Remembered Images, NASA 1958-1983

8/8/2019 Remembered Images, NASA 1958-1983

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NASA19MM9U3( M A S A - E P - 2 0 0 ) E E M E M B E B E D I M A G E S , N A S A1958-1S63 (National Aeronautics and SpaceAdministration) 1 J8 p C S C L 2 2 A

N8U-13224

11676


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STS-7 Challenger Viewedfrom SPAS-01 Satellite Thisphoto taken onJune 22,1983of the Space Sh utt le orbiterChallenger shows, for the f i rsttime, a Space Shuttle inEarth-orbit. A 70 mill imetercamera mounted on the German-built Shuttle Pallet Satellite(SPAS-01) took this picturewhi le SP AS-01 was free-f ly ingin close forma t ion withChal lenger.


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Challenger (STS-6) Scene ofExtra Vehicular Activity (EVA)Astronaut F. Story Musgrave isseen working in the cargo bay ofChal lenger to return the InertialUpper Stage (IUS) supportequipment's tilt table device toits normal stowed configuration.This photo was taken throughthe aft window on Challenger'sf l ight deck.

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andMrs. ReaganColumbia after EdwardsB Landing From left to right,Henry HartsfieldMrs.Nancy Reagan,Ronald Reagan an dMattinglyThis Presidentialof Columbia occurred4, 1982at Edwards AFB,immediately afterhad successful lyth e fourthSpacef l ight.

^m hroughout history we ve never shrunk( before achallenge Thespaceprogram, in general, and the Shuttleprogram, in particular, have gone a long wayto help our country recapture its spirit ofvitality andconfidence. The pioneer spirit stillflourishes in America"In the future, as in the past, our freedom,independence andnational well-being will betied to new achievements,new discoveriesand pushing back frontiers"Columbia and her sister shipswill...provide economical androutine accesstospace for scientific explorationSimultaneously, we must look aggressively tothe future by demonstrating the potential ofthe Shuttle andestablishing amore permanentpresence in space. We've only peered overthe edge of our accomplishments; yet alreadythe space program has improved the lives ofevery AmericanThere are those who thought the closing ofthe western frontier marked an end toAmerica's greatest period of vitality. Yet weare crossing new frontiers every day.Thehigh technology now being developed, muchof it aby-product of the space effort, offersusand future generations ofAmericansopportunities never dreamedof a few yearsago the limits of our freedom andprosperity have again been expanded bymeeting the challenge of the frontier."From remarksbyPresident Ronald ReaganOn the landingof theSpace Shuttle Columbia,Edw ards Air Force Base, Calif.July 4,1982


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Administrator Beggs MonitorsVoyager ImageryNA SA Adm in is t ra tor James M.Beggs isseen at left among agroup of NA SA sc ient is tswatch ing th e return of imageryfrom Voyage r I on i ts f l ight pastJupiter and its moons.

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^ ydoing what we do and continuing oI mlpush to do more in space, we notonlyI madvance theboundaries of knowledgeon E arth, but those of techno logy itselfThe space program pays another dividendand that is the stimulus it gives to our youngpeople to study science andengineeringandto work tow ard proficiency and excellence atall levels of their educationThe fac t that our country is willing to takeon difficult things, projects that are indeedwond rous and exciting, stimulates our youngpeople to set their sights and their goalshighto pursue excellenceI could not imagine America without itsspace program. It adds an excitement and azest to our lives that we just could not get anyotherway.'James Michener hascalled the futureof space e xploration a challenge of acompelling nature. O ver the pa st 25 yea rsnowhere hasthis challenge been met morevigorously than in the United States, a nationwith apioneer tradition, w here the urge toknow the unknown runs deep.From an addressbyNASA Administrator James M. BeggsBefore th eInternational Platform Associat ionA u g u s t s , 1983Washington, D.C.


