Religion in the Public Schools - Entire Text

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Religion in the Public Schools

A Road Map for Avoiding Lawsuits

and Respecting Parents Legal Rights


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Religion in the Public Schools

A Road Map for Avoiding Lawsuits

and Respecting Parents Legal Rights

B A M L

A P L

W V U


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P 9 A U S C S

R P S:

A R M A L R P L R.

9 A M L.

A .

P U.S.A.

C M M

T G O F W. G

L C C N 993379


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T J L.


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7

Religion in the Public Schools: A Road Map or Avoiding Lawsuits and Respecting Parents Legal Rights

9 A M L T .

Contents

Preface 12

Acknowledgments 17

Chapter One: Overview 19

Chapter Two: School Prayer 25

O . P I T G A O T . . .

. Iz P P S I U 6

3. P S M N S P R B S; N

M P S S E D B R 8

4. S M N S A M S P M

F P 9

. P P S F I A U: P

S M N I O C G G P

I 3

6. S-L, S-I P O S P A

S I U 34

7. B S M H P S B S A F

P C S L A F O D N

P 36

8. I I U W W E S S

G M O T R P, M RR T S, G S A 39


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R P S | A R M A L R P L R

9 A M L T .

9. S M P T B G O S E

C O S O G M N P 4

. P S A O R A S R B G T S P W T R

R T P 43

Chapter Three: Equal Access 44

. T E A A: A O 44

. C U W E A O A T:

T R A L O F, N-

R G, F O M 463. N T B EAA P P

S G C-B D S

O U E C 48

4. S R A D C A EAA

O B A O C-R S G

S M N C EAA B M C A

S G C-R

. U EAA, S R A M O D S P, P W-B S

F, A A S M I

V

6. N-D P: O O U EAA A

T, S M G R C S P

T G O C, I U S B B

P A S

7. P S A N T P F F A

P A S C C L P FD H I C A O G U I

F 6

8. O P S C L P F, C F

S P, S A C V D

P, A S R C W T

I S A 8


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9 A M L T .

Chapter Four: Curriculum Issues 61

A. Constitutional Limits that Affect Public SchoolCurriculum and Opt-Outs 61. S C U R C S R B

S L C 6

. P S M, A N C C , A

S O O M C T I I

T R B 6

3. I G, S M N O O L S

C (.., E S R) L A I

H B R Oj M B W I I

T (.., U P) 63

4. P S C P S F S B R

S, R R A Pj, W

R Pj D N C E P

P 64

B. Teaching Evolution and Its Alternatives 65

. O: S C N O T E NG E T D E C S 6

. T T E M D S 67

3. I I L S T P S C F T

E A P T H S S C 69

4. I I E W S T P S C C

T C A E A P H

S S C 7

. P S M N T I D A EA P H S S C 7

6. N M P S T C A F R

T I D 7

7. P S M L E W S R R

E E S C D S

M B W T S L O C D 77

8. C I D C B T P S,

Oj, A D R, S A I R

H, I P S C A L A A

I E N D 78


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9 A M L T .

Chapter Five: Student Religious Expression 81

A. Overview of the Constitutional Limits of StudentExpression: Tinker 81

B. Common Public School Situations 83. T F R: S A G G L R

S S W S P S L,

V, O M 83

. Hz: S A G G L R S

S W O O C P S S

A B S S 843. M: S A G G L R S

S W A C R I

S A E I D U 8

C. Applying Tinker and its Progeny to StudentReligious Speech 86

. O 86

. S C W T- Ez R M

E O S U S C A P

F S T S D W C S

D M I C A 86

3. R-N R G A, S A D

C G P, A C V E W

R B R 89

Chapter Six: School Activities andAccommodations 91

A. School Calendar and Scheduling School Activities 91. P S M C R H I T D S V

S R 9

. S M P S M U W T M D

O R H, U S A M S

W S P S 9

3. P S M S S A A S H D 9


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9 A M L T .

4. O H I: W W P S C

H S A C H 93

B. Other Accommodations 94. S M P K M C A

R D P J S A N R

P S S S M 94

. P S C P E W U G

P A M D N-T P 9

C. Artistic and Literary Religious Works 97. P S G M N A G D R

P I E, P, A P S C

F T H A V 97

. P S L M C H S S L A

T I D N S P O P S

R W G 98


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9 A M L T .

Preace

C

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.Chapter One: Overview of the First Amendment Framework in

the Public School Context. T -

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Chapter Two: School Prayer. I - -z . T

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Chapter Three: Equal Access. T E A A (EAA)

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( open ), EAA (

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Chapter Four: Curriculum Issues. T

: (A) C L A P S C-

O O (B) T E I A.A. Constitutional Limitations That Affect Public School Cur-

riculum and Opt-Outs. T

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B. Teaching Evolution and Its Alternatives. T

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9 A M L T .

. T

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Chapter Five: Student Religious Expression. T -

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: Tinker, Hazelwood, Fraser, Morse. U Tinker, -

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Tinker,

- (Hazelwood);

(F); (Morse). A

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Chapter Six: School Activities and Accommodations. T -

: (A) S C S

S A; (B) O A; (C) A L-

R W.

A. School Calendar and Scheduling School Activities. T -

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B. Other Accommodations. T -

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9 A M L T .

P

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C. Artistic and Literary Religious Works. T - . P

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7

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9 A M L T .

Acknowledgments

T Religion in the Public Schools: A Road Map or Avoiding

Lawsuits and Respecting Parents Legal Rights

R R G F. T -

G F .

T P R M. B J

E. T -

. A P B T -

,

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V U C L F -

j-

: J E. MC, W J. M, J. D T R. G

P L; J W. F II, W J. M, J. D E

P L; G G. A, J H. B J M. H P- L; R M. B, J W. F II P L;

, P L; C R. DS, W A.

P P L; Mj MD, S J P-

L T; P C. MG, J C H. H

II P L; W R, A P L; M V.

