Religion the Complex Equation of Acceptance

7/23/2019 Religion the Complex Equation of Acceptance

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1

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]bl Abcgalooir/ tbl ^ri-Abcgalooir cgm itblr @l`dlrs ie Aiugajo/

]bl Ujal ‑Abcgalooir/ ^rie' Kc`ls Iocmjpi Hiocwiol/

Mlputy Ujal Abcgalooirs "Cacml`ja cgm Cm`jgjstrctjvl*/^rjgajpco Ieejalrs ie tbjs \gjvlrsjty cgm ie itblr Qjstlr Jgstjtutjigs/

@l`dlrs ie Qlgctl/

Mlcgs ie Ecauotjls cgm Blcms ie Mlpcrt`lgts/

^rielssirs/ Ziur Tiyco Bjfbglssls cgm Abjles/

@y Oirms/ Qpjrjtuco cgm ]l`pirco/

Cacml`ja cgm ^rielssjigco Aioolcfuls/

Qtcee cgm Qtumlgts ie \GCM cgm Itblr Jgstjtutjigs/

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Flgtol`lg ie tbl ^rlss/

Frlct Ocmjls cgm Flgtol`lg'



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J'3 Dcahfriugm

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tbjs :tb mcy ie Mlal`dlr ti fjvl tbjs jgcufurco olaturl/ tbl slaigm eri` tbl Ecauoty

ie Crts/ Mlpcrt`lgt ie Tlojfjius Qtumjls/ cetlr c drlch ie eiurtllg ylcrs cs tbl ejrst

wcs fjvlg jg @crab 3::<' @cgy tbjgfs/ rlojfjius cgm itblrwjsl ‑ bcvl abcgflm

mrc`ctjacooy wjtbjg tbl tj`l' Igl ie tbl `cgy abcgfls js tbl rctl ie priojelrctjig ie

Mlgi`jgctjigs cgm Tlojfjigs' "Kl`jrjyl/ 3::2a % m*

]bl rctl ie priojelrctjig ie glw Mlgi`jgctjigs cgm Tlojfjigs tbl wirom ivlr

js git igoy cocr`jgf cgm l`dcrrcssjgf/ dut js olcmjgf ti c blcvy miudt cs ti tbl

trutbeuoglss/ flgujglglss/ leelatjvlglss cgm priaoc`ctjig ie cgy ie tbl

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coo/ splchjgf jg tigfuls/ `jssjigcry catjvjtjls/ ivlr sj`pojajty ie ecjtbs/ wlcotb eir

coo/ prisplrjty tblioify cgm blcvy `ctlrjco caauùoctjig dy tbl olcmlrs ct tbl

lxplgsl ie tbljr trcpplm ir bcoe-jgeir`lm `l`dlrs' "Kl`jrjyl 3:2:*

Lxplrjlgals ct kijgt prifrc``ls/ wblrl coo tblsl mlgi`jgctjigs `llt sbiw

tbct c acsl gllms dl `cml/ cgm tbct jt gllms dl `cml urflgtoy/ eir wbct Tlojfjig

sbiuom dl' Jg `cgy lau`lgjaco `lltjgfs/ tbl bjfboy lìtjigco friups cowcys ello

tbct tbljr ìml "rlojfjius/ ocgfucfl/ prcylr ir wirsbjp* js tbl rjfbt cgm ùst dl

j`pislm ig itblr friups' Irmlr ie Qlrvjal crl ietlg oiusy ir gijsy cgm wjtb ojttol



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ir gi rlcsig ‑ tblioifjaco ir aigtl`pircry ‑ ti dcah suab irmlr' ]bjs acoos eir c

rltbjgh ig Tlojfjig# "Kl`jrjyl/ 3::2e*

@ist ugeirtugctl js tbl ecat tbct Tlojfjig js tbl igoy ejlom/ wblrl tbl

jgai`pltlgt js cooiwlm ti sloe-ojalgsl bjs)blr sloe cs wbctlvlr cgm cooiwlm ti eiio/

mlaljvl/ olcm ir `jsolcm tbl sj`pol ir olss `cturlm plipol' ]bl ocw ie tbl ocgm

pritlats tbl ìst eiiojsb ir jfgircgt plrsig jg cgy ai`ùgjty eri` dljgf iplrctlm

upig dy c acrplgtlr' "Kl`jrjyl * ]bl ocw rlqujrls ai`pltlgal jg surflry

dleirl tbl jgmjvjmuco acg plreir` suab c elct acoolm iplrctjig' Dut Tlojfjig cooiws

cgydimy ti aocj`-crrifctl cgy piwlr cgm ecgtcsy ti bj` ir blrsloe/ aioolat cgy

friup ie plipol cgm eir` c rlojfjius irfcgjsctjig#

\gcvijmcdoy/ Tlojfjig bcs aigvlgjlgtoy dlai`l tbl igoy ejlom wblrl tbl

ugsabiiolm/ ugtcufbt/ jgai`pltlgt/ sloe-csslrtlm/ sloe-frcmuctlm / sloe-ojalgslm/

sloe-acgigjzlm cgm sloe-kustjejlm js cooiwlm ti prcatjsl jg tbl gc`l ie fim"9* tblrldy

`chjgf c qucrh/ sbc`l cgm `lss/ je git c ai`poltl gigslgsl"9*/ ie tbljr si

mlsjfgctlm fim# "Kl`jrjyl/ 3::2e*

Jt js gitlwirtby ti scy tbct cgy wbiojstja cgm aigsjstlgt Fim ir fim wjoo git

kust fjvl tbl cdjojty cgm hgiwolmfl-ai`pltlgal-jg `lmjajgl/ pbysjas/ Erlgab/

acrplgtry/ `labcgjas cgm aiihjgf ti kust cgydimy# ]bly gllm trcjgjgf eir

ai`pltlgay jg tblsl ejloms' Eir plr`jssjig/ ai`pltlgal cgm ojalgsl jg tblsl trcmls

c alrtjejactjgf dimy ùst caarlmjt olvlo ie ai`pltlgal/ blgal qucojejactjig' Quab



5

dimjls crl ]rcml @cstlr Aiugajos "Oiaco ir foidco/ l'f' ]cjoir‚s Cssiajctjig eir

slwjgf/ Gjflrjcg @lmjaco Cssiajctjig eir `lmjajgl/ Gursjgf cgm @jmwjelry

Aiugajo eir Gursjgf/ AITLG eir lgfjgllrs*' Dut jg Tlojfjig cgyigl acg wchl up

cgm sloe-ojalgsl bj`)blrsloe wjtb ecduoius tjtol"s* cgm ivlreoiwjgf ridls# Jg tbl

ai`polx rlsuotcgt sjtuctjig tbl mjsairmcgt tugl ie ‟tcx tbl Aburabls‐ cgm ‟Ziu

bcvl gi kurjsmjatjig ivlr Aburabls‐ js igoy gir`co/ lxplatlm cgm ti aigtjgul ugtjo

wbct tbl gir` eir Tlojfjig ‑ cs c prielssjig ‑ js slt' "Kl`jrjyl/ 3::2m*

@ist mjsturdjgf js wblg tblsl sloe-styolm/ gig-crtjauoctl Tlojfjigjsts/ stcrt

dc`diizojgf plipol wjtb ercumuolgt aocj`s ojhl ‟Ziu crl tcohjgf eri` bu`cg

hgiwolmfl‐ cgm tbct ‟yiu mi git bcvl tbl Bioy Qpjrjt‐ lta' "Kl`jrjyl/ 3:2:* ]bjs

olaturl js/ tblrleirl/ c acoo ti dcsjas' Jt js c acoo tbct si`l eugmc`lgtco qulstjigs dl

cshlm' Jt js c acoo tbct csslrts tbct lxplrjlgal ie cgy plrsig js cs vcojm cs tbct ie cgy

itblr plrsig ig lcrtb cs jt js tbl wirm ie igl plrsig cfcjgst cgitblr' Jt js c acoo tbct

cgy mlaljt/ rlfcrmolss ie tbl aivlrjgf aoich ie ‟c ecjtb‐ dl rleutlm' Jt js c acoo tbct

tbl biw ie Tlojfjig dl wloo hgiwg/ tcufbt/ mjsplgslm cgm l`drcalm' ]bl qulstjigs

ie biw cgm wby ùst dl cmlquctloy cgswlrlm jg coo tbljr rc`jejactjigs/ jgaoumjgf

tbl usl ie lìtjig/ aojabês cgm ugmltlr`jgcdol lxplrjlgals ie vcful csslrtjigs'

]blsl crl pcrt ie tbl ai`polxjtjls ie Tlojfjig'

Tlojfjius rloctjigs ùst ìvl eri` ‟tiolrcgal‐ ti ‟euoo caalptcgal‐

rlfcrmolss ie sloe-kustjejactjig/ sloe-pjty/ slgtj`lgts/ sloe-cffrcgmjzl`lgt cgm



6

sudtol/ bjmmlg dut ugspihlg wjsb ie prlelrlgal eir igl‚s vlrsjig ie Tlojfjig'

]blsl crl pcrts ie tbl ai`polxjtjls jg tbl stumy ie Virom Tlojfjigs' "Kl`jrjyl/

4>>1d*

Eir cabjlvjgf tbl fico ie prlslgtjgf Tlojfjig cs tbl ai`polx lquctjig ie

caalptcgal dltwllg `cg/ Fim-fims cgm `ctlrjcos/ tbjs olaturl ejrst oiihlm jgti tbl

mjsajpojgl acoolm Tlojfjius Qtumjls wblrl rlolvcgt mlejgjtjigs crl fjvlg' ]bl slaigm

lxc`jglm abcrcatlrjstjas cgm priplrtjls ie Tlojfjig' Blrl jssuls ie Tlojfjig jg tbl

ceecjrs ie `cg crl trlctlm' ]bjrm js tbl jssul ie pridol`s wjtbjg Tlojfjig'

Tlai``lgmctjigs crl tblg fjvlg cs tbl eiurtb pcrt ie tbl olaturl' Aigaousjig cgm

Cahgiwolmfl`lgt riugmlm up tbl olaturl'

J'4 ]bl Mjsajpojgl acoolm Tlojfjius Qtumjls

Qi`l jssuls tbct crl aivlrlm jg tbl stumy ie rlojfjig jgaouml

Jgtlrprltctjigs/ rlprlslgtctjigs/ `jsjgtlrprltctjigs cgm `jsrlprlslgtctjigs jg

Tlojfjig "Kl`jrjyl/ 3:21*

Abijal ie wirms/ scarlm tlxts/ ocgfucfl stumy ‑ Frllh/ Bldrlw/ Octjg/

Crcdja

Tlprlslgtctjig ie catjigs)cats)ie itblrs suab cs Chcrc ig frcvl cgm eoiwlr ig

ti`ds ‑ `lìrjco

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2

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Jmios ir jaigs9 Mlojdlrctl put miwg# "Tlgwjah/ 3:<2*

Tlojfjig cs c `lcgs ie lgsocvl`lgt

@cgy ejloms ie stumy - Cacml`ja/ bjstiry/ siajioify/ pbjoisipby/ tlxtuco

stumjls/ tblioify/ ai`pcrctjvl stumjls/ lta

^lipol git iplg ti rlcsig vlrsus slgtj`lgt cgm lìtjigcojs`

Jssul ie ajvjojzctjig/ iom tj l̀ tjoo giw/ cgm c j̀oojig itblr jssuls' Coo tblsl

sbiw tbct Tlojfjius Qtumjls jgviovl `cgy tipjas/ crlcs cgm aivlr coìst coo

csplats ie bu`cg ojel' Biw tbl cttl`pt js ti dl eiauslm9 Crlcs ie pissjdol

splajcojzctjig crl ìrl tbcg eiur bugmrlms wjtbjg Tlojfjius Qtumjls cgm tbl

gu`dlr jgarlcsls ct cg cocr`jgf rctl'



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JJ' MLEJGJ]JIGQ;

3' Tlojfjig;

]blrl crl `cgy cttl`pts ct mlejgjgf tbl wirm Tlojfjig tbl wirom ivlr'

Cttl`pts bcvl dllg `cml eri` tbl cgfols ie pbjoisipby/ siajioify/ cgtbripioify/

bu`cgjtjls/ djioifjaco sajlgals cgm aiugtolss itblr erigts miwg tbl cfls' "Kl`jrjyl

% Lgjioc/ 4>><* Jmiwu jg bjs prlc`dol jg tbl cttl`pt ti mlejgl Tlojfjig writl;

Dy giw/ lvlrydimy wbi js slrjiusoy lgfcflm jg tbl stumy

ie Tlojfjig bcs dllg aigvjgalm tbct ti cttl`pt c mlejgjtjigie Tlojfjig js cg coìst j`pissjdol/ je git cotifltblrj`pissjdol tcsh; cgm lvlry slrjius sabiocr js ig tbl vlrflie fjvjgf up tbl tcsh' "Jmiwu/ 3:65*'

Jmiwu wlgt eurtblr dy wrjtjgf;

K' D' ^rctt rlpirt; ^rielssir Oludc lgu`lrctls eirty-ljfbtmlejgjtjigs ie Tlojfjig eri` cs `cgy frlct `lg "cgmloslwblrl cmms twi ie bjs iwg/ cppcrlgtoy ti ejoo iut tbllvlg bcoe-bugmrlm*' Dut tbl strjhjgf tbjgf cdiut tblslmlejgjtjigs js tbct/ plrsucsjvl cs `cgy ie tbl` crl/ lcabolcrglm miatir sll`s qujtl ugplrsucmlm dy cgy dut bjsiwg' Cgm wblg miatirs mjscfrll wbct crl tbl rlst ie usfijgf ti mi9 "Jmiwu/ 3:65*'

Cosi/ tbct gi aigslgsus ie ipjgjig lxjsts cìgf sabiocrs cs ti wbct Tlojfjig rlcooy

js bcs dllg suppirtlm dy ^rielssir Lrjvwi wbi bcs cptoy pijgtlm iut tbct/ ‟Tlojfjig

bcs si ecr mlejlm cgy prlajsl mlejgjtjig/ c mlejcgal tbct js plrbcps/ caaiugtlm eir dy

tbl abcgfjgf gcturl ie tbl sudklat' Jt bcs git `lcgt tbl sc`l tbjgf ti coo `lg# "Q'

\' Lrjvwi* "Jmiwu/ 3:65; *



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Lrjvwi wlgt eurtblr ti sbiw tbct ìrl tbcg ejety mlejgjtjigs ie Tlojfjig crl

corlcmy wrjttlg dy Jmiwu cgm tbl sudklat wcs git cmlquctloy mlejglm' ]bl cttl`pt

blrl js git ti rlprimual tbl `cgy mlejgjtjigs ie Jmiwu ir Lrjvwi/ dut ti su``crjsl

tbct Tlojfjig ti c ocrfl lxtlgt js tbl ì`lgt dy ì`lgt aigsajiusglss ie cgy

plrsig tbct js riitlm jg tbl dlojle jg c Quprl`l Dljgf ‑ Fim ‑ rlsuotjgf jg tbl

titcojty ie tbct plrsig‚s catjig/ dlbcvjiurs cgm uttlrcgals'

Jmiwu aolcroy lxprlsslm tbl aoislglss ie Tlojfjig cgm ojel wblg bl writl

cdiut tbl Zirúdã tbus;

]bl hlygitl ti tbljr ojel js tbljr Tlojfjig' Jg coo tbjgfstbly crl rlojfjius' Tlojfjig eir`s tbl eiugmctjig cgm tblcoo-fivlrgjgf prjgajpol ie ojel eir tbl`' Cs ecr cs tbly crlaigalrglm/ tbl euoo rlspigsjdjojty ie coo tbl ceecjrs ie ojeldloigfs ti tbl Mljty8 tbljr iwg pcrt jg tbl `cttlr js ti mics tbly crl irmlrlm tbriufb tbl prjlsts cgm mjvjglrs wbi`tbly dlojlvl ti dl tbl jgtlrprltlrs ie tbl wjoo ie tbl Mljty

"Jmiwu/ 3:54*'

Vjtb tbl cdivl/ Jmiwu bcs aolcroy mlìgstrctlm tbl jgtlr-rloctlmglss ie Tlojfjig

cgm tbl ojel ie tbl Zirúdã/ tbus tbl rloctlmglss ti Zirúdã ocgfucfl cgm Zirúdã

auoturl' Jg irmlr wirms Tlojfjig cs lxprlsslm usls ocgfucfl cgm tbl rlsuot js tbl ojel

ie tbl plipol tbct uotj`ctloy aigmlgsls ti eir` tbljr auoturl' "Kl`jrjyl/ 4>>= %

4>><c*

Igl sjml-jssul ti aigsjmlr blrl js wbltblr tbl eiaus sbiuom dl ‟Tlojfjig‐ ir

‟Tlojfjigs‐' Acg tbl Cerjacg Tlojfjig "jg Gjflrjc eir lxc`pol* dl `lrflm wjtb tbl

eirljfg igls ojhl Abrjstjcgjty cgm Jsoc 9̀ "Kl`jrjyl/ 4>>5c* Eir tbl purpisl ie tbjs



33

wrjtjgf/ coo rlojfjius lxplrjlgals ie `cghjgm wjoo dl rlfcrmlm cs igl jg tbl slgsl

tbct tbljr leelat ig ocgfucfl cgm blgal auoturl crl aoisloy sj`jocr' Cs Cwiocou cptoy

puts jt/

J mlojdlrctloy splch ie Cerjacg Tlojfjig "cgm gitTlojfjigs* lvlg tbiufb Cerjac js c ocrfl aigtjglgt wjtbùotjtumls ie gctjigs/ ai`polx auoturls/ jggu`lrcdolocgfucfls cgm `yrjcm ie mjcolats' Jg spjtl ie coo tblslmjeelrlgals tblrl crl `cgy dcsja sj`jocrjtjls jg tblrlojfjius systl`s ie tbl Cerjacgs' "Cwiocou/ 3:6:*'

]bus tbjs olaturl wjoo dl oiihjgf ìrl ct ‟Tlojfjig‐ lvlg tbiufb lxc`pols eir

aigsjmlrctjig wjoo ai`l eri` mjeelrlgt eir`s ie Tlojfjigs/ dut ìstoy ie Zirúdã

]rcmjtjigco Tlojfjig "Z]T*'

]blsl bcvl dllg quitlm si cs ti sbiw tbct tbl cttl`pt ti mlejgjgf Tlojfjig js gi

abjom‚s pocy' ]bct jt js mjeejauot sbiuom git sacrl cgy slrjius `jgmlm plrsig cwcy

biwlvlr' ]bl cttl`ptlm mlejgjtjig blrl fjvlg js tblrleirl c su``ctjig ie vcrjius

jmlcs cs aioolatlm cgm rlstruaturlm dy Kl`jrjyl'

Tlojfjig js ti si`l/ c systl` ie ecjtb cgm wirsbjp wjtb cdsioutl rjfbts/

wrigfs/ gi ai`pri`jsl cgm titcojty' "Dlrry/ 3:5=; *' Jg cgitblr/ Tlojfjig js

prltlgal sbriumlm jg mlaljt/ jfgircgal/ sloe-mlslrtjig/ cvijmcgal/ rlolfctjig cgm gi

cutblgtja aocj`s' Jt js cg ipju` ie tbl plipol/ cg jgectuctlm ecgtcsy' Jg c ìrl

sj`pol dut flglrco slttjgf/ Tlojfjig js tbl bu`cg qulst eir Fim' Jt js tbl slcrab eir/

ir rlspigsl ti Fim/ fim/ Fims/ fims/ FIM ir FIMQ dy `lg' ]bl aigtlgt/ eir`

cgm prcatjal ie tbl qulst "acoolm Tlojfjig* js mlsjfglm/ mjrlatlm/ mlojvlrlm/ mjvlrtlm



34

cgm mlrcjolm dy `cg bj`sloe "Kl`jrjyl/ 3::5; *' Tlojfjig jgaoumls rlvlrlgal/ pjlty/

plrsigco ai``jt`lgt cgm slrvjgf Fim/ fim/ Fims/ fims/ FIM ir FIMQ wjtb

wirsbjpeuo mlvitjig' Jt jgaoumls aigmuat jg caairm wjtb mjvjgl ai``cgms lsplajcooy

cgm dlojlvlm dy jgmjvjmucos' Jt js c systl` ir systl`s ie ecjtb cgm wirsbjp jg jts

`cgy ecals ojhl tbl spjrjtuco/ irfcgjsctjigco/ ejgcgajco cgm bjlrcrabjaco' Jt js tbl

prielssjigco prcatjal ir aigvjatjig ie tbl lxjstlgal ie Quprl`l Dljgf ir dljgfs ir

ie suplrgcturco piwlrs ir jgeoulgals aigtrioojgf `cg‚s bu`cgjty/ gcturl ir mlstjgy'

Tlojfjig js c acusl/ prjgajpol ir systl` ie tlglts blom wjtb crmiur/ mlvitjig/

aigsajlgtjiusglss cgm ecjtb' Jt js c vcoul ie suprl`l j`pirtcgal jg ojel/ mlctb cgm

dlyigm' "Friivl 3:63*'

Jg lxc`jgjgf tbl cttjtuml ie plipol jg rurco lgvjrig`lgts/ si`l acg dl

mlsarjdlm cs ‒Tlojfjigcry‚ tbct js tbljr viactjig js Tlojfjig wbjol itblrs crl

‒Tlojfjiglr‚ ir Tlojfjigjst' ]bl Tlojfjigjst js lcrglstoy mlvitlm cgm cttcablm ti

Tlojfjig' Jg c slgsl tbl Tlojfjigjst aiuom coìst dl rlfcrmlm cs c zlcoit ir ecgctja'

Jg cgitblr slgsl tbl cttjtuml ie si`l ie tbl plipol jg tbl rurco lgvjrig`lgts acg dl

acoolm ‟rlojfjisl‐ ‑ cs lxalssjvloy/ idtrusjvloy ir)cgm slgtj`lgtcooy rlojfjius

"Cmloiwi/ 3::<Jgcufurco olaturl*' ]blsl eir` wbct wiuom dl acoolm pcrt ie tbljr

rlojfjius auoturl'

Itblr sabiocrs jg vcrjius mjsajpojgls bcvl mlejglm Tlojfjig eri` tbljr

plrsplatjvls' Qi`l crl; Cocg @lgzjls slls Tlojfjig ‟cs tbl wirsbjp ie bjfblr

piwlrs eri` tbl slgsl ie gllm‐' Qaboljlr`cablr slls tbl lsslgal ie Tlojfjigs ‟cs



31

tbl ellojgf ie cdsioutl mlplgmlgal'‐ Hcro @cx mlejgls jt cs ‟tbl ipju` ie tbl

plipol'‐ @cx @uoolr mlejgls Tlojfjig ‟cs c `lgtco ecauoty ir mjspisjtjig wbjab

jgmlplgmlgt ie rlcsig/ lgcdols `cg ti cpprlblgm tbl jgejgjtl ugmlr mjeelrlgt gc`ls

cgm vcryjgf fujsls'‐ "Kl`jrjyl % Lgjioc/ 4>></ 1-:/ Aiblg/ 4>>1 dloigfs blrl cs

wloo*'

Jg cg jgaousjvl stctl`lgt/ tbl @crjcg Vldstlr Glw Jgtlrgctjigco Mjatjigcry

mlejgls Tlojfjigs ‟cs tbl iutwcrm crt ir eir` dy wbjab `lg jgmjactl tbljr

rlaifgjtjig ie tbl lxjstlgal ie c fim ir ie fims bcvjgf piwlr ivlr tbljr mlstjgy/ ti

wbi` idlmjlgal/ slrvjal/ cgm bigiur crl mul/ tbl ellojgf ir lxprlssjig ie bu`cg

oivl/ elcr ir cwl ie si`l suplr bu`cg cgm ivlr-ruojgf piwlr/ wbltblr dy

prielssjig ie dlojle/ dy idslrvcgal ie rjtls cgm alrlìgjls ir dy tbl aigmuat ie

ojel'‐ "Fivl/ 3:65/ Uio' JJ/ 3:32*

]cyoir "3263* mlejgls Tlojfjig ‟cs c dlojle jg spjrjtuco dljgfs'‐ Dloocb "3:6>*

slls Tlojfjigs ‟cs c slt ie sy`dioja eir`s cgm cats tbct rloctl `cg ti tbl uotj`ctl

aigmjtjigs ie bjs lxjstlgal' Vjoojc` Kc`ls mlejgjtjig ie Tlojfjig cs ‟ … tbl

ellojgfs/ cats cgm lxprlssjigs ie jgmjvjmuco `lg jg tbljr siojtuml si ecr cs tbly

cpprlblgm tbl`slovls ti stcgm jg rloctjig ti wbctlvlr tbly aigsjmlr tbl mjvjgl‐

cgitblr iutoiih' "Kl`jrjyl % Lgjioc/ 4>><8 itblr diihs tbct dloigf blrl crl @irrjs

3:5=/ @irrjs/ 3:65/ Q`crt 3:51/ Q`jtb 3:<2/ Vctab/ 3::>/ Oc`jm 3:<6 cgm

]ruldoiim/ 3:<6*'



3=

Lvlry mlejgjtjig uotj`ctloy j`pojls tblirjls ie rlcojty cgm jgmjactls tbl pocal

tbct Tlojfjig sbiuom biom jg tbl wirom ie ojel cgm tbiufbt' Jg flglrco/ tbl mlejgjtjigs

crl c vcoucdol aigtrjdutjig ti `cg‚s aigalptjig ie Tlojfjig' Jg aigtl`pircry

tj`ls/ l`pbcsjs bcs dllg ig tbl eugatjigs ie Tlojfjig' Cttl`pts jg tbjs rlfcrm bcvl

driufbt cdiut c glw rcgfl ie lxpocgctjigs ig Tlojfjig' ]blsl lxpocgctjigs acg

dlttlr dl aocssjejlm cs eugatjigco cgm sudstcgtjvl mlejgjtjigs'

Tlojfjig bcs tbus dllg mlejglm ai`prlblgsjvloy cdivl cs ti aivlr pissjdol

splatru` ie rlojfjius lxpisurl cgm lxplrjlgals tbct wiuom dl gllmlm jg csslssjgf

Tlojfjig ‑ lsplajcooy jg tlr`s ie ocgfucfl/ eugatjig/ sudstcgal cgm auoturl' C

acrleuo stumy ie tbl mlejgjtjig ie Tlojfjig cdivl/ biwlvlr/ sbiws tbct tblrl js c

pcttlrg wjtbjg tbl oits ie mlejgjtjigs' J bcvl cttl`ptlm ti su` jt up tbus; Tlojfjig

`lcgs c tbrll pijgt jssul ir pblgi`lgig C/ D cgm A/ wblrl C js rloctlm ti A

tbriufb D' C js c plrsig ir dljgf/ D js c eir` ie rloctjig ojhl dlojle/ aigmuat/ ecjtb/

trust/ lta' cgm A js c suplr dljgf/ Fim ir fim'

Eugatjig

C D A

Ejfurl 3; Mlejgjgf Tlojfjig jg aigejfurctjig



3<

Jg itblr wirms Tlojfjig js C eugatjig D ti A' ]bjs js Kl`jrjyl‚s mlejgjtjig tbct

cttl`pts ti sj`pojey tbl `cgy oigf-wjgmlm lxprlssjigs acoolm mlejgjtjig ie

Tlojfjig' "]bl sjfgs uslm crl ie gi euoo fli`ltrja jmlgtjty'* "Kl`jrjyl/ 4>>1d *

JJ'4 ]bl Quplroctjvl ‒Oj`jtolss‚ Fim

^cuo fcvl c ai`prlblgsjvl mlsarjptjig ie Fim jg tblsl wirms;

Ib/ wbct c wigmlreuo "`crvlooius* Fim wl bcvl# Biw

frlct crl bjs wjsmi` cgm hgiwolmfl cgm rjabls# Biwj`pissjdol jt js eir us ti ugmlrstcgm bjs mlajsjigs cgm bjs`ltbims# Eir wbi cìgf us acg hgiw tbl `jgm ie tblOirm9 Vbi hgiws lgiufb ti dl bjs aiugslooir cgmfujml9 Cgm wbi aiuom ieelr ti tbl Oirm lgiufb tijgmual bj` ti cat9 Eir lvlrytbjgf ai`ls eri` Fimcoigl' Lvlrytbjgf ojvls dy bjs piwlr cgm lvlrytbjgf jseir bjs foiry' ]i wbi` dl foiry lvlrìrl' "Ti c̀gs 33;11-15/ ]bl Ojvjgf Djdol ^crcpbrcslm ' ]ygmcol Biuslûdojsblrs/ Vblctig/ Joojgijs/ 3:64*'

Lvlg wblg tbl oj`jts crl mlsarjdlm jg tbl suplroctjvl/ wjtb iplg lgms/

csy`ptitls cgm jgejgjtjls/ tbly coo stjoo eir` tbl aigalpts ie pcrtjauocr lxprlssjig ‑

j`pislm oj`jts ie si`l plauojcr typl' ]bus/ jt aiuom dl acoolm tbl ‟oj`jts‐ ie tbl

‟oj`jtolss‐ Fim'

^sco` 3: mlaocrlm tbl cwlsi`lglss ie Fim/ bjs Foiry/ cats/ dljgf/ purjty/

ai`prlblgsjvlglss/ bjs jgmlsarjdcdjojty/ plmcfifjaco gcturl/ suplr aigtrio/

pritlatjig cgm mlojvlrcgal/ dut cfcjg coo tblsl aigalpts crl tbl oj`jts j`pislm ig

tbjs Fim dy tbl ^sco`jst#



35

Mjsaussjgf priplrtjls/ cttrjdutls/ oj j̀ts ie Fim bcvl dllg jgtlrlstjgf' Eiur

pcsscfls cdiut Fim jg Djdol crl lxc`pols/ dut tbly ietlg lgm up wjtb `cg pocyjgf

Fim ir ai`pisjgf Fim ir slttjgf tbl oj`jts ie Fim ti bj`sloe# Eri` tbl eiur

pcsscfls twi cmmjtjigco pijgts acg dl cmmlm'