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Completed Dwarfedthe nose of the space shuttleallenger. Astronau ts (left toNorman Thagard,John Fabian andRide head for theirvan and post-fl ightfo l lowing th ef l ight of the STS-7


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Surrealistic View ofChallengerat Kennedy Space CenterThe fu l ly assembled SpaceShuttle Challenger presentsasurreal ist ic scene as it movesdown the fog-shroudedthree-and-one-half mi le crawler-way tow ard Launch Pad 39-A.Th is six-hour trip preceeded thelaunch of the sixth SpaceShuttle mission (STS-6) inJanuary 1983.


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OF

ANANNIVERSARYCl= PROGRESS

n October 1,1958, the NationalAeronautics and Space Administrationwas establishedto makethe UnitedStates the leading nation in the spacesciences and inaeronautical research. Yet,25years ago, it waseasy to doubt that worldleadership in space could ever be anAmerican prerogative. The year beforeN A S A sbirth, the Soviet Union hadorbitedSputnik I, the worlds f irst man-made Earthsatellite, and asecond Sputnik quicklyfollowed. Early American attempts o matchthe Soviet space feat ended in failure. In theaftermath of the Russian accomplishments inspace, it became clear that anorganizationhadto be formed to coordinate the massiveeffort needed tomakethe United States animportant contender in what was then calledthe space race. Thus, with PresidentEisenhower ssignatureon the NationalAeronautics andSpaceAct of 1958, N A S Aabsorbed the National Advisory Committeefor Aeronautics and most of the fragmentedAmerican space program, then being pursuedby the military.N A S A sdedicated men andwomenchanged the United States rom dark horse inthe space race to favorite.The United Stateshas landed astronauts on the Moon six times.American space probes are travelling to theextremes of the solar system andbeyond andtransmitting data which is throwing out oldtheories and changing our understandingof the planets. American communicationssatellites have revolutionized thetelecommunications industry. The Earthsciences are undergoing major changesthanks to American-made weatherandmapping satellite systems. The United Statesis the leading nation in aircraft research anddevelopment. Journeys to andfrom Earthorbit in reusable space vehicles are becomingroutine, bringing major construction projectsin space, suchas large orbiting spacestations, within the realmof practicality.Thegravitational bonds of Earth have beenthrown off forever.This volume is a pictorial retrospectiveofNA S A 's first 25 years. It is an anniversaryofextraordinary technological progress.Thephotographs shown here were selected fromliterally thousands of excellent pictures whichrecorded nearly every significant moment ofthe challenge to put Americans intospaceand return them safely to Earth. It is an albumdepicting highly competent professionalsand the most technologically sophisticatedequipment ever produced. It is asmucharecord of where N A S A hasbeen as it is abeacon of where it isgoing in the challengeto understand the world and the universe.


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SPAQE SMUTTI.IE

Morning of Columbia Justbefore its 6:33 AM touchdownat Edwards Air Force Base,Californiaon November 16,1982, the space shuttleColumbia issilhouetted againstthe pre-sunrise sky byphotographer Robert Schulman.


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hen the space shuttle Columbia landedat Edwards Air Force Base, California,onApril 14,1981, amajor breakthroughin space transportation had been achieved.With the successful completion of its two-dayflight in Earth orbit, Columbia proved thathigh-cost, one-shot space vehicles were finallythings of the past. Space,as a laboratory forexperimentation, and as a medium for otherpeaceful purposes, would be within the reachof more people in all nations, thanks to theexistence of a reusable utility spacecraft.Columbia s fifth mission in November 1982was the first time the vehicle deployed apayload into Earthorbit. The payloadconsisted of an American and a Canadiancommunications satellite.The deployment ofa satellite wasalso part of the first mission ofColumbia s sister ship, Challenger, whichorbited the Earth between April 4 and 9,1983.Experiments in N A S A s Getaway Specialprogram, in which individuals can reservespace on the shuttle for peaceful experimentalprocedures in space at comparatively lowcost, have been anon-going part of theshuttle s mission s since Columbia s fourth trip.Columbia andChallenger will be joinedbytwo other orbiters named Discovery andAtlantis. A fifth vehicle hasalso beenproposed.