R, A P L; C L. R, P L; J

E. T, P L; H S. T, T A P;

V K. Vj, P L. E j I .

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R. H, D S, M T. Y. T

M B P.

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j: J H, G R H,

H L, M L, F L, G L, T L, C-

, F, J.


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9

C O: O


9 A M L T .

Chapter One: Overview

T U S C -

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Div., Dept. o Human Resources o Ore. v. Smith16

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Lemon -

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9 A M L T .

Chapter Two: School Prayer

Overview

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1. Prayer Is Talking to God and Also Other Things . . .

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9 A M L T .

,10 -

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T

, 96, Engel v. Vitale13 C -

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Y :

Almighty God, we acknowledge our dependence upon Thee,

and we beg Thy blessings upon us, our parents, our teachers

and our Country.14

T S C R [] . .

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9 A M L T .

3. Public Schools May Not Select Prayers for Recitation By

Students; Nor May Public Schools Start Each Day with a Bible

Reading

T C Engel

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j Engel , C

Abington School District v. Schempp.20 T, -

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P . A

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T C E C

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Surely the place o the Bible as an instrument o religion cannot

be gainsaid, and the States recognition o the pervading religious

character o the ceremony is evident rom the rules specic permis-

sion o the alternative use o the Catholic Douay version as well as


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C T: S P


9 A M L T .

the recent amendment permitting nonattendance at the exercises.

None o these actors is consistent with the contention that the Bible

is here used either as an instrument or nonreligious moral inspira-

tion or as a reerence or the teaching o secular subjects.24

T C j . Rz

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Schempp C j -

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4. Schools May Not Set Aside Moments for Silent Prayer or

Meditation to Foster Prayer

I

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9 A M L T .

F , 98, A z-

,29

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I 98, S C Wallace v. Jaree31 A

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Wallace

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Wallace Lemon

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9 A M L T .

E C - -

. A

J OC Wallace,

the religious liberty protected by the Establishment Clause is in-

ringed when the government makes adherence to religion relevant

to a persons standing in the political community. Direct government

action religion or a particular religious practice is invalid

under this approach because it sends a message to nonadherents

that they are outsiders, not ull members o the political community,

and an accompanying message to adherents that they are insiders,

avored members o the political community.38

A OC, Lemons

.39

5. Prayer at Public School Functions Is Also Unconstitutional:Public Schools May Not Invite Outside Clergy to Graduation to

Give a Prayer or Invocation

C

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A - , S C Engel v. Vitale

-

. S , S C -

.40

F , 99, S C, Lee v. Weisman,41

E C

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9 A M L T .

dissenter in this milieu could believe that the group exercise signied

her own participation or approval o it.

Finding no violation under these circumstances would place objec-

tors in the dilemma o participating, with all that implies, or pro-

testing. We do not address whether that choice is acceptable i the

aected citizens are mature adults, but we think the State may not,

consistent with the Establishment Clause, place primary and sec-

ondary school children in this position.45

P

.46 A

Marsh v. Cham-

bers C

E C47

.48

Coles ex rel. Coles v. Cleveland Board o Education49

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9 A M L T .

- .56 S ,

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U, C

Lee v. Weisman -

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Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe -

C

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7. But Students May Hold Prayer Services Before School

Around the Flag Pole or in the Cafeteria So Long As Faculty or

Outsiders Do Not Participate

I Santa Fe Independent School District. v. Doe, S C

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9 A M L T .

. B C

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C.71

W -

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. I Westeld High School L.I.F.E. Club v. City o Westeld,72

D C M -

. R

, [t]he mere acts that the school opened its channels o communi-

cation (i.e., daily bulletin, bulletin boards, student yearbook),

provided an adult sponsor who acts merely as a monitor and does

not actively or substantively participate in any o the Clubs activi-

ties,

f C , does

not mean that the LIFE Club can airly be characterized as part o

the school curriculum.73

R, Hazelwood School District. v. Kuhl-

meier,74

-

LIFE ( f) . I

, [] j Hazelwood,

[] LIFE C . T

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C; C [] j


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9 A M L T .

; []

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.75

T -

f, Daugherty v. Vanguard Charter School Academy,76

U S D C W D M -

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j C f . I

Daughtery, V -

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f .77 T

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.78 B

Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District79

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i the teachers attended the fagpole gatherings strictly in a passive or

supervisory capacity without participating in the prayer, their mere

presence would not be violative o the Establishment Clause. . . .

I, on the other hand, the teachers played a more active, participa-tory role in the prayer gathering, o which there is no evidence, then

plaintis claim would be stronger. . . . It ollows that [the school

district] could be held responsible or such teacher misconduct only

i plaintis also showed that the need or corrective action was so

obvious as to demonstrate that deendants were deliberately indi-

erent to and tacitly approved the misconduct. Plaintis have ailed

to present evidence to support such a nding.80

A Daugherty ,

,

.


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C T: S P


9 A M L T .

W Daugherty -

- ,

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E C.

8. It Is Unclear Whether and to What Extent Student Speakers

at Graduations May Open Their Remarks with a Prayer, Make

Religious References in Their Speeches, or Give Sermons to

Attendees

A Santa Fe, S C -

-

. T

.F , Cole v. Oroville Union High School District,81

N C,

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D.84 T

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.85

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. F, Adler v. Duval Coun-

ty School Board,86 E C

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, Adler

Santa Fe,

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j ,

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on his or her own ,

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.93 R, , -

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.94

S, Chandler v. Siegelman,95 E C

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. . . .96 T

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S. I

S. W C Santa Fe , - .

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9. Students May Pray Together Before a Game or Other School

Event but Coaches and Other School Ofcials Generally May

Not Participate

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9 A M L T .