3' ]bl Fim ie tbl Mlacoiful ‑ ocrfloy jg tbl ^lgtctluab ir tbl Blxctluab' Bl

js arlctir/ klcoius/ wcrrjir Fim; ‟Gi igl ojhl yiu/ `cklstja jg biojglss/

cwlsi`l jg foirjius mllms'‐ "@isls ‑ Lximus 3<; 33*'

4' ]bl ìgcrabjaco aigalpt ie Fim ‑ J Hfs 32; 43/ =>/ =5'

1' ]bl ^sco`jst Fim ‑ ^sco` 3:

=' ]bl ^cuojgl Fim Ti` 33; 11-15'

Fim js coo-wjsl v' 11

Fim js coo-hgiwjgf ‑ v' 1=

Fim js coo sueejajlgt ‑ v' 1<

"Iur Mcjoy Drlcm / @cy 1>/ 4>>:'*

<' ]bl spllabolssglss ie `cg jg mlsarjdjgf Fim euooy sbiws tbl uotj`ctl oj`jt

ie `cg‚s cdjojty ti mlsarjdl)pocy Fim#

5' ]bl pridol` ie gi`lgaocturl eir tbl Fim-fims ‑ ìgitbljs`/ pioytbljs`/

mlsarjptjvl gc`ls ir priplr gc`ls crl ugmlrstcgmjgfs ‑ rleolatjigs - cdiut

Fim‚s catjvjtjls `cg‚s jgtlrprltctjig ie Fim‚s bcgmy wirhs'



36

Fim c pitlgtctl ie tj`l

Cfcjg pcrt ie tbl priplrtjls ie Fim dy si`l jgaouml

- C sivlrljfg/ c ìgcrab

- Cg cgijgtlm `cklsty cgm

- Igl wbi mils git sllh cppijgt`lgt ir rug eir lolatjig

- Jgleecdoy ‑leecdol/ acpcdol ie dljgf lxprlsslm

- Fim jgleecdoy sudoj`l

Dut tblsl crl cgtbripiìrpbja ocgfucfl rlolvcgt ti tbl mlaocrcgt igoy

JJ'1 Mlejgjgf tbl Fim-fims

]bl ai`djgctjig ie tbl copbcdlt F/ I/ M/ cgm Q bcvl fjvlg rjsl ti jgarlmjdol

cìugt ie vcrjlm aigalpts/ tlgsjigs/ catjigs cgm rlsuots jg tbl lgtjrl bjstiry ie

`cg‚s wirom' ]bl abijals cvcjocdol jgaouml sjx `ckir eir`s ‑ Fim/ Fims/ FIM/

FIMQ/ fim/ fims cgm c ai`djgctjig ojhl Fim-fims' ]bl abijal eir tbl usl ie cgy

ir coo ie tbl vcrjctjigs js c `cttlr ie j`pojlm `lcgjgfs put jg lcab wirm cgm styol'

"Kl`jrjyl 3::2/ 4>>>c/ 4>>4d/ tblsl wrjtjgfs crl ie jgtlrlst jg tbjs rlco` ie Fim;

Digbileelr 3:55/ Lplfc 3:13/ Bjah 3:66/ Kl`jrjyl 3::6c/ Hcvcgcufb 3:6>/

Tidjgsig 3:5</ Tidjgsig % Mcvjm 3:51/ Qiuoig 3:65/ Vjoìrl 3:6:/ Virom

Aiugajo ie Aburabls 3::=/ Virom Djdol ûdojsblrs/ 3:45*'

C tblioifjaco ugmlrstcgmjgf tbct wjoo git igoy `chl aolcr tbl `lcgjgf cgm

uscfls dut wjoo dl ai`prlblgsjvl cgm caalptcdol ti coo-Tlojfjigs/ bu`cg cgm



32

mjsajpojgl js tblrleirl mul wiromwjml' ]bl cttl`pt blrl tblrleirl/ js ti lxc`jgl tbl

Fim-fims aigalpt wjtbjg c s`coo slttjgf ie tbl wirom plipols ‑ ]bl Zirúdã/ cs cg

jgolt eir itblr plipol ig tbl Fim-fims aigalpts'

]bl `ckir pridol` jg jgtlrprltjgf Zirúdã aigalpt ie Fim cgm fims js igl ie

ugmlrstcgmjgf tbl rloctjigs dltwllg tbl Fim cgm tbl fims ‑ biw js tbl Fim rloctlm

ti tbl fims9 Js tbl tjl ie tbl Fim-fims igl dltwllg lqucos/ mlplgmcgts ir ugrloctlm

lgtjtjls9 Jg siovjgf tbl rjmmol/ aigsjmlrjgf coo csplats ie tbl Zirúdã aigalpt ie Fim

cgm fims dlai`ls ugcvijmcdol' ]bl fico js ti ugmlrstcgm tbjs rloctjigsbjp dltwllg

tbl Fim cgm fims' ]bjs fico acoos eir leeirts ti l`poiy tbl ìst cppriprjctl tlr`s

jg mlsarjdjgf tbl Fim-fims aigalpt cgm ti drjmfl "wblrl pissjdol* tbl vcrjcgal cgm

fcps jg tbl `cgy prlslgt mjvlrflgt tlr`s' ]bl Zirúdã bcvl aigalpt ie Quprl`l

Fim cgm fims cgm aocrjeyjgf tbl rloctjig js tbl tcsh' "Kl`jrjyl/ 4>>5c/ Kl`jrjyl %

Cwisusj 4>>6c*'

]bl fims crl eugatjigco cr`s ie tbl Fim/ cgm bcvjgf scjm tbct igl js ecalm

wjtb tbl pridol` ie mlejgjgf wbct lxcatoy js `lcgt dy fims/ cgm dy eugatjigco cr`'

]blsl wjoo giw dl oiihlm jgti jg mltcjo' C `ckir pridol` jg tbjs slatjig js flttjgf

cg cfrll`lgt ig wbct tblsl idklats ie aigsjmlrctjig crl ti dl acoolm' Qbiuom tbly

dl ‟Fim/ J`col ir Ôrïsî‐/ fims/ jgtlr`lmjcrjls/ jgtlr`lmjcry fims/ mjvjgjtjls ir

spjrjts/ mljtjls/ cgalstirs/ `lmjc/ spjrjts/ gcturl Fims ir sj`pol Ôrïsî9 Ojhl jg tbl

acsl ie Fim cdivl/ lcab gc`l olcms ti mjeelrlgt tblioifjaco pisjtjig/ tbus `chjgf

tbl abijal ie gc`l vlry j`pirtcgt/ mjeejauot cgm ai`polx'' Dcsai`‚s vcrjlm gc l̀s



3:

uslm eir tbjs friup jgaouml Ldirc/ Ldurc/ Jìol cgm Ôrïsî' "Kl`jrjyl/ 3:21* Jt ùst

dl scjm tbct tblsl tlr`s crl uslm dy mjeelrlgt wrjtlrs ti rlelr ti c actlfiry ie idklats

ie wirsbjp tbct crl git tbl Quprl`l Fim' ]blsl idklats ie wirsbjp flt rlojfjius/

alrlìgjius ir oiyco mlvitjig cgm wirsbjp eri` tbl Zirúdã' ]blsl tlr s̀ crl

flglrcooy uslm jgtlrabcgflcdoy wjtbiut ùab euss' ]i tbl cvlrcfl Zirúdã/

wbctlvlr `jfbt dl tbl mjeelrlgal jg tbl tlr`s crl mlejgjtloy git tbl `cjg aigalrg ir

idstcaol ti bjs ugmlrstcgmjgf ie wbct tbly `lcg'

]bl cppricab blrl js ti tchl c plreir`ctjvl ir eugatjigco "riol* gc`l tbct

dlst mlsarjdls tblsl idklats dljgf aigsjmlrlm' ]bjs blops ti aocrjey tbl sbcmls ie

jgtlrprltctjigs cgm `jsugmlrstcgmjgf tbct bcvl crjslg eri` tlr`jgioifjaco

aigeusjig/ cgm dltwllg wbctlvlr `jfbt dl tbl riols fjvlg ti tblsl idklats'

"Cwiocou 3:6:*

JJ'= Gu`dlr ie fims

Cg j`pirtcgt jssul jg aigsjmlrjgf tbl Zirúdã jgtlr`lmjcry fims js tbl

qulstjig cshlm dy ^rielssir Jmiwu ‑ ‟Biw `cgy crl tbl mjvjgjtjls‐9 "Jmiwu 3:54;

56* Hgiwjgf tbl gu`dlr `cy blop jg rloctjgf Z]T ti c ìgi/ mj/ trjcms/ ir pioy

tbljs`' Lplfc cmmrlsslm tbl gu`dlr jssuls tbus; ]blrl crl 4>> cgm =>> J̀ cols cgm

git 5>>' "Lplfc 3:63*

… J c̀ols hgiwg jg Zirúdã scarlm Tlojfjig' Vl wjooigoy splch ie tbl =>> ir =>3 J`cols' ]bl =>3 J`cols irÔrïsîs acoolm Fim ie tbl Cgajlgt Zirúdã plipol' "Lplfc/

3:63*



4>

Caairmjgf ti Lplfc/ tbl J`cols acggit dl su``lm up jg gu`dlr' ]bjs

`lcgs tbly bcvl mjeelrlgt dut uglquco lgtjtjls' Jt js tbjs uglquco lgtjtjls tbct c̀ml

bj` scy tblrl crl 4>> cgm =>> J`cols cgm git 5>> J`cols'

Cwiocou/ cmmrlssjgf tbl gu`dlr jssul writl;

]bl catuco gu`dlr ie tbl mjvjgjtjls js git lcsjoymltlr`jgcdol8 jt bcs vcrjiusoy dllg lstj`ctlm ti dl 4>>/4>3/ =>>/ =>3/ =5>/ 5>>/ 5>3/ 36>>/ ir lvlg ìrl/ Zirúdãocgm js vlry rjab jg tblsl mjvjgl dljgfs' "Cwiocou 3:6:*

Cwiocou sbiws tbct tbly crl `cgy cgm tbl pridol` ie hgiwjgf lxcat

gu`dlrs js mlejgjtloy git cs lcsy cs jt `cy cpplcr' Imuyiyl/ cppricabjgf tbjs jssul

eri` c pbjoioifjaco cgfol cshlm ‟…Mils tbjs `lcg igl tbiuscgm/ eiur bugmrlm cgm

eirty-eiur bugmrlm mjvjgjtjls9‐ "Imuyiyl/ 3:63*' Imuyiyl‚s qulstjig js uslm jg cg

jmji`ctja eir` rctblr tbcg cs c sj`pol gu`dlr lxprlssjig' Dcsai` mlejgjtloy

bloplm jg cgswlrjgf tbl qulstjig wblg bl writl; ]bl Zirúdã dlojlvl jg `cgy

mljtjls "Ldirc/ Ldurc/ Jìol/ Ôrïsî*/ tbl euoo gu`dlr glvlr bcvjgf dllg rlairmlm'

Qi`l scy tblrl crl <>> ir =>38 itblrs tbct tblrl crl 5>> ir 5>3/ cgm si`l lvlg

ìrl8 dut tblsl gu`dlrs crl igoy ejfurctjvl' "Dcsai`/ 3:5:; 66*'

^rielssir Jmiwu‚s lxpocgctjig ig tbjs sll`s ti dl ìst ai`prlblgsjvl cgm

aigaousjvl biwlvlr' Bl writl;

Vl hgiw tbct tbl gc`l ie tbl Ôrïsî js olfjig/ eir tbly crl`cgy' ]bl lxcat algsus ie tbl pcgtblig gi igl js giwcdol ti tloo' Vbctlvlr tbl irjfjgco sjfgjejacgal ie tbl

ejfurls/ tblrleirl/ tbly bcvl giw ai`l ti dl gi ìrl tbcg



43

sy`dioja ct tbl sc`l tj`l ie tbl pourcojty ie tbl Ôrïsî cgmtbl jgmlejgjtlglss ie tbljr gu`dlrs' Qi ti quitl cgy ie tblejfurls js giw igoy ‟c `cgglr ie splchjgf'‐ "Jmiwu/3:54*

]bjs js j`pirtcgt dlacusl jt `chls jt aolcr tbct tbl fims crl `cgy dut tbl

catuco gu`dlr `cy glvlr dl hgiwg ‑ 4>>/ =>>/ =>3/ 5>>/ 5>3 ir 36>> ‑ crl c

`cgglr ie splchjgf' ]bjs jgtlrprltctjig bcs dllg eiooiwlm dy `cgy Zirúdã dut

si`l itblrs jgsjst ig wbctlvlr gu`dlr sujts tbl`' Je tbl gu`dlrs crl igoy c

`cgglr ie splchjgf/ tbl prlajsl tlr`s ojhl ìgi/ mj/ trj/ trjcm ir lvlg pioy dlai`l

mjeejauot jg cppoyjgf ti Z]T fims' "Kl`jrjyl 3::3/ 3::6d/ 4>>>c/ 4>>>d*

Diitb‚s mjsaussjig ig pioytbljs` ir ìgitbljs` `chls jt aolcr tbct/ jt js

wbctlvlr eiaus js put ig/ tbct mlajmls wbltblr Zirúdã Fim-fims js ti dl acoolm

pioytbljs` ir ìgitbljs`' "Diitb 3:66; 365e*' ]bl l`pbcsjs aiuom dl ig

aigarltlglss ir uotj`cay/ ig Fim ir Ôrïsî/ ig tbl bu`cg olvlo ir ig tbl olvlo ie

Fim' Jt sll`s ìst ie tbl lcroy Abrjstjcg jgtlrprltlrs ie tbl Zirúdã Fim-fims

aigalpt wlrl rlcmy ti cppoy cgy tlr` dut ìgitbljs` ti Z]T/ wbjol octlr Zirúdã

jgtlrprltlrs sll` rlcmy ti cppoy gi itblr tlr` dut ìgitbljs` ti tbjs sc`l

aigalpt# Tlfcrmolss ie wbct js uslm jg qucojeyjgf tbl tlr` ìgitbljs`/ tbl mldctl

stjoo stcgms' "Kl`jrjyl/ 3::2c*

Igl js prigl ti csh wby tbl euss ig ìgitbljs` cgm wby tbl rlouatcgal ie

tbl lcroy Abrjstjcgs/ ir tbl lcflrglss ie tbl octlr Zirúdã jgtlrprltlrs ie Z]T/ ti

cppoy tbl tlr` ìgitbljs` ti tbl Zirúdã Fim-fims aigalpt9 Jmiwu mlejgjtloy



44

rleolatlm tbl bjfb tlgsjig ie wbltblr jt sbiuom dl pioytbljs` ir ìgitbljs` wblg

bl writl;

Cerjacg ]rcmjtjigco Tlojfjig acggit dl mlsarjdlm cspioytbljstja' Jts cppriprjctl mlsarjptjig js ìgitbljstja/biwlvlr ìmjejlm tbjs `cy dl/ tbl ìmjejactjig js/biwlvlr/ jglvjtcdol dlacusl ie tbl prlslgal ie itblrmjvjgl dljgfs wjtbjg tbl struaturl ie tbl Tlojfjig' "Jmiwu3:61*'

]bjs Jmiwu‚s pisjtjig puts cgy jgtlrprltctjig ie tbl Zirúdã Fim-fims

aigalpt tbct `chls jt pioytbljstja c `jsjgtlrprltctjig cgm c `jsrlprlslgtctjig ie tbl

Zirúdã Fim-fims aigalpt' Vbjol tbjs js ìrl ie tbl ‟bcoe-ejoolm ir bcoe-l`pty

focss‐/ jt aiuom dl scjm tbct tbl trlgm sjgal 3:<> sll`s ti dl c mleolatjig eri` tbl

usl ie tbl wirm pioytbljs` cgm c ìrl flglrius cppojactjig ie ìgitbljs` "jg cgy

ìmjejlm eir`* ti tbl Zirúdã Fim-fims aigalpt' "Kl`jrjyl/ 3::2c*

Jt wjoo sueejal blrl ti dl aigsajius ie tbl Zirúdã uscfl ie gu`dlr eir tbl

fims cs ejfurctjvl igoy' Cosi/ tbjs sbiws tbl rloctjig ie tbl fims ti tbl Fim js git

jg tlr`s ie ojtlrco gu`dlr' ]bl jssul js wbct mlsarjptjvl tlr s̀ cgm ocgfucfl abijal

crl caalptcdol ti tbl Zirúdã9



41

JJ'< MLQATJ^]JUL ]LT@Q CGM OCGF\CFL ABIJAL

<'3 Eirljfg cgm Iom Mlsarjptjvl Aigalpts

@ist ie tbl wrjtlrs tbct ecoo jgti tbjs friup "ìstoy eirljfglrs ti Z]T* trjlm

ti dl idklatjvl cgm ugmlrstcgmjgf jg tbljr lvcouctjig ie tbl Fim-fims jg Z]T'

]bljr frlctlst mjeejauoty js tbl ecat tbct tbly bcm ti abiisl wirm/ tlr`s cgm lvlg

aigalpts eri` wjtbjg tbljr lxplrjlgal cgm dcahfriugm' \geirtugctloy/ tbjs eirljfg

lxplrjlgal cgm dcahfriugm bcm gitbjgf tbct js ojhl Z]T tbus wirms cgm tlr`s wlrl

mrcwg dy tblsl eirljfglrs ti mlsarjdl Z]T eri` dcahfriugms tbct bcm gitbjgf

mlsarjdjgf jt' Jt js git surprjsjgf/ tblrleirl/ tbct mjeelrlgt wirms cgm tlr`s wbjab

fcvl rjsl ti c̀gy mjeelrlgt jgtlrprltctjigs cgm mjeelrlgt tblioify wlrl uslm' ]bl

j`pissjdjojty ie tbl cttl`pt ti trcgsoctl tbl Zirudc wirm/ ^lol ti Lgfojsb js

jooustrctjvl ie tbl pridol` lgaiugtlrlm "Kl`jrjyl/ 3:22*'

]bl iom wirms/ wbjab bcvl dllg rlcatlm cfcjgst dy `cgy gctjvl sabiocrs

jgaouml; ^rj`jtjvl/ Qcvcfl/ Gctjvl/ ]rjdl/ ^cfcgjs`/ Jmioctry/ Eltjsbjs` cgm

Cgj`js`' \gmlr tbl tjtol/ ‟Lrrirs ie tlr j̀gioify‐/ Jmiwu mjsausslm tblsl tlr`s ct

olgftb' Jmiwu‚s `cjg aigalrg js tbct tblsl tlr`s wlrl l`poiylm dy eirljfglrs jg

irmlr ti mlsarjdl tbl C]T "jgaoumjgf Z]T* jg mlrifctiry c̀gglr' Jmiwu/ jg

prlslgtjgf bjs acsl writl;

]bl ecat js tbct ti blr cgm dy cgm ocrfl/ ti tbl plipols ie tbl Vlstlrg wirom/ tbl wirm ‒gctjvl‚ bcs caqujrlm cmlrifctiry gucgal cgm bcs dlai`l igl tbct js rlslrvlmeir tbl ‒ugeirtugctl‚/ dcahwcrm‚/ gig-Vlstlrg plipols

ie tbl wirom' ]bjs js si/ tbcghs ti tbl cgtbripioifjst cgm



4=

`jssjigcrjls/ cgm tbl stcy-ct-bi`l jgvlstjfctirs wbiùst cowcys ejgm tlr`s ie ug`jstchcdol mjstjgatjigdltwllg tbl` cgm ‟tbisl itblrs‐' ‒^rcylrs eir gctjvlAbrjstjcgs‚ crl stjoo dljgf ieelrlm git eir Abrjstjcgs wbi

crl dirg cgm crl ojvjgf jg Luripl cgm C`lrjac8 dutAbrjstjcgs ie Cerjac cgm Csjc cgm tbisl itblr ‒dlgjfbtlmaoj`ls'‚ ]bjs mlejgls tbl wlstlrg `jgm ig tbl jssuldlyigm miudt … "Jmiwu/ 3:61*

Jmiwu‚s ojst ie plipol wbi bcvl uslm tblsl iom tlr`s jgaouml Abcrols

Vjoojc`s/ @'J' Diss/ K'D' ^rctt/ cgm L'D' ]cyoir' ^crrjgmlr‚s ojst ie Iom Dis`cs/

Kc`ls Erczlr cgm @cry Hjgfsoly ecoo blrl tii' ^crrjgmlr wcs mlejgjtloy cwcrl ie

tbl pridol`s ie tlr`jgioify wblg bl writl cdiut eltjsbjs` tbct ‟]bl ecat js tbct jt

js c tbiriufboy ugsctjsecatiry wirm cgm jt fjvls c mjstirtlm cgm ugecjr pjaturl ie tbl

Tlojfjig ie tbl Cerjacg plipols'‐ "Jmiwu/ 3:61* Jt ùst dl gitlm/ biwlvlr/ tbct tbl

wirm ‟Blctblg‐ sudstjtutlm dy ^crrjgmlr eir ‟Eltjsbjs`‐ wcs git caalptlm ljtblr jg

`cgy qucrtlrs' ‒Blctblg‚ cs c wirm acrrjlm wbct wcs octlr rlelrrlm ti cs Abrjstjcg

bcgf-up ie aigvlrsjig ir `jssjig zlco cgm rleolats eirljfg dcahfriugm cgm

lxplrjlgal'

Dlgkc`jg Tcy‚s tlr`s cosi jooustrctl tbl `cgy jgtlrprltctjigs tbct acg rlsuot'

Tcy‚s mlsarjptjig ie Qcgfi‚s abcrcatlr cs vjiolgt/ cgtj-siajco cgm slxucooy

ugdcocgalm js c aigaousjig mrcwg ìrl eri` psyabicgcoytjaco rctblr tbcg c

rlojfjius pijgt ie vjlw' "Tcy/ 3:65* ]bjs olcms ti fjvjgf Qcgfi auot c ‒ìmlrg

psyabimrc`c8 friup tblrcpy‚ ir ‒tblrcplutja‚ jgtlrprltctjig' ]bjs jgtlrprltctjig js



4<

stjoo dljgf qulstjiglm dy si`l Zirúdã sabiocrs wbltblr jt sbiuom dl rlfcrmlm cs

pisjtjvl ir glfctjvl/ tbct js truoy eiugm ir cdslgt jg Z]T'

Itblr tlr`s tbct bcvl dllg uslm jg mlsarjdjgf Z]T/ blgal rleolatjgf mjeelrlgt

jgtlrprltctjigs/ jgaouml ‟titl`js`/ prj`jtjvl spjrjtjs` cgm ‟pioytbljs`'‐ ]bl

cttl`pt blrl js ti rlvlco tbct tblsl iom tlr`s j`pojlm mjeelrlgt jgtlrprltctjigs ie tbl

Fim-fims rloctjig' @ist ie tblsl iom tlr̀ s bcvl dllg airrlatlm wjtb tj l̀/ dut tbly

dlst jooustrctl tbl abcgfl jg tbl jgtlrprltctjig ie Zirúdã Fim cgm fims cs c wbiol'

Qjgal tbl `cjg eiaus ie tbjs olaturl js ig tbl Zirúdã vjlw jtsloe/ tblsl iom aigalpts

bcvl git dllg trlctlm eurtblr/ jg cgy frlct mltcjo' Jt ùst dl scjm/ biwlvlr/ tbct

arlmjt bcs dllg fjvlg ti si`l wrjtlrs eir tbl tlr`s uslm' Jmiwu arlmjtlm '̂C'

]codit cgm L'F' ^crrjgmlr eir aigerigtjgf tbl pridol` ie tlr`s cgm eir rjfbt

mlsarjptjig ie tbl ocgfucfl' "Jmiwu/ 3:61; 31<* ^crrjgmlr sbiwlm tbl gllm ti

mlrjvl ìrl cppriprjctl tlr`s eir Z]T cotbiufb/ bl mjm git ai`l up wjtb cgy

`ckir igl' "^crrjgmlr/ 3:6=* ]codit uslm i`gjpitlgt/ i`gjsajlgal cgm suprl`l jg

mlsarjdjgf Fim jg rloctjig ti fims' "Kl j̀rjyl/ 3::2f*; 14*' ]blsl crl vlry pisjtjvl

tlr`s cgm ocgfucfl abijal eri` tbl eirljfg dcahfriugms' Biwlvlr/ tbly sbiuom dl

cpprlajctlm cgm hlpt'



45

JJ'<'4 Gctjvl Mlsarjptjvl Aigalpt cgm Tlalgt Ocgfucfl Abijal

Gctjvl js uslm blrl ti rlelr ti Zirúdã wrjtjgf ig Z]T' ]bjs aocrjejactjig js

glalsscry dlacusl/ cs Jmiwu pijgtlm iut/ tbl wirm gctjvl js git rlstrjatlm ti cgy

pcrtjauocr plipol' ]bl ecat tbct tbl wirm js uslm/ jg c wrigf ir mlrifctiry slgsl jg

si`l qucrtlrs sbiuom git sacrl us iee jts usl/ wblrl glalsscry' ]blrleirl/ tbl

aigalrg jg tbjs slatjig js ti sbiw biw tbl aigalpts uslm dy tbl gctjvls prlslgt c

mjeelrlgt slt ie jgtlrprltctjigs'

Qjgal 3:<>/ c glw rcgfl ie rcmjaco priklatjigs bcvl dllg put up dy `cgy

Zirúdã Qabiocrs' ]bl ìst ai`prlblgsjvl wirhs wjtbjg tbjs tj`l crl tbisl ie

Jmiwu cgm Cwiocou' Itblr siurals crl splajcojzlm wirhs ig mjeelrlgt crlcs ie

Z]T' ]blsl wirhs wjoo jgaouml Imuyiyl/ Dcdcoioc/ Lplfc/ Ecmjpl/ Ecdug`j/

Djidchu/ Iki cgm Cdj`dioc' Jmiwu rlklatlm tbl aigalpts jg pcgtbljs` cgm

pcfcgjs` cgm uslm ‟mjeeuslm ìgitbljs`‐ cgm ‟j`pojajt ìgitbljs`‐' Cwiocou

abcgflm tbl aigalpt dy cdcgmigjgf gig-Zirúdã tlr`s jg mlsarjdjgf Zirúdã

aigalpt' Cwiocou/ tbus uslm tbl Zirúdã wirms mjrlatoy jg prlslgtjgf tbl rloctjigs

dltwllg tbl Fim cgm fims' Cwiocou‚s cppricab abcgflm tbl jgtlrprltctjig ie tbl

Z]T eri` cg cpprixj`ctjig ti lxprlssjgf jt jg sjtu' Vbjol tbjs `cy pisl si`l

jgjtjco mjeejauoty ti rlcmlrs tbct crl eirljfg ti Z]T/ jt mlejgjtloy prlslrvlm tbl

ugjqulglss cgm caaurcay ie tbl aigalpt' ]bus/ Cwiocou uslm Ioñmú`crâ/ ỏoñrug/

Lolmc/ Coccyl/ Lol`j/ Ioiki-igj cgm Ôrïsî mjrlatoy wjtbiut squllzjgf tbl` jgti cgy

dirriwlm aigalpt wirms ojhl ìgitbljs` ir pioytbljs`/ wbctlvlr tbly `cy `lcg



46

ti tbl irjfjgctirs ie suab wirms cgm ti tbl aigalpt tbly `cy stcgm eir' ]i Cwiocou/

jt js tbjs lxprlssjig ie tbl aigalpts jg Zirúdã ocgfucfl tbct mils kustjal ti tbl

aigalpts' "Kl`jrjyl/ 3::2f; 11* Imuyiyl uslm tbl pbrcsl ‟eioh tblioify‐ ti

rlpocal `ytbioify wbjol tcohjgf ie Z]T' Imuyiyl‚s ltyìoifjaco cgm pbjoioifjaco

cppricab ti Z]T `cml bjs ocgfucfl abijal coìst j`pissjdol ti flt sujtcdol wirms

jg Vlstlrg ocgfucfls/ ti trcgsoctl tbl Z]T aigalpts' ]bus/ ojhl Cwiocou/ Imuyiyl

lgmlm up usjgf tbl Zirúdã tlr`s mjrlatoy'

]bjs tbus prlslgts tbl twi mjeelrlgt cppricabls uslm jg tbl mlsarjptjig ie

Z]T' ]bl `cjg mjeelrlgal js jg tbl ocgfucfl' Igl rleolats aigalpts cgm rloctjigs

eirljfg ti tbl Fim-fims aigtlxt wbjol tbl itblr usls tbl sc`l ocgfucfl cs tbct jg

tbl aigtlxt ie tbl Fim-fims' ]bjs bcs rlsuotlm jg tbl `cjg mjeelrlgal jg

jgtlrprltctjigs/ `jsugmlrstcgmjgf cgm `jsrlprlslgtctjig ie tbl rloctjigsbjp jg tbl

Zirúdã Fim cgm fims' ]bl cttl`pt blrl js ti oiih eir sioutjigs ti tbjs mjol` c̀'

Vbct bcs dllg migl blrl js ti sbiw tbct mjeelrlgt ocgfucfls dcsl ig mjeelrlgt

aigtlxt/ cgm lxplrjlgal bcvl dllg uslm jg lxprlssjgf tbl rloctjig ie tbl Fim-fims/

wbjab bcs aigtrjdutlm ti tbl `cgy jgtlrprltctjigs/ ai`pojactjigs cgm ai`polxjty'



42

JJ'5 Gcturl/ Mljejactjig cgm Mctl ie tbl fims

]bl rloctjigs ie tbl fims ti tbl Quprl`l Fim `cy dl dlttlr ugmlrstiim je tbl

aigglatjig dltwllg tbl` jg tlr`s ie mljejactjig cgm mctl ie tbl fims acg dl

csalrtcjglm' ]bl prialss ir `ltbim ie mljejactjig ie tbl Zirúdã fims js gljtblr

eir`cojzlm gir aigsjstlgt' ]bl stumy ie tbl pipuocr fims sbiws tbrll c̀jg pcttlrgs

jg tbl trlgm ie mljejactjig' Cwiocou prlslgtlm tblsl tbrll `cjg pcttlrgs dy mjvjmjgf

tbl fims jgti tbrll aocssjejactjigs' "Kl`jrjyl/ 3::2f; 1=8 Cdj`dioc/ 3:52/ 3:66c/