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Moving the ChallengerAmerica's second mannedreusable spacecraft, th e spaceshutt le C hallenger, is shown onJuly 3,1982, being moved tothe Dryden Flight Facility atEdwards A ir Force Base,California, f rom th e Rockwel lfactory in Palmdale, C alifornia,where it wasbuilt. A m ong theimprovements in Chal lengerwere weight-saving design

changes which made it 1,119kilograms (2,486 pounds)lighter than C olumbia. AtEdwards, the space craft wasmated to its Boeing 747 carrierplane for the transfer f l ight tothe Kennedy Space C enter atCape Canaveral, where itwa s launched into Earth orbit onApri l 4, 1983. ORI GI NA L P A GEC O L O R P H O T O G R A P H


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Recovery ofReusable SolidRocket Booster Recoveryteam members from th e N A S Arecovery ship UTC Libertyperform recovery operations onone of STS -2's solid rocketboosters. The b ooster has justseparated from C olumbia anddescended by automa t ic-deploying parachutes intochoppy Atlantic seas.

O R I G I N A L P A G EC O L O R P H O T O G R A P H

Space Shuttle Fuel Tank Thel ightweight external fuel tankwhich wil l be f lown on the spaceshuttle Challenger during its lift-off phase is shown being matedto Challenger's twosolid fue lrocket boosters. The procedureis taking place on the mobilelaunch platform within thevehicle assembly building at theKennedy Space Cen ter at CapeC anaveral in October 1982.


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Columbia is Backed Out of ItsWorkstandat KennedySpaceCenter The payload bay doorsare secured as the preparationsfo r the third mission of Columbia(STS-3) move from the OrbiterProcessing Facility to theVehicle Assembly Building.


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Columbia Atop Boeing 747Carrier After complet ion of thesecond Space Shutt le fl ight,the orbiter Columbia is beingreturned to Kennedy SpaceCenter on top of its Boeing 74 7Shuttle Carr ier Aircra ft .


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Shuttle atPre-Launcha great bird in a

own within theassembly building at the

in this Decemberf i rs t Earth

Canaveral on April 12,and Robert L. CrippenOn April 14, the flighta perfect touchdown

Rogers Dry Lake in California'sDesert. The premieruttle mission was

Mounting Tiles At the KennedySpace Center at Cape Canaveral,a technician from RockwellInternational mounts some of the34,000 individual ceramic tileswhich make up the thermalprotection system on the spaceshuttle Columbia. The systemoftiles helps to absorb the intenseheat encountered by Columbiaduring itsfiery re-entry to Earth.This photograph was taken inJuly 1980 by Robert Schulman.

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Rollout-Ready Thespaceshuttle Columbia is shown readyto be rolled out of the vehicleassembly building at theKennedy Space Center atCapeCanaveral , on the morningof December 29,1980. By mid-afternoon of that day, it was onits launch pad in preparation foritsApril 12, 1981 launch withastronauts John W.Young andRobert L. Crippen aboard.On April 14, t made asuccessfullanding at EdwardsAir ForceBase, California, to concludeAmerica's f i rst space shuttlemission.


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SimulatedShuttle Preparingfo r the inaugural flight of theSpace Shuttle Columbia,Astronauts John Young at left,and Robert C rippen go overtheir checklist during a power-upmission simulation in theColumbia's processing facility.This photo was taken aboardC olumbia at the Kennedy SpaceCenter at Cape Canaveralin October 1980.

Astronauts Crippenand YoungSTS-1 Astronau ts Rob ertCrippen (left) and John Young(right),the prime cre w for themaiden fl ight of the SpaceShuttle, participate in OrbiterIntegrated Tests (OIT) atKennedy Space C enter prior tothe flight.