F , Doe v. Duncanville Independent. School District,98

F C

E C. S,

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[] .99

Duncanville -

-

.100 B , U K L P P

K, []

, promot-ing endorsing -

. D Tinker F E C j, P-

K -

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there would seem to be nothing illegal or immoral i students wish

to pray collectively beore they engage in a particular event that

happens to be connected to a public school, as long as the prayer

is not disruptive o the activities o other students. [This is thedisruption test that comes rom T.] Certainly a group o stu-

dents may gather together in a nondisruptive way on public school

premises to pray beore an examination . . . , and this is so even

i the prayer on school property may exert subtle coercive pressure

upon others who necessarily will observe the prayer. I this activity

is permissible as a matter o ree speech and the ree exercise o re-

ligion, it would seem that collective student-initiated prayers beore

other school events, say athletic events or theatrical perormances,

may also be permissible i nondisruptive to the activity.101


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9 A M L T .

10. Public Schools Are Often Required to Accommodate

Student Requests to Be Given Temporary Space for Prayer

Where Their Religion Requires Them to Pray

G F E C

Tinker, -

F E C

E C. T

E A A,

-

. . . , ,

. . . .102 T

.

T S M ,

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S

M . T S,

. I

Wallace v. Jaree104 A E C

Lemon

.105

C

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Chapter Three: Equal Access

1. The Equal Access Act: An Overview

T E A A (EAA)

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. F , Doe v. Duncanville Independent School

District, F C EAA

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2. Circumstances Under Which Equal Access ObligationsAre Triggered: The Relationship Among the Limited Open

Forum, Noncurriculum-Related Groups, and Fair Opportunity

to Meet

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-

.14 T EAA

.15 T EAA

.16

D - -


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48/132

48


9 A M L T .

.25 I

EAA , C j

z - ( )

, , .26

N

j -

. F , Mergens, C j -

-

z S S

D.27 T C

EAA

, []

,

A ,

A .28

3. Navigating the Tension Between the EAAs Purpose ofProtecting Student Groups from Content-Based Discrimination

and a Schools Obligations Under the Establishment Clause

T EAA

-

j

, -

. E , EAA E C

. A,

EAA

() f

;

()

;

(3)

- ;


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49

C T: E A


9 A M L T .

(4)

;() ;

(6)

z;

(7) .29

I Board o Education o the Westside Community Schools v. Mer-

gens,30 S C

E C EAA -

.31 I Mergens,

, --

, , ,

. T ,

, -

B M C C

, ,

E C. T .32

T S C

EAA . T C -

C EAA

.33 I Widmar

v. Vincent, C

-

E C Lemon

: [] , ,

.34 A Widmar EAA,

C EAA E C

EAA ,

, -

Lemon .35 T C

Lemon ,

EAA , , ,

.


50/132


9 A M L T .

T C j ( )

EAA

: F, EAA EAA

- . T C

: EAA

j . T

A , A.36 S,

EAA -

. T EAA

.37 T EAA -

, ,

, -

, .38

T,

.39

Rz , C

EAA

- .40

4. Schools Retain Authority to Decide Curriculum and to Avoid

the EAAs Obligations By Allowing Only Curriculum-Related

Student Groups but Schools May Not Circumvent the EAA By

Merely Calling All Student Groups Curriculum-Related

A S C Mergens, -

-

. M,

EAA

[EAA] -

,

A .41


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C T: E A


9 A M L T .

A, - -

- : I -

- , B , . S Mergens, f

,

- EAA. I -

, j

-

j- . F , Donovan ex rel.

Donovan v. Punxsutawney Area School Board,42 T C

, -

.43 T j-

-.44 S, Colin ex rel. Colin v. Orange Uni-

ed School District,45 j

G-S A - -

.46 A Garnet v. Renton School District,47

F B L A

-

FBLA

,

FBLA .48

I Mergens EAA,

, .49 A,

-

z -

-. F , T C, Pope v. East Brunswick

Board o Education,50 j

K C, K, -

- j ,

,

H H ,

, , . T ,


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9 A M L T .

EAA,

.51 N

.52

O ,

- EAA,

. I

East High Gay/Straight Alliance v. Board o Education o Salt Lake City School

District, U

G/S A

z --

EAA. I

, F H A

- , ,

j A T

E ,

.53

T F B L A

-

N H S -

[]

. . . . 54 A,

Mergens

, O M

- OM - ,

f

.55

5. Under the EAA, Schools Retain the Authority to Maintain

Order and Discipline on School Premises, to Protect the Well-

Being of Students and Faculty, and to Assure that Attendance

of Students at Meetings Is Voluntary

N


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C T: E A


9 A M L T .

,

.56 I ,

. . . , - ,

.57 F ,

-

. . . []

.58

A ,

EAA -

.59 B C

EAA S C Mergens

EAA,

Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community

School District.60 I Tinker, S C C-

- . . .

,61 . . . []

62 I ,

-

-

.63 T .64

C -

.65 F ,

Bowler v. Town o Hudson,66

C-

C z

,

I A-

67

. A Tinker, ,

,


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4


9 A M L T .

.68

W Tinker -

EAA, Tinker

j .69

I, engaging in the orbidden conduct

-

.70 T Tinker: R

,71 Tinker C

-

by those participating in it.72 A

, Boyd County High School Gay Straight Alliance

v. Board o Education o Boyd County,

G S

A C -

.73

L , , EAA

,74

. F , Ger-

netzke v. Kenosha Unied School District No. 1, S C

,

,

B C 4 , , , B - N T-

. . . , .75 I

S -Nz,

C

. . . [

] S -Nz ,

.76 T -

B C


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C T: E A


9 A M L T .

.77 S, Caudillo v. Lubbock Independent School District,78

f GS A -

,

.79 T

EAA --

-

T IX . 80 T

EAA ---

- ,

,

.81

6. Non-Discrimination Principle: Once Obligations Under the

EAA Are Triggered, Schools Must Grant Religious Clubs the

Same Privileges They Grant to Other Clubs, Including Use of

School Bulletin Boards and the Public Address System

I - , EAA

, -

. I, S C Mergens EAA

,

, , , , C

F.82 A N C : T A

Mergens

. A .83

F, [, -

]

, []

.84

L , -

-


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9 A M L T .