3:66d8 Cmlfdioc/ 3:218 Aiuocgmlr/ 3:618 Mcrcìoc % Klkl/ 3:528 Mipcù 3:258

Lplfc/ 3:138 Dljlr/ 3:2>8 Kibgsig/ 3:438 Ojkcmu 3:64/ Ouacs/ 3:6>/ ^rjgal 3:5=

crl coo jgeir`ctjvl blrl*' Biwlvlr/ tbl ugalrtcjgty ie tbl gcturl)irjfjg ie si`l ie

tbl fims `chls jt pissjdol eir si`l ie tbl fims ti dl put jg ìrl tbcg igl

aocssjejactjig'

JJ'5'3 ^rjìrmjco Mjvjgjtjls

Jt ùst dl gitlm tbct ti tbl Zirúdã/ tbl Quprl`l Fim js tbl friugm ie coo

tbjgfs/ blgal bjs prl-mctl cgm tbl mljejactjig js tblrleirl c stcrtjgf pijgt rctblr tbcg

c acsl eir privjgf ir rctjejactjig' ]bl ejrst friup ie mljejlm mjvjgjtjls Cwiocou

acoolm ‟^rjìrmjco Mjvjgjtjls‐' ^rjìrmjco mjvjgjtjls crl ‟dlojlvlm ti bcvl dllg wjtb

tbl Quprl`l Fim oigf dleirl tbl arlctjig ie tbl lcrtb cgm bu`cg dljgfs‐' Cwiocou

friuplm Ôrïsî-Goc/ Irug`joc "jg aigkugatjig wjtb Jec*/ Ômúmuwî/ Âsú cgm Ifug jg

prjìrmjco mjvjgjtjls' "Kl`jrjyl/ 3::2f; 1<8 Cwiocou 3:6:* Dut ie tblsl/ "lvlg



4:

caairmjgf ti Cwiocou‚s caaiugt*/ jt sll`s igoy Âsú js ugaigmjtjigcooy jg tbjs aocss/

mlplgmjgf ig wbjab Zirúdã trcmjtjig ie arlctjig js eiooiwlm/ coo itblrs wiuom ljtblr

dl prjìrmjco mjvjgjty ir mljejlm cgalstirs' ]bjs js wby jt dlai`ls aruajco ti

lxpoirl tbl tblioifjaco j`pojactjigs ie tbl stirjls ie arlctjig jg wbjab tblsl fims/

Ômúmuwî/ ỏdîtãoã cgm Irug`joc mi iaaur' ]bl pipuocr stirjls ie irjfjg ie tbl

Zirúdã "cpcrt eri` tbl `jfrctjig tblirjls* biom tbct ct tbl stcrt/ "wblglvlr tbjs

wcs/ gi splajeja tj`l cooittlm* Ioñmú`crâ/ tbl Quprl`l Fim/ fcvl ỏdîtãoã c

ai``jssjig ti arlctl tbl wirom' ]bl eiooiw up ti tbjs stiry mjeelrs eri`

ai`ùgjty ti ai`ùgjty' C vlrsjig scys ỏdîtãoã fit mrugh wjtb wjgl cgm ecjolm

ti mi tbl arlctjig si cgitblr dljgf/ Ômúmuwî/ mjm tbl arlctjig wbjol ỏdîtãoã

ìuomlm bu`cg ejfurls cetlr rlaivlrjgf eri` bjs mrughlg stctl' Cgitblr eiooiw-up

scys/ jt wcs Ômúmuwî/ wbi wcs ai``jssjiglm mjrlatoy ct tbl dlfjggjgf ti mi

arlctjig' Eir tbjs Ômúmuwî/ cs aocj`lm/ wcs fjvlg c blg/ cgm c pit aigtcjgjgf sijo'

]bjs vlrsjig scjm Ômúmuwî olet tbl blg cgm pit ie sijo' Ig wbct tbly wlrl olet js

git jmlgtjejlm' ]bl blg drihl tbl pit cgm tbl blg sacttlrlm tbl sijo8 blgal lcrtb wcs

arlctlm' ]blsl tblirjls "stirjls* cgm itblrs ojhl tbl` scy Ômúmuwî/ ỏdîtãoã/ blg

cgm sijo wlrl eri` blcvlg' ]blsl stirjls acgigjzl Jol-Jel "friugm tbct lgocrfls ir

lxpcgms* cs ‟ Jol‐ ‑ friugm ‟ el‐ ‑ lxpcgm' "Kl`jrjyl/ 3::2l8 3::2f; 1<-168

Cmlhcg`dj/ 3:<58 Ctcgmc/ 3:2>/ Dljlr 3:6<8 3:2>8 Djidchu 3:618 Aiurocgmlr/

3:61 cgm Cwiocou 3:6:; 3:-46/ 13-11 crl rlolvcgt blrl*'



1>

Jt ùst dl gitlm tbct tblsl stirjls ie irjfjg crl jg gi wcy aigaousjvl8 rjfbt ir

wrigf' ]blrl crl gi lvjmlgals ti usl jg rlklatjgf ir caalptjgf tbljr vcojmjty' ]bl

stirjls bcvl dllg pcsslm miwg tbl cfls ìstoy dy wirms ie ìutb acoolm irco

bjstiry' Je tbl tbliry tbct Jol-Jel js tbl algtrl ie arlctjig js caalptlm/ tblg coo tblsl

mjvjgjtjls ac`l eri` tbl Quprl`l Fim8 blgal tbljr arlctjig prlalmls tbl arlctjig ie

tbl lcrtb' ]bjs wjoo j̀ poy tbct tbl iomlst mctl ti tbl lcrojlst Zirúdã Fim js ùab

dleirl tbl lcrtb wcs arlctlm' Biwlvlr/ je tbl tbliry ie `jfrctjig js caalptlm/ tblg

tbl caaiugts tbct prlslgt Ômúmuwî cgm itblrs cs iom cgalstirs ir j`pirtcgt hjgf ir

aocg olcmlrs dlai`l tbl `cjg olcm eir mctjgf tbl`' Qjgal ìst sabiocrs cfrll wjtb

tbl octlr tbliry ie `jfrctjig eri` @laac/ tbjs puts tbl fim Ômúmuwî "ieesprjgf ie

Ocùrumu* ti dl tbl iomlst ir ejrst mljejlm cgalstir' ]bjs mlplgms ig tbl

rloctjigsbjp tbct js dlojlvlm ti lxjst dltwllg ỏdîtãoã "Ôrïsî-Goc*/ Irug`joc cgm

Ômúmuwî' ]bl olcst tbct acg dl scjm/ js tbct tbjs rloctjigsbjp `cy glvlr dl rlcooy

hgiwg timcy' Cs Cwiocou puts jt/ jt js gitbjgf dut ‟aigtrivlrsjco‐' ]bl

aigtrivlrsy js ig/ wbltblr Ômúmuwî js c `cg ir wi`cg/ wbltblr bl ojvlm cs c

aigtl`pircry8 `cg ir cs c wi`cg/ cgm wjel ie ỏdîtãoã/ ir wbltblr Ômúmuwî cgm

ỏdîtãoã crl ejlral rjvcos' Lcab pisjtjig js dcslm ig ct olcst c trcmjtjig'

]bjs crfu`lgt ig wbltblr Ômúmuwî wcs c `cg ir wi`cg/ js giw vlry

j`pirtcgt dlacusl wjtb tbl aurrlgt `cm slcrab eir kustjejactjig eir coìst cgy hjgm

ie tblioifjaco pisjtjig/ eir Ômúmuwî tbl priflgjtir ie tbl Zirúdã wbi js octlr

mljejlm ti dl el`col ir `col primuals mjeelrlgt tblioifjaco cgm auoturco siajlty'



13

"Kl`jrjyl 3::2f; <4/ Cwiocou/ 3:6:; 44/ 4< cgm itblrs ojhl Drcòy 3:66/ Acgcmjcg

Vi`lg/ 3:64/ Tussloo/ 3:6=8 @aArcahlg/ 3:64/ @crausl/ 3:5:*'

Vbctlvlr trcmjtjig js ejgcooy tchlg/ jt js coìst tbl sc`l aigaousjig tbct/

wblglvlr jt wcs/ Ômúmuwî cgm ỏdîtãoã wjoo mlejgjtloy dl tbl iomlst mljejlm fims'

]bljr tblioifjaco sjfgjejacgal js ìrl ie bjstirjaco foirjejactjig tbcg aurrlgt pipuocr

caaoc`ctjig ljtblr jg riol ir pri`jglgal/ cotbiufb tblrl crl stjoo wirsbjp auots ti

tbl`' Cs eir Irug`joc cgm Âsú/ tbl lvjmlgal sll`s ti dl olss aolcr/ lvlg cs

rlfcrmjgf tbl irco trcmjtjigs' @cgy Zirúdã biom tbct Âsú cgm Irug`joc crl ìrl ie

tbl prjìrmjco fims/ biwlvlr' Ifug bcs ìrl suppirt jg jts ecviur cs c mljejlm

cgalstir'

Ifug wcs c sig ie Ômúmuwî cgm bl ojvlm cgm rljfglm ct Jrl jg Lhjtjocgm'

]bl tblioify ig wbjab Ifug js mljejlm vcrjls frlctoy wjtb lcab irco trcmjtjig

aigsjmlrlm' Flglrcooy/ Ifug js mljejlm cs ‟mjvjgjty ie jrig cgm wcr‐/ prl-l`jglgtoy

tbl tutlocry mjvjgjty ie coo wirhlrs jg jrig cgm stllo' Ifug stcgms eir cdsioutl

kustjal/ cgm js sllg cs c ‟sy`dio ie tbl suplrjir cgm tbl aigqulrjgf igl'‐ ]bl

tblioifjaco ugjqulglss ie Ifug js coìst cs jg `cjgtcjgjgf c fiim ltbjaco

rloctjigsbjp pcrtjauocroy jg prielssjigco rloctjigsbjp cs jg flglrco aigtcats' ]bjs js

j`pirtcgt dlacusl ie tbl siajco eugatjig ie pudoja swlcrjgf ti trutb wbjab Ifug js

gitcdoy uslm eir' Cosi/ jt js c pipuocr vjlw tbct Ifug js aurrlgt/ cgm lgkiys c ocrfl

pipuocrjty/ tbus puttjgf jts mljejactjig cgm sjfgjejacgal ct c ìrl rlalgt mctl' ]bus/



14

Ifug dlac`l tbl glxt flglrctjig ir mljejlm cgalstir cetlr Ômúmuwî' "Kl`jrjyl/

3::2l/ 3::2f; 12/ Djidchu 3:61; 33-43*'

Cooiactjgf mctls ti tblsl prjìrmjco fims js coìst j`pissjdol cgm aiuom igoy

dl dcslm ig pcrtjauocr trcmjtjigs' Cg cfrll`lgt wjtb Djidchu tbct ‟]bl mctls wjoo

dl c aigsjmlrcdol tj`l wloo cetlr tbl cmvlgt ie Jsoc`‐ "sjgal tbl rlco mctl ie tbl

Zirúdã lximus js ughgiwg* `cy dl tbl dlst dlt jg tbjs rlsplat' Je/ cs Djidchu

pripislm/ ‟Jt js coìst alrtcjg tblrleirl tbct tbl Zirúdã `jfrctjigs eri` tbl Glcr-

Lcst iaaurrlm dltwllg 5>> cgm 3>>> C'M‐ tblg 5>>-3>>> C'M dlai`ls lcrojlst

mctl tbl Zirúdã prjìrmjco fims ojhl Ômúmuwî/ ỏdîtãoã cgm Ifug acg dl put'

"Kl`rjyl/ 3::2f; 12* Cosi/ tbjs fjvls tbl slt ie fims aoislst ti tbl Quprl l̀ Fim jg

tj`l cgm mljejactjig prialmurl cìgf coo tbl Zirúdã fims'

JJ'5'4 Mljejlm Cgalstirs

Cwiocou tjtolm tbl slaigm aocssjejactjig ‟Mljejlm Cgalstirs‐' "Kl`jrjyl/

3::2l* ]blsl crl aolcr bjstirjaco ejfurls tbct ojvlm ct pcrtjauocr pocals cgm tj l̀ cgm

tbly wlrl mljejlm ljtblr dleirl ir cetlr tbljr mlctb' ]bljr dljgf mljejlm wcs ietlg cg

cahgiwolmfl`lgt ie tbljr iutstcgmjgf elcturls wbjol tbly wlrl cojvl' ]blsl

iutstcgmjgf elcturls aiuom dl fiim ir dcm' ]bl igls tbct wlrl mljejlm eir tbljr

fiim elcturls crl wirsbjpplm jg irmlr ti sllh tbljr ecviur cgm jg irmlr ti rlacoo

tbljr fiim wirhs' Ôrïsî Ihi dloigfs ti tbjs friup' ]bl igls tbct wlrl mljejlm eir

dcm elcturls crl wirsbjplm dy erjlgms cgm aoisl plrsigs ti suab cg cgalstir



11

j``lmjctloy ir sbirtoy cetlr tbl cgalstir‚s mlctb' ]blsl erjlgms mi tbjs jg irmlr ti

prlslgt c pisjtjvl vjlw eir tbl dcm cgalstir' Ietlg/ suab cgalstir ai`ls ti dl

rlfcrmlm cs piwlreuo' Qcgfi dloigfs ti tbjs friup' "Kibgsig/ 3:43; 3<>-3<3*

]bl aigalrg blrl js git ti prlslgt biw tblsl fims crl wirsbjpplm' Dut ti

oiih jgti tbljr gcturl tbct olm ti tbljr pcttlrg cgm prialss ie mljejactjig cgm wblg

tbl mljejactjig wcs migl'

Flglrcooy/ mjvjgjtjls tbct crl jg tbjs slaigm friup jgaouml Qcgfi/ Ôrïsî-Ihi/

Cylococ/ Ircg`jycg/ Zl`ckc/ Iyc/ Idcoueig/ Isibusj/ cgm Idc-Goc' "Lplfc/ 3:63;

4=/ 4<*' Cpcrt eri` Qcgfi cgm Ôrïsî-Ihi/ "wbi frlw ti ìrl flglrco caalptcgal

cìgf ìst ie tbl Zirúdã* tblsl fims crl ìstoy oiaco ai`ùgjty blrils ir

blrijgls wbi wlrl octlr mljejlm' \sucooy/ tbl eugatjigs plreir`lm dy tbl fims jg

tbjs friup crl sj j̀ocr jg `cgy rlsplats eri` ai`ùgjty ti ai`ùgjty' ]bl

sj`jocrjtjls dltwllg Qcgfi cgm Kchutc auots8 Ôrïsî-Ihi cgm Lkl ie Jkldu @cguwc8

JkÂsú jg Jocrc cgm Iwl jg Iri Ioiejg "Cwiocou/ 3:6:; 1>/ 1</ =>* jooustrctl tbjs

oiaco ai`ùgjty pctrigcfl' Qjgal tbl fims jg tbjs friup catucooy ojvlm cs bjstirjaco

ejfurls/ tbl pissjdjojty ie c ìrl caaurctl mctjgf js lgbcgalm' ]bl `ckir mjeejauoty

blrl js tbct tbl Zirúdã rloy ocrfloy ig irco bjstiry' ]bjs tblrleirl `chls prlajsl

mctjgf stjoo mjeejauot' Qjgal ìst ie tblsl crl oiaco blrils cgm blrijgls/ tbly crl

mctlm igoy dy lvlgt jg tbljr ai`ùgjty' Qcgfi aiuom dl uslm ti jooustrctl tbjs'

C pipuocr olflgm csslrts tbct Qcgfi wcs c bu`cg dljgf wbi rljfglm cs tbl

eiurtb Coccejg ie Iyi/ cgm tbct bl wcs busdcgm ti Iyc/ Isug cgm Idc' ]bjs olflgm



1=

blops ti mctl Qcgfi/ Iyc/ Isug cgm Idc je tbl olflgm js rlojcdol' ]bl `ckir

pridol`/ biwlvlr/ js tbct tbl mctl ie ejrst Iyi hjgfmi` ir ejrst Iyi hjgfs js git

alrtcjg' Cosi tbl olgftb ie tbl rljfg ie tbl ejrst tbrll hjgfs dleirl Qcgfi crl

ughgiwg' ]bus mctjgf Qcgfi stjoo pisls ti dl c prltty mjeejauot tcsh' Biwlvlr/ dy

mctjgf tbl eiugmjgf ie Iyi cs 5>> ‑ 3>>> C'M cgm dy cooiwjgf rlcsigcdol tj`l ie

`jfrctjig eri` Jel ti Iyi/ cgm eir tbrll hjgfs ti rljfg/ Qcgfi aiuom dl mctlm 3=<>-

3<>> C'M' ]bus tbl mljejactjig ie Qcgfi cetlr bjs mlctb wiuom dl criugm 3<>>

C'M' "Iscl cgm Gwcfdcrc/ 3:52; :=-:68 Kibgsig 3:43; 1=*'

Hgiwjgf tbjs mctl dlai`ls blopeuo jg `chjgf c ai`pcrjsig ie tblioifjaco

mlvloip`lgts cgm sj`jocrjtjls dltwllg Z]T cgm itblr lxjstjgf ecjtbs ie tbl tj`l'

Jg tbl aigtlxt ie tbjs stumy/ tbjs itblr lxjstjgf ecjtb js Abrjstjcgjty' ]bjs blops ti

priklat tbl pissjdjojty ie wbltblr Abrjstjcg jmlcs rlcooy jgeoulgalm tbl mljejactjig

prialss ir gcturl ie tbl fims ljtblr mjrlatoy ir jgmjrlatoy' "hcou/ 3:628 Qbirtlr/

3:618 Kl`jrjyl % Flrcom/ 3:2</ ^llo/ 3:52 crl ie jgtlrlst blrl*' ]bjs jgeoulgal/ je jt

lxjstlm/ js pcrtjauocroy j`pirtcgt wblg jt js idslrvlm tbct `cgy sabiocrs giw lquctl

ir ai`pcrl si`l Zirúdã fims wjtb Ti`cg ir Frllh fims cgm lvlg Abrjstjcg

scjgts' Lxc`pols wjoo dl Ifug wbi js ai`pcrlm wjtb tbl Ti`cg @crs cgm Frllh

Cpiooi/ Iouirifdi wbi js hgiwg dy si`l cs tbl scvjiur ie tbl wirom8 cgm @irl`j

wbi bcs dllg lquctlm ti tbl auot ie @cry ir Ocmy ie Cpistol' "Ecdug`j/ 3:5:; :*



1<

JJ'5'4 ^lrsigjejlm Eirals

Cwiocou acoolm tbjs tbjrm friup ‟^lrsigjejactjig ie gcturco eirals cgm

pblgi`lgc‐' ]bjs dcsjacooy js cg cssiajctjig ie spjrjts wjtb gcturco idklats ojhl

lcrtb/ rjvlrs/ ìugtcjgs/ wjgm/ slc/ trlls/ gijsl/ jooglss/ cgm suab ojhl' ]bl mlfrll

ti wbjab tblsl aiuom dl acoolm fims ir mjvjgjtjls js rlcooy vlry oiw' ]bl mlfrll js

git ie cgy sudstcgtjco cìugt wblg ai`pcrlm ti tbl ejrst twi friups mjsausslm

cdivl' Blgal/ tblsl bcvl dllg sllg dy si`l cs idklats tbct rl`jgm tbl wirsbjpplrs

ie tbl spjrjts dlbjgm tbl`' ]bl trlct`lgt ie si`l ie tblsl js coìst sj j̀ocr ti ‟Jaig

Aigtrivlrsy‐ jg aburab bjstiry/ jg tbl slgsl tbct si`l idklats crl mljejlm ct igl

tj`l igoy ti dl rlklatlm ct cgitblr cgm rl-mljejlm octlr' "Tlgwjah/ 3:<2; 24e/ wcohlr/

3:6>; 3=>-3<>/ 3<6/ 32:*'

]bl `cjg idklats friuplm blrl jgaouml Lcrtb/ Iyc/ Zlìkc/ Isug/ Ifdlsl/

Lol`j-Jflml-Lhjtj/ Ioihug/ Irisug-Jmcgrl/ Iouì-Cdlihutc/ Ioisugtc-Jhlrl-Lhjtj/

Jrihi/ Jfj-Iì/ Idj/ Iri "jg wjgm*/ Ckjkc "jg wbjrowjgm*/ Qigpiggc/ Ôrïsî-Jdlkj/

cgm `cgy itblrs' ]blsl crl rlcooy oiaco/ cgm tchlg eir frcgtlm jg oiaco ai`ùgjty

cgm tbl mctl eir suab wlrl glvlr hgiwg ir slrjiusoy aigsjmlrlm'

Cs c ruol/ tbl stiry js ‑ jt bcs dllg sjgal tbl tj l̀ ie iur eirlectblrs' ]bus/ jt

aiuom dl scjm jg su``cry tbct tbl mljejactjig ie Zirúdã fims-mjvjgjtjls ‑ jg flglrco

tiih jgeir`co eir`/ `cjgoy jg oiaco ai`ùgjtjls ivlr c oigf plrjim ie tj`l' Cs ti

mctl/ tbl lcrojlst wjoo dl cdiut 5>> C'M ti 3>>> C'M cs mjsausslm cdivl/ cgm tbl

octlst mljejlm idklats `cy dl cs rlalgt cs tbl ai`ùgjty acgigjzjgf suab c mjvjgjty#



15

Quab mljejactjig wjoo/ ie aiursl/ ocah pipuocrjty ir ugjvlrsco rlaifgjtjig cìgf tbl

Zirúdã' "Kl`jrjyl/ 3::2f; =4*

JJ'6 VITQBJ^ CGM IDKLA]Q IE ULGLTC]JIG

@uab bcs dllg wrjttlg ig wirsbjp cgm idklats ie vlglrctjig jg Z]T dy `cgy

wrjtlrs' ]bl cttl`pt blrl js git ti rlprimual tbl `cgy mltcjolm mlsarjptjigs8 rctblr

tbl cttl`pt js ti sll biw tbl wirsbjp cgm tbl idklats rloctl ti tbl Fim cgm fims'

^crrjgmlr cgm Ecrriw crl ietlg quitlm cs scyjgf tbct ‟Gi auot js ieelrlm ti Ioirug/

cgm tblrl crl gi tl`pols ir prjlst ie ỏoñrug‐/ Jmiwu "3:54; 3>6-31:*/ Cwiocou

"3:6:; 6-2* cgm si`l itblrs bcvl airrlatlm tbjs vjlw ie ^crrjgmlr cgm Ecrriw'

Qjgal 3:<>/ tbl wirsbjp ie Ioirug bcs dllg rl-lstcdojsblm cs tbl pjoocr eir

tbl fims' ]bjs js sllg jg tbl ai j̀gf tifltblr ie wirsbjpplrs ie tbl mjeelrlgt fims ti

wirsbjp ỏoñrug kijgtoy jg c ai`ìg pocal ie wirsbjp' ]bjs pocal js ietlg acoolm

‒wirsbjp algtrl‚' ]bjs ai`jgf tifltblr js c frlct rljgeiral`lgt ti tbl vjlw tbct coo

wirsbjpplrs jg Z]T wirsbjp tbl Quprl`l Fim cgm tbct tbl fims crl igoy mjeelrlgt

eugatjigco jgtlr`lmjcrjls' ]bl wirsbjp ie Ioirug-Ioñmú`crâ ct Iruol-Ôrïsî dy

ritctjigco wirsbjp ie tbl fims js c pri`jglgt lxc`pol ie tbjs glw ugjejactjig trlgm'

"Iruol Ôrïsî wcs tbl scarlm wirsbjp friugm ie Z]T ct tbl \gjvlrsjty ie Jel/

Gjflrjc jg 3:6<-3:62*'



16

]bl rlsuots eri` tbjs rl-irfcgjzlm Z]T wirsbjp crl `cgy' ]chjgf tbl

Iruol-Ôrïsî cs cg jooustrctjig/ tbl rl-irfcgjzctjig dlai`ls vlry sjfgjejacgt dlacusl

jts wirsbjp ceelat plipol jg c mjeelrlgt eir` cgm ct c mjeelrlgt olvlo tbct Z]T bcs

glvlr migl dleirl giw' \gjvlrsjty stumlgts cssiajctl wjtb tbl wirsbjp algtrl'

Vbjol tbl fico blrl js git ti scy tbct tbjs js fiim ir dcm/ dut tbl ecat tbct Z]T js

giw abcoolgfjgf iom jgtlrprltctjigs cgm ct tbl sc`l tj`l j`privjgf/ lxpcgmjgf/ cgm

prlslgtjgf jts miatrjgl tbriufb tbjs glw wirsbjp cgm acggit dl glfolatlm cs

jgsjfgjejacgt' Cosi/ tbjs wirsbjp rlceejr`s tbl aocj` tbct si`l Zirúdã stjoo dlojlvl

jg tbl Fim-fims rloctjigsbjp cgm wirsbjp tbl Fim tbriufb tbl fims'

Idklats uslm jg wirsbjp crl c̀gy' ]blsl crl `ctlrjcos jgviovlm jg Tlojfjig'

@cgy ie tblsl idklat `ctlrjcos l`poiylm jg wirsbjp bcvl dllg vlglrctlm ivlr tbl

ylcrs' Dcslm ig tbjs glw wirsbjp ie Fim tbriufb wirsbjp ie jgmjvjmuco fim wjtbjg

tbl fims ig c ritctjigco dcsjs/ jt aiuom dl scjm tbct jg c splajco slgsl/ tbl fims crl

vlglrctlm sy`dios eir tbl Quprl`l Fim' ]bl fims/ scarjejals/ pocal ie wirsbjp/

splajco jtl`s/ aioiur/ gcturco idklats "ojhl rjvlrs/ trlls/ ecoos*/ si`l plipol cgm pocal

bcvl dllg vlglrctlm' Itblr vlglrctlm idklats jgaouml c vcrjlty ie eiims "ojhl Chcrc

eir si`l lfugfug/ Jsu eir Ôrïsî-Ihi/ Jycg eir Ôrïsî-Goc*/ mrjghs "ojhl Lù eir

Ifug*/ si`l cgj`cos "ojhl Jfdjg eir Ôrïsî/ Ckc eir Ifug/ Cfdi eir Ôrïsî* cgm

si`ltj`ls/ splajco bu`cg dljgfs "ojhl Cri/ Cejg/ Cduhl ‑ acoolm Lgj-Ôrïsî*'

"Cwiocou/ 3:6:; 3>2-33=* Cpcrt eri` Lgj-Ôrïsî/ si`l itblr plipol crl ietlg

vlglrctlm dlacusl ie tbljr plauojcr ir splajco djrtb ir mlctb' Lxc`pols blrl wjoo



12

jgaouml Mcmc/ Ihl/ ]cocdj/ Cjgc/ Ojscdj cgm Lfdlkj' "Lplfc/ 3:63; 41* ]bjs

vlglrctjig ie plipol js stjoo prlslgt wjtbjg `cgy trcmjtjigs lvlg timcy' @cg js tbl

iplrctir ie Tlojfjig cgm `ctlrjcos crl pcrt ie tbl jgstru`lgts/ idklats ie wirsbjp/

idklats ie `cgjpuoctjig tbct crl uslm ti csslrt/ lxprlss/ pjaturl cgm rlprlslgt tbl

rloctjigsbjp'

Jg tbl pcgtblig ie tbl fims/ tbl idklats vlglrctlm crl tbisl tbct crl ljtblr

cdbirrlm ir rlcooy ojhlm dy lcab fim' Ôrïsî Goc eir lxc`pol/ mils git mrjgh lù/

wblrlcs Ifug‚s ecviurjtl mrjgh js lù' Qj`jocroy/ Cylococ wiuom git tiuab pco`

ijo/ wblrlcs Idc Iouwcjyl‚s ecviurjtl mrjgh js pco` ijo' "Cwiocou 3:6:; =1* ]bus/

tbjgfs tbct bcvl dllg vlglrctlm eir c pcrtjauocr fim crl tbisl tbjgfs tbct crl ljtblr

tcdiis ti tbl itblr fim ir tbly crl tbl tbjgfs tbl pcrtjauocr fim js eigm ie' Eri` tbl

eirlfijgf/ jt bcs dllg sbiwg tbct wirsbjp js cgitblr `cgjelstctjig ie tbl

aigglatjig ie tbl fim ti tbl fims cgm tbct tbl vlglrctlm idklats "jgaoumjgf tbl fims*

crl ìrl ie sy`dios tbcg cdsioutl fims jg tbl`slovls' "Kl`jrjyl/ 3::2f; =<*

JJ'2 Tiols cgm îwlr ie tbl Fim-fims

]bl riols pocylm dy tbl fims jg rloctjig ti bu`cg dljgf crl `cgy/ cgm tbisl

riols vcry eri` fim ti fim' ]bjs rloctjigsbjp dltwllg tbl fim cgm `cg bcs dllg

prlslgtlm jg c̀gy mlsarjptjvl wirhs' ]bl cppricab ie tbl prlslgtctjigs jgaoumls

jmlgtjeyjgf pcrtjauocr fim wjtb c pcrtjauocr tcsh cs jg Ifug/ fim ie jrig cgm wcr8



1:

Qcgfi/ fim ie tbugmlr/ kustjal cgm suab ojhl' ]bl riols vcry cosi jg rloctjigs ti

bu`cg dljgfs eri` lgaiurcfjgf bu`cg dljgfs ti dl biglst ‑ cs jg Cylococ/ ti

cttrjdutjgf suaalss jg wirh ti mjvjgl dljgfs ‑ cs ecr` wirh js ti Ôrïsî-Ihi'

"Cwiocou 3:6:; 1:-=3*

]bl pcrtjauocr jgtlrlst ct tbjs stcfl js jg tbl rloctjigsbjp dltwllg tbl Quprl`l

Fim cgm tbl fims' Crl tblsl Fim-fims lquco/ mlplgmlgt/ jgmlplgmlgt ir wbct9

Blrl tbl rloctjigsbjp dltwllg tbl Fim cgm fims/ cgm eri` tbl fims ti tbl

wirsbjpplrs wjoo dl aigsjmlrlm'