The space shuttleits booster ro cketsd fuel tank attached, is seenout of the vehiclebuilding at theat CapeFla. in this January1 photograph by R ene Burri.


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Intense Astronaut TrainingAstronauts Daniel C.Brandenstein (left) an d Guion S.Bluford (right) m an the ascentand entry stations in a simu latedmission being "f lo wn" in theJohnson Spa ce C entersimulator. Brandenstein is in thepilot's position, while Blufordmonitors a simulated "nominal"mission.

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in WeightlessnessWilliamB. Lenoird Joseph P . Allen IV , bothMission Specialists, trainthe simulated weightlessof the Johnson

Center's WeightlessFacility


Water Survival TrainingAstronaut Joe H. Engle, back-upcrew commander for the firstflight of the space shuttleColumbia, releases a flare whileafloat in the Gulf of Mexico offthe Coastof Florida, during watersurvival training. This photographwas made in April 1980.

Underwater Weightless TrainingScientist-Astronaut Anna L.Fisher is standing on a movableplatform which will lower herunderwater atNASA's weightlessenvironment training facility atthe Lyndon B. Johnson SpaceCenter in Houston, Texas. Thenew water immersion facility,which opened in 1980,has beenset up to train space shuttleastronauts. The facility containsa 100 by 235 by 75-meter (33 by78 by 25-foot) pool in which aspace shuttle mock-up can besubmerged.


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Nighttime Shuttle Like agiantcitadel of technology the SpaceShuttle Columbia makes aglittering sight on its launch padat the Kennedy Space C enterat Cape C anaveral. Thisphotograph was taken by ReneBurri shortly before Columbiamade its maiden f light on A pril12,1981, with Astrona uts JohnW. Young and Robert L.Crippenaboard.


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Launch Work-Up Momentsbefore it lifted off its launch padat the Kennedy Space Centerat Cape C anaveral, thespace shuttle Columbia's hugebooster rockets began togenerate energy to lift th espacecraft through theatmosphere into Earth orbit. Thisphotograph, taken by a remotecamera attached to the launchgantry, was made on June 27 ,1982, as Columbia wa s about tobegin its fourth mission, whichwas designated STS-4. AboardColumbia were astronautsThomas K. Mattingly II andHenry Hartsfield, Jr. The f inalmission to specif ica lly test th espace shuttle as a system,Columbia landed successfully atEdwards A ir Force Base,California, on July 4. The missionalso included the first of the"Getaway Special" payloads,which are oil-drum-sized self-contained modular experimentsdone aboard the shuttle undermicrogravity conditions.

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At Mission Control Dr.HansMark (right), NASA deputyadministrator, is shown at theJohnson Space Center inHoustonas he listens to thelatest status information onSTS-2, N AS A's second spaceshuttle mission. The informationis coming f rom the KennedySpace Center at Cape C anaveralwhere Columbia is about tobe launched. The date isNovember 4 ,1981, an dmom ents after this picture wastaken, the mission was put onhold fo r approximately 48 hours.Columbia was f inally sent off onits second Earth orbital trip onthe morning of November 6.

Please fold out .Columbia Ascending In a burstof gold reflected in the watersaround its launch pad, the spaceshuttle Columbia blasts skywardf rom th e Kennedy Space Centerat Cape Canaveral in thelate morning of March 22,1982.STS-3 was manned byastronauts Jack Lousma andGo rdon Fullerton, who kept theshuttle in Earth orbit for overeight days before bringing th evehicle to a safe landing onMarch 30 a t the Northrup A irStrip at the White Sands TestFacility in New Mexico. It wasthe third mission fo r Columbia.The m ission includedexperiments to sense th eorbiter's environme nt, observethe Sun , as well as materialsprocessing tests and a zero-gravity plant growingexperiment. The shuttle's remotemanipulator arm, which liftscargo out of the cargo bay, wasalso tested.