E A A,

E A A . F

, Boyd County High School Gay Straight Alliance v. Board o Edu-cation o Boyd County,85 C

EAA G S A

, , ,

- . I z Mergens

, C : []

EAA

. 86 A,

- ,

,

.87

7. Public Schools Are Not Traditional Public Fora for First

Amendment Purposes Although a School Can Create a Limited

Public Forum Depending on How It Chooses to Allow OutsideGroups to Use Its Facilities

T , -

, ,

, .

I ,

,

.88 T

:

.89 S,

, -

.90 I , - ,

,


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7

C T: E A


9 A M L T .

j

,

, .91

I - .92

A,

,93 -

, z.94 I -

. . . ,

, ,

, ,

.95 A

,

.96

A

.97 F , Widmar v. Vincent,

C U M K C

z

.98 T C U -

, U

.99 I City o Madison Joint School District

v. Wisconsin Employment Relations Commission, C -

,

j

.100 I Cornelius v. NAACP Legal Deense and Educational Fund, Inc.,

C F A

j

- -

. . .

.101


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8


9 A M L T .

8. Once Public Schools Create a Limited Public Forum,

Constitutional Free Speech Principles, Such As Content and

Viewpoint Discrimination Prohibitions, Apply but SchoolsRemain in Control of Who They Invite to School Assemblies

A , -

,

EAA. F , Lambs Chapel v.

Center Moriches Union Free School District, C

, ,

, N Y z

-

,

. A, F S

C F A

- C .102

T C [] First Amendment

j, -

. . .

. . . .103

A , C

F S C

. A

Lemon, C j

E C:

The showing o this lm series would not have been during school

hours, would not have been sponsored by the school, and would

have been open to the public, not just to church members. The

[school] property had repeatedly been used by a wide variety o pri-


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9 A M L T .

.111 A, -

-

, .T Donovan ex rel. Donovan v. Punxsutaw-

ney Area School Board, -

-

. D ,

. I , T C-

EAA B C

.112


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6

C F: C I


9 A M L T .

Chapter Four:

Curriculum Issues

A. Constitutional Limits that Affect Public School

Curriculum and Opt-Outs

1. Schools Cannot Use Religious Criteria for Selecting or

Removing Books from the School Library Collection

A

, F A

, ,

.1 F ,

C D On the Origin o Species M T

Adventures o Huckleberry Finn . O ,

. A,

,2 -

-

j.

I , S C, Board o Ed-

ucation, Island Trees Union Free School District No. 26 v. Pico,3

,

, , .4 B

C curriculum,

. . .

,

.5


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6


9 A M L T .

2. Public Schools May, but Are Not Constitutionally Compelled

to, Allow Students to Opt Out of Material in Classes That Is

Inconsistent with Their Religious Beliefs

G ,

: F,

-

. I Pierce v. Society o the Sisters o the Holy Names o Jesus and Mary,6

S C -

-

. I C ,

.7 I ,

j .8 A

, j

, j .

S,

j . I

,

, F E C

.9

T Mozert v. Hawkins County Board o

Education,10

- -

. I , j , ,

j . I ,

,

; ,

, T, : -

.11

T -

. I j-

-

, [] ,


63/132

63

C F: C I


9 A M L T .

F E C

.12 B

[] ; C E

C E C.13

T Mozert ,

C -

-.14 W

- -

, -, C-

( )

.15

T -

j.16

F -, -

j j.17

S - .18 A -

.19 B -

R O T C (ROTC)

, ROTC j ,

.20

3. In General, Students May Not Opt Out of Large Segments

of a Curriculum (e.g., Elementary School Reading) and Learn

About It at Home Because of Religious Objections to the

Method By Which It Is Taught (e.g., not Using Phonics)

N C -

.


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9 A M L T .

A - , -

- , , . A

- .U E C

-

,21 -

F

F A.22 B,

, ,

,

,

-

,

,

, .23

A, -

()

; ()

; (3)

; (4)

.24 T

.25

4. Public Schools Can Prohibit Students From Submitting

Book Reports on Scriptures, including Religious References

in Art Projects, Where the Report or Project Does Not Comply

with the Exercises Pedagogical Purpose

C -

-


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C F: C I


9 A M L T .

.26 A

.27

N -

, -

,

, ,

.

F , - -

. F , Peck v. Baldwinsville School District,

- , ,

.28 I Curry v. Saginaw,29

. A ,

F S C

.30

B. Teaching Evolution and Its Alternatives

1. Overview: Schools Can Neither Outlaw the Teaching of

Evolution Nor Give Equal Time for Discussion of Evolutionand Creation Science31

T -

E

C F A. T

.32 T

F A

F A,33

.34 I ,

-


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66


9 A M L T .

F A.35

T F A , .36 A

, Lemon v. Kurtzman, S C

-

E C.37 F, -

.38 S,

.39 T,

.40 S E-

C .41 F

, Lemon -

E C

T C K .42 B S-

C McCreary County v. ACLU, E C

, Lemon

- .43

I , . T

, J OC Lynch v. Donnelly,44

Lemon

.45 I Lemon ,

, ,

.46 T

S C County o Allegheny v. ACLU,47 -

, [E] C, , -

.48

C S C

989,

-

S C, Allegheny.49 P-Allegheny

-

. F , Freiler v. Tangipahoa Parish

Board o Education,50 U S C A F C


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C F: C I


9 A M L T .

, -

.51 I Selman v. CobbCounty Sch. Dist.,52 , Lemon

,

, ,

, .53 A -

, Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District,54 ,

, j P

-

D , -

D .55

H, -

. T

Lemon , .

B ,

, j -

.56

W , -

, E C. I , -

. T

.