Jmiwu splot iut tbl rloctjigsbjp ie tbl fims ti tbl Quprl`l Fim jg eiur stlps'

Bl writl;

]bl qulstjig ie rloctjigsbjp dltwllg Mljty cgm tblmjvjgjtjls mlejgls tbl pocal ie tbl octtlr wjtbjg tbl wbiolsystl`' Ejrst/ eri` tbl pijgt ie vjlw ie tbl tblioify ie Cerjacg ]rcmjtjigco Tlojfjig/ jt wjoo git dl airrlat ti scytbct tbl mjvjgjtjls wlrl arlctlm' Jt wjoo dl airrlat ti scytbct tbly wlrl driufbt jgti dljgf/ ir tbct tbly ac`l jgtidljgf jg tbl gcturl ie tbjgfs wjtb rlfcrm ti tbl mjvjglirmlrjgf ie tbl ugjvlrsl' "Jmiwu/ 3:61; 35:*

]bl mjvjgjtjls crl mlrjvctjvls eir Mljty

… jt js git cowcys tbct tbl ecat ie tbl mlrjvctjig acg dlprivlm eri` tbl ojgfujstja aigglatjigs dltwllg tbl gc`lsie Mljty cgm tbl flgltja gc`ls ie tbl mjvjgjtjls' Jt jsflglrcooy tblioifjaco privcdol tbct tbl mjvjgjtjls bcvl gicdsioutl lxjstlgal… Dlacusl tbl mjvjgjtjls mlrjvl eri`Mljty/ tbljr piwlrs cgm cutbirjtjls tbly crl `lcgjgfolsscpcrt eri` bj`' Lcab mjvjgjty bcs bjs iwg oiaco gc`l jgtbl oiaco ocgfucfl/ wbjab js mlsarjptjvl ljtblr ie bjs



=>

cooittlm eugatjig ir tbl gcturco pblgi`lgig c`cgjelstctjig ir l`dol` ie bjs dljgf' "Jmiwu/ 3:6:; 35:*

Eiurtboy/ tbl mjvjgjtjls wlrl driufbt jgti dljgf cs eugatjigcrjls jg tbl

tbliarctja fivlrg`lgt ie tbl ugjvlrsl' "Cwiocou/ 3:6:; 36>* Cotbiufb Jmiwu wcs

wrjtjgf ig C]T/ tbl jooustrctjig bl uslm ti privl tbl pijgts wlrl tchlg ìstoy eri`

tbl Z]T' ]bjs `chls tbl eiur prjgajpols vlry sujtcdol eir jooustrctjgf tbl riol/

rloctjigs cgm piwlr ie tbl fims ti tbl Quprl`l Fim' "Kl`jrjyl/ 3::2f; =6*

]bl riol ie tbl Quprl`l Fim jg Z]T bcs ietlg dllg prlslgtlm dy `cgy

wrjtlrs cs rlìtl/ coiie cgm ugsllg' ]bjs mils git mlsarjdl tbl riol ie tbl Quprl`l

Fim jg Z]T airrlatoy' Dlgkc`jg Tcy fcvl cg lxc`pol ie tbjs jg bjs prlslgtctjig

wblg bl writl ‟Jg tbjs rlsplat/ Ioirug bcs rl`cjglm coiie eri` tbl aiursl ie bjs

bjstiry cetlr irjfjgcooy mlolfctjgf tbl acrl ie tbl wirom ti tbl Ôrïsî'‐ "rcy/ 3:65;

<<* Jmiwu cgm Cwiocou mjsprivlm tbjs riol fjvlg ti tbl Quprl`l ct olgftb' Jmiwu

cgm Cwiocou "Cwiocou/ 3:6:; <>* l`pbcsjzl tbct tbl Quprl`l Fim js git coiie cgm

tbct tbl Quprl`l Fim js tbl ojel-fjvlr cgm `cjgtcjglr ie ditb tbl fims cgm tbl

wbiol ugjvlrsl' ]bl Quprl`l Fim‚s mlolfctjig ie tbl ìrl pbysjacooy aigspjauius

riol ti tbl fims mils git j`poy tbct tbl Quprl`l Fim js coiie'

Cwiocou pijgtlm iut tbct jg c truoy pioytbljstja Tlojfjig/ coo tbl mjvjgjtjls crl

ie lquco rcgh cgm tblrl js gi ugjeyjgf cgm trcgsalgmjgf uotj`ctl' "Cwiocou/ 3:6:;

<>* Jt js tbjs jglqucojty dltwllg tbl Fim cgm fims jg Tiol cgm îwlr tbct `chls

‟îoytbljs`‐ jgcppriprjctl jg mlsarjdjgf tbl Z]T' Jg Z]T/ tbl fims cat cs

eugatjigcrjls ie/ cgm `lmjctirs ti tbl Quprl`l Fim' ]bjs js sbiwg jg tbljr



=3

mjstjgatjvl riols' ]bl fims cat igoy ig Fim‚s irmlr' Cwiocou jg prlslgtjgf tblsl

jmlcs writl;

]bl mjvjgjtjls cat igoy cs plr`jttlm dy Bj` cgm tbly fjvlcg caaiugt ie tbljr catjvjtjls ti Bj` eri` tj`l ti tj`l']bly igoy cat cs Bjs eugatjigcrjls cgm cs `lmjctirdltwllg Bj` cgm Bjs plipol' ]bus tbly lxjst eir tblpurpisl ie drjgfjgf tbl Quprl`l Dljgf aoislr ti Bjsarlcturls' Jg itblr wirms/ mjvjgjtjls cgm spjrjts mi git cgmacggit iaaupy tbl pocal ie tbl Quprl`l Dljgf' ]blyaigstjtutl c `lcgs ti cg lgm/ git cg lgm tbl`slovls' ]bjsjs ti sufflst tbct coo wirsbjp/ wbjab js abcgglolm tbriufb

tbl mjvjgjtjls cgm spjrjts/ fils ig ti tbl igl Quprl`lDljgf wbi js tbl siol aigtrioolr cgm bcs tbl ejgco scy'"Cwiocou/ 3:6:; <> cgm sj`jocr jmlcs jg Jmiwu/ 3:54; 63-3>5*

]bus/ Cwiocou‚s mlsarjptjig mlejgls tbl riols ie tbl fims wjtb rlfcrm ti tbl

Quprl`l Fim' ]bjs mlsarjptjig sbiws tbct wbctlvlr piwlr cgy fim `jfbt bcvl js

fjvlg ti tbl fim dy tbl Quprl`l Fim' Jg tblsl slgsl/ jt `lcgs tbl piwlrs ie tbl

fims crl glvlr wirhjgf cfcjgst tbct ie tbl Quprl`l Fim wbi fcvl tbl fim tbl

piwlr jg tbl ejrst pocal' ]bjs js lsslgtjco lsplajcooy jg aigglatjig wjtb Âsú/ cgm tbl

mucojty "Miufocs 3:6=; 13=* tbct js si`ltj`ls prlslgtlm dltwllg tbl Quprl`l Fim

cgm Âsú' Âsú wjtbjg Z]T js c fiim fim cgm tbjs lxpocjgs gc`ls ojhl Âsúdjyj/

Âsúmcrc/ Âsúscg`j cgm itblrs' Jg itblr wirms/ Âsú jg Z]T js git tbl sc`l cs jg

Abrjstjcgjty ir Jsoc`' "Mipcù/ 3:25*'

]bl `cgjelstctjig ie piwlr ie tblsl fims ig `cg js biwlvlr vlry mjeelrlgt

eri` tbct ie tbl rloctjigs ie Fim cgm fims' ]bl ejrst rlspigsl ie ̀ ist Zirúdã ti tbl

piwlr ie tbl Fim js elcr jg si`l eir` ie rlstrjatlm cwl' ]bjs js rleolatlm dy



=4

Zirúdã plipol fjvjgf ìgly ti cooiw cg Âsú wirsbjpplr ti pcss' ]bjs mils git

`cgjelst cgy `cjg aigalrg ir ceejgjty eir tbl fim dy tbl plrsig sbiwjgf)fjvjgf tbjs

rlspigsl ti tbl pcrtjauocr wirsbjpplr'

]i tbisl wbi dlojlvl jg c pcrtjauocr fim/ tbl piwlr ie tbl fim js rlco cgm

ìrl mi`jgctjgf ig suab cs jgmjvjmuco' Coolfjcgal ti tbl fim js `cgjelstlm dy tbl

elcr ie pugjsb l̀gt eri` tbl fim je c wirsbjpplr sbiuom mleolat' C ugjqul eir` ie

tbl `cgjelstctjig ie tbl piwlr ie tbl fim ig c pcrtjauocr wirsbjpplr js wbct js

acoolm ‟pisslssjig‐' Jg mjeelrlgt vcrjltjls/ eri` igl fim ti cgitblr fim/ tbl spjrjt ie

tbl fim jgelsts c splajco ir kust cgy wirsbjpplr ie jts auot jg c ugjqul wcy'

Lolfug Qcgfi "Cwiocou/ 3:6:; 16-1:* / Lolfug Lfugfug crl lxc`pols ie

splajco siol pisslssjig/ wbjol jg Iyc tbl pisslssjigs crl ìrl iplg ti pcrtjajpcgts'

]bl mlvitlls usucooy pisslsslm dy Ôrïsî-Ihi crl acoolm Cflfug ‑ Ôrïsî Ihi/ cgm

tbly crl ìstoy wi`lg' ]bl lxtlgt ie wbi aiuom dl pisslsslm vcrjls eri` igl fim

ti cgitblr' Vbjol jg Qcgfi cgm Lfugfug/ pisslssjig js oj`jtlm ti ritcry/ jg Ifug

ir si`l itblr fims8 pisslssjig aiuom dl eri` c ocrfl gu`dlr jg tbl friup cgm eri`

tbl cumjlgal' ]bjs pisslssjig js vlry j`pirtcgt jg rleolatjgf biw tbl fims mwloo

cgm rleolat piwlr tbriufb tbljr wirsbjp cgm tbljr wirsbjpplrs' "Kl`jrjyl/ 3::2f;

=:*

]bus/ dy mlejgjgf tbl riol ie tbl fims/ jt js sllg tbct tbl fims crl git lquco ti

tbl Quprl`l Fim' Tctblr/ tbl fims crl mlplgmlgt sioloy ig tbl Quprl`l Fim'

Cosi/ jt js sllg tbct tbl fims pocy igoy eugatjigco riols eir tbl Quprl`l Fim' ]bly



=1

crl git jgmlplgmlgt eri` tbl Quprl`l Fim jg cgy eugatjigco slgsl' Vjtb rlsplat ti

bu`cg dljgfs/ tbl fims pritlat cgm pisslss bu`cg dljgfs' ]bl fims cosi prlslgt

bu`cg dljgfs ti tbl Quprl`l Fim' ]bus/ tbl fims crl purloy jgtlr`lmjcrjls eir

bu`cg dljgf ti tbl Quprl l̀ Fim' ]bjs acoos eir c oiih ct wbct tblg crl rlcooy tbl

riol ìmlos ie tbl Fim cgm fims' "Cdj`dioc 3:6<8 Cdifugrjg 3:258 Kl`jrjyl/

4>>4d*



==

JJJ' @IMLOQ IE ]BL FIM CGM FIMQ

Tloctjigco @imlos ie Fim-fims Eugatjigco ^cttlrg

ûttjgf tblioifjaco vjlws jg frcpbjaco ìmlo js git vlry ai`ìg' ]bjs/

biwlvlr/ bcs tbl cmvcgtcfl ie prlslgtjgf ct c focgal su``cry ie wbct `cy dl

oigf-wjgmlm lsscys' ^ltlr @irtig-Vjoojc ‚̀s ‟ìmlo ie Zirúdã aisìoify‐

"Cerjac/ Uio' 1=/ Gi' 1/ 3:5=; 4=2* jg wbjab bl prlslgtlm tbl Zirúdã Fim-fims js c

fiim olcm eir tbl cttl`pt jg tbjs stumy' ]bl cttl`pt blrl js ti mlrjvl rloctjigco

ìmlo ir ìmlos tbct wjoo dlst prlslgt tbl Fim-fims eugatjigco pcttlrg' ]bl ìmlos

crl ti dl dcslm ig tbl tblioifjaco aigglatjigs dltwllg tbl Fim-fims' ]bl frlctlst

pridol` ti tbjs cttl`pt/ js tbct gi igl shltab acg dl ai`prlblgsjvl lgiufb cs ti mi

kustjal ti coo tbl mjeelrlgt aigglatjigs ie tbl Fim-fims jg tbljr riols/ j`pirtcgal/

cgm rlolvcgal ti bu`cg dljgfs' ]bjs pridol`/ biwlvlr/ sbiuom git sacrl tbl

cttl`pt cwcy8 rctblr/ jt sbiuom acoo eir `cgy shltabls/ lcab shltab lxprlssjgf c

pbcsl ie tbl rloctjigs'

JJJ'3 ^ltlr @irtig-Vjoojc ‚̀s @imlo

^ltlr @irtig Vjoojc`‚s ìmlo/ ejf'4 js c vlry fiim prlslgtctjig ie si`l ie

tbl rloctjigs dltwllg tbl Fim-fims/ lsplajcooy eri` tbl arlctjig `ytbioify stirjls

stcgmpijgt' ]bjs js wby jt js pissjdol eir @irtig-Vjoojc` ti ejx tbl Zirúdã tbl

Fim-fims jgti tbl aisìoifjaco shltab/ @irtig-Vjoojc`s pijgtlm iut tbct tbl iomlr

ìmlo fjvlg ti Zirúdã ]rcmjtjigco Tlojfjig dy `cgy wrjtlrs wcs bjlrcraby ie Fim



=<

ìmlo' ]bjs ìmlo bl rlklatlm cs jgcmlquctl' Bl scjm tbl iomlr ìmlos ie Zirúdã

rlojfjius systl`

ôcal tbl vcrjius spjrjtuco piwlrs jg c bjlrcraby ct tbl tip/tbl Bjfb Fim/ Ioirug/ wjtbiut c auot8 glxt jg irmlr ie rcgh/ tbl Ôrïsî/ usucooy jgaoumjgf Jec cgm Âsú cgmsi`ltj`ls crdjtrcrjoy frcmlm jgti twi irmlrs ie frlctlr irolsslr mljtjls8 tblg tbl cgalstirs8 cgm ocst/ `jgir fbists/trll spjrjts/ ecjrjls cgm si ig' "Cerjac/ Uio' 1= Gi' 1; 4=2*

]bl shltab wjoo oiih ojhl Ejf' 4;

3st rcgh

Frlctlr Mljtjls

4gm

Olsslr Mljtjls

1rm rcgh

=tb rcgh

Ejf' 4

Ejf'4 js c shltab ie wbct ^ltlr @irtig-Vjoojc` prlslgtlm cs tbl iomlr ìmlo ie

Zirúdã ]rcmjtjigco Tlojfjig "Z]T*'

IOIT\G

JEC CGM LQ\

CGALQ]ITQ

@jgir fbists/ trll spjrjts/ ecjrjls cgm si ig



=5

IOIT\G]BL FIM

CTC IT\G

QhyIhl ỏ DÎ]ÃOÃ ÔMÚM\VÎ ITCGZCG QBCGFI IZC IF\G ITJQBC-IHI QIGÎGGI I]BLT Irug cgm cgm bjlrcraby cgm cgm olss

bjlrcraby ie bcrm bjlrcraby bjlrcraby pri`j- `col el`col ie bcrm ie bit glgt

fims irjsbcs

El`col Ejrst Ejrst Iyi ]bugmlr Vjel \sl ie Elrtjojty s`coo pixVITOM abjom Zirúdã Hjgf cgm Qbcgfi jrig ie cgm"JOL wi`d hjgfmi` ojfbtgjgf ]irgcmi "s`jtb eirlstCZL* mljtjls suaalss T' Gjflr wcrrjirs

]utlocry jg wcr Mjvjgjty dcrdlrs

ôcal/ lsp' ie Iyi scarjejalrBjoos cgm mrjvlrsVi`lg‚s arcets

IFDIG LF\GF\G ITI LFDL Q^JTJ]QAuot ie @cshs ricrlr eirlst oj`jtsLcrtb

LCT]B Lmcg CGALQ]IT EJLTAL Q^JTJ]"JOL* Ifdigj Aioolatjvlcgm Cgm spjrjtmlptb ie tbl wctlr

JT\G@COL)IGJOL]bl Lcrtb "El`col

Ejf' 1 ^ltlr @irtig-Vjoojc`‚s @imlo' ]bjs js prlslgtjgf tbl Fim-fimscoigf tbl Zirúdã aisìoify bjlrcraby ojgl'

Caairmjgf ti @irtig-Vjoojc /̀

]bl bjlrcrabjaco ìmlo/ ìrl ir olss mlvloiplm/ js ti dl

eiugm jg tbl wirh ie Ariwtblr "32<4*/ Diwlg "32<6-Durtig‚s irjfjgco*/ Durtig "3251*/ Dcumjg "322=*/ Loojs"32:=*/ Eridlgjus "3:34*/ ]codit "3:45*/ Lplfc "3:13*/Dcsai` "3:==* cgm Jmiwu "3:54*' Jts euoolst lxprlssjigjs ti dl eiugm jg tbrll miatirco tblsls ig Zirúdã Tlojfjig;Q'Q' Ecrriw "^bM Lmjgdurfb/ pudojsblm jg 3:4=*/ L'F'^crrjgmlr "^bM Oigmig/ pudojsblm jg 3:4=* cgm K'I'Ouacs "M'M' Murbc`/ pudojsblm jg 3:<>*' "Cerjac/ Uio' 1=Gi' 1; 4<>*



=6

Jt ùst dl scjm tbct wbjol Ejf' 4 js jgcmlquctl cs scjm dy @irtig-Vjoojc`/

Ejf' 1 js lqucooy jgcmlquctl cs tbjs mils git rlprlslgt coo tbl rloctjigs tbct tbl

wrjtlrs bl ojstlm trlctlm' Eir lxc`pol/ Jmiwu aiuom dl sllg ti rleolat c sojfbtoy

mjeelrlgt ìmlo tbcg tbct jg Ejf' 1'

JJJ'4 Jmiwu jg @imlo

Jmiwu‚s l`pbcsjs ig ìgitbljs` cs cfcjgst pcgtbljs` cgm )ir pourcojstja

Fim "Jmiwu/ 3:61; 3=>-3<>* wiuom fjvl cg jgtlrlstjgf shltab cs sbiwg jg Ejf' ='

Ioñmú`crâ/ tbl friugm ie coo dljgf

Ejf' =' Ioñmú`crâ ‑ tbl friugm ie coo dljgf' C tbrll mj`lgsjigco jgviovl`lgt'

Jg Ejf' =/ tbl drihlg ojgls jooustrctl tbct tbl riol ie tbl fims jgarlcslm cs tbl gu`dlr

ie fims/ tbl gu`dlr ie bu`cg dljgfs/ gu`dlr ie bu`cg mlvitjig ti tbl fims cgm

tj`l jgarlcslm' Cosi jg Ejf' =/ lvlrytbjgf js wjtbjg tbl erc l̀wirh ie Ioñmú`crâ/

tbl friugm ie coo dljgf/ bu`cg dljgfs cgm fims' "Jmiwu/ 3:61* Jg Ejf' =/ tbl tj`l-

fims pocgl rleolats tbl mjeelrlgt fims cgm tbljr mljejactjig8 tbl bu`cg dljgfs-fims

Bu`cg ]j`l

fims-riol



=2

pocgl rlprlslgts tbl riol ie tbl fims jg rloctjig ti bu`cg8 cgm tbl bu`cg dljgf-tj`l

pocgl rlprlslgts bu`cg ugmlrstcgmjgf/ pisslssjig cgm wirsbjp mlvitjig' Coo tbl

tbrll cxls/ cgm coo ojgls wiuom bcvl drihlg ojgls ti sbiw jgarlcsls tbct crl git

glalsscrjoy ugjeir`' C ojgl aiuom tbus dl mrcwg ti rlprlslgt lcab fim' C mlaojgl

ir jgarlcsl aiuom tbus dl sbiwg' ]bjs aiuom dl fittlg eri` Jmiwu‚s mlsarjptjig

cgm tbjs `chls Ejf' 1 git cs ai`prlblgsjvl ig tbl ojst ie wrjtlrs fjvlg dy @irtig-

Vjoojc`' Cosi/ tbjs Jmiwu‚s rlprlslgtctjig/ Ejf' =/ js j`pirtcgt dlacusl/ jt js ìrl

caai`ìmctjgf' ]bl caai`ìmctjig cooiws eir coo tbl fims ti dl ejttlm jg

slpcrctloy dy ojgls/ cgm dy su``jgf up tbl dlst ojgls tbct aiuom put tbl fims jg

irmlr ie `cfgjtuml cgm j`pirtcgal'

JJJ'1 Cwiocou jg @imlo

Cosi/ c eurtblr aigsjmlrctjig ie ^ltlr @irtig-Vjoojc`‚s shltab/ Ejf'1 rlvlcos

tbct `cgy csplats ie tbl Fim-fims rloctjigs crl git wloo tchlg acrl ie' Cppoyjgf

Cwiocou‚s tbrll aocssjejactjigs - prjìrmjco mjvjgjtjls/ mljejlm cgalstirs cgm

plrsigjejactjig ie gcturco eirals cgm pblgi`lgc "Cwiocou/ 3:6:; 43-<3*- ti

@irtig-Vjoojc`‚s ìmlo/ Ejf' 1/ prlslgt tbl ìmlo cs git dljgf caai`ìmctjgf

lgiufb' Cwiocou put jgti c shltab/ dcslm ig bjs mlsarjptjig wiuom oiih cs sbiwg

jg Ejf' <'



=:

Cwiocou jg @imlo

^rjìrmjcomjvjgjtjls

Âsú MljejlmCgalstirs ^lrsigjejactjig ie

gcturco eirals cgmpblgi`lgc

Ôrïsî-gocQcgfi

Ômúmuwî Jol

Ifug Iyc

Bu`cg DljgfsEjf' <; Cwiocou‚s tbrll aocssjejactjigs ‑^rjìrmjco mjvjgjtjls/ mljejlm cgalstirs cgm

plrsigjejlm eirals cs jooustrctlm dy ]'E' Kl`jrjyl'

]bl fims jg drihlg lgaoisurl "Ômúmuwî/ Ifug/ Iyc* jooustrctls tbl

aigtrivlrsjco pisjtjig tbly dloigf/ mlplgmjgf ig wbjab tbliry js eiooiwlm' ]bl

bljfbt ie tbl ugdrihlg lgaoisurl ie tbl fims rlprlslgts tbljr j`pirtcgal jg glcrglss

ti tbl Quprl l̀ Dljgf' ]bl ìrl drihlg tbl crriw/ tbl wlchlr tbl mlolfctiry riol

cgm `lmjctiry eugatjig' Jt ùst dl scjm tbct Cwiocou‚s shltab/ Ejf' < rlprlslgts

igoy cgitblr pcrt ie tbl rloctjig dltwllg tbl Fim-fims rloctjig' ]bjs Ejf' < j̀ssls

iut ai`poltloy tbl lol`lgt ie tj`l "mljejactjig*' Jt sbiws/ biwlvlr/ tbl j`pirtcgal

cgm ìml ie mljejactjig ie tbl fims' Cosi/ tblrl js c wcy jg wbjab Ejf' < aiuom stjoo

dl aigstruatlm cs bjlrcrabjaco tblrldy fjvjgf jt c rloctjig ti Ejf' 1/ wbjab bcs dllg

rlklatlm' Jt sll`s/ biwlvlr/ tbct Ejf' < dlst lxpocjgs tbl mljejactjig jg tlr s̀ ie

]bl Quprl`l Dljgf- Arlctir- Driufbt jgti dljgf mjvjgjtjls

cgm bu`cg dljgfsCdsioutl aigtrioolr



<>

suplrjir friupjgf blgal tbl tbrll aocssjejactjigs ie tbl fims jg rloctjig ti Fim'

"Kl`jrjyl/ 3:2:f; 54*

JJJ'= Dlgkc`jg Tcy‚s Qhltab ie @irpbioify

Dlgkc`jg Tcy‚s mlsarjptjig ie tbl Zirúdã Tlojfjig eri` ‒ìrpbioify cgm

bjstiry‚ "Tcy/ 3:65; 53-54/ 5=* stcgmpijgt `chls cgitblr jgtlrlstjgf shltab' Tcy

prlslgtlm ỏoñrug cs mj`jgjsbjgf jg priplrty cgm riol wjtb tj`l/ wbjol Ômúmuwî

cgm ỏdîtãoã crl fcjgjgf jg caarlmjtctjig ct cg cmvcgtcfl ie ỏoñrug‚s oist' C shltab

ie Tcy‚s prlslgtctjig ie ỏoñrug-Ômúmuwî-ỏdîtãoã rloctjig wiuom dl cs sbiwg jg

Ejf' 5'

ỏoñrug

Ômúmuwî

ỏdîtãoã

^rjìrmjco ]j`l ^rlslgt mcy

Ejf' 5; Tcy‚s Ioirug-Ômúmuwî-ỏdîtãoã aigglatjig

Tcy‚s shltab/ Ejf'5/ sbiws tbct wjtb tj`l tbl prll`jglgt riol ie ỏoñrug wcs

eireljtlm frcmucooy ejrst ti ỏdîtãoã cgm octlr ti Ômúmuwî' ]bl arissjgf ie tbl

aurvls sbiws tblrl crl ivlrocps jg tbl mlvitjigs fjvlg tbl`' ]blsl ivlrocps `cy

sjfgjey ai`ìg priplrtjls ie tbisl fims cosi' Tcy‚s shltab/ Ejf' 5/ mils git

caaiugt eir `cgy ie tbl fims ct coo' Cosi/ Ejf' 5 mils git sbiw tbl riol-piwlr



<3

rloctjig ie tbl fims ti tbl Quprl`l Fim' Qhltab Ejf' 5 js tblrleirl git

ai`prlblgsjvl ct coo/ dut jt sbiws biw c pcrtjauocr fim aiuom dl ai`pcrlm ti

cgitblr ‑ jg tbjs acsl/ Ômúmuwî cgm ỏdîtãoã' Tcy‚s trlct`lgt aiuom tblrleirl dl

rlfcrmlm cs dljgf tii gcrriw jg tbl mjsaussjig ie tbl Fim-fims cs Ômúmuwî cgm

ỏdîtãoã mi git prlslgt tbl itblr fims cmlquctloy jg tbljr rloctjig ti ỏoñrug'

Jt bcs dllg sllg jg tbjs slatjig tbct tblrl crl `cgy ìmlos ie Fim-fims

eugatjigco pcttlrg tbct acg dl mrcwg/ mlplgmjgf ig wbct lcab js aigalgtrctjgf upig'

Jg Ejf' 4 ‑ Ejf 5/ lcab igl mjm kustjal jg si`l slgsl/ ti si`l pcrt ie tbl Z]T' Jt

sll`s tbl ai`djgctjig ie ^ltlr @irtig-Vjoojc`‚s Ejf'1/ Jmiwu‚s Ejf' = cgm

Cwiocou‚s Ejf' < jg si`l mjstjgat crlcs privjml tbl rlco ai`prlblgsjvl mj`lgsjig

tbct rlprlslgt tbl rloctjigco ìmlo ie Fim-fims eugatjigco pcttlrg' Vjtb tbjs/

cttl`pt acg giw oiih ct tbl euturl ie tbl Fim cgm fims' "Kl`jrjyl 3::2f; 51*

JJJ'< ]bl Euturl ie tbl Fim cgm fims

^crt ie tbl ficos ie tbjs olaturl bcs dllg ti jgtlrprlt tbl Zirúdã Fim cgm fims

jg irmlr ti airrlat si`l j̀srlprlslgtctjigs cgm `jsjgtlrprltctjigs' ]bjs bcs dllg

migl dy mlejgjgf tbl aigalpt ie Fim cgm drjleoy dy lxc`jgjgf tbl Quprl`l Fim/

cttrjdutls/ gc`ls/ rloctjigs/ ocgfucfl aigalpt/ gcturl/ mljejactjig/ mctl ie tbl fims

cgm si`l itblr tbjgfs'

Vbct rlcooy crl tbl iptjigs ti tbl Fim cgm fims9 Crl tbly ojhloy ti aigtjgul

ti lxjst ir crl tbly ojhloy ti friw jgti idojvjig si`l mcy9 ]bus ecr/ tbl Fim cgm



<4

fims bcvl dllg cmmrlsslm cs `cols' Crl tblrl fimmlssls9 Vbct tlr`s crl

caalptcdol ti tbl Zirúdã jg mlsarjdjgf tbl Fim cgm fims9 Acg tblrl dl

ìmjejactjig/ jgtlfrctjig cgm ir prlslrvctjig ie cgytbjgf ir coo tbjgfs jg tbl Zirúdã

aigalpt ie Fim cgm fims' Vbct crl tbl ditti` ojgls ir bcrm rlcojtjls tbct sbiuom dl

ecalm dy tbl Zirúdã jg rloctjig ti tbljr Fim cgm fims cgm dy c`djtjius iutsjml

plipol tbct crl tryjgf ti aigvlrt tbl Zirúdã9 Coo tblsl qulstjigs sbiuom dl

cmmrlsslm'

JJJ'<'3 ]bl Iptjigs; Aigtjgujty ir Mjsaigtjgujty

]i csslrt tbct tblrl js c euturl lxjstlgal ie tbl Zirúdã Fim cgm fim js ti

dlojlvl jg aigtjgujty' Je jt js tbl vjlw tbct tblrl wjoo dl gi euturl lxjstlgal eir tbl

Zirúdã Fim cgm fims tblg jt js mjsaigtjgujty tbct js upblom'