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Palapa B Launchedfrom ShuttleMoments after its release fromthe grasp of the Canadian-builtRemote Manipulator Arm, theIndonesian communicationssatellite Palapa B rises abovethe vertical stabilizer of theChallenger.

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Deploying aSatellite inSpaceThis series of photographs, takenby a hand held camera from thespace shuttle Columbia in Earthorbit, shows the deployment inspace of Satellite BusinessSystem's comm unicationssatellite SBS-3. T his was the firsttime that a payload wasdispatched from the cargo holdof Columbia. SBS-3 was orbitedshortly after C olumb ia'sNovember 11,1982, launchfrom the Kennedy Space C enterat Cape C anaveral.The next day, anothercomm unications satellite, th eCanadian Anik C -3 owned byTelesat Canada was successful lylifted out of the s huttle's cargohold and orbited. It is shownwith the Earth as a backdrop.The mission, designated STS-5,wa s Columbia's fifth. STS-5 wasmanned by astronauts Vance D.Brand, Robert V. Overmyer,Joseph P . Allen and William B.Lenoirtwo more crewmem bers than previously usedon space shuttle m issions. STS-5landed safely at Edwards A irForce Base, Ca lifornia, onNovember 16.

Mission Specialist Sally RWork Astronau t Sally K.mission specialist aboard uses a 35mm came ra to retest specim en's activity inC ontinuous Flow ElectrophSystem (CFES).


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We Deliver A pre-set 35 m mcamera snapped this pictureaboard the space shuttleColumbia in Earth orbit ofAstronauts (clockwise from topleft) W illiam B. Lenoir, RobertF. Overmyer, Joseph P. Allenand Vance D. Brand, who isholding the sign with the sloganwhich became identif ied withSTS-5, Colum bia's f if th mission.The STS-5 m ission was the f irstone in wh ich a payload wasdeployed in space from theshuttle's cargo ba y. Shortly afterits November 11,1982 lif t-offfrom the Kennedy Space Centerat Cape Canaveral, theshuttle placed in Earth orbit theSatellite Business System'sSBS-3 communications satellite.A day later, a Canadiancomm unications satellite, theAnikC-3, was orbited.

Delivery by Space ShuttlePhotographed through thewindow of the space shuttC hallenger, the space crafremote manipulator arm isshown with the Shuttle PaSatellite within its grasp. TShuttle Pallet Satellite, buthe West German f irm ofMesserschmitt-Boelkow-Bwas involved in a launch anrecovery experiment durinSTS-7 mission on June 22

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Radar Photo This colorfulfalse-color photograph of theHamersley Moun tains inWestern Australia wa s processedf rom data acquired by theShuttle Imaging R adar-A, whichoperated aboard the secondflight of the Space ShuttleColumbia f rom November12-14,1981. The radar wasdeveloped for NA SA by the JetPropulsion Laboratory ofPasadena, C alifornia. In thisphoto, the reds representsmooth areas, such as drylakebeds. Faults in the landscap eappear as thin lines. The image,which covers a 50 by 100-kilometer (31 by 62-mile) area,has recorded features which areabout 1.5 billion years old andshow a large central dom esurrounded by eroded folds,indicating a volcanic past. Thesecond Columbia mission,known as STS-2, wa s crewed byAstronauts Joe H. Engle andRichard H . Truly.


Outside of a SpaceShuttleAstronaut F. Story Musgraveperforms a safety tetherdynamics checkout procedureon the outside of the SpaceShuttle Challenger on Apri l 7,1983. The 35mm photograph ofMusgrave was taken from theChallenger's cargo bay byAstronaut Donald H. Peterson.The STS-6 mission comm encedon Apri l 4 at the Kennedy SpaceCenter at Cape Canaveralan d concluded with a successfultouchdown five days later atEdwards Air Force Base,California, on Apri l 9.