2. The Theory of Evolution Meets the Denition of Science57

S .

S . I

, j . S

, -

. S j

.58

S , , , -

. F ,

-


68/132

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9 A M L T .

.59 H ,

. . . ,

. F , IQ ,

IQ .60 T -

-

. S z-

. T []

. [T ]

. 61 S ,

, , .62

A -,

, , -

, . 63 S

, , -

. 64

T - . A , D

, -

: ()

; ()

; (3) -

-

; (4)

; () -

.65

T . E

. E

. F ,

. T -

,

, , -

.66 T

, - , , . F


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69

C F: C I


9 A M L T .

,

- .67 N

- - , - ,

DDT- .68

E . F ,

() -

. C -DNA- .

G

. S DNA

. T -

. A

, .

S

. I - D,

, .69 A, , D j-

, B W

P ,

.70

F, D

-

. D . T

-

.

3. It Is Long Settled That Public Schools Cannot Forbid the

Teaching of Evolution As Part of Their High School Science

Curriculum71

D -,

.72 B -96, (T, A,


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9 A M L T .

M) - . O

A L, T A-E

A Scopes .73 T A

,

.74 V

j .

I 96, A , S E,

A .75 I Epperson v. Arkansas,

U S S C A --

, .76 T C

E C -

f

; , Book o Genesis

.77

T C

, -, .78 A C F A-

,

.79 T C A-

; ,

f -

.80 B f

[]

A .81 I C , F

A

.82

A , C [] -

. . .

F A-

.83 T , ,

A - . R


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C F: C I


9 A M L T .

- ,

, C

A [-

C] Book o Genesis -

.84 T C

A .85

4. It Is Equally Well Settled That Public Schools Cannot

Compel the Teaching of Creationism Alongside Evolution As

Part of the High School Science Curriculum86

A S C -

, -

- ,

E .

A , -

: [] Genesis f .87 C

-

,

.88

T

E C U S S C

987. I Edwards v. Aguillard, S C

L B T A, -

.89 A A

, C A

, -

.90 T C :

Even i academic reedom is read to mean teaching all o the evi-

dence with respect to the origin o human beings, the Act does not

urther this purpose. The goal o providing a more comprehensive

science curriculum is not urthered either by outlawing the teaching

o evolution or by requiring the teaching o creation science.91


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9 A M L T .

R, C , A

.92T C A -

:

.93 T C

94 ,

, .95 R ,

C A

. O

j ,

.96 I , C B-

T A

-

Epperson

.97 Sz ,

C E C alike or -

.98

5. Public Schools May Not Teach Intelligent Design

Alongside Evolution As Part of the High School Science

Curriculum

I , , .99 T -

. P

, - , -

-

. ID z

, -

, j

,

.100


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73

C F: C I


9 A M L T .

I , -

. I Kitzmiller v. Dover

Area School District,101 P - , D

A S D S /-

D ,

. N: O L .102

A S C ,

j

, Kitzmiller

j

. T

, - -

.103 T

j j

D [ S D]

.104

T , ,

D

. T

.

T

, D A S D

. T -, ,

. F, -

-

.105 S,

,

f -

.106 A ,

;

. T,

, -


74/132

74


9 A M L T .

( ),

. A ,

-, - ,

.107 T

Lemon ,

. T C :

The disclaimers plain language, the legislative history, and the

historical context in which the [intelligent design] [p]olicy arose, all

inevitably lead to the conclusion that Deendants consciously chose

to change Dovers biology curriculum to advance religion. [The]

wealth o evidence . . . reveals that the Districts purpose was to ad-

vance creationism, an inherently religious view, both by introducing

it directly under the label [intelligent design] and by disparaging the

scientic theory o evolution, so that creationism would gain cre-

dence by deault as the only apparent alternative to evolution.108

A ,

C ,

. C ?109 T

, ,

O Pandas and People (

C z) . I

, . T

[] [] -

.110 H

z,

.

F Kitzmiller,

-

G. A


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C F: C I


9 A M L T .

G

,

: T

. I ,

G,

S. T A G.

B J-

C G A, ,

,

. F,

. S,

. I-

j ;111

;

.

6. Nor May Public School Teachers Claim an AcademicFreedom Right to Teach about Intelligent Design

I

. I

, -

E C j

.112 A,

, - , . F

, Peloza v. Capistrano Unied School District,

-

.113 T

z

. R,

is one o those especially respected persons chosen to teach in the

high schools classroom. He is clothed with the mantle o one who

imparts knowledge and wisdom. His expressions o opinion are all


76/132

76


9 A M L T .

the more believable because he is a teacher. The likelihood o high

school students equating his views with those o the school is sub-

stantial. To permit him to discuss his religious belies with students

during school time on school grounds would violate the Establish-

ment Clause o the First Amendment. Such speech would not have

a secular purpose, would have the primary eect o advancing reli-

gion, and would entangle the school with religion. In sum, it would

funk all three parts o the [L] test.114

L, Webster v. New Lenox School District

. I ,

, -

.115

T j-

j

. F , Roberts v. Madigan,

B

;

B ; .116 T

B

,

, [

B ] .117 A

P S G. G , []

, -

.118

I , P

G


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77

C F: C I


9 A M L T .

would permit widespread disobedience o the Supreme Courts

school prayer precedents by allowing public school ocials to per-

mit teachers to disguise religious speech as individual religious

speech. In such cases, the public would clearly (and oten correctly)

perceive that the teachers were ullling the unstated desires o gov-

ernment ocials who are prohibited rom ocially endorsing the

communitys dominant aith.119

I ,

j

,

, T VII

C R A.120

7. Public Schools May Limit the Extent to Which Students

Raise Religious Evidence against Evolution in Science Class

Discussion in the Same Manner By Which Those Schools

Limit Other Class Discussions

T

E C . A

, j .