Je bjstiry js cgytbjgf ti fi dy "cgm jt surloy js*/ jt wiuom dl lxplatlm tbct

`cgy ylcrs ie tbl di`dcrm`lgt ie tbl Zirúdã aigalpt ie Fim cgm fims dy eirljfg

Tlojfjigs/ lsplajcooy Abrjstjcgjty cgm Jsoc` sbiuom bcvl wjplm jt iut' ]bct tbl

aigalpt js stjoo strigfoy upblom dy tbl Zirúdã sbiws tbct aigtjgujty bcs tchlg pocal

gi `cttlr biw jt js lvcouctlm'

Cwiocou "Irjtc/ 3:23; :* cgcoyslm tbrll lol`lgts ie aigtjgujty/ mjsaigtjgujty

cgm eusjig' Cptoy/ bl scjm tbct/ ‟Jt js vlry mjeejauot ti scy wjtb alrtcjgty wbct

lol`lgts ie tbl Zirúdã Tlojfjig crl ai`poltloy mjsaigtjgulm ir aigtjgulm ir wbct



<1

lol`lgts bcvl dllg euslm wjtb itblr auoturls‐' Lol`lgts ie aigtjgujty ie tbl

Zirúdã trcmjtjigco Tlojfjig/ lsplajcooy dlojle jg Fim cgm fims `cgjelst lvlrywblrl

mlspjtl jgtlgsl Abrjstjcg `jssjigcry leeirts cgm c tbiuscgm ylcrs ie @usoj`

prisloytjsjgf' ]bjs js strigfoy sllg jg tbl Zirúdã wirsbjp ie tbl Fim cgm fims/ jg

tbl bi`cfl pcjm ti tbl cgalstirs jg siajco cgm auotja slttjgf cgm jg tbl rlaiursl ti

tbl fims tbriufb mjvjgctjig/ `cfja cgm itblr auotja rjtucos'

Cwiocou quitlm eri` Dcsai` cgm Blrhirjsts ti privl aigtjgujty wblg bl

writl;

Cerjacg Tlojfjig js c Tlojfjig tbct bcs dllg tblrl eir cfls'Jt bcs gi pripcfcgmc `cabjglry/ gi `l`dlrsbjp rioo/ gipcjm prjlsts/ ylt tbl trcmjtjigco dlojle jg tbl Quprl`lDljgf cs tbl cutbir ie coo tbjgfs cgm prlslrvlr ie blcvlgcgm lcrtb bcs git abcgflm' ]bl gc`ls dy wbjab tblQuprl`l Dljgf js hgiwg bcvl git abcgflm' ]bl

`jssjigcrjls wbi ac`l ti Cerjac dirriwlm tbl gc`ls cgmaigtjgulm ti usl tbl` jg Abrjstjcg wirsbjp' "Irjtc 3:23;3>*'

Ioñmú`crâ ir ỏoñrug js tbl gc`l ie Zirúdã wirsbjp cs dirriwlm dy

Abrjstjcgs' "Dcrrltt/ 3:538 dlrhbie/ 3:628 Digbileelr/ 3:558 Dilr/ 3:238 Diitb/

3:668 Bc`ìgm/ 3:158 Blrmlr cgm Blrmlr/ 3:648 Bjah/ 3:668 Kl`jrjyl/ 3:2=/

3:22/ 3::6c/ 3::2c/ 4>>1c/ 4>>1a/ 4>>1m/ 4>>=d cgm Kl`jrjyl cgm Cwisusj/ 4>>6d

crl coo jgviovlm jg tbjs prjgajpol*' Cttrjdutls ie tbl Fim cgm fims sbiw aigtjgujty

ig c ocrfl sacol' Virsbjps/ prcylrs cgm ieelrjgfs stjoo prcatjslm sbiw aigtjgujty'

]bl ecat tbct flglrctjigs cetlr flglrctjigs bcvl pcsslm cwcy/ cgm tbl Zirúdã

elstjvco ie Fim cgm fims bcvl git rlmualm jg gu`dlr/ lgtbusjcs` cgm aloldrctjig



<=

aigejr`s aigtjgujty ie tbl Zirúdã Fim cgm fims' ]bl wirsbjp ie Fim cgm fims

tbct bcvl plrsjstlm jgaouml; Ihl-dcmcg "elstjvco ct Jdcmcg*/ Ifug "ct Igmi*/ Isug

"ct Isifdi*/ Cflì "ct Jkldu*/ Jriì "ct Jflml-Lhjtj*/ Jec "cariss Zirúdãocgm* cgm

`cgy itblrs' "Kl`jrjyl/ 3::2f; 55*'

Jt acggit dl mlgjlm tbct tblrl js aigtjgujty jg tbl trcmjtjigco `cfja cgm

`lmjajgl' Cosi/ dlojles jg wjtabarcet/ Isi/ Ckl/ l`lrl/ iei/ ibug/ lvjo eirals/ irj

cgm Cerjacg jgvlstjfctjvl aurl privls aigtjgujty'

Biwlvlr/ tblrl crl si`l jgmjsputcdol jgmjactirs pijgtjgf ct mjsaigtjgujty jg

si`l crlcs ie trcmjtjigco Zirúdã ojel' Jt ùst dl cm`jttlm tbct si`l prcatjals

wjtbjg tbl jgmjflgius Tlojfjig jg rlsplat ie tbl Fim-cgm fims bcvl dlai`l

wlchlglm ir ìrjdugm' ]blsl crl mul ti leelats ie cojlg jgeoulgals' Cg lxc`pol

ie suab prcatjals tbct bcvl dlai`l rcrl ir ugai`ìg js tbl wirsbjp ie tbl

Quprl`l Dljgf cìgf tbl Zirúdã' Jg prjstjgl tj`l/ wirsbjpplr wiuom `chl c

ajraol ie csbls ie wbjtl abcoh cgm wjtbjg tbl ajraol/ bl wiuom piur ojdctjig ie aiom

wctlr cgm pocalm c wbjtl hiocgut "Idj jejg* ig c wbjtl aittig wiio "Irjtc 3:23; 3=*'

Giw tbjs pcrtjauocr eir` ie wirsbjp js git ai`ìg'

Cgitblr lxc`pol rloctls ti tbl djrtb ie twjgs " Jdlkj* dy c wi`cg' ]bjs wcs

rlfcrmlm cs lvjo jg si`l pcrts ie Zirúdã ocgm jg tbl iomlg mcys/ blgal tbl pugjtjvl

rjtls cgm alrlìgjls tbct crl rlqujrlm ie wi`lg tbct bcvl twjg abjomrlg' ]bl

alrlìgjls usucooy jgaouml mcgajgf riugm wjtb tbl abjomrlg/ flttjgf si`l eiim



<<

jtl`s suab cs chcrc "dlcg achl*/ lhuru "c splajco dlcg eiim*/ jrlhl "sufcracgl*/

cfdig "aiaigut*/ lpi "pco` ijo* cgm sjgfjgf' ]bl sjgfjgf tcol-tloo blr j̀ssjig cs c

mjrlatjvl eri` Fim cgm fims' Cg lxc`pol ie suab sigf js;

]cyloiou oi gj ghj fdifdi yjg i

Gfi sj hj fdifdi yjg oiihcg'

]rcgsoctlm; Jt js ]cyloiou "igl ie tbl twjgs* tbct bcs ai`ploolm `l ti frllt yiu coo

cgm J wjoo frllt yiu coo igl dy igl' "Kl`jrjyl/ 3::2f; 52*'

]bl sigf uslm ti dl eiooiwlm dy c erllwjoo migctjig jg acsb cgm hjgm ti tbl

twjgs' Jt ùst dl gitlm tbct wjtb tbl jgejotrctjig ie wlstlrg sajlgal cgm wcy ie ojel/

tbl dlojle jg rloctjig ti twjgs abcgflm mrcstjacooy ti c olvlo ie glcr mjsaigtjgujty' Jt

js migl rlalgtoy/ jg tblsl mcys ie bcrm laigi`ja arugab eir survjvco strctlfy rctblr

tbcg c ai``jt`lgt ti rlojfjius prcatjal' ]bus/ tblrl crl lol`lgts ie mjsaigtjgujty

jg jgtlgt/ prcatjal cgm lvcouctjig ie tbjs rlojfjius lvlgt' Qi`l itblr lvlgts tbct

sbiw mjsaigtjgujty jgaouml cttrjdutjgf giw `lmjacooy lxpocjgcdol sjtuctjigs ti tbl

Fim cgm fims/ cs jg tbl acsl ie sigpiggi "s`coo pix* ir ioiml "`lcsols*/ cgm

cutbirjty csarjdlm ti rlojfjius eugatjigcrjls/ siajltjls cgm sbrjgls cs jg cwiri

"prjlst*/ ifdigj cgm iri "slarlt siajltjls* cgm ikudi "wirsbjp frivls*' "Irjtc/ 3:23;

35*

Ig aigtjgujty ir mjsaigtjgujty/ jt wjoo dl cmlquctl ti cfrll wjtb Cwiocou‚s

aigaousjig tbct



<5

Vbltblr Cerjacgs ojhl jt ir git "cgm Zirúdã jg tbjs acsl*/si`l csplats ie tbljr Tlojfjig wjoo abcgfl tbriufbìmlrg lmuactjig/ tlabgioifjaco hgiw-biw/ aigtcat wjtbitblr wirom Tlojfjigs cgm pcrtoy dlacusl ie tbl plipol‚s

ìvl`lgt ti ojvl jg ajtjls cgm itblr pcrts ie tbl wirom'Dut … lvlg je alrtcjg csplats ie tbl Tlojfjig mjl/ itblrcsplats wjoo survjvl/ cgm si`l ie tbl` wjoo dl abcgflm irtrcgseir`lm ti `llt tbl gllms ie tbl abcgfjgf tj`ls"Irjtc 3:23; 3:*'

JJJ'<'4 Fim cgm Fimmlssls

Igl ie tbl jssuls jg tbl abcgfjgf tj`ls/ rlolvcgt ti tbjs olaturl js tbl Fim ir

fimlss"ls* tbct bcs dllg rcjslm dy si`l el`jgjgl aigsajius lgqujrlrs' Jg tblsl

mcys ie wi`lg ojdlrctjig/ iplrctjig eir dlttlr wi`lg/ wi`lg ec`joy suppirt

ac`pcjfgs ie coo hjgms/ cshjgf wbltblr tblrl crl fimmlssls dlai`l vlry cpt cgm

rlolvcgt' Jt ùst dl scjm vlry aolcroy tbct tbl wi`lg ojdlrctjig bcgf ivlr ie tbl

wlstlrg wirom bcs gi pocal jg Zirúdã Fim cgm fims' ]bl tlr` Fim cgm fims

lgai`pcssls fimmlssls cs wloo' "Kl`jrjyl/ 3::2f; 5:*

Zlìkc/ Isug cgm Iyc crl pri j̀glgt el`col fims' ]bly crl git glalsscrjoy

rlelrrlm ti cs fimmlssls' @col ir el`col/ tbly crl wjtbjg tbl Fim cgm fims systl`'

Jt wjoo sueejal ti scy tbct tbl Zirúdã bcvl ditb `col cgm el`col fims wjtbjg tbl

Fim-fims systl`/ cgm tblrl js gi euss ig wbltblr c pcrtjauocroy fim js `col ir

el`col'

Ie rlolvcgal blrl js tbl flgmlr ie ỏdîtãoã' @cgy Zirúdã dlojlvl ỏdîtãoã ti

dl c wi`cg wbjol itblrs biom bj` ti dl c `cg' Vbltblr `col ir el`col/ jt mils



<6

git dlojttol tbl riol/ eugatjig/ wirsbjp ir jgeoulgal ie ỏdîtãoã wjtb bjs cmblrlgts' Jt

aiuom tblrleirl dl scjm tbct tbl jssul ie el`jgjs` ti tbl Zirúdã Fim-fims systl` js

ie ojttol ir gi sjfgjejacgal' Je tblg/ tbl Fim-fimmlssls jssuls crl kust c `cttlr ie

tlr`s/ wbct sbiuom dl rlfcrmlm cs caalptcdol tlr`s ti usl eir Zirúdã Fim cgm

fims9

JJJ'<'1 Caalptcdol ]lr`s

Caalptcdol tlr`s ti tbl Zirúdã Tlojfjig jg flglrco/ cgm ti tbl Fim cgm fims

jg pcrtjauocr crl tbl catuco wirms uslm dy tbl Zirúdã jg tbljr Tlojfjig cgm eir tbl

Fim cgm fims' Cgy itblr wirm/ lxalpt tbl wirms uslm dy tbl Zirúdã dlai`ls

ugcaalptcdol' ]bjs js dlacusl wirms crl auoturco cgm bcvl tbljr euoolst `lcgjgf

wjtbjg tbljr aigtlxt ie irjfjg' \sjgf tbl lxcat wirms uslm dy tbl Zirúdã eir tbljr

Tlojfjig cgm Fim-fims `chls tbl mjsaussjig euoo/ vlry rjab cgm ugdjcslm' Jt `chls

tbl Zirdc lxplrjlgal ie bjs Tlojfjig cgm Fim-fims vcojm/ trul cgm flgujgl ti tbl

Zirúdã' Itblrs usjgf tbl tlr`s cosi aigejr` tbct tbly caalpt tbl aocj` tbct tbl

Zirúdã bcs c rjfbt ti bjs lxplrjlgal/ rlojfjius lxprlssjigs cgm Fim-fims' ]bl

iptjig giw js/ wbct js jg tbl euturl ie tbl Zirúdã Fim cgm fims9



<2

JJJ'<'= @imjejactjig/ Jgtlfrctjig cgm ^rlslrvctjig

Jg lvcouctjgf tbl ejgco iptjig eir tbl euturl ie tbl Fim cgm fims/ tbl rlsuotcgt

prjgajpols bjgfl ig ìmjejactjigs/ jgtlfrctjig cgm prlslrvctjig' Qi`l csplats ie

tbl Zirúdã Fim cgm fims ùst dl ìmjejlm jg tbl ojfbt ie tbl ìmlrg mcy

ajvjojzctjig' "Kl`jrjyl 3::2f; 63*

Cìgf tbl jssuls eir ìmjejactjig crl tbl rlaifgjtjig/ trcjgjgf cgm

eugatjigjgf ie tbl prjlstbiim jg Fim cgm fims systl`' Itblrs jgaouml gllm eir

dlttlr miau`lgtctjig ie tbl `cgy csplats ojhl wirsbjp/ tblioify cgm plrsigs ie tbl

Fim cgm fims' @chjgf tbl Fim cgm fims `lcgjgfeuo ti tbl gig-Zirúdã cgm

rlolvcgt ti tbl prlslgt mcy crl crlcs ie ìmjejactjig cs wloo'

Cpcrt eri` ìmjejactjig/ jgtlfrctjig js c `ckir crlc tbct ùst dl eiausslm cs

rlolvcgt ti tbjs mjsaussjig' Oiihjgf miwg ig `cgy tbjgfs tbct crl gig-wlstlrg ir

tbct crl Cerjacg js c dcgl tbct bcs plr`lctlm `cgy plipol‚s cttjtuml jg vjlwjgf

aigalpts ie wbjab tbl fim-fims js jgaoumlm' ]bl Zirúdã Fim cgm fims aigalpt

ùst dl jgtlfrctlm jgti prlslgt mcy bcpplgjgfs wjtbjg tbl foidco vjoocfl acoolm

wirom' ]bl jgtlfrctjig js ti dl c miudol wcy ‑ jgklatjgf tbl Fim-fims auoturl wjtb

aigalpts eri` iutsjml tbiufbt cs ti slrvl cs c ablah ig tbl Fim-fims vcoul cgm ct

tbl sc`l tj`l/ cm`jgjstlrjgf tbl Fim-fims vcoul ig itblr Fim aigalpts jg itblr

rlojfjius slttjgfs/ cs ti ariss lgrjab iutsjml pisjtjigs crl pcrts ie tbl sufflstlm

gllmlm jgtlfrctjig' Lxc`pols ie jssuls eir jgtlfrctjig crl tbl usl ie tbl `lmjc jg



<:

pripcfcgmc/ mlvloip`lgt ie lvcgflojs`/ lvcgflojzctjig `cabjglry/ jgviovl`lgt jg

`css ìdjojzctjig suab cs rlvjvcos/ tlstjìgjls cgm suab ojhls' ]bl spjrjt ie rjfbt ie

mi`jgctjig ir jgtj`jmctjig cs priklatlm jg tbl usl ie ocgfucfl/ lsplajcooy ig tbl

jssul ie scovctjig/ blcvlg/ bloo/ piwlr ie iwglrsbjp cgm iutrjfbt aigml`gctjig ie

tbl itblr plrsig lsplajcooy eri` eirljfg Tlojfjigs tiwcrm Zirúdã Fim-fims/ crl coo

jssuls ie jgtlfrctjig' "Kl`jrjyl/ 3::2f; 64*

^rlslrvctjig js tbl tbjrm ocp tbct gllms c vjsjt jg tbjs mj`lgsjig' ]blrl crl

si`l csplats ie tbl Zirúdã Fim cgm fims tbct ùst dl prlslrvlm cgm tcufbt ti tbl

iutsjml wirom' Ejrst js tbl spjrjt ie biojstja wirsbjp ie tbl Fim-fims rlfcrmolss ie

tbl cppricabjgf ojgl' Cs ecr cs tbl Zirúdã Fim-fims crl aigalrglm/ wbltblr yiu

wirsbjp Lfugfug/ Iri/ Jri`c ir wbctlvlr ir tbriufb c ai`djgctjig ie fims/ jt js

plr`jttlm cgm wjtbjg tbl sc`l aigalpt' "Irjtc/ 3:2=; 333-332* Jt js git pcgtbljs '̀

]blrl js euoo erllmi` jg tbl abijal ie ojgl ie wirsbjp wjtbjg tbl Zirúdã Fimfims'

]blrl js tiolrcgal cgm caalptcgal wjtbjg tbl prcatjal ie Fim cgm fims

rlojfjius wirsbjp' ]blsl qucojtjls sbiuom dl prlslrvlm'

]bl ocst jssul `lgtjiglm blrl js tbl ojgh ie tblirltjaco jmlcos ie Tlojfjig wjtb

prcatjaco mcy-ti-mcy ojvjgf' ]bl Zirúdã Fim cgm fims prlslgal cgm leelat crl cs

jgtlgsl jg tbl frivl wjtb tbl prjlst cs jt js wjtbjg tbl `crhlt pocal' Cg ihri sloolr

jg tbl `crhlt wjoo acoo ig Ifug cs c wjtglss jg tbl `crhlt kust cs je jg tbl sbrjgl'

]bjs js c suplr aigtrcst ti `cgy eirljfg Tlojfjigs tbct prlcab oiety jmlcos ie oivl ig



5>

Qugmcy cgm prcatjsl `cxj`jzlm priejt ig @igmcy ti Qcturmcy' ]bjs js wbct Jmiwu

"3:6<; <* rlelrs ti cs ‟jg coo tbjgfs tbly crl rlojfjius‐' ]bl prcatjal jg wbjab tblrl

js gi slpcrctjig jg wcy ie ojel eri` tbl Fim-fims dlojle rlfcrmolss ie tj`l cgm pocal

sbiuom dl prlslrvlm cgm siom ti itblr Tlojfjigs'

]blrl crl `cgy itblr prjgajpols eri` tbl Zirúdã Fim cgm fims tbct sbiuom

dl prlslrvlm' ]bl cttl`pt blrl js kust cg iplgjgf up ie tbl crlcs' @irl wirhs

aiuom cgm sbiuom dl migl jg tbjs crlc' Jt wjoo sueejal blrl kust ti l̀gtjig tbl

prjgajpols cs migl' ]bl fico js ti drjgf ti c euoo aigsajiusglss tbl ecat tbl jg tbl

Zirúdã Fim cgm fims tblrl jssuls eir ìmjejactjig/ jgtlfrctjig cgm prlslrvctjig'

JJJ'<'< ]bl Bcrm Tlcojty

]bjs wirh bcs lxpoirlm tbl Zirúdã Fim-fims' Ivlr tbl ylcrs/ tblrl bcvl

dllg ìmjejactjig cgm jgtlfrctjig jg tbl plipol‚s ugmlrstcgmjgf ie tbl aigalpts'

]bl Fim-fims bcvl dllg prlslrvlm jg tbl ecal ie coo imms cgm abcoolgfls ti tbjs

tj`l' ]bl bcrm rlcojty eir coo ti dlcr js tbct/ Zirúdã Fim-fims crl rlcojty jg

lxjstlgal cgm lxplrjlgal/ wbjab tbl Zirúdã trlcsurl/ ie wbjab tbl iutsjml wirom

acg olcrg ùab eri`' Dut wbct eugatjig mi tbly rlcooy plreir`9 "Kl`jrjyl/ 3::2f;

61*



53

JJJ'<'5 Eugatjigs ie Fim-fims

Jt bcs dllg cfrllm upig cgm wjtbiut cgy jitc ie miudt tbct tbl mjvjgjtjls wlrl

driufbt jgti dljgf ti plreir` alrtcjg eugatjigs' ]bjs ecat bcs dllg suppirtlm dy

sabiocrs "Jmiwu/ Cwiocou/ Mipcù/ Cmlwcol* cgm mlvitlls ie tbl Cerjacg

]rcmjtjigco Tlojfjig' ]blrleirl/ tbl eiooiwjgf crl si`l ie tbl eugatjigs ie tbl

Fim-fims;

3' Mjvjgjtjls pritlat tbljr mlvitlls cfcjgst `jseirtugls'

4' ]bly drjgf plcal cgm prisplrjty ti plipol'

1' ]bly crl acoolm upig ti drjgf vjatiry murjgf wcrs ir gctjigco arjsjs'

=' ]bly crl cppricablm tbriufb ircaol mjvjglrs ti ejgm iut wbct aiuom dl migl

ti wcrm-iee acoc`jtjls cgm mcgflrs'

<' Mjvjgjtjls fjvl dcrrlg wi`lg abjomrlg'

5' Mjvjgjtjls crl `jgjstlrs cgm jgtlr`lmjcrjls' ]bly cosi cat cs fucrmjcgs cgm

piojal`lg ie pudoja ìrcojty'

6' ]bly pugjsb tbisl wbi mjsidly tbl gir`s ie tbl siajlty wjtb sjahglss cgm

`jseirtugls cgm rlwcrms wjtb prisplrjty tbisl wbi aigeir` ti tbl ruols cgm

rlfuoctjigs ie tbl siajlty'

2' ^rcylrs cgm scarjejals crl ieelrlm ti tbl Quprl`l Dljgf tbriufb tbl

mjvjgjtjls'

:' Mjvjgjtjls iaacsjigcooy wcrg jgmjvjmuco bu`cg dljgf cgm ec`joy blcms ie

j`plgmjgf acoc`jtjls'



54

3>' ]bly slrvl cs jgtlr`lmjcrjls dltwllg Fim-fims cgm `cg'

33' ]bly slrvl cs dlglecatirs cgm cs aièirtlrs ti tbl wirsbjpplrs'

34' ]bly slrvl cs ocgm privjmlgal/ l'f' Ôrïsî ihi js c dlglecatir ti tbl ecr`lrs'

31' ]bly privjml l`poiy`lgt/ eiim cgm `lcgjgfeuo ojel eir tbl wirsbjpplrs cgm

tbl prjlsts'

3=' ]bly rlfuoctl tbl `col)el`col eugatjigs jg tbl ai`ùgjty l'f' c wi`cg

acggit dl Ioirj cwi'

3<' ]bly ìmlrctl cgm mjatctl ecsbjig vcoul eir wirsbjpplrs' ]blsl eugatjigs

crl eiugm sacttlrlm jg `cgy diihs ig Z]T jgaoumjgf "Cmlwcol 3:22/ Dljlr

3:6</ Ecfugwc 3:54/ @djtj/ 3:5:/ Qj`psig/ 3:2>*

Cpcrt eri` tbl ojstlm cgm itblr ugojstlm eugatjigs ie tbl mjvjgjtjls/ wbct crl

tbl cttrjdutls ie tbl Fim-fims'

JJJ'5 Cttrjdutls ie Fim-fims

]blrl crl si`l splajeja cgm stcgmcrm cttrjdutls tbct `chl cgy idklat ie

wirsbjp c mjvjgjty' ]bl mjvjgjtjls crl git kust rlelrrlm ti cs mjvjgjtjls ir pcrt ie tbl

Fim-fims ir wjtbjg tbl Fim-fims lxalpt tblrl crl si`l mjstjgfujsblm

abcrcatlrjstjas tbly crl cssiajctlm wjtb cs cttrjdutls' Cìgf tbl cttrjdutls tbly

ùst pisslss crl;

3' ]bly sbiuom mjspocy ir bcvl spjrjtuco mj`lgsjigs'

4' Mjvjgjtjls sbiuom bcvl si`l rl`crhcdol abcrcatlr/ cttrjdutl ir qucojty'



51

1' Mjvjgjtjls/ jg acsl ie mljejlm cgalstirs ùst bcvl ojvlm wloo/ mjlm wloo/

cttcjglm cg lgvjcdol cfl dleirl myjgf/ cgm ùst bcvl olet dlbjgm fiim

abjomrlg'

=' Mjvjgjtjls crl hgiwg ti bcvl dllg wirsbjpplm dy itblrs tbcg tbljr ec`jojls

dut tblrl crl cowcys rlaifgjzlm `ytbioifjaco stirjls ir olflgms criugm tbl`'

Mjvjgjtjls ùst bcvl olet dlbjgm si`l jgmlojdol j`pcat cgm bcvl c auot ti

slrvl jg `lìrjls ie suab splatcauocr bcpplgjgfs'

<' ]bly ùst bcvl spjrjtuco piwlr tbct js cdivl gir`co piwlr' ]bl spjrjtuco

piwlrs crl git glalsscrjoy pbysjaco tbct acg dl lxcatlm dy bu`cg dljgf'

5' Mjvjgjtjls ùst dl cdol ti `lmjctl ir ojcjsl ig dlbcoe ie tbl plipol'

Coo tblsl lxpocjg pcrts ie tbl wby wirsbjp cgm wby si`l idklats crl vlglrctlm

wjtbjg tbl Fim-fims systl`' C arjtjaco oiih jgti tbl Zirúdã ai`ùgjty rlvlcos

tbct tbl prcatjaco ojvjgf ie tbl plipol wjtb tbl Fim-fims js algtrlm jg tbl Îhômï

"Kl`jrjyl/ 4>>3c* cgm tbl Îhômï aigalpt js tbl lxl`pojejactjig ie tbl ai`polxjty jg

rlojfjig' Îhômï rlprlslgts tbl pridol`s cgm prcatjaco sioutjigs ie ojvjgf tifltblr'

Îhômï js c ojel prcatjal ie caalptcgal/ blgal tbl jg-sjtu slttjgf ie tbl lquctjig ie

rlojfjig cs caalptcgal'



5=

JU' Îhômï

Vjtbjg tbl Îhômï trutb/ kustjals/ oivl cgm fiim wirhs crl si`l ie tbl

ugjvlrsco rlojfjius `cxj`s tbct crl sudsarjdlm ti cgm cosi dy ìst ie tbl Tlojfjigs

ie tbl wirom' "Ercgho/ 3:<:* ]bjs slatjig ie tbjs olaturl wcgts ti eiaus ig kust cg

csplat ie oivl ‑ caalptcgal/ eri` wbctlvlr pissjdol ojst aiuom dl put iut cs

rlojfjius `cxj`s/ jg Z]T ir jg itblr rlojfjigs ie tbl wirom'

]blrl crl `cgy iplrctjvl wirms tbct mlpjat igl csplat ie oivl ir tbl itblr'

Quab jgaouml/ acrl/ eirfjvlglss/ tiolrcgal/ aigalrg cgm caalptcgal' Jt js tbl vjlw ie

tbjs wrjtlr tbct tbl catuco prcatjaco iplrctjvl wirm eir oivl js caalptcgal' ]bjs jswby caalptcgal dlai`ls tbl iplrctjvl wirm jg tbl cttl`pt ti ejgm c riol ìmlo eir

Tlojfjig jg tbl foidco vjoocfl'

Jg itblr wirms/ tbl riol ie Tlojfjig js ti privjml caalptcgal eir bu`cgjty'

Tlojfjig ùst wirh rlolgtolssoy ti rlìvl tbl jgbu`cgjty ie `cg ti `cg ugmlr cgy

fujsl8 dl jt pjlty/ pocyjgf fim ti cgitblr plrsig ir erll vjsc oittlry wbjab js tbl

ìmlrgjzlm socvlry wjtbiut tbl iptjig ir pissjdjojty ie rlpcrctjig' Jt js tbjscaalptcgal tbct js blrl aocj`lm ti bcvl lxjstlm jg Îhômï oigf dleirl tbl twlgty-ejrst

algtury' Jt js tbl caalptcgal tbct tbl twlgty-ejrst algtury `cy ugwjoojgfoy cgm

ugwjttjgfoy mlstriy je acrl js git tchlg' Jt js tbl acoo ti tbl Îhômï aigsajiusglss tbct

js giw ti dl lxpoirlm' "Kl`jrjyl % Lgjioc/ 4>></ 61-24*

JU'3 Îhômï jg Zirúdã Ai`ùgjty

Dcahfriugm

Îhômï js c Zirúdã wirm tbct mlpjats c plipol‚s prcatjaco ojvjgf ie titco

caalptcgal' ]bl wirm jg jtsloe mils git sll` ti dl ùab ugtjo tbl aigalpt jt stcgms

eir js cmlquctloy lxc`jglm cgm lxpislm' ]bjs js tblrleirl cg cttl`pt ti sbiw tbl



5<

aigalpts l`dlmmlm wjtbjg tbl Îhômï systl` cgm ti rlai``lgm tbl prjgajpol ie

titco caalptcgal tbct jt stcgms eir cs c glalsscry cgm pissjdol jg-ricm ti wirom

plcal' Jg irmlr ti rlvlco tbl mllp aigalpt tbct Îhômï aigtcjgs tbl wirm js blrl

mjsausslm jg stcfls' ]bl ejrst stcfl mlejgls tbl wirm/ lxpisls tbl crabjtlaturco

aigejfurctjig cgm tbl pbysjaco struaturl ie tbl Îhômï ' ]bl slaigm stcfl oiihs ct tbl

siajioify ie tbl plipol ojvjgf jg tbl Îhômï ' Blrl tbl ai`pisjtjig ie tbl plipol/

tbljr piojtjaco slttjgf/ tbl laigi`ja slttjgf/ cgm tbl rlojfjius slttjgf crl lxc`jglm'