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Shuttle in Flightin theof space, th eis shown inphotograph taken by a

tomatic camera fromthe Shuttle Pallet

lite that was launched byduring the STS-7The camera took the

pictures of the shuttle inspace flight.The picture

snapped onJune 22,1983,before Challengercrew of five made a

landing at EdwardsCalifornia.

Like agreat spearhurled into space theShuttle Challenger races

June 18, 1983 launch fromKennedy Space Center.

John W . Youngashuttle training aircrafted this scene with a


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SuccessfulLanding The spaceshutt le C olumbia is shown in thisphotograph by Rene Burr i onth e Northrup A ir Strip at theW hite Sands Test Facil ity in N ewMexico after it succ essf ullycompleted its third Earth orbitalmission on March 30,1982. Themission, known as STS-3, beganat the Kennedy Space Center atCape Canaveral on March 22,1982, with astronautsJack R . Lousma and C. GordonFullerton aboard. Columbialanded at Wh ite Sands, insteadof i ts usual Edw ards Air F orceBase, Califo rnia landing site,because h eavy rains haddrenched the area where theSpace Shuttle would havetouched down and it was feltthat the soggy sand could notsupport the shuttle's weight. Themajor goal of STS-3 was thermaltesting of the space vehicle. Alsotested was the cargo manipulatorarm. O R I G I N A L PAGE

C O L O R P H O T O G R A P H

Space Shuttle TouchdownKicking up a sand cloud ontouchdown at Edwards Air ForceBase, C alifornia, the spaceshutt le C olumbia arrives homeon April 14,1981, after its firstmission in space.

Escort for a Space Shuttlemotor vehicle convoy escthe space shuttle Columbiaparking place a few minuteit touched dow n at Edw ardC A, at dawn on Novembe16,1982. The huge spacewhich had just completedAmerica's f i f th space shutmission, seem s to dwarf thvehicles beside it, in this pby Linda Richards.


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Space Shuttle Watchers TheJuly 4,1982 landing of theSpace Shuttle Orbiter Columbiaafter the successful completionof its fourth mission is witnes sedby President and Mrs. Reagan.The President is seen here withAstronauts Jack Lousm a (farright) and Gordon Fullerton(second fro m right). To the rightof the President andMrs.Reagan are Astronaut R obert

C rippen (far left) an d N A S AAdm inistrator James M. Beggs(second from left). AstronautJo e Engle appe ars over thePresident's right shoulder.

Shuttle Over Paris WithEi f fe l towe r jutt ing upw ardupper right of the photo, N74 7 space shutt le transpodips low over Paris en routh e Paris Air show with theEnterprise cradled abo ve Enterprise was NA SA's f i rspace shutt le orbiter. Althit never performed an actumission, the results of its tled to the successf ul missof Columbia an d Challeng


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WashingtonMonument andSpace Shuttle TheWashingtonmonument and a portion ofWashington's mall area are thebackdrop for the space shuttleEnterprise on the morning ofJune 12,1983, as the 747transporter prepares for its finalapproach to Dulles InternationalAirport, outside th e capital.Enterprise w as displayed thatday at Dulles following a suc-cessful tour which includedEurope, th e United Kingdom,Iceland and Canada.

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n May 5,1961, the United Statesbecame aserious challenger inspace. when Astronaut Alan B.Shepard, Jr.made a 15-minute suborbital flight along theAtlantic Test Range in his Freedom 7 spacecapsule. With that mission, Shepard becamethe first American to go into space. Then, onFebruary 20 of the following year, an Americanwent into Earth orbit for the first time, whenAstronaut John H.Glenn, Jr. did three Earthorbits before splashing down in the Atlantic.Six years and five months later, on July 20,1969, AstronautsNeil Armstrong and EdwinAldrin, Jr. became the first people from Earthto walk on the Moon. America hadovercomea wide lead in the space technology gap inlittle more than a decade.The manned lunar landings, which endedwith the Apollo 17 mission in December 1972,did not conclude American manned spaceactivity. The Skylab missions of the Seventies,which demonstrated the feasibility of mannedorbiting space stations, and the space shuttleflights of the Eighties, which have shown theutility of reusable spacecraft, are but the latest~tters in the on-going story at N A S A ofng and sustaining people in space.e possibilities for manned space flightare endless. Human exploration of the nearerplanets is considered practical. The means todevelop the technology to do so is in placenow. The only limitations are those which wehave not yet learned to overcome: TheTdering of priorities and allocation ofjsources.