I , j

- .121

I , z 122: Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School Dis-

trict123 Hazelwood School District v. Kulmeier.124 U Tinker,

[] [] []

.125 U Hazelwood, -

- ,

, [ ]

.126

T

Tinker. T


78/132

78


9 A M L T .

. T . P

j

Hazelwood . A , S C z []

.127

T , Hazelwood, -

z

, ,

.128 A-

,

,

-

.

O f ,

E C -

j . F ,

. E -

- -

.

T - . I

,

j , -

.129 T E C .

8. Creationism and Intelligent Design Cannot Be Taught in

Public Schools, but Objective, Academic Discussion about

Religion, Such As Its Role in History, Is Permissible in Some

Contexts As Long As the Approach Is Educational and Not

Devotional

I Epperson v. Arkansas, -

, S C z -


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79

C F: C I


9 A M L T .

E F E C.

T C [] B

, j , F A -

, S

.130 N,

,

C.131

A, School District o Abington Township v. Schempp,132

B -

, S C

:

In addition, it might well be said that ones education is not complete

without a study o comparative religion or the history o religion and

its relationship to the advancement o civilization. It certainly maybe said that the Bible is worthy o study or its literary and historic

qualities. Nothing we have said here indicates that such study o the

Bible, or o religion, when presented objectively as part o a secular

program o education, may not be eected consistently with the

First Amendment.133

I, -

, - , -

,

.134 G ,

j ,

z -

, B

.

B , S C -

-


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9 A M L T .

,

.135 F ,[u]nder current law, public school authorities may, thereore, regu-

late or even prohibit certain student and teacher speech to assure

that participants learn whatever lessons the activity is designed to

teach, that readers or listeners are not exposed to material that may

be inappropriate or their level o maturity, and that the views o the

individual speaker are not erroneously attributed to the school.136

A ,

S

T, E C .137

Busch v. Marple Newtown School District138 . I

, B

A M U. T

B

, - .139 B

E C .140

T -

,

, , , -

- .141


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8

C F: S R E


9 A M L T .

Chapter Five:

Student Religious Expression

A. Overview of the Constitutional Limits of Student

Expression: Tinker

Q -

F S E C. S -

.1 T

,

E C

.

S

S C: Tinker, Fraser,Hazelwood, Morse. A, I

S C j

. T Tinker v. Des Moines Independent

Community School District.2 S B

. S C

Tinker .

T F A F S C ,

, .3T S C, F S C, -

,4 .5

I -

F A,

: [] z

[]

.6 I -

,7 j

. . .

[ ]


82/132

8


9 A M L T .

.8 I, ,

,

j .9F -

. A C Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School

District ,

.10 N,

z

- .11

A Tinker, -

U.S. V W,12 C

[] -

.13 S

,

.14 M,

.15

I Tinker , -

,

[] ,16 C -

. R,

[]

, .17

A, Tinker - -

[] .18

T ,

, z .19 B, Tinker

, ,

, ,

. . . .20

A

-

, C


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C F: S R E


9 A M L T .

.

E .

B. Common Public School Situations

1. The Fraser Rule: Schools Are Given Greater Latitude in

Restricting Student Speech When the Student Presents the

Speech in a Lewd, Vulgar, or Offensive Manner

T S C

, , . I Bethel

County School District No. 403 v. Fraser,21 -

-

-,

6 , 4--.22 D

, F , , - .23 S

; []

[ ] ;

.24 O

.25 A ,

,

.26

T S C

[] F

.27 I

Tinker, C

.28 G

, C

.29


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C F: S R E


9 A M L T .

ever lessons the activity is designed to teach, that readers or listen-

ers are not exposed to material that may be inappropriate or their

level o maturity, and that the views o the individual speaker are

not erroneously attributed to the school. Hence, a school may in its

capacity as publisher o a school newspaper or producer o a school

play disassociate itsel, [F, 478 U.S. at 685], not only rom

speech that would substantially interere with [its] work . . . or im-

pinge upon the rights o other students, [T, 393 U.S. at 509],

but also rom speech that is, or example, ungrammatical, poorly

written, inadequately researched, biased or prejudiced, vulgar or

proane, or unsuitable or immature audiences.37

L Hazelwood

- (..,

, , ).38

3. Morse: Schools Are Given Greater Latitude in Restricting

Student Speech When an Administrator Could ReasonablyInterpret the Speech As Endorsing Illegal Drug Use

S -

. T

Morse v. Frederick,39 S C

BONG HITS 4

JESUS O , , .

A , Morse

Tinker, Fraser, Hazelwood

.40 N, C

Morse ,41

,42 F

.43


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86


9 A M L T .

T C

-

. I , , C

,44

.45

C. Applying Tinker and its Progeny to StudentReligious Speech

1. Overview

S . I f,

: T--,

j, , . C T-

Tinker . S -

. B ,

C j

-

. W ,

OBrien ,

.46 U , -

. S 3

.

2. Students Can Wear T-shirts Emblazoned with Religious

Messages or Engage in Other Speech Unless the School Can

Articulate Particular Facts Showing That the Speech Did or


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87

C F: S R E


9 A M L T .

Would Cause a Substantial Disruption or Material Interference

with Classroom Activities

[C] T- Tinker

, ,

Bethel County School District No. 403 v. Fraser.47 A,

T- J

L Y, -

.48 T

. I ,

T-

Tinker .

T Tinker

.

O Tinker

-

. I -

, Harper v. Poway Unied School District,49

T- B A, O S E W

G H C H S R :7

.50 T N C

Tinker

.51

T S C -

Tinker

f -. INuxoll ex rel. Nuxoll v. Indian Prairie School District No. 204 Board o

Education,52

j

My D S, S A

B H, N G, .53 T

D T, -C D S,

- . U ,

[] N G ,


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9 A M L T .