]bl tbjrm stcfl lvcouctls tbl Îhômï arjsjs `cgcfl`lgt prjgajpol cgm lstcdojsbls tbl

rloctjigsbjp-lquctjig dltwllg tbl survjvco ie igl cgm tbl survjvco ie coo' Qtcfl eiur

ig tbl Îhômï aigsjmlrctjig sbiws tbct survjvco stcgms eir caalptcgal/ eir plcal cgmeir aigtjgujty'

JU'4 Mlejgjtjig ie Îhômï

Îhômï js c Zirúdã wirm tbct bcs ltyìoifjaco mlejgjtjig cs wloo cs c aigalpt

rlprlslgtctjig mlejgjtjig' Ltyìoifjacooy/ Îhômï js c ai`djgctjig ie ejvl copbcdlts

‑ tbrll viwlos C/ I/ J/ cgm twi aigsigcgts H cgm M' tbl wirm Îhômï aiuom dl

drihlg jgti ‟ Îhô‐ cgm ‟ômï ‐' Îhô `lcgs ‟bcrm‐ ir ‟`col‐ cgm ômï `lcgs wcoo ir

diugmcry' Imj aiuom cosi `lcg ‟mlce‐ ‑ c mlce plrsig' Îhômï cs c ai`djgctjig ie

Îhô cgm ômï js pissjdol cgm lxpocjgcdol jg tbl slgsl tbct tbl ai`jgf tifltblr ie i ‑

i jg Îhô -ômï ti fjvl i coigl jg Îhômï js c aigtrcatjig' ]bl viwlo aigtrcatjig ct tbl

ai`jgf tifltblr ie twi viwlos jgti igl js c ai`ìg pblgi`lgig jg Zirúdã

ocgfucfl' Jt js gitlm tbct tblrl js gi sjgfol wirm jg Lgfojsb tbct acg slrvl cs c glcr

lqujvcolgt ‑ git lvlg ti aigvlgl up ti tlg plralgt ie jts aigalpt'



55

Eri` tbl aigalpt rlprlslgtctjig pijgt ie vjlw/ tbl `lcgjgfs pirtrcylm dy

Îhô cgm Imj crl coo aigtcjglm jg wbct Îhômï stcgms eir' ]bl pbysjaco struaturl ie

Îhômï cgm tbl crabjtlaturco aigejfurctjig ie Îhômï sbiw tbct tbl aigalpts

rlprlslgtlm dy tbl ai`piglgt wirms Îhô cgm Imj crl wloo friugmlm jg Îhômï ' ]bl

aigalptuco mlejgjtjig ie Îhômï js sbiwg jg tbl eiooiwjgf ti igl mlfrll ir tbl itblr'

"Kl`jrjyl/ 4>>3c*

JU'1 ^bysjaco Qtruaturl ie Îhômï

]bl pbysjaco struaturl ie Îhômï js c dujomjgf ie c splajco typl' Ojhl ìst

dujomjgfs "je git coo dujomjgfs*/ jt js c̀ml ie gcturco idklats' ]bl wcoos crl ietlg

dujot eri` ìuomlm lcrtb cgm tbl riie js ietlg ie tbctab olcvls ir/ rlalgtoy/ pcgs

wjtb wiims cs rcetlr' Coo tbl `ctlrjcos crl bcrm cgm jg c slgsl aiuom dl rlfcrmlm cs

‟ Îhô ghcg‐- trcgsoctlm ‟Bcrm `ctlrjcos‐' ]blrl js tbl vjlw tbct ‟C hï à ej ghcg

yẺ pẺr Ẻ h‚ñoê8 Ibug tà ñ ol gj c ej g hñ joê‐' ]rcgsoctlm;- ^lipol mi git usl siet ir

ablcp tbjgfs jg dujomjgf' Tctblr plipol usl bcrm/ tiufb cgm ocstjgf tbjgfs ‑ idklats

jg dujomjgf' ]bus Îhômï cs c dujomjgf ùst dl tiufb/ cgm sturmy cs ti dl cdol ti

stcgm tbl strcjg ie wlctblr cgm tbl tlst ie tj`l' "Kl`jrjyl/ 4>>3c*

D4 Crabjtlaturco Aigejfurctjig ir Îhômï

C Qtumy ie tbl friugm pocg mrcwjgf ie tbl Îhômï sbiws tbl ejrst aigalpt ie

iglglss' ]bl Îhômï js usucooy c ocrfl aigalgtrja rlatcgfuocr slttjgf cs sbiwg jg tbl



56

mjcfrc`' Ct tbl airglr js tbl blcm ie tbl slttjgf cgm tbl cpcrt`lgt js acoolm ‟Hãî

Dcãoê‐/ trcgsoctlm ‟]bl aiurt ie tbl blcm Ectblr‐;

Dcah miir lxjt

T`

Hcc Dccol hlhlrl Ejf' 6

Friugm pocg ie cg Îhômï

]blrl js usucooy cgitblr s`coolr aiurt acoolm ‟Hãî Dcãoê hêhlrê /‐ trcgsoctlmcs tbl ‟Aiurt ie tbl slaigm jg ai``cgm‐ ir ‟ie tbl s`coo ectblr‐' ]blrl js usucooy

c `cjg miir cs lgtrcgal cgm c s`coolr dcah miir pcsscfl jg tbl ai`piugm' ]blrl js

cowcys c vlrcgmc-pcsscfl tbct rugs riugm tbl jgglr sjml ie tbl rlatcgfol' ]bl iplg

aiurt js eir lvlgjgf siajco fctblrjgfs lsplajcooy dy coo jg cfl friups' ]bl abjomrlg

crl usucooy jg c airglr bcvjgf ìigojfbt pocys cgm stirjls/ "cmlsjgc/ 3:62* wbjol tbl

wi`lg crl dusy wjtb usuco mi`lstja airl' "Dcdckcù/ 3:5=* ]bl yiugf `lg crl

ietlg rlocxjgf ivlr pco` wjgl wbjol tbl lomlrs crl usucooy dusy wjtb jssuls cgm

mlajsjigs ceelatjgf tbl Îhômï cs c wbiol'

Hcc Dccol T` T` T` T` T` aivlrlm oiddy

T` ^csscfl

T`

T`

T`

T` T` T` T` T` T` T`

ûdoja

wctlr it



52

]bl aigejfurctjig ie tbl Îhômï js usucooy ig c eoct tlrrcjg tbct cooiws tbl

ai`piugm ti dl csslsscdol ti coo' Lxpcgsjig ie tbl ai`piugm js cowcys `cml jg

suab c wcy cs ti hllp tbl rlatcgfuocr sbcpl ie tbl Îhômï ' @imlrg ir Vlstlrg

pcttlrgs ie dujomjgfs ‑ dl jt eocts/ ecal ti ecal ir aigmi`jgju` crl vlry mjeelrlgt

eri` tbl ugjqul/ sj`pol/ ylt euooy eugatjigcooy ai`prlblgsjvl struaturl acoolm

Îhômï ' Ie ìrl pcrtjauocr bjfbojfbt js tbl ai`pisjtjig ie plipol jg tbl Îhômï

biwlvlr'

JU'1'4 Ai`pisjtjig ie ^lipol jg tbl Îhômï'

Igl Îhômï gir`cooy iaaupjls coo tbl l̀`dlrs jg c ec`joy aocg' ]bl fiim/

tbl dcm/ tbl ufoy/ tbl dlcutjeuo/ tbl oczy/ tbl bcrm wirhjgf/ tbl suplr oczy mrigl cgm

tbl wirhcbioja coo ojvl tifltblr jg tbl sc`l Îhômï ' Lvlg tbl `cm ‑ jgscgl/ ougctja‑

plrsig js caai`ìmctlm jg tbl Îhômï ' ]bjs pissjdoy lxpocjgs tbl lxjstlgal ie tbl

scyjgf jg Zirúdã; ‟]‚irà wârâ ïtc gj c sl gà wârâ joê‐/ trcgsoctlm/ ‟Jt js dlacusl ie

tbl `cm `cg "ir dcm `cg* iutsjml tbct yiu hllp ir bcvl `cm `cg "dcm `cg*

jgsjml‐

]bus jg tbl Îhômï coo hjgms ie plipol crl euooy caai`ìmctlm/ hgiwg/ gitlm

cgm caalptlm eir wbctlvlr tbl jgmjvjmuco js cgm lgaiurcflm ti euoejo bjs)blrsloe cs

dlst jg tbl ai`ìg jgtlrlst ie coo wjtbjg tbl Îhômï ' ]bl oczy `cg/ wbjol ietlg

rlduhlm js stjoo caai`ìmctlm jg tbl Îhômï ' ]bl scyjgf ‟ỏfdñg jgû ioâ gj ioâ

ōkl‐/ trcgsoctlm ‟Jt js tbl aolvlrglss ir auggjgfglss ie tbl oczy `cg tbct bl js lctjgf



5:

‑ ojvjgf ig‐ sbiws tbl olvlo ie caalptcgal ir ct tbl olcst tiolrctjig fjvlg ti lvlg tbl

oczy plrsig' ]bl igoy plrsig tbct js git tiolrctlm jg tbl Îhômï js tbl tbjle' Qtlcojgf

js cdbirrlm wjtbjg tbl Îhômï ' Vjtbjg abjomrlg/ pjoelrjgf js pugjsblm cgm

mjsaiurcflm jg `cgy wcys' Dy tbl tj`l c yiugf plrsig dlai`ls c euoo prielssjigco

tbjle suab c plrsig js ljtblr hjoolm ir lxjolm eri` tbl Îhômï eir ojel' "Kl`jrjyl/

4>>3c*

Jg tbl Îhômï / tbl cflm/ tbl kust dirg dcdl cgm coo jg tbl mjeelrlgt cfl frcmls

cgm olvlos ie ojel ojvl tifltblr' ]bl irfcgjzctjig js suab tbct tblrl js c ec`joy aocg

blcm ‑ usucooy c `cg/ cgm coo `lg jg tbl Îhômï crl rlspigsjdol ti bj`' ]blrl js

lqucooy c blcm ìtblr ‑ cg iom wi`cg ti wbi` coo tbl wi`lg crl rlspigsjdol'

Mutjls ojhl ejoojgf tbl wctlr-pit jg tbl qucmrcgfol wjtb wctlr js tbl rlspigsjdjojty ie

tbl yiugf wi`lg cgm fjros jg tbl Îhômï ugmlr tbl ìgjtirjgf ie tbl blcm wi`cg'

Vjtbjg tbl Îhômï tblrl crl coo sirts ie ec`joy rloctjigsbjps tbct jgaouml ectblr/

ìtblr/ abjomrlg/ ugaols/ aiusjgs/ bcoe dritblrs/ bcoe sjstlrs cgm suab ojhl' Coo tbl

rloctjigsbjps jg tbl `col mi`cjg aiuom dl su``lm up cs ‟Âfdñg‐ ir ‟ Îdûrô‐

`lcgjgf ‟Qlgjir dritblr‐ ir ‟Kugjir dritblr‐ cs tbl wbiol aocg js rlfcrmlm cs kust c

ec`joy' Jg tbl el`col mi`cjg/ jt js ‒Lfdig‚ ir ‒ Cduri‚ cgm ‒Ihi `j‚ ir ‒ Jycwi `j‚

`lcgjgf ‒Qlgjir sjstlr‚ ir ‒Kugjir sjstlr‚ cgm ‒`y busdcgm‚ ir ‒`y wjel‚' ]bjs js c

ugjqul rloctjigsbjp tbct bcs gi pcrcoolo jg tbl Lgfojsb ocgfucfl cgm auoturl

"Kl`jrjyl/ 3::</@aHgjfbt/ 3:=58 @jmmoltig/ 3:6>8 Imuyiyl/ 3:5: crl ie

aigtrjdutjvl jgtlrlst blrl'



6>

Jg lsslgal/ tbl ai`pisjtjig wjtbjg tbl Îhômï js dcslm ig caalptcgal dy coo eir

coo/ cs wloo cs ie tbl jgmjvjmuco dy tbl jgmjvjmuco' Lvlg wblg strcgflrs bcvl ti ojvl

jg tbl Îhômï / suab plrsigs crl jgtlfrctlm cgm caalptlm jgti tbl Îhômï dy tbl igl cgm

dy tbl coo' Cpcrt eri` tbl ai`pisjtjig ie tbl plipol jg tbl Îhômï tbl laigi`ja cgm

rlojfjius slttjgf wjtbjg tbl Îhômï lqucooy pijgt ti tbl pbjoisipby ie caalptcgal cs

tbl prjgajpol ie survjvco ie coo'

JU'1'1 Laigi`ja cgm Tlojfjius Qlttjgf wjtbjg tbl Îhômï

]bl laigi`ja prjgajpol ie tbl cgajlgt Îhômï js dcslm ig prcatjaco survjvco

prjgajpols' Qloejsbglss js cdbirrlm wbjol bcrm wirh js lgaiurcflm/ prcjslm/

ai``lgmlm cgm rlai``lgmlm' Laigi`ja jgtlrlsts jgaouml euoo fcjgeuo

l`poiy`lgt/ `cjgoy ecr`jgf' ]bjs js suppol`lgtlm dy tbl aocg‚s gllms blgal kids

ojhl ‟ Îfdâml‐ - tbl s`jtb/ ‟ Îyîg‐ tbl mru``lrs/ ‟ỏ kî‐ `crhlt cgm suab ojhl crl jg

tbl Îhômï ' Istlgtctjius ojel styols crl git ai`ìg jg tbl Îhômï cs tbl survjvco ie

coo js tbl survjvco ie tbl jgmjvjmuco' "Kl`jrjyl/ 4>><d*

]bl rlojfjius slttjgf jg tbl Îhômï js titcooy cdsirdlm jg tbl lgtjrl catjvjty ie

tbl Îhômï ' Cs rjfbtoy put dy Jmiwu cdiut tbl Zirúdã ‑‟ Jg coo tbjgfs/ tbly crl

rlojfjius' Tlojfjig eir`s tbl eiugmctjig cgm tbl coo-fivlrgjgf prjgajpol ie ojel eir

tbl`'‐ "Jmiwu/ 3:6< ^' <*' ]bus jg tbl Îhômï Tlojfjig plgltrctls coo ie tbl plipol‚s

ojvl ‑ laigi`ja ir itblrwjsl'



63

]blrl crl plrjimja rlojfjius elstjvl aloldrctjigs ojhl ‟ỏmûg ÏkẺsu‐ ‑ glw yc`

lctjgf elstjvco/ ‟Ïhñrâ‐ ‑ bcrvlst/ cgm suab itblrs' ]blrl crl cosi oiaco prlsarjdlm

rlojfjius aloldrctjigs ir scarjejal fjvlg ti jgmjvjmucos ietlg dy tbl Dcdc cwi ‑ tbl

Abjle prjlst' Coo suab elstjvcos cgm aloldrctjigs crl migl jg tbl spjrjt ie survjvco eir

tbl coo cgm tbl igl jg tbl Îhômï ' ]bjs tblg olcms ti tbl gllm ti lvcouctl tbl Îhômï

arjsjs `cgcfl`lgt prjgajpol cgm blgal lstcdojsb tbl survjvco ie coo cs tbl survjvco ie

igl' "Kl`jrjyl/ 4>>3c*

JU'= Lvcouctjig ie Îhômï arjsjs `cgcfl`lgt prjgajpols

]bl Îhômï bcs jts arjsls' ]bl arjsls jgaouml mlelgmjgf tbl aocg cfcjgst

iutsjml cffrlssjigs cs wloo cs siovjgf jgtlrgco `jsugmlrstcgmjgfs cgm pridol`s'

]bl `cjg `cgcfl`lgt prjgajpol uslm jg tbl Îhômï js tbct ie caalptcgal/ tblrldy/

`chjgf `cxjù` usl ie tbl igl cgm tbl coo' ]bl Îhômï mlplgms ig lvlryigl jg tbl

systl` ti aigtrjdutl bjs)blr dlst ti tbl survjvco ie tbl systl '̀ ]bl Îhômï caalpts

tbl dlst ie lcab plrsig' ]bl sjgfol wctlr pit jooustrctls jg vlry aolcr tlr`s tbct ‟wl

ljtblr coo survjvl tifltblr ir wl coo mjl tifltblr‐' Jg tbl mcys ie iom/ tbl jmlgtjty ie

tbl igl wcs tbl jmlgtjty ie tbl Îhômï cgm aocg' Vbct igl bcs js wbct coo bcvl'

Jgmjvjmuco pisslssjvlglss wcs git tbl prcatjal' ]bjs wcs priplroy jooustrctlm jg tbl

mcys ie tbl rlmjeusjig ‑ cg iom igl dcgm rcmji splchlr jg tbl iom Vlstlrg Qtctl ie

Gjflrjc jg tbl 3:5>s' Igoy igl wcs jg tbl Îhômï / cgm tbl igl wcs put jg tbl iplg



64

squcrl ugmlr tbl trll' Gi igl stiol jt' Arjsjs ie jgeir`ctjig/ up-mctjgf/ priklatjig

cgm mlajsjig jg mjrlatjig/ wlrl coo siovlm aioolatjvloy ‑ ietlg dy tbl lomlrs'

]bl prjgajpols tbus acoolm jgti pocy jgaouml;

"j* Hgiwjgf tbct tbl survjvco ie coo js tbl survjvco ie tbl igl "Kl`jrjyl %

Cwisusj/ 4>>6d*

"jj* Hgiwjgf tbct je tbl Îhômï ir ai`ùgjty mils git survjvl gi jgmjvjmuco

jg tbl Îhômï ir ai`ùgjty wjoo survjvl "Kl`jrjyl/ 4>>3d/ 4>>4a/

4>>5d*

"jjj* Caalptcgal js tbl aoul ti siovjgf coo pridol`s jg tbl Îhômï

]bjs js jooustrctlm jg tbl scyjgf ‟Dcdc tà hô d‚àgû gj iì râ ōpô‐ `lcgjgf ‟Jt js tbl

ectblr tbct js git cgfry tbct bcs `cgy abjomrlg‐ ‑ jg itblr wirms/ jt js tbl ectblr tbct

js tiolrcgt/ tbct caalpts coo tbct bcs c ocrfl Îhômï ' Jg tbjs slgsl `cgy abjomrlg ir

ocrfl Îhômï j`pojls strlgftb/ aigejmlgal cgm ugjty' ]blsl crl tbl arjsls

`cgcfl`lgt prjgajpols jgviovlm jg tbl ojel ie tbl Îhômï '

JU'4 Aigaousjig ie tbl Îhômï jg Zirúdã Ai`ùgjty;

Jt acg giw dl scjm tbct Îhômï js c ai`prlblgsjvl aigalpt tbct jooustrctls

caalptcgal cs tbl c̀jg survjvco strctlfy' Jt js tbl caalptcgal tbct flglrctls plcal'

Jt cosi fucrcgtlls aigtjgujty ie tbl ai`ùgjty'



61

]bl j`pirt blrl js tbct jg coo Tlojfjigs tblrl crl `cxj`s' ]bl `cxj`s ùst

bcvl jgaoumlm oivl jg igl eir` ir tbl itblr blgal caalptcgal/ wbjab bcs dllg

sbiwg cs tbl `cjg iplrctjvl wirm eir oivl' ]bl Zirúdã bcvl mlìgstrctlm tbl

caalptcgal jg prcatjaco tlr`s jg wbct js acoolm Îhômï '

]bl wlstlrg aigsajiusglss tbct lvlry jgmjvjmuco acg ojvl coigl/ tblrldy

struffojgf ti pisslss tbl wbiol wirom ugtjo bl mjls jg lfialgtrja eutjojty js git

wjtbjg tbl Îhômï aigalpts' ]bl mlbu c̀gjsjgf laigi j̀a `jrcfl tbct igl sbiuom

duy tlolvjsjig eir lvlry rii` rctblr tbcg `chl tbl abjomrlg caalpt tbl`slovls cgm

sbcrl c tlolvjsjig js c euoo glfctjig ie tbl Îhômï aigalpt' ]bl Zirúdã bcvl

mlìgstrctlm tbl tbliry ie caalptcgal jg tbl Îhômï ' Jt js eir tbl `cg ie tbl foidco

vjoocfl ti olcrg cgm cppoy tbl aigalpt ie caalptcgal cs dlst eir tbl j`privl`lgt ie

bu`cgjty jg coo csplats ie ojel' "Kl`jrjyl/ 3::2d/ 4>>3d*

JU'5 Caalptcgal ir ]iolrcgal; ]bl Abcoolgfl eri` ]rcmjtjigco Tlojfjig eirOlcmlrs cgm Qiajlty

Caalptcgal cgm tiolrcgal crl aoisloy rloctlm wirms tbct su` up cttjtumls ie

`cgy olcmlrs cgm ie jgtlrcatjigs wjtbjg tbl siajlty/ lsplajcooy ct aigtcats ir

ivlrocps ie Tlojfjig' ]bl aocj` js tbct tblrl js cowcys c slrjius mjsarlpcgay

dltwllg wbct js blom cs tblirltjaco jmlcos dy `cgy pri`jglgt olcmlrs/ siajltjls cgm

lvlg wirom Tlojfjigs cgm tbl mcy-ti-mcy ojvjgf rloctjigsbjps ie tblsl lgtjtjls' Jt js

gitlm tbct tiolrcgal js ietlg cmviactlm dut jt bcs cowcys drihlg miwg wjtb tj`l

lsplajcooy wjtbjg tbl Gjflrjcg siajlty' ]bjs olaturl tblrleirl cmviactls caalptcgal



6=

cs c dlttlr cotlrgctjvl ti tiolrcgal' ]bjs caalptcgal/ jt js cfcjg gitlm/ js eiugm jg

]rcmjtjigco Tlojfjig/ blgal itblr rlojfjius olcmlrs jg flglrco cgm tbl siajlty ct

ocrfl ùst kust ai`l/ wjtb bu`jojty/ ti olcrg tbjs olssig eri` ]rcmjtjigco Tlojfjig'

"Kl`jrjyl/ 4>>1d*

]bl Aigalpts wjtbjg Caalptcgal

Caairmjgf ti Vldstlr&s Mjatjigcry/ caalptcgal js ti dl trlctlm wjtb ecviur/ ti

dl fjvlg ecviurcdol rlalptjig' Jt js tbl qucojty ir stctl ie dljgf rlaljvlm wjtb

cpprivco' Jt js cg cfrll`lgt ljtblr lxprlssoy/ ir dy aigmuat/ ti tbl cat ir ieelr ie

cgitblr si tbct c aigtrcat js aigaoumlm cgm tbl pcrtjls dlai`l olfcooy diugm'

Caalptcgal/ ti c pijgt/ js `lltjgf ie `jgms' "Fivl/ 3:65; 3>-33*

Jg itblr wirms/ tbl aigalpts wjtbjg caalptcgal jgaouml rlaljvjgf si`ltbjgf

wjtb aigslgt/ fjvjgf csslgt ti rlaljpt/ cgm fjvjgf cm`jttcgal ti tbl itblr plrsig ir

vjlw' Caalptcgal jgaoumls tchjgf wjtbiut pritlst tbl itblr plrsig‚s pisjtjig ir

vjlw/ lgmurjgf cgm tiolrctjgf wjtb pctjlgal c mjeelrlgt pisjtjig/ rlfcrmjgf cs priplr/

sujtcdol ir gir`co ti tbl` tbl pisjtjig ie itblrs cgm fjvjgf cahgiwolmfl`lgt/

rlaifgjtjig cs cppriprjctl/ plr`jssjdol ir jglvjtcdol tbl plrsigco aocj`s cgm dlojles

ie itblrs' Caalptcgal js ti cfrll ti/ ti rlfcrm cgm biom cs trul/ cgm ti frcgt c

pisjtjig ie dlojle tbct js aocj`lm ti tbl aocj`cgt' Jt js ti `chl cg ceejr`ctjvl

rlspigsl ti c mjeelrlgt dlojle pisjtjig' Caalptcgal js ti ugmlrtchl tbl rlspigsjdjojty

ie tbl itblr plrsig biglstoy cs tbl plrsig‚s rlspigsjdjojty' "Kl`jrjyl/ 4>>1d*



6<

Jg tlabgjaco pcrocgal/ caalptcgal js ti cooiw ig ti c pcrtjauocr slatjig ie c

ojgl ugmlr oiaco aigtrio' Lvlg cs jg slxuco tlr`s/ caalptcgal js ti dl slxucooy

rlspigsjdol cs ti cooiw ìugtjgf cgm aipuoctjgf cs jg el`col mi`lstja `c``cos'

Caalptcgal aiuom tbus dl scjm ti dl tbl rlaljvjgf ie si`ltbjgf ieelrlm ecviurcdoy'

]bl olcmlrsbjp wjtbjg cgy siajlty ùst dl rlcmy ti rlaifgjsl cgm caalpt tblsl

aigalpts ie caalptcgal cs wirhjgf jmlcos/ ficos cgm wcgtlm rloctjigsbjp' "Kl`jrjyl/

4>>1d*

JU'2 ]iolrcgal

]iolrcgal js c rloctjigco sjtuctjig wblrl igl dimy js kust puttjgf up wjtb

cgitblr dimy' Jt js kust c ecjr/ ìmlrctl/ dlcrcdol bcdjtctjig' Jt js git tbct igl js

rlcooy bcppy wjtb tbl itblr' Gi igl js jgaojglm ti jgtlrelrl wjtb tbl itblr' Jt js c

trjco ie eirdlcrjgf cgm dricm-`jgmlmglss' "Kl`jrjyl/ 4>>1d*

]iolrcgal bcs c vlry sbirt oj`jt biwlvlr' ]iolrcgal js git mllp riitlm jg tbl

blcrt ie tbl rloctjigco iplrctirs/ dl jt olcmlrs/ wbilvlr ir wbctlvlr jg cgy siajlty

wblrl jt js tbl iplrctjvl ìmlo' Vbct tiolrcgal rlcooy scys js tbct je J bcvl `y wcy/

J wiuom rctblr mi wjtbiut yiu' Qjgal J mi git/ cgm `cy git ir rlcooy acggit bcvl

`y wcy/ tblg/ J bcvl ti dlcr yiu' ]bjs js cg ugeirtugctl/ ugpolcscgt/ dut ietlg tbl

ugcvijmcdol rlcojty ie tbl rloctjigsbjp wjtbjg `cgy siajltjls' ]bjs js si dlacusl jt

js tbl sjtuctjig dltwllg rjvco pcrtjls wblrl ditb crl ai`pltjgf eir tbl sc`l idklat'



65

Jg rlojfjius pcrocgal/ jt js tbl rloctjigsbjp dltwllg `cgy mlgi`jgctjigco Abrjstjcgs

ti itblr mlgi`jgctjigco Abrjstjcgs cgm `cjgoy dltwllg @usoj`s cgm Abrjstjcgs jg

flglrco' ]bjs js lqucooy dut scmoy tbl iplrctjigco rlcojty wjtbjg ìst olcmlrs jg

`cgy siajltjls tbl wirom ivlr'

]iolrcgal/ jt ùst dl gitlm/ js git cfrll`lgt' Jt js ocrfloy c eiralm ai-

lxjstlgal' ]iolrcgal js git oivl8 rctblr jt js si`l hjgm ie vcful rlaifgjtjig cgm ai-

bcdjtctjig' ]bjs js wby jt drlchs miwg/ `cgy tj`ls/ vlry vjiolgtoy/ ig vjrtucooy

vlry jgsjfgjejacgt jssuls/ cgm ct tbl sojfbtlst ippirtugjty'

]bl Gjflrjcg lxplrjlgals ie rlojfjius arjsls lxl`pojey tbl ercfjol gcturl ie

tiolrcgal cs c rloctjigco ìmlo' ]bl `cgy arjsls jg tbl Girtblrg Gjflrjc ivlr

rlojfjius `cttlrs crl mlìgstrctjigs ie tbl drlchjgf pijgts ie tiolrcgal cs c

rloctjigco prjgajpol' ]bl arjsls cosi mlìgstrctl tbl trul pisjtjig ie tbl olcmlrs

wjtbjg tbl siajltjls wblrl tbl arjsls crl pitlgt' ]bl arjsls wjtbjg tbl @usoj`

slatirs-@cjtcsjgls cgm itblr @usoj`s vlrsus Abrjstjcgs/ cs wjtglsslm jg `cgy

rlalgt ylcrs crl ojgflrjgf cgm bugtjgf rlcojtjls tbct sbiw tbl plr`jssjvl saipl ie

tiolrcgal cs c rloctjigco jmlioify' "Kl`jrjyl/ 4>>=a*

]bct tiolrcgal drlchs miwg ai`poltloy ct tbl pijgt ie tblioifjaco

pcrtjauocrjty ie scovctjig/ lvcgflojs` cgm kumfl`lgt ùst dl cg jssul eir tbl

olcmlrs ie tbl siajlty' Cgy Tlojfjig tbct dlojlvls jg jts tblioifjaco airl tbct

bjs)blrs js tbl igoy igl scvlm/ itblrs crl surloy aigml`glm cgm pissjdoy fijgf ti



66

si`l hjgm ie mlstruatjig ‑ dl jt bloo ejrl ir Bcmls - acg git rlcooy tiolrctl itblrs'

Cgy tiolrcgal sudsarjdlm ti dy suab c dimy js igoy c ojp slrvjal' ]bl ojp-slrvjal

cttjtuml lxpocjgs tbl ocah ie plcal wjtbjg tbl rlojfjius mi`cjg ie ìst ie iur

prlslgt wirom cgm wjtbjg ìst ie tbl olcmlrsbjp ie tbl wirom siajltjls' ]rcajgf tbl

ecjourl ie tiolrcgal cs c rloctjigco jmlioify jg iur wirom js ojhl cttl`ptjgf ti su` up

tbl lgtjrl wirom‚s rlojfjius lgaiugtlrs jg c wirm - jgtiolrcgal' "Kl`jrjyl/ 4>>=a*

