t s i n a c c i d e n t a n d

e m e r g e n c y h a v e s e t u p m o b i l e t e a m s t o g i v e i m m e d i a t e a i d t o t h ev i c t i m s o f r o a d t r a f f i c a c c i d e n t s a n d f o r o t h e r a c u t e i n j u r i e s . I n

r e m o t e a r e a s t h i s c a r e may b e p r o v i d e d b y g e n e r a l p r a c t i t i o n e r s who

h a v e f o r m e d t h e m s e l v e s i n t o " o n c a l l " t e a m s . O n c e i m m e d i a t e a i dh a s b e e n g i v e n , s e r i o u s l y i n j u r e d p a t i e n t s n e e d t o b e t r a n s f e r r e df r o m t h e r o a d s i d e t o a n a c c i d e n t c e n t r e a s s m o o t h l y a n d r a p i d l y a s

p o s s i b l e . A p a r t i c u l a r l y w e l l c o o r d i n a t e d s c h e m e h a s b e e n r e p o r t e d

f r o m M a r y l a n d , w h e r e a n i n t e g r a t e d s y s t e m o f a m b u l a n c e s a n d

h e l i c o p t e r s t r a n s f e r p a t i e n t s t o t h e a p p r o p r i a t e r e f e r r a l c e n t r e s . '

I n many a r e a s o f t h e U n i t e d K i n g d o m , h o w e v e r , s e v e r e l y i n j u r e dp a t i e n t s a r e u n l i k e l y t o r e c e i v e i m m e d i a t e c a r e a t t h e r o a d s i d e f r o m

m e d i c a l p r a c t i t i o n e r s . I n s t e a d , t h e y a r e t r a n s p o r t e d b y a m b u l a n c e

d i r e c t l y t o t h e n e a r e s t d i s t r i c t g e n e r a l h o s p i t a l o r t e a c h i n g h o s p i t a l .T h e r e t h e p a t i e n t w i l l b e a s s e s s e d , u s u a l l y b y t h e c a s u a l t y o f f i c e r ,a n d s o m e f o r m o f t r e a t m e n t g i v e n b e f o r e a s p e c i a l i s t t e a m i s c a l l e d i n

t o d e a l w i t h s p e c i f i c i n j u r i e s . T h i s s y s t e m , a l t h o u g h h a l l o w e d b yt r a d i t i o n , i s o f t e n u n s a t i s f a c t o r y b e c au s e a n i n ex p e ri e nc e d c a s u a l t yo f f i c e r may f a i l t o m a k e t h e a p p r o p r i a t e d i a g n o s e s . 2 T h u s a r u p t u r e d

s p l e e n , a s u b d u r a l h a e m a t o m a , a d i a p h r a g m a t i c h e r n i a , o r a

h a e m o p e r i c a r d i u m may b e m i s s e d , f o r p h y s i c a l s i g n s a r e d i f f i c u l t t o

e l i c i t i n t h e u n c o n s c i o u s p a t i e n t a n d e x t e n s i v e s u r f a c e b r u i s i n g may

n o t b e a p p a r e n t f o r many h o u r s a f t e r t h e a c c i d e n t .S o m e h o s p i t a l s , s u c h a s t h e B i r m i n g h a m A c c i d e n t H o s p i t a l , h a v e

s o u g h t t o i m p r o v e t h e i r s t a n d a r d o f c a r e b y e n s u r i n g t h a t s e n i o rm e d i c a l s t a f f a r e c o n c e r n e d f r o m t h e o u t s e t . T h u s p a t i e n t s a r ea d m i t t e d a n d s e e n i m m e d i a t e l y b y s u r g e o n s s p e c i f i c a l l y t r a i n e d i n

L e w i s h a m a n d G u y ' s H o s p i t a l s , L o n d o n

J D SPENCER, M R C P , F R C S , c o n s u l t a n t o r t h o p a e d i c s u r g e o n

C o r r e s p o n d e n c e t o : G u y ' s H o s p i t a l , L o n d o n S E I 9 R T .

F I G 1 - L a t e r a l r a d i o g r a p h o f s k u l l s h o w i n g h a i r l i n e f r a c t u r e s i n b a s e o f s k u l l , i n c l u d i n gs p h e n o i d b o n e .

a l l b r a n c h e s o f a c c i d e n t s u r g e r y . F u r t h e r m o r e , a c o n s u l t a n t i s

a v a i l a b l e on s i t e 2 4 h o u r s a d a y . S u c h a s y s t e m may b e i d e a l , b u t

m o s t d i s t r i c t g e n e r a l h o s p i t a l s c a n n o t p r o v i d e s u c h a s e r v i c e u n l e s s

t h e y a r e d e s i g n a t e d r e g i o n a l a c c i d e n t c e n t r e s . 4I n a n a t t e m p t t o i m p r o v e t h e s t a n d a r d o f c a r e f o r t h e s e v e r e l y

i n j u r e d a t L e w i s h a m H o s p i t a l ( a b u s y d i s t r i c t g e n e r a l t e a c h i n g

h o s p i t a l ) w e h a v e o r g a n i s e d a " t r a u m a t e a m , " w h i c h g i v e si m m e d i a t e s u p p o r t t o t h e c a s u a l t y d e p a r t m e n t . T h e team was

f o r m e d t o e n s u r e t h a t t h e s i m p l e r u l e s o f r e s u s c i t a t i o n a n d d i a g n o s i si n s e v e r e l y i n j u r e d p a t i e n t s were f o l l o w e d a n d t h a t , i n a h o s p i t a l