.54 I

, j Tinker,55 , -

, Fraser,56

57 Morse v. Frederick.58 T , ,

-C, - B H,

N G T- D

T. T j

-

. A

-

. 59

A

Tinker N C Harper.60 INixon v. Northern Local

School District Board o Education,61

Tinker

T- :

INTOLERANT/J . . . I , ./J

4:6 H !/I !/

A !/S j !

.62 N Tinker -

,63

, f T-

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,64

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.65


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9 A M L T .

3. Religion-Neutral Regulations of General Applicability, Such

As Dress Codes and Grooming Policies, Are Constitutionally

Valid Even Where the Regulation Burdens Religion

T z - -

, ,

Employment Division, Department o Human Resources v. Smith.66 I Smith,

C F E C

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Smith; -


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. A R F R A

( RFRA)71 R F R

A (RFRA) .72 G -, ,

RFRA

.

F, -

. A every

F A -

.73 M j

.74 B ,

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C S: S A A


9 A M L T .

Chapter Six: School Activities

and Accommodations

A. School Calendar and Scheduling School Activities

1. Public Schools May Close on Religious Holidays If They Do

So for Valid Secular Reasons

T S C

,

. T C G F

, ,

(..,

). T Y

K R H: I J, H H

, .

A ,

,1 G F, -

.2 A,

3 G F J Y K R H

[ ]

.4

2. Schools Must Permit Students to Make Up Work and Tests

Missed Due to Observing Religious Holidays, Unless Students

Are Missing Several Weeks of School Per Semester

P

. F


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94


9 A M L T .

C

C .19 T S C

, ,

S C, j .20

A , ,

, , , , S

C, .21 B,

C ,

E C -.22 F-

, Lynch v. Donnelly

E C

,23 z

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.24

I S C

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.25

W H, E

C -

, -

W , H .26

B. Other Accommodations

1. Schools May Provide Kosher Meals in the Cafeteria to

Accommodate the Religious Dietary Practices of Jewish

Students but Are Not Required to Provide Special Spaces for

Such Meals

A , j

M ,


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9 A M L T .

. A Smith, -

F A .

2. Public Schools Could Probably Eliminate the Words Under

God from the Pledge of Allegiance to Meet the Demands of

Non-Theistic Parents

I 94, C P A,27

z -

f U S A.28 I 94, C

P A G

N . 29 T

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, []

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.35

W 94 A P

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Lemon

94 A . A , 94 A


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9 A M L T .

Lemon . M,

- P .

A N C Newdow v. U.S. Congress (New-dow I), U S G

. I , ,

P

A ,

.36 T P A

Lee v. Weisman.37

B N C-

Newdow. F, S C

.38 T,

. I , S

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, N C

.39 S,

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, U.S. S C.

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.41 S

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- ,42


97/132


98/132

98


9 A M L T .

J .47 A

E C .48 T

.49 N

, J

.50

T , S C Van Orden v. Perry51

T C F O

E T S C

z E-

C

, 789,

A ,

.52 B C

- . T

C - .53 A,

,

, , ,

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.54

2. Public School Libraries May Contain Holy Scriptures So

Long As Their Inclusion Does Not Show Preference for OneParticular Sect or Religious Works in General

T S C B

, B -

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F A.55 T S C

, ,

.56


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99

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9 A M L T .

F S C ,

[] B

.57 T

B F A

Board o Education, Island Trees Union Free School District No.

26 v. Pico

j .58 B, -

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.60


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9 A M L T .

End Notes

End Notes - Chapter One T S C R C

F A C . C, 3 U.S. 96, 33 (94). E . A, 48 U.S. 78, 8-83 (987).3 B. E., I T U F S. D. N. 6 . P, 47 U.S. 83, 864

(98).4 43 U.S. 6 (97). Id. 6-3. A , 4, J OC

j Lemon.6 E D., D. H R O. . S, 494 U.S. 87, 877

(99).7 P . H, 4 F.3 87, 3 ( C 8) ( Smith, 494 U.S. 877).8 Smith, 494 U.S. 878-8.9 C L B A, I. . C H, 8 U.S. , 3

(993). C Smith -

.See R F R A 993 (RFRA), 4 U.S.C. et seq.B S C RFRA . C B . F, U.S. 7, 36 (997). T, RFRA - .

See, e.g., J . C C S. D. 6 F.3 49, 439 (9 C. 8) ( - Smith, 494 U.S. 879). O , -- T-, J- L Y.

SeeLukumi, 8 U.S. 3 (

).3 Lukumi, 8 U.S. 33. F , Lukumi, S C

, , [] , [] - . Id. 46.

4 Smith, 494 U.S. 88-8. F , West Virginia State Bd. o Educ. v. Barnette,

39 U.S. 64 (943), W V f P A - J W. I , .

6 494 U.S. 87, 877 (99) ( O - - N AC).


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End Notes - Chapter Two

37 U.S. 4 (96). A M-W O D, Prayer,://.-.// ( J. 8, 9).

3 A [] . S F I.S. D. . D, 3 U.S. 9, 37 .9 () ( W T N I D 9 (993)).

4 E G U S. D. . N, 4 U.S. , (4). F - P A, C 6.

J . R, 7 WL 87977, * (N.D.N.Y. 7).6 Id. *.

7 E . V, 37 U.S. 4 (96).8 A S. D. . S, 374 U.S. 3 (963).9 Id. W . J, 47 U.S. 38 (98). L . W, U.S. 77 (99). S F I. S. D. . D, 3 U.S. 9 ().3 37 U.S. 4 (96).4 Id. 4. Id. 4.6 Id.7 Id. 43.

8 Id. 43.9 Id. 374 U.S. 3 (963). Id. 3. Id. .3 Id. 3-4.4 Id. 4. Id. -6.6 Id. ( J M, Memorial and Remonstrance Against Religious

Assessments (78)). MadisonsMemorial James Madison on Reli-gious Liberty (R S. A ., 98) available at R F

P, Memorial and Remonstrance Against Religious Assessments, ://-...//__78. ( M. 4, 9).