Jt wjoo sueejal ti scy blrl tbct tiolrcgal js scmoy lgiufb wbct ìst ie tbl

wirom olcmlrs cgm siajltjls sudsarjdl ti' Jg itblr wirm/ jt js rlojfjius tiolrcgal tbct

js priaocj`lm cariss tbl wirom timcy lvlg tbiufb jt js ùab ie ojp slrvjal' ]bl

`cgy rlojfjius wcrs jg tbl wirom timcy gcjolm tbl aieejg ie ecjourl ie tiolrcgal cs

cmlquctl jmlioify eir rlojfjius rloctjigsbjp/ cgm tbjs sbiuom dl sllg cs tbl

abcoolgfl ti tbl olcmlrs ie tbl spcal sbjp lcrtb ir ie tbl foidco vjoocfl siajlty

wirom'



62

JU VITHJGF ]BL LS\C]JIG I\]

Tiits/ jg Tlojfjigs crl hly wirms tbct aiuom)sbiuom dl rlfcrmlm cs iplrctjvl/

plreir`ctjvl cgm airl ti suab Tlojfjigs' Quab wjoo jgaouml rlvloctjig/ oivl/ abcrjty/

scovctjig/ ocw/ rjfbt/ idlmjlgal/ rjfbtliusglss/ biojglss/ sjg/ scgatjejactjig/

jgspjrctjig/ pjlty/ prcylr/ ecstjgf/ scarjejal/ ctigl`lgt/ eirfjvlglss cgm c bist ie

itblrs' Vbjol tbl ojst aiuom dl lgmolss/ lcab wirm lxprlssls c s`coo pcrt jg tbl

rloctjigco lquctjig ie Fim-fims/ `cg cgm `ctlrjcos'

Coo Tlojfjigs cahgiwolmfl c suprl`l lgtjty ie si`l sirt ir hjgm/ rlfcrmolss

ie tbl abijal ie ocgfucfl' Coo Tlojfjigs crl aigstjtutlm/ ai`pislm ie cgm iplrctlm

dy `cg' Coo Tlojfjigs usl `ctlrjcos ‑ scarlm ir priecgl ‑ cs `cy dl caalptlm jg tbl

pcrtjauocr Tlojfjig' Quab `ctlrjco/ rlfcrmolss ie tbl tblioifjaco)miatrjgco

blr`lglutjas)jgtlrprltctjig aiuom dl ìgly/ eiim/ aoitb/ aioiur/ idklats/ wrjtjgf/

diihs/ mrjgh cgm itblrs' Vbjol coo tbl ojstlm crl ecatirs jg tbl piio ie slts jg

Tlojfjig/ tbl ai`ìglst ecatir js caalptcgal'

]bl lquctjig rloctjgf `cg ti Fim tbriufb `ctlrjco ùst dl caalptcdol ti tbl

`lg cgm ti tbl Fim‑fims' Cgy Tlojfjig jg wbjab tbl Fim-fims mi git caalpt c̀g

dlai`ls rloctjigcooy j`pissjdol' Qjgal tbl Fim-fims js tbl upplr mi`jgcgt lgm ie

tbl lquctjig/ je tbl lquctjig js git caalptcdol ti tbl Fim-fims/ tblg tblrl js gi

lquctjig' ]bl igus ie caalptcdjojty rlsts wjtb tbl Fim-fims jg ìst Tlojfjigs/ dl jt

rlvlcolm Tlojfjig ir itblrwjsl' Jg itblr wirm/ tbl Fim-fims caalpt `cg tbriufb



6:

`ctlrjcos cgm `cg caalpts tbl Fim-fims tbriufb `ctlrjcos# Jt aiuom stjoo dl put

tbus; @ctlrjcos js tbl `lmju` ie caalptcgal ie Fim dy `cg cgm ie `cg dy Fim'

]bus/ tbl tlst ie cgy Tlojfjig jg coo rloctjigco iplrctjigs js caalptcgal rctblr

tbcg mlplgmlgal/ suplrjirjty ir cgy itblr# ]bl airioocrjls crl tbus;

3' Cgy Tlojfjig tbct js iplrctlm dy cgy `cg cgm mils git caalpt itblr Tlojfjigs

js git trul ti Fim-fims/ `cg ir `ctlrjco sjgal coo Tlojfjigs crl rloctlm

tbriufb tbl Fim-fims/ `cg cgm `ctlrjcos'

4' ]bl tlst eir coo Tlojfjigs js euoo caalptcgal jg iplrctjvl rloctjigs igl eir tbl

itblr' Bjmmlg suplrjirjty/ tiolrcgal ir mlaljt drlchs miwg wjtb tj`l'

1' ]bl diugmcry ie iplrctjvl jgtlrcatjig jg Tlojfjig js caalptcgal je trul plcal

js ti dl tbl rloctjigco oj`jt'

=' Coo Tlojfjigs ùst dl rctlm cgm cpprlajctlm dy tbl cìugt ie caalptcgal

tbly rcmjctl wjtbjg tbl Fim-fims/ `cg cgm `ctlrjcos iplrctjvl olvlo'

Je lglrfy aiuom dl wrjttlg cs

L0à4 "caairmjgf ti Ljgstljg*/ `cydl si`lmcy Tlojfjig wjoo siig bcvl

eirùocl ie

tbl `ctbl`ctjaco sbirtbcgm typl tbct ùst rloctl caalptcgal/ tbl Fim-fims/ `cg

cgm `ctlrjcos sjgal tblsl crl tbl ai`prlblgsjvl sbcrl biomlrs jg cgy Tlojfjig cgm

jg coo Tlojfjigs'



2>

Tlojfjig js/ tblrleirl/ titco su``ctjig ie caalptcgal jg tbl iplrctjvl

rloctjigs ie Fim-fims/ `cg cgm `ctlrjcos'

Caalptcgal- Tlo 0 ∓ Fim-fims/ `cg cgm `ctlrjcos'>-∗

Caalptcgal- Tlo 0 ∓ Fim-fims (@cg ( @ctlrjcos'

>-∗

Cttl`ptlm lquctjig jg @ctbl`ctjaco sy`dios

C- Tlo 0 ∓ F-f ( @3 ( @4

>-∗

∗ F 3 3- Tlo 0 C∓ ∓ F-f ( ∓ @ ( ∓ `

> f ∗ ∗

Vblrl Tlo ‑ Tlojfjig

C ‑ Caalptcgal

F-f - Fim-fims

@3 - @cg

` - `ctlrjcos

>-∗ - oj`jts ie zlri ti jgejgjty



23

UJ' TLAI@@LGMC]JIGQ CGM GI]LQ

3' Jgtiolrcgal jg Tlojfjig ùst dl eiufbt cfcjgst dy ocw/ oivl/ tlcabjgf ie coo

cgm dy `cssjvl vjfirius ac`pcjfg dy coo rlojfjius dimjls cgm dy tbl

Fivlrg`lgt je tbl euturl ie tbl aiugtry cgm wirom js ti survjvl'

4' Sucahs jg Tlojfjig crl wirsl tbcg mruf cgm eiim arj`jgcos cs tbl qucahs jg

Tlojfjig hjoo cgm dury tbljr eiooiwlrs "dl jt dy jgtj`jmctjig ir itblrwjsl* ti

socvlry/ ml-bu`cgjzctjig cgm friss jrrctjigcojty cs tbl plipol acg gi oigflr

tbjgh eir tbljr rlcojty'

1' Tlojfjig sbiuom dl tcufbt eri` cacml`ja plrsplatjvl ct coo olvlos ie

lmuactjig - eri` hjgmlrfcrtlg ti pistfrcmuctl/ rlfcrmolss ie ejlom ie jgtlrlst

ie Gjflrjcgs/ git eir jgmiatrjgctjig cgm oiaco ecjtb hjgfmi` lxpcgsjig/ dut

eir hgiwolmfl/ rlcojty/ caalptcgal ie itblrs cgm trul survjvco ie sustlgcgal

ie tbl euturl ‑ oiacooy ir foidcooy'

=' Caalptcgal/ git tiolrcgal/ js tbl rloctjigco ecatir tbct ùst dl acgvcsslm cs

cgy itblr wjoo glvlr drjgf plcal' "Kl`jrjyl/ 4>>5d*

<' ]bl Îhômï caalptcgal js rlai``lgmlm strigfoy eir tbl foidco vjoocfl cs

survjvco eir coo bu`cg cgm cs c wcy eirwcrm jg tbl ai`polx rlojfjius wirom

rloctjigs'



24

Qi`l tbjgfs crl blrl gitlm;

3' Cgtbripiìrpbja ocgfucfl jg igl Tlojfjig js git suplrjir ti

cgtbripiìrpbja ocgfucfl jg cgitblr Tlojfjig' "Acjrgs/ 3:52* ]bly crl coo

lxprlssjigs ie rlojfjius lxplrjlgals cgm ellojgf wjtbjg tbl oj`jts ie ocgfucfl/

auoturl cgm hgiwolmfl ie tbl jgmjvjmuco plipol aigalrglm'

4' Vblg Fim-fims crl prlslgtlm jg cgtbripiìrpbja ocgfucfl/ suab ocgfucfl

rleolats git tbl oj`jts ie tbl Fim-fims dut tbl oj`jt ie tbl `lg fjvjgf tbl

lxprlssjig'

1' ^rcatjal ie Tlojfjig js rjmjauoiusoy friwjgf pri`jglgal jg Gjflrjc dut ìst

plipol mi git rlcooy wcgt tbl cacml j̀a stumy ie Tlojfjig' Je tbl trul

cacml`ja stumy ie Tlojfjig js git friwg/ tblrl wjoo git dl tbl sllm ie euturl

rlojfjius friwtb' Tctblr/ lìtjigcojs /̀ ecgctjajs`/ slatcrjcgjs`/

slfrlfctjig cgm pcrtjauocrjty wbjab crl ietlg glfctjvl cgm mlstruatjvl friw'

=' Tleolatjgf ig caalptcgal/ glfctjvl caalptcgal olcms abcoolgfls tbct ietlg

drjgf djttlrglss/ mlstruatjig cgm `cgy ejfbt dcahs'

<' Cmcgj oiri/ cfdcrc gj i ej hi gj' Cgy wcr eri` drlch miwg ie tiolrcgal olcms

ti arlctjig ie sirriw cgm ti c rlfriupjgf eir c ejfbt dcah jg cgitblr mcy'

Jt js gitlm jg Gjflrjcg Ai`pcss Uio' 4 Gi' 162 "www'ai`pcssglws'ai`

Qugmcy/ Kugl 6/ 4>>:* tbct Gjflrjc priìtls rlojfjius jgtiolrcgal' "^cfls 3

cgm :*' Tlpirt ie tbl \gjtlm Qtctls Ai``jssjig ig Jgtlrgctjigco Tlojfjius

Erllmi` "\QAJTE* `cml tbl frcmjgf' ]bl \QAJTE js cg jgmlplgmlgt

http://www.compassnews.com/




21

Ai``jssjig wbisl ai``jssjiglrs crl cppijgtlm dy tbl \gjtlm Qtctls‚

prlsjmlgt/ tbl Qlgctl cgm Biusl ie Tlprlslgtctjvls "pcfl :* ]bl \QAJTE/ jg

jts rlpirt doc`lm tbl Gjflrjcg fivlrg`lgt eir cooiwjgf rlojfjius hjoojgf

murjgf tbl rlojfjius arjsjs jg Kis/ tbl ôctlcu Qtctl acpjtco/ octl ocst ylcr'

‟]bl fivlrg`lgt bcs cooiwlm tblsl hjoojgf cs wloo cs itblr vjiolgal cgm

mlstruatjig ie Aburabls cgm @isquls ti iaaur wjtb j`pugjty/ wbjab js c`pol

friugm eir mlsjfgctjig cgy aiugtry c aiugtry ie pcrtjauocr aigalrg ‑ "AÂ*' ‟Giw

Gjflrjc bcs dllg ig tbl ai``jssjig‚s wctab ojst eir slvlg ylcrs dut eir tbl ejrst

tj`l cetlr trcvloojgf ti tbl aiugtry jg @crab-Cprjo 4>>:/ bcs mlajmlm ti mlsjfgctl

Gjflrjc cs c aiugtry ie pcrtjauocr aigalrg …‐ ]bl rlpirt aocj`lm tbct ‟]blrl bcvl

dllg ylcrs ie jgcatjig dy tbl Gjflrjcg fivlrg`lgt ti drjgf tbl plrpltrctirs ie

rlojfjius vjiolgal ti kustjal wbjol slvlrco bugmrlm ti 1>>> mlctbs jg tbl ajty ie Kis

ocst ylcr/ gu`lrius hjoojgfs jg Hcmugc/ Hcgi/ Zlowc/ ivlr 3>/ >>> plipol cgm ct

olcst 3>/ >>> plipol mjspocalm ivlr tbl pcst slvlrco ylcrs'‐ Giw friuplm coigf

AÂ js Gjflrjc 4>>: cgm Jrcq/ 4>>:' Itblr aiugtrjls ojstlm crl ^chjstcg/

Cefbcgjstcg/ Girtb Hirlc/ Abjgc cgm Jrcg - aiugtrjls tbct bcvl slvlrl lfrlfjius

cgm igfijgf vjiolgal ie rlojfjius erllmi`' ]bjs mlpjats tbl ai`polxjty ie tbl

rloctjig jg tbl lgtjty acoolm Tlojfjig'



2=

UJJ' AIGAO\QJIG

]bct rlojfjius tlglt/ mif`cs cgm prcatjals crl mjvlrslm cgm vcrjlm put tbl

trul salgcrji ie rlojfjius pourcojty wjtbjg Gjflrjc cgm tbl wirom jg c vlry dlcutjeuo

mlsarjptjig' ]bl Zirúdã ]rcmjtjigco Tlojfjig bcs dllg uslm ti bjfbojfbt `cgy

prjgajpols/ rlojfjius plreir`ctjvls cgm iplrctjigco rloctjigsbjp wjtb tbl Îhômï cs c

rlìtl jooustrctjig' ]bl rlcojty js tbct jgbu`cgjty ie `cg ti `cg/ cs mlpjatlm dy tbl

ìml ie prcatjal ie tbl vcrjius rlojfjius pisjtjigs/ crl tbl rlco siurals ie rlojfjius

aigeojat' ^lcal/ biwlvlr/ sbiuom kust git dllg sllg cs cdslgal ie wcr' ^lcal

sbiuom fi dlyigm `lrl ai-lxjstlgal' Tlojfjig sbiuom dl cdol ti drjgf flgujgl

airmjcojty/ oivl cgm prifrlssjvl bcrìgjius ojvjgf jg plreir`ctjvl iplrctjvl

jgtlrcatjigs'

Gjflrjc/ cs c acsl stumy cgm tbl wirom ct ocrfl/ bcvl wjtglsslm tbl rlplctlm

ecjourl ie tbl piojay ie tiolrcgal cs c vjcdol survjvco strctlfy eir bcrìgjius ojvjgf

wjtbjg blr rlojfjiusoy pourcojstja plipol' Jt js tblrleirl tbl pripisjtjig ie tbjs

olaturl tbct c dlttlr cotlrgctjvl ti tiolrcgal sbiuom dl cmviactlm jg Gjflrjc cgm tbl

wirom ivlr' Caalptcgal ie tbl rjfbt ie itblrs ti tbljr Tlojfjig jg tlr`s ie tlglts/

ecjtb cgm prcatjal js tblrleirl cmviactlm/ cs oigf cs gi igl‚s rjfbt ie caalptcgal

mjsturds tbl itblrs rjfbt jg cgy wcy'

]bl caalptcgal giw cmviactlm js git jg tlr`s ie wirms igoy/ gir cs cg

crtjaol jg c diih ‑ acoolm aigstjtutjig/ bjmmlg ig c sblovl jg si`l bjfb gc`lm dut

ughgiwg ojdrcry' Jt sbiuom dl lgeiralm jg prcatjaco mcy dy mcy j`pol`lgtctjig eri`tbl frcssriit ti tbl ìst sipbjstjactlm'

]bl olaturl l`pbcsjsls/ ml`cgms cgm tblrleirl aigaoumls tbct caalptcgal ie

`cghjgm dy `cghjgm/ js tbl igoy pissjdol sioutjig ti tbl pridol` ie aigeojat jg

Tlojfjig cgm itblrwjsl' ]bl caalptcgal/ jt js rlai``lgmlm/ ùst giw dl rl-tcufbt

ct coo bu`cg olvlos cgm wjtb prcatjaco mcy ti mcy rlcojty' ]bjs wjoo rlìvl tbl



2<

gitjigs ie pcrtjauocrjty/ lfi/ suplrjirjty cgm pocyjgf Fim ti itblr plipol tbct bcvl

abcrcatlrjzlm rlojfjius aigeojat cgm iplrctjvl jgtlrcatjigs bjtblrti'

Ejgcooy/ J wiuom ojhl ti aigaouml tbjs olaturl dy rjgfjgf tbl cocr` dloo tbct

wiuom `chl plipol dl dlttlr jgeir`lm tbct tbl frlctlst pridol` ecajgf bu`cgjty js

jgbu`cgjty ie `cg ti `cg wbjab js c`poy mlìgstrctlm tbriufb rlojfjius

`cgjpuoctjigs cgm rleusco ti caalpt tbl itblr plrsig cs fimoy/ bu`cg/ ie wirtb cgm

ie rjfbt ti wirsbjp' "Lfugkidj/ Jgcufurco olaturl/ 3::=; 41*' ]bl bcgmojgfs ie

pridol`s ie wcr/ mjslcsls/ gcturco mjscstlrs/ bugflr/ pipuoctjig/ piooutjig crl coo

jgmjactjig ie tbl plipol‚s rlojfjius caalptcgal piojajls'

]bl diih tjtolm/ Fim ùst dl bcvjgf Eug ir pcjg wjoo dl iut ie prlss siig' Jt

js cg R rcy ie ocah ie caalptcgal ie `cg eir bjs elooiw `cg# ]bl ai`polxjty ie

rlojfjig js tblrleirl foidco cgm rloctlm ti coo bu`cg rlfcrmolss ie aiugtry ir

aigtjglgt# ]bl lquctjig js tbct ie rloctjgf tbl jgbu`cgjty jg cgy slttjgf ‑ dl jt

rlojfjius/ piojtjaco/ laigi`ja ir itblrwjsl ‑ ti caalptcgal cgm jt acg igoy dl

rleolatlm jg tbl ojvjgf rloctjigs ie tbl Fim-fims/ `cg cgm @ctlrjco jg tbl aigtlxt'

]bcghs yiu j``lgsloy eir tbl pcrtjajpctjig jg tbl caalptcgal tbct bcs `cml

tbjs olaturl jgtlrcatjig pissjdol'



25

UJJJ' CAHGIVOLMFL@LG]

]i Fim J fjvl coo foiry/ bigiur/ cmirctjig/ prcjsls cgm cwl eir bjs oivl ig `y

ojel eri` `y aigalptjig ti mctl' @y stiry bcs dllg ie `jrcaols ct coo stcfls' Vjtb coobu`jojty cgm plgjtlgal J scy J c` ltlrgcooy frctleuo ti Fim cgm wjoo lvlr dl tbcgheuo

tjoo mlctb'

@r' UA/ Qjr;

J cahgiwolmfl wjtb j``lgsl rlsplat cgm tbcghs tbl ieejal cgm ìrl/ tbl plrsig

ie tbl prlslgt Ujal-Abcgalooir/ r̂ie' Kc`ls Iocmjpi Hiocwiol' Virms crl git strigf

lgiufb ti lxprlss `y cpprlajctjig eir tbl riol yiu bcvl pocylm jg `chjgf timcy ‑ cs c

^rielssir ‑ c wloai`lm rlcojty' ]bl kiy/ aigejmlgal cgm rlglwco ie ojel tbct yiu bcvl

rlarlctlm jg `l wjoo lvlr dl rl`l`dlrlm dy Fim jg pritlatjgf/ dolssjgf cgm cmvcgajgf

yiu cgm coo yiurs' C`lg' J cpprlajctl tbl fiimwjoo ie tbl twi Mlputy Ujal-

Abcgalooirs ‑ ^rie' Iociel cgm ^rie' Cmlfug' J c` tbcgheuo'

]i `y aioolcfuls; tbl slgjir igls ojhl ^rielssirs Q'J' Lttl/ wbi drjgfs vlry

ùab ojfbt ìim ietlg jgti vlry arjtjaco sjtuctjigs cgm iaacsjigs scyjgf/ ‟J hgiw tblrl

js c Fim ‑ wbltblr `col ir el`col js wbct J mi git hgiw‐/ C' Cfdiioc/ Abjle @rs

Eughl Lfugkidj/ Jsioc Ioiìoc' F'M' Ihl/ Iwuc`cgc` cgm @'E' Coigfl/ J c` vlry

frctleuo eir yiur aigstcgt lgaiurcfl`lgt jg tbl ‟puoo bj` up‐ wjsbls' ]i `ctls ojhl

Mr' @'D'I' Qbjttc/ Mr' Cyimlol/ octl Mr' C' Chjgouc/ ^rie' Hugol Ckcyj/ coo olaturlrs jg

tbl Ecauoty ie Crts/ lsplajcooy jg tbl Mlpcrt`lgt ie Tlojfjius Qtumjls/ J c` vlry

frctleuo eir tbl caalptcgal fjvlg `l'



26

]i coo jg tbl \gjvlrsjty ie Cmi-Lhjtj ‑ Qtcee cgm Qtumlgts/ J cahgiwolmfl

yiur caalptcgal lvlg jg kust acsuco jgtlrcatjigs' J c` frctleuo' Jg tbjs friup J ùst

cpprlajctl coo `y ugmlrfrcmuctls/ @C cgm ^bM stumlgts "frcmuctlm cgm aurrlgtoy

ig* eir tbl vcrjius jgtlrcatjigs tbct `cxj`jzlm tbl `cgy olvlos ie caalptcgal' J

oivl yiu coo'

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rii``ctl Tumy OjgOurh8 `y Isifdi Abrjstjcg ec`jojls - tbl Lfugmlyjs/ Iyltcmls/

Iocsjgmls/ Ckcocs/ Ckcyjs/ Cyis/ Ceiocdjs/ Cmlitj cgm c bist ie itblrs8 J cpprlajctl

yiu coo' ]i `y Iooc ec j̀ojls ‑ tbl Lkjwcols/ Isugmlols/ Jsiocs/ Ihls J c` frctleuo'

]i `y Jflml ec`joy ‑ Imi \rj plipol/ pcrtjauocroy Jol-Ijsjghjg/ ugmlr tbl

blcmsbjp ie Bjfb Abjle Cmurischjg/ ]bl Ijsjghjg/ tbl Kl`jrjyl lxtlgmlm bi`l

`l`dlrs ‑ jg Ocfis/ tbl Chjgscgycs/ J c` frctleuo/ lsplajcooy wblg jt dlac`l

glalsscry eir fiim plipol ti stcgm up ti pisjtjigs' Jg tbjs rlsplat/ J ùst `lgtjig

@r Cmlmugtcg/ Mg' % @rs Ecmlou cgm itblrs ojhl tbl`'

J ùst rlaifgjsl tbl Hcdjylsjs tbct stiim ti `y rlaifgjtjig ct vcrjius tj`ls'

Hcdjylsj Igjflml ie Jflml/ Idc CocmÂsúru8 Hcdjylsj Idc Ioioc ie Iooc/ Idc

Chjgplou/ tbl Ociyl ruojgf biusl ie Lml ‑ Isug/ jg pcrtjauocr octl Ioirj/ Ioirj

Eoirc Ldug Ociyl cgm abjomrlg cgm Hcdjylsj Lolpl ie Lpl/ Idc Cfdlolidc' J c`

j``lgsloy cgm ltlrgcooy frctleuo eir pcst fiim `lìrjls/ cgm prlslgt caalptcgal

lxtlgmlm ti `l'



22

J acggit eirflt `y cacml`ja riits; erjlgms jg Lhjtj Dcptjst Diys Bjfb Qabiio

"3:53-3:55*/ Cdlihutc Frc``cr Qabiio "3:56-3:52*/ ojhl ^rie' Gjyj Jdjtcyi

"\QC*/ @r' Mcei Cmldusuyj ojhl `y `cgy olaturlrs)suplrvjsirs ct mjeelrlgt

\gjvlrsjtjls/ ojhl ^rielssirs ]'I' Bjfb/ Vjahs/ L'I' Isbidj/ L'L' Dcoifug/

Cocmlhiì/ Ayrjo îwols/ Did dchlr cgm lsplajcooy K'I' Cwiocou cgm Mr' Q'C'

Cmlwcol/ `y ^bM suplrvjsirs ct \gjvlrsjty ie Jdcmcg' Dcdc/ tbl Ulry Tt' Tlv/ Mr'

F'H/ Ecousj dloigfs ti tbjs wigmlreuo friup ie plipol tbct ùst dl qucojejlm igoy jg

tbl vlry suplroctjvl ie fiimglss eir tbl caalptcgal tbly bcvl lxtlgmlm ti `l ct

mjeelrlgt tj`ls'

J ùst dl cdol ti stcgm up ti plrjim ie gitls jg tbl `jgir hlys ie caalptcgal'

]bjs wcs wblg si`l wcohlm iut ie `y ojel wjtb gi caalptcgal wbjol itblrs wcohlm

jg wjtb glw sbcmls ie caalptcgal' ]i coo/ J c` j``lgsloy frctleuo cs tbly coo

driufbt jg tbl rlcojty ie timcy'

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`y Frcgmpcrlgts/ octl Tlv' Abcrols Ckjri Kl`jrjyl cgm octl @rs Tutb Tc`ctu

Kl`jrjyl/ `y pcrlgts/ Tlv' Erlmlrjah Iylyl`j Kl`jrjyl cgm octl @rs' Lugjal

Ioctugmug Kl j̀rjyl/ tbus `chjgf `l c tbjrm flglrctjig @jgjstlr ie Tlojfjig' J

cpprlajctl wjtb caalptcgal tbl bjstiry yiu coo stiim eir'



2:

J cpprlajctl `y `cgy abjomrlg jgaoumjgf Mr' @isls Chcgù/ wjel cgm abjomrlg8

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busdcgm cgm ec`joy8 @r' Djml`j/ @r' Cyi/ @jss' Hl`j/ @jss ]iouoipl cgm itblrswbisl gc`ls crl git ojstlm blrl' ]i yiu coo J c` frctleuo eir yiur caalptcgal ie `l'

J cahgiwolmfl `y oigf tj`l erjlgm Mr' ]cyl Cmlrjdjfdl cgm bjs wjel ^rjgalss

Mlol Cmlrjdjfdl' J cosi tbcgh Mrs' C' Cwisusj cgm I' Cwisusj eir vcrjius

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J cahgiwolmfl tblsl splajco wi`lg jg tbljr iwg rjfbts wbi bcvl slrvlm

wbctlvlr eugatjigs/ riols cgm tj`ls tbct bcvl auo`jgctlm jg tbjs mcy dljgf wbct jt giw

js' @y sjstlrs/ @rs Disl Jmiwu Cdl "Jtcoy*/ @rs Ldug Chjgyl`j cgm @rs D'I'

Iouwcscg`j' @rs Cdjfcjo Kl`jrjyl "gll Idc* js gitlm eir blr aigtrjdutjigs ti ojel'

@rs Iouwcslug Iouwcel`j Kl`jrjyl "gll Ckcyj* js blrl fjvlg euoo prcjsls cgm tbcghs

eir blr flglrius acrl/ suppirt cgm pusb lsplajcooy jg tbl foii`y plrjims' ]i coo ie yiu

cgm ti yiur ec`jojls J c` ltlrgcooy frctleuo eir tbl caalptcgal yiu bcvl fjvlg ct coo

tj`ls' Ejgcooy J c` j``lgsloy frctleuo ti Mr' % @rs Qlfug Iocwiyjg wbi ai`putlm

tbjs iut ie `y piir bcgmwrjtjgf ugmlr ùab tj`l aigstrcjg cgm strlss' @y ojttol wirh

friup ‑ @crfcrlt/ Zjghc/ Ioc cgm itblrs crl cpprlajctlm'

]i coo ie bu`cgjty/ lxplgmjgf misls ie caalptcgal J fjvl yiu tbcghs cgm J

rlai``lgm yiu ti tbl dolssjgfs ie yiur Fim'

]bcgh yiu j``lgsloy eir tbl pcrtjajpctjig jg tbl caalptcgal tbct bcm `cml tbjs

olaturl jgtlrcatjig pissjdol'

]bcghs yiu coo cgm Fim dolss yiu'



:>

TLELTLGALQ

Cdj`dioc/ Vcgml "3:52c*/ Jkjgol Ibug Lgu Jec/ Focsfiw/ Aioojgs'

Cdj`dioc/ Vcgml "3:6<d*/ Zirúdã Irco ]rcmjtjig/ îltry jg @usja/ Mcgal cgm

Mrc`c/ Jdcmcg \gjvlrsjty ^rlss'

Cdj`dioc/ Vcgml "3:66a*/ Jec Mjvjgctjig îltry/ Glw Zirh/ GIH ûdojsblrs'

Cdj`dioc/ Vcgml "3:66m*/ Cwig Iku Imu @lrjgmjgoifug/ Jdcmcg/ Ixeirm\gjvlrsjty ̂ rlss'

Cdifugrjg/ Q'I' Lm' "3:25*/ Tlojfjig cgm Ltbjas jg Gjflrjc/ Jdcmcg/ Mcystcr^rlss'

Cmlhcg`dj/ Qioc "3:<5*/ ]bl Zirúdã Vcy/ C Bcgmdiih ie Zirúdã Austi`s/ @usbjg/ Tl`jolhug ^rlss'

Cmlfdioc/ L'C' Cml Lm' "3:21*/ ]rcmjtjigco Tlojfjig jg Vlst Cerjac/ Jdcmcg/Mcystcr ̂ rlss'

Cmlsjgc Cmlolyl "3:62*/ Chikipi Coi Cpcì/ Jdcmcg/ Mcystcr ^rlss'