7 Schempp, 374 U.S. .8 Id.9 W . J, 47 U.S. 38, 4 . (98) ( A C

6--.).3 Id. 43 ( ).3 47 U.S. 38 (98).3 Id. 4.33 Id. ( W V B. E. . B, 39 U.S. 64, 637

(943)).34 Id. .3 Id. -4.36 Id. 3 .37 ( E . B. E., 33 U.S. , 8 (947)).37 Id. 6.


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38 Id. 69 ( L . D, 46 U.S. 668, 688 (984)(OC, J., )).

39 Id. ( ) ( ). See also W . W V

B. E., 6 F. S. 69, 7-77 (S.D. W.V. 98) ( EC - -- - , , J ).

4 E . V, 37 U.S. 4, 43 (96).4 U.S. 77 (99).4 Id. 8.43 Id. 87.44 Id. 9 ( ).4 Id. 93.46 See D . T P S. B., 473 F.3 88 ( C. 6), vacated and re-

manded en banc with instructions to dismiss on the issue o standing,494 F.3 494 (C. 7) ( ); C . C . C B. E., 7 F.3 369 (6C. 999); B . P V U S. D. B. E., F. A 3 (9C. ).

47 M . C, 463 U.S. 783 (983).48 See, e.g., L . W, U.S. 77, 96-97 (99) ( Marsh

- -); see also C A . A. C L U G PC, 49 U.S. 73, 63 (989) (, , - ) ( ).

49 7 F.3 369 (6 C. 999). Id. 379 ( L . W, U.S. 77, 69 (99) (B, J.,

)). Id. 377. 7 F.3 378 ( MC . B. E., 333 U.S. 3, 3 (948) (F-

, J., )).3 Id. 38.4 Id. K A. B, The Push to Private Religious Expression: Are We Missing Some-

thing?, 7 Fordham L. Rev. 47, 6 ().6 S F I. S. D. . D, 3 U.S. 9, 97 ().7 Id. 96-98.8 Id. 3.9 Id. 3 (j

R . R V U. V., U.S. 89 (99) ).

6 Id. 34.6 Id. 3.6 Id. 3-6.63 Id. 3.64 Id. 37.

6 Id. 38.66 Id. 39 ( ).67 Id. ( ).68 Id. 39-.


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69 Id. 33.7 K K L L, The Establishment Clause: A Survey o Recent Re-

ligious Cases Decided Within the Sixth Circuit, 9 N. Ky. L. Rev. 73, () (-

S F I. S. D. . D, 3 U.S. 9 ()); see also F MG, Religions, Fragmentations, and Doctrinal Limits, Wm. & Mary Bill Rts.J. ,4 (6) ( , - f z C , .).

7 D . D . W C S. S., 64 F. S. 766, 79-98, 8-3(M.D. T. 8) ( F A - - , , -

, - - ).

7 49 F. S. 98 (D. M. 3).73 Id. 7 ( ) ( ).74 484 U.S. 6 (988).7 49 F. S. 876 6 F. S. 897 (W. D. M. ).77 Id. 97, 9.78 Id. 9.79 393 U.S. 3 (969).

8 Daugherty, 6 F. S. 9 ( ).8 8 F.3 9 (9 C. ).8 Id. .7.83 Id. .84 Id. 3.8 Id. See generally D H, One Nation Under God: Freedom o Religion In

Schools and Extracurricular Athletic Events in the Opening Years o the New Millen-

nium, 8 Whittier L. Rev. 37 ().86 F.3 33, 33 ( C. ) ( ).87 Id. 336 ( S F I. S. D. . D, 3 U.S. 9, 3 ()).88 Alder, F.3 336, 337.89 Id. 336.9 Id. 337-38.9 Id. 337.9 Id. 338.93 Id. 339.94 Id.9 3 F.3 33 ( C. ).96 Id. 3.97 Id. 36.98 7 F.3 4 ( C.99).

99 Id. 46 ( B . A, 96 F. 66, 73 ( C. 99) ( [] )).

See also B . S. D. T. O E. B, 3 F.3 3, 6-68, 74


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9 A M L T .

(3 C. 8) ( - E C

); J . D C S. D., 86 F. 84, 88-33 ( C. 989)( - );D . A I. S. D., 63 F. S. 883, 88-88 (S.D. T. 98) ( - G).

P C. K, Lets Bring Religion Into the Public Schools and Respect the ReligionClauses, 49 U. Kan. L. Rev. 593, 67-8 () ( ). See alsoG F L B, Applying the First Amendment to Prayer in a Public Uni-versity Locker Room: An Athletes and Coachs Perspective, 4 Marq. Sports L. J. 3(994).

U.S.C. 47() (9). F - E A A,

C 3.3 See, e.g., C . N Y, 998 WL 969, * (S.D.N.Y. A. , 998) (-

S).4 47 U.S. 38 (98). See supra. S . T. H S. D. 94 F. S. 98, 99 (N.D. I. J. , 9).

A Wallace v. Jaree, - -- C M . See, e.g., W. W V B. E., 6 F. S. 69, 7-73, 7-77 (S.D. W.V. 98)( - -- F A C - J -

).6 F , C 6.

End Notes - Chapter Three U.S.C. 47 (9). T EAA

. F ,seeLambs Chapel v. Center Moriches Union Free School District, 8 U.S. 384 (993),

. U.S.C. 47().3 U.S.C. 47().4 4 U.S.C. 983 (9). See, e.g., G-S A . S. B., 477 F. S.

46, 49- (S.D. F. 7) ( S983 EAA).

See inra S 6 .6 994 F. 6, 6-6, 64 ( C. 993).7 994 F. 64 ( B. E. . M, 496 U.S. 6, -3 (99)).8 P . E B B. E., F.3 44, 46, 49 (3 C. 993) (-

47(),

EAA, - 47()(), A ). See generally D L, Eq

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