Cmlwcol Q'C' "3:22*/ ]bl Jgtlrcatjig ie Tlojfjigs jg Gjflrjc/ aipyrjfbt'

Ctcgmc/ K'C' "3:2>*/ Cg Jgtrimuatjig ti Zirúdã Bjstiry/ Jdcmcg \gjvlrsjty ^rlss'

Cwiocou K' Iìscml "3:6:*/ Zirúdã Dlojles cgm Qcarjejal Tjtls/ Oigmig/Oigf`cg'

Cwiocou/ K'Iìscml "3:23*/ Aigtjgujty cgm Mjsaigtjgujty jg Cerjacg Tlojfjig; tblZirudc Lxplrjlgal'‐ Irjtc; Jdcmcg Kiurgco ie Tlojfjius Qtumjls' Uio' RJJJ/

Gi' 4'Cwiocou/ K'I' cgm Mipcù/ ^'C' "3:6:*/ Vlst Cerjacg ]rcmjtjigco Tlojfjig/

Igjdigikl ^rlss'

Dcdckcù @coiì "3:5=*/ Zirúdã Ojtlrcturl eir Vlst Cerjacg Qabiio Alrtjejactl/ Flglrco Alrtjejactl ie Lmuactjig cgm ]lcablrs Lxc`jgctjigs/ Jdcmcg/Gjflrjcg ûdojactjigs Qlrvjal'

Dcsai` V'T' "3:5:*/ Jec Mjvjgctjig/ Doii`jgftig; Jgmjcgc \gjvlrsjty ^rlss'



:3

Dcrrltt D' Mcvjm "Lm* "3:53*/ Cerjacg Jgjtjctjvls jg Tlojfjig'

Dljlr \ooj "3:6<*/ ]bl Tlturg ie tbl fims8 tbl scarlm crt ie Quscgl Vlgflr/

Oigmig/ Ac`drjmfl \gjvlrsjty ^rlss'

Dljlr \ooj "3:2>*/ Zirúdã @ytbs/ Ac`drjmfl/ Ac`drjmfl \gjvlrsjty ^rlss'

Dlrhbie Oiujs "3:62*/ C Qu``cry ie Abrjstjcg Miatrjgl/ Qjxtb J`prlssjig/ ]blDcgglr ie ]rust/ Lmjgdurfb'

Dlrry/ Flrcrom A' "3:5=*/ Tlojfjigs ie tbl Virom / Glw Zirh/ Dcrgls % Gidol Jga'

Djidchu/ Q'I' "Lm* "3:61*/ Qiurals ie Zirúdã Bjstiry/ Ixeirm Aocrlgmig ^rlss'

Digbilelr Mjltrjab "3:55*/ Abrjstioify' Q' Kc`ls‚s ôcal/ Oigmig'

Dilr T' Bcrry "3:23*/ ]bl Djdol cgm Bjfblr Arjtjajs`/ V`'D' Llrm`cgsûdojsbjgf Aig'

Diitb/ G'Q' Kr' "Lm'* "3:66*/ Cerjacg Tlojfjigs; C Qy`pisju`' Glw Zirh;ûdojsblrs Otm'

Drcòy Qlrfl "3:66*/ @cau`dc' Qt' @crtjg‚s ^rlss/ Glw Zirh'

Acjrgs M' "3:52*/ ]bl J`cfl ie Fim jg @cg/ Ejrst J`prlssjig jg Gjflrjc dyIxeirm ̂ rlss'

Acgcmjcg Vi`lg‚s Lmuactjigco ^rlss "3:64*/ Vi`lg \gjtl Acgcmjcg Vi`lg‚sLmuactjigco ^rlss/ ]irigti/ Acgcmc'

Aiblg Zlbumc "4>>1*/ Vby Tlojfjig9 ^rjlsts ̂ udojsbjgf Klruscol`'

Aiurocgmlr Bcriom "3:61*/ ]cols ie Zirúdã fims cgm blrils/ Glw Zirh/ Ariwg

Mcrcìoc cgm Klkl "3:52* Cwig Csc ctj Ôrïsî Jol Zirúdã/ Jdcmcg/ Igjdigikl^rlss/ 3:52'

Miufocs K'M' "Lm'* "3:6=*/ Mjatjigcry ie tbl Abrjstjcg Aburab/ ]bl [igmlrvcgAirpirctjig/ Frcgm Tcpjms/ @jabjfcg'



:4

Mipcù ^'C' "3:25*/ Âsú; ]bl Jgvjsjdol Eil ie @cg/ Qbldjitjì ̂ udojactjigs/Gjflrjc'

Lplfc M' Iocrjgwc "3:63*/ ]bl Dcsjs ie Zirúdã Tlojfjig/ Ld' Jkcìmu ^rjgtlrs'

Lplfc M'I' "3:13*/ ]bl @ystlry ie Zirúdã Fims/ Bipl Tjsjgf prlss/ Ocfis'

Ecdug`j/ @'C' "3:5:*/ Jel Qbrjgls/ Jol-Jel/ \gjvlrsjty ie Jel ^rlss'

Ecfugwc M'I' "3:54*/ Cmjjtu Ioñmú`crâ/ Oigmig/ ]bi`cs Glosig cgm Qigs Otm'

Ercgho U'L' "3:<:*/ @cg‚s Qlcrab Eir @lcgjgf/ Vcsbjgftig Qqucrl prlss'

Fivl/ ^bjojp Dcdoiah "3:65*/ Vldstlr‚s ]bjrm Glw Jgtlrgctjigco Mjatjigcry ie tblLgfojsb Ocgfucfl/ \gcdrjmflm' Qprjgfejlom/ \QC/ F % A @lrrjcÀi`pcgy'

Bc`ìgm ]'A' "3:15*/ Jg \gmlrstcgmjgf tbl @lg/ Ieeslt Ojtbifrcpby/ FrlctDrjtcjg'

Blrmlr cgm Blrmlr "3:64*/ Glw Sulstjigs ie Fim/ @cmjsig Cvlgul/ Glw Zirh/3>>35 \QC'

Bjah Kibg "Lm'* "3:66*/ ]bl @ytb ie Fim Jgacrgctl/ QA@ ^rlss Otm'/ Oigmig'

Jmiwu L'D' "3:54/ 3:6<*/ Ioñmú`crâ/ Fim jg Zirúdã Dlojle/ Jdcmcg Oigf`cg'

Jmiwu L'D' "3:61*/ Cerjacg ]rcmjtjigco Tlojfjig ‑ C Mlejgjtjig/ Oigmig/ QA@^rlss/ Oigmig'

Kl`jrjyl ]'E' "3:21*/ ‟]bl Abrjstjcg‐ Jgtlrprltctjig ie tbl Zirúdã Fim cgm fims8Lxc`pol ie @jsprlslgtctjigs8 C @cstlr ie ]blioify "@']b'* mlfrll tblsjs

sud`jttlm ti tbl ]irigti Qabiio ie ]blioify tbriufb L``cgulo Aioolfl/Ujatirjc \gjvlrsjty/ \gjvlrsjty ie ]irigti/ ]irigti/ Acgcmc "ugpudojsblm*'

Kl`jrjyl ]'E' "3:2=*/ Qugmcy Qabiio Olssigs eir Ziugf ^lipol/ Jdcmcg; Dcptjst^rlss"Gjflrjc* Otm'

Kl`jrjyl ]'E' cgm Flrcom Vrjfbt "3:2<* Djdol Fujmlojgls; Qi`l Fujmlojgls eir Djdol Qtumy cgm Jgtlrprltctjig' Jdcmcg; Dcptjst ^rlss "Gjflrjc* Otm'



:1

Kl`jrjyl ]'E' "3:22* ‟]bl Aigalpt ie Lsl cìgf tbl Zirúdã‐/ C Miatir ie ^bjoisipby "^b'M'* Mlfrll ]blsjs sud`jttlm ti tbl \gjvlrsjty ie Jdcmcg/Jdcmcg/ Gjflrjc'

Kl`jrjyl ]'E' "3:2:*/ \gmlrstcgmjgf Vby; C Acsl eir tbl Irtbimix Ecjtb/ Jolsbc;Eidioûdojsblrs'

Kl`jrjyl ]'E' "3::3* ‟Cerjacg Aigalpt ie fim‐ jg L' Mcmc Cmloiwi cgm F'I' Cdl"Lms'* \gjvlrsjty ]lxtdiih slrjls; ^lrsplatjvl jg Tlojfjius Qtumjls' Jdcmcg;Bljgl`cgg/ Uio' J/ Abcptlr 1/ pp' 1<-=4'

Kl`jrjyl ]'E' "3::<* ‟Leelat ie Ocgfucfl ig Tlojfjigs‐/ Ojgfujstja Cssiajctjig ie Gjflrjc Aigelrlgal/ \gjvlrsjty ie Cmi-Lhjtj/ Lhjtj Qtctl/ Gjflrjc/ 4=tb-42tb Qlptl`dlr/ 3::<'

Kl`jrjyl ]'E' "3::5* ‟Tlojfjig cgm Mlvloip`lgt ie Igmi Qtctl jg Ceiocdjîpiioc lt co "Lms'* Igmi Qtctl jg ^lrsplatjvls' Igmi Qtctl Fivlrg`lgt/Churl abcptlr ejvl' ‟Tlojfjius ^lrsplatjvl‐ pp' 33>-336'

Kl`jrjyl ]'E' "3::6c* ‟Fim ie tbl Ipprlssir; Cg Cppojactjig ie Qi`l Ojdlrctjig]blioify Aigalpt jg Gjflrjc8 Kiurgcos ie Lmuactjigco cgm Bu`cgjstjaQtumjls/ Uio' J/ Gi' 3/ pp' :2-::'

Kl`jrjyl ]'E' "Iatidlr 3::6d* ‟^cgtblig jg Cerjacg ]rcmjtjigco Tlojfjius ]biufbt;]bl Zirúdã Lxc`pol‐ jg IOI]C; Kiurgco ie Cerjacg Qtumjls/ Uio' 4 Gi' 3/pp' 3-33'

Kl`jrjyl ]'E' "3::2c* ^rlcabjgf Gitls jg Iutojgl Uio' 3/ Lvcgflojs` cgm Qplajco]bl`ls/ Frllgojgl ûdojsblrs/ Cmi-Lhjtj/ Gjflrjc'

Kl`jrjyl ]'E' "3::2d* ‟Tlojfjigs/ Fim cgm Gctjigco Mlvloip`lgt‐ Kiurgco ie

Flifrcpby ôcggjgf cgm Mlvloip`lgt / Uio' 3 Gi' 3/ pp' :2-::'

Kl`jrjyl ]'E' "3::2a* ‟^riojelrctjig ie Aburabls jg Gjflrjc Laigi`ja ir AburabLsslgal L`cgajpctjig9‐ Gjflrjc Cssiajctjig eir Djdojaco Qtumjls "GCDJQ*Aigelrlgal/ \gjvlrsjty ie Cmi-Lhjtj/ Gjflrjc/ 46tb ‑ 1>tb Kuoy/ 3::2'

Kl`jrjyl ]'E' "3::2m* ‟^riojelrctjig ie Aburabls jg Gjflrjc Laigi`ja ir AbrjstjcgL`cgajpctjig9‐ Cerjacg Kiurgco ie Djdojaco Qtumjls/ Uio' RJJJ/ Gi' 3%4/ pp'=<-=:'



:=

Kl`jrjyl ]'E' "3::2l* ‟]bl Aigalpt ie tbl Cgalstir‐ jg IOI]C Kiurgco ie CerjacgQtumjls/ Uio' 4/ Gi' 4/ pp' 4:-1<'

Kl`jrjyl ]'E' "3::2e* \gmlrstcgmjgf Vby; C Acsl eir tbl Irtbimix Ecjtb;

Tlvjslm Uio' 3 Dcahfriugms ti Tlojfjius ]bjghjgf/ Cmi-Lhjtj; Frllgojglûdojsblrs'

Kl`jrjyl ]'E' "3::2f*/ Zirúdã Fim cgm fims/ Cmi-Lhjtj; ^ltic Lmuactjigcoûdojsblrs

Kl`jrjyl ]'E' "@crab/ 4>>>c*/ ‟]bl Zirúdã Fim-fims jg Frcpbjaco @imlos‐ L^BC/Lhpi`c Kiurgco ie Tlojfjius Qtumjls Uio' 1 Gu`dlrs 3 % 4 Kugl 4>>>/ pp'3>=-334' Cosi pudojsblm jg IDJ]\G; Kiurgco ie Bu`cgjtjls/ Uio' 1/ Gi' 3/@crab 4>>>/ pp' 24-22'

Kl`jrjyl ]'E' "Mlal`dlr/ 4>>>*d/ ‟]bl Aigalpt ie Auotjs`/ Iaauotjs` cgm Zirúdã]rcmjtjigco Tlojfjig; C Mlejgjtjig‐ IDJ]\G; Kiurgco ie Bu`cgjtjls/ Uio' 1/Gi' 4/ Mlal`dlr 4>>>/ pp' 35-4='

Kl`jrjyl ]'E' "4>>3c* ‟Îhômï; ]bl Zirúdã ^rcatjal ie tbl Tlojfjius @cxj` ie ]itcoCaalptcgal‐/ IDJ]\G Kiurgco ie tbl Bu`cgjtjls/ \gjvlrsjty ie Cmi-Lhjtj/Uio' 1/ Gi' 1/ pp' 3-3>'

Kl`jrjyl ]'E' "4>>3d* ‟Tlojfjig; ]bl Dlm-Tiah ie Coo Gctjigco Mlvloip`lgt; CBjfbojfbt ie Turco Lgvjrig`lgt cgm Qustcjgcdol Mlvloip`lgt/‐ GctjigcoAigelrlgal ig Turco Lgvjrig`lgt cgm Qustcjgcdol Mlvloip`lgt jg Gjflrjc/irfcgjslm dy Mlpcrt`lgt ie Flifrcpby cgm ôcggjgf Qajlgals/ \gjvlrsjty ie Cmi-Lhjtj/ Gjflrjc jg aioocdirctjig wjtb Tlslcrab Friup eir CerjacgLgvjrig`lgt cgm Mlvloip`lgt/ 4<tb-46tb Iatidlr 4>>3'

Kl`jrjyl ]'E' "Kuoy 4>>4c*/ ‟]bl Fim-fims; Mctjgf cgm Tiols‐ Cmi Kiurgco ie

Tlojfjigs/ Uio' 3/ Gi' 3/ pp' 3-2'

Kl`jrjyl ]'E' "Mlal`dlr 4>>4d*/ ‟@imlos jg Tlojfjius Tloctjigsbjps‐ Cmi Kiurgcoie Tlojfjigs/ Uio' 3/ Gi' 4/ pp' 3-2

Kl`jrjyl ]'E' "4>>4a* ‟Tlolvcgt Mlvloip`lgt/ Foidcojsctjig cgm Gjflrjc\gjvlrsjty; Ecat ir Ecgay9‐ Jgtlrgctjigco Aigelrlgal ig Jgtlrgctjigcojsctjigie Bjfblr Lmuactjig' ]bl Cerjacg Lxplrjlgal cgm ^lrsplatjvl' @ij\gjvlrsjty/ Lomirlt/ Hlgyc/ 3=tb Cufust 4>>4 jg Friup D'



:<

Kl`jrjyl ]'E' "Kuoy 4>>1c*/ ‟ Dcdcocwi ir Dcdc-Cwi; C Mlejgjtjig‐ Cmi Kiurgco ie Tlojfjigs/ Uio' 4/ Gi' 3/ pp' 3-3>'

Kl`jrjyl ]'E' "4>>1d*/ ‟Caalptcgal ir ]iolrcgal; ]bl Abcoolgfl eri` ]rcmjtjigco

Tlojfjig eir Olcmlrs cgm Qiajlty;‐ Gctjigco Cssiajctjig eir tbl Qtumy ie Tlojfjigs "GCQT*/ \gjvlrsjty ie Joirjg/ Gjflrjc/ 5tb-3>tb Iatidlr 4>>1'

Kl`jrjyl ]'E' "4>>1a* ‟Tiits ie @jsrlprlslgtctjigs dltwllg Zirúdã ]rcmjtjigcoTlojfjig cgm Abrjstjcgjty‐/ Cmi Kiurgco ie Tlojfjigs/ Mlpcrt`lgt ie Tlojfjius Qtumjls/ \gjvlrsjty ie Cmi-Lhjtj/ Cmi-Lhjtj/ Gjflrjc/ Uio' 4/ Gi' 4/Mlal`dlr/ 4>>1'

Kl`jrjyl ]'E' "4>>1m* ‟Zirúdã \gmlrstcgmjgf ie Qlxucojty‐ jg Vcgkjhu Hbc`csj"Lm'* Cerjacg Aigalpt ie Qlxucojty/ @ij \gjvlrsjty/ Hlgyc'

Kl`jrjyl ]'E' "4>>=c* ‟]bl Jgtlrecal ie Tlojfjig/ Ocgfucfl cgm Qiajlty‐ jg L']'I' Dc`jscyl "Lm'* Cg Jgtlfrctlm Qtumy jg Ocgfucfl cgm Qiajlty/ @ckccdûdojsblrs/ Ocfis/ Uio' 3 Abcptlr 1/ pp' 1<-<1'

Kl`jrjyl ]'E' "Kuoy/ 4>>=d* ‟Qcovctjig; C Arjtjqul ie Hugf‚s îsjtjig‐ KI^TLM; Kiurgco ie ^bjoisipby cgm Tloctlm Mjsajpojgls' Uio' 4 Gi' 4/ pp' 3:-46'

Kl`jrjyl/ ]'E' "4>=a*/ ‟Caalptcgal ir ]iolrcgal; ]bl Abcoolgfl eri` Cerjacg

Tlojfjig eirOlcmlrs cgm Qiajlty‐ jg Cml ^' Mipcù "Lm'*/ Tlojfjig/ olcmlrsbjp cgm Qiajlty; Eiaus ig Gjflrjc/ Ocfis/ Erll Lgtlrprjsl ûdojsblrs

Kl`jrjyl ]'E' "4>><c* ‟Dcsja Lol`lgts ie Ai`ùgjactjig jg ]rcmjtjigco Tlojfjig‐jg ]iyjg Dc`jscyl "Lm'* Cg Jgtlfrctlm Qtumy jg Ocgfucfl cgm Qiajlty/@ckccd ûdojsblrs/ Ocfis/ Uio' JJ Abcptlr </ pp' 1<-=>'

Kl`jrjyl ]'E' "Givl`dlr 4>><d*/ ‟]cohjgf tbl OA@ ie @igly Laigi`ja cgm

Ejgcgajgf; Foidcojzlm Lgsocvl`lgt‐ ^riallmjgfs ie tbl Cgguco Aigelrlgalie tbl Gjflrjc Qiajlty eir Ejgcgajco Tlslcrab "GQET*/ Givl`dlr 33 tb-34tb 4>>= ct tbl Ecauoty ie Dusjglss Cm`jgjstrctjig/ \gjvlrsjty ie Ocfis/^rifrc``l cgm Diih ie ^riallmjgfs/ pp' 4=3-4=<

Kl`jrjyl ]'E' cgm Qjhjru Lgjioc "4>><a*/ ‟Cg Jgtrimuatiry Qtumy ti Tlojfjig‐ jgVcol Iockjml "Lm'* Jgtrimuatiry Tlcmjgfs jg Bu`cgjtjls/ @caCgtbigyûdojsblrs/ Cmi-Lhjtj/ pp' 313-353'



:5

Kl`jrjyl ]'E' "@cy 4>>5c* ‟Tloctjigs Dltwllg Abrjstjcgjty cgm Zirúdã ]rcmjtjigcoTlojfjig; Lxc`pols ie @jsrlprlslgtctjigs cgm @jsjgtlrprltctjigs‐ IDJ]\G;

Kiurgco ie tbl Bu`cgjtjls/ Uio' =/ Gi 4/ pp' <6-63'

Kl`jrjyl ]'E' "Cufust 4>>d* ‟Tlojfjig/ \gjty cgm Gctjigco Qurvjvco; Caalptcgalcs tbl ^cgcalc‐ C ^cplr mlojvlrlm ct tbl Ecauoty ie Crts Gctjigco Aigelrlgalig Gctjigco Mlvloip`lgt; Abcoolgfls ti tbl Bu`cgjtjls jg tbl 43 st Algturyct \gjvlrsjty ie Cdukc/ Ecauoty ie Crts/ Fwcfwcocmc/ Cdukc-Gjflrjc/ 44gm ‑45tb Cufust 4>>5'

Kl`jrjyl ]'E' cgm Cwisusj Chjgoioc "4>>6c*/ ‟ Jrug`col "Qpjrjtuco Lgtjtjls* ie Zirúdã ]rcmjtjigco Tlojfjig‐ ^chjstcg Kiurgco ie Qiajco Qajlgals/ @lmwlooûdojactjigs = "=*; <=2-<<4 ig pcplr cgm igojgl"bttp;))www' l̀mwlookiurgcos'ai`)euootlxt)pkss)4>>6)<=2-<<4'pme*

Kl`jrjyl ]'E' cgm Cwisusj Chjgoioc "4>>6d* ‟]bl Aigalpt ie ôcggjgf jg ZirúdãTlojfjig/‐ ]bl Qiajco Qajlgals/ @lmwloo ûdojactjigs 4 "1*; 1<3-1<5 igpcplr cgm igojgl"bttp;))www' l̀mwlookiurgcos'ai`)euootlxt)tss)4>>6)1<3-1<5'pme*

Kibgsig Qcùlo "3:43* ]bl Bjstiry ie tbl Zirúdãs/ Oivl cgm Drymigl ^rjgtlrsOtm' ]blteirm/ Gireioh/ Frlct Drjtcjg'

Hlggy/ Kislpb' "3:2=*/ ‟Tlojfjius @ivl`lgts jg Gjflrjc/ Mjvjsjvl ir Aiblsjvl/‐/Irjtc; Jdcmcg Kiurgco ie Tlojfjius Qtumjls/ Uio' RUJ Gi' 4'

Hcou Ifdu "3:62* Abrjstjcgjty jg Vlst Cerjac/ ]bl Gjflrjcg Bjstiry/ Mcystcr^rlss'

Hcvcgcufb Kc`ls "3:6>* ]bl Djrtb ie Fim/ îahlt Diihs/ Glw Zirh/ 3:6>'

Oc`jmj Dlgsig O' "3:<6*/ Virom Tlojfjigs/ Aocrhl/ Jrwjg cgm Ai`pcgy Oj`jtlm/

]irigti cgm Ucgaiuvlr'

Ojkcmu L'@'I' "3:64* Irug`joc/ Iìocyi Qtcgmcrm ^rlss ie Gjflrjc/ Cmi-Lhjtj'

Ouacs/ K'I' "3:6>* Tlojfjig jg Vlst Cerjac cgm Cgajlgt Lfypt / Cpcpc/ ]bl GjflrjcgGctjigco ̂ rlss'

@crausl B' "3:5:* Cg Lsscy ig Ojdlrctjig/ Dlcaig ^rlss/ \gjtcrjcg \gjvlrscojstCssiajctjig \'Q'C'

http://www.medwelljournals.com/fulltext/pjss/2007/548-552.pdf

http://www.medwelljournals.com/fulltext/tss/2007/351-356.pdf

http://www.medwelljournals.com/fulltext/tss/2007/351-356.pdf

http://www.medwelljournals.com/fulltext/pjss/2007/548-552.pdf



:6

@djtj Kibg Q' "3:5:* Cerjacg Tlojfjigs cgm ^bjoisipby/ Tjabcrm Aocy "]blAbcualr ^rlss* Otm' Dugfcy/ Queeioh/ Frlct Drjtcjg

@aArcahlg Tidlrt M' "3:64* Ecoocajls ie Vi`lg‚s Ojdlrctjig/ Qbjloms ̂ udojsbjgf

Jga' Aioircmi'

@aHgjfbt Lmfcr U' "3:=5* @lcgjgf jg ]lxts/ Eirtrlss ̂ rlss/ ̂ bjocmlopbjc'

@jmmoltig Kibg "3:6>* Docah Cerjac/ Jts ̂ lipol cgm ]bljr Auoturls ]imcy/ ]bl@ca`joocg Ai`pcgy/ Aioojlr @ca`joocg Oj`jtlm/ Oigmig'

@irrjs Olig "3:5=* ]bl Cdiojtjig ie Tlojfjig/ Jgtlr-vcrsjty ̂ rlss/ Joojgijs'

@irrjs ]bi`cs "3:65* Ercgajs Qabcleelr‚s Cpioifltjas/ @iimy ^rlss/ Abjacfi/Joojgijs'

@irtig-Vjoojc`s/ ^ltlr "3:5=*/ ‟Cg Iutojgl ie tbl Aisìoify cgm AuotIrfcgjzctjig ie tbl Iyi Zirudc‐ Cerjac Gitls' Uio' 1=/ Gi' 1'

Gjflrjcg Ai`pcss/ Uio' 4' Gi' 162' www'ai`pcssglws'ai` Qugmcy 6/ 4>>:'

Imuyiyl @imupl "3:5:* ]bl ôcgtjgf ie Abrjstjcgjty jg Zirúdãocgm 32=4-3222 /Jdcmcg Mcystcr ^rlss'

Imuyiyl/ @imupl "3:63*/ tbl Uiacduocry ie Tlojfjius Mjsaiursl/ Jdcmcg/ Mcystcr^rlss'

Imuyiyl/ @imupl "3:64*/ Zirudc Gc`ls; ]bljr Qtruaturl cgm tbljr `lcgjgfs/Jdcmcg/ Mcystcr ^rlss'

Ifugdiwcol ^'I' "3:5:* Csc Jdjol Zirúdã/ Jdcmcg Ixeirm \gjvlrsjty ^rlss'

Iscl/ ]'C' cgm Gwcfdcrc/ Q'V' "3:5:*/ C Qbirt Bjstiry ie Vlst Cerjac/ Oigmig/\gjvlrsjty ^rlss Otm'

Iur Mcjoy Drlcm / @cy 1>/ 4>>:'

^crrjgmlr L'F'Q' "3:5:* Vlst Cerjacg Tlojfjig/ Oigmig/ ]bl Lpwirtb ^rlss'

^crrjgmlr/ F' "3:6=*/ Cerjacg ]rcmjtjigco Tlojfjig' Oigmig/ Qblomig ^rlss'






:2

^llo K'M'K' "3:52* Cocmurc; C Tlojfjius @ivl`lgt Cìgf tbl Zirúdã/ Ixeirm\gjvlrsjty'

^rjgal Tcyìgm "3:5=* Jec/ Zirúdã Mjvjgctjig cgm Qcarjejal/ Jdcmcg \gjvlrsjty

^rlss'

Tcy/ D'A' "3:65*/ Cerjacg Tlojfjigs; Qy`dios/ Tjtucos cgm Ai`ùgjty/ Glw Klrsly/^rlgtjal-Bcoo/ Jga'

Tlgwjah C'@' "3:<2* ]bl Qtiry ie tbl Aburab/ ]bl Jgtlr-vcrsjty Elooiwsbjp/Oigmig'

Tidjgsig Kibg C']' "3:5<* ]bl Glw Tleir`lr / QA@ ^rlss Otm'/ Doii`sdury Qt'Oigmig'

Tidjgsig K'C']' cgm Mcvjm O' Lmwcrms "3:51* ]bl Biglst ti Fim Mldctl/ Djoojgfcgm Qigs Otm'/ Fujomeirm cgm Oigmig'

Tussloo Oltty @' "3:6=* Bu`cg Ojdlrctjig jg c El`jgjst ^lrsplatjvl; C ]blioify/]bl Vlst`jgstlr ̂ rlss/ ̂ bjocmlopbjc'

Qj`psig Flirfl L' "3:2>* Zirúdã Tlojfjig cgm @lmjajgl jg Jdcmcg/ Jdcmcg\gjvlrsjty ̂ rlss'

Qbirtlr Cyowcrm V'E' "3:61* Cerjacg Auoturl cgm tbl Abrjstjcg Aburab/ ]blAbcualr ^rlss Otm'/ Dugfcy/ Queeioh'

Q`crt Gjgjcg "3:5:* ]bl Tlojfjius Lxplrjlgal ie @cghjgm / Aioojgs Aolcr-]ypl^rlss/ Oigmig'

Q`jtb Bustig "3:<2* ]bl Tlojfjigs ie @cg/ ]bl Glw C`lrjacg Ojdrcry ie ViromOjtlrcturl Jga'

Qiuolg G' Tjabcrm "3:65* Bcgmdiih ie Djdojaco Arjtjajs`/ Kibg Hgix ^rlss/Ctocgtc'

]bl Ojvjgf Djdol ^crcpbrcslm "3:64*/ ]ygmcol Biusl ûdojsblrs/ Vblctig/ Joojgijs']ruldoiim Mcvjm Lotig "3:<6* ^bjoisipby ie Tlojfjig/ Bcrplr cgm Tiw

ûdojsblrs Jga'

Vcohlr Vjoojstig "3:6>* C Bjstiry ie tbl Abrjstjcg Aburab/ Abcrols Qarjdglr‚s

Qigs'



Vctab ]iwlr Djdol cgm ]rcat Qiajlty ie ^lggsyovcgjc "3::>* @cghjgm Qlcrab eir Fim/ Vctab ]iwlr Djdol cgm ]rcat Qiajlty ie Glw Zirh/ Jga' Driihoyg/Glw Zirh/ \'Q'C'

Vjoìrl Q' Fcyrcum cgm Aigl K'B' "3:6:* Docah ]blioify/ C Miau`lgtcry Bjstiry/ 3:55-3:6:/ Irdjs Diihs/ Glw Zirh/

Virom Aiugajo ie Aburabls "3::=* Algtrco Ai``jttll ie tbl Virom Aiugajo ie Aburabls/ Flglvc; Virom Aiugajo ie Aburabls

Virom Djdol ûdojsblrs "3:45* ]bl Oist Diihs ie tbl Djdol cgm ]bl Eirfittlg Diihs ie Lmlg/ Virom Djdol ûdojsblrs Jga'

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Religion the Complex Equation of Acceptance