MANNED SPACIiFLIGHTAmericans On the MoonAstronaut James B. Irwin salutesthe U.S. flag beside the LunarModule and the lunar roverduring the Apollo 15missiononthe Moon. Irwin, with AstronautDavid R. Scott, logged morethan 18 hours of travel from theLunar Module Falcons base onth e Marsh of Decay to thefoothills of the Apenninel_UI IO IVIVJthe Marsl"2, foothills cMountain


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ORIGINAL P A G EC O L O R P H O T O G R A P HORIGINAL PAGE

Webb andDryden N A S AAdministrator James E. Webb(left) and deputy adm inistratorDr. Hugh L. Dryden listen to apresentation given to PresidentLyndon B. Johnson at N A S Aheadquarters in February 1965.Webb, who served asadministrator from February1961 to October 7,1968, helpedAmerica's space program gof rom short-distance suborbitalf l ights to the threshold of theMoon.

America's First AstronautsOnly six months after NA SA wasformally established on October1,1958, th e f i rs t sevenastronauts were announced forProject Mercury. Shown in thefron t ro w, left to right, areWalter M. Schirra, Jr., DonaldK. Slayton, John H. Glenn, Jr.,an d Scott Carpenter. Shown leftto right in the back row are AlanB. Shepard, Jr., Virgil I . "Gus"Grissom and L. Gordon C ooper.


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Commitment to a Manned MoonLanding "I believe this nationshould comm it itself to achievingthe goal, before this decade isout, of landing a man on theMoon an d returning him safelyto Earth." That goal, describedby President John F. Kennedyin a historic speech before ajoint session of Congress onMay 25,19 61, was real ized at10:56 PM EOT on July 20, 1969,when Astronaut Neil A .Armstrong became th e f i rs thuman being to set foot on theMoon. Behind the President ar e(left) Vice-President Lyndon B.Johnson, and (right) Sp eaker ofthe House of Representat ivesSamT . Rayburn.



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First MannedSpace FlighFebruary 20,1962, the wheld its breath as Astron aH. G lenn, Jr., streaked intin the F riendship 7 spacecapsule. In this fiery lift-offrom C ape Canaveral, Glebeing propelled toward Eorbit by an Atlas rocket.

Bringing in an Astronaut At theend of a succe ssful sub-orbitalf l ight, Astronaut Alan B.Sh epa rd, Jr. is reeled into arecovery helicopter on May 5,1961. Just below the astronautis the Freedom 7 capsule inwhich Shepard made a15-minute sub-orbital f l igh tover the Atlantic ocean aftera f lawless launch fro mCape Canaveral atop aMercury-Redstone-3 rocket.The f l ight w as the f i rst mannedspace fl ight in the p rogramknown as Project Mercury.

ORIGINAL PAGE1C O L O R P H O T O G R A P H

Ready to Go Astronaut H . G lenn, Jr., gives the resign to photographer Billduring the pre-launch actat Cape C anaveral. Thispicture was taken a monthbefore G lenn's historic thorbit trip around the Earththat day, G lenn's Friendshspace capsule was launchinto orbit f rom the Cape aGlenn became the first Amto go into Earth orbit. Thef ive-hour mission ended wAt lant ic recovery.


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Walking in Space G e m i n i 4astronaut E d W hi te goes for awalk in space directly overSonora, Mexico. The photo ofWhite tethered to the spacecapsulewastaken by AstronautJames A . McDivitt. The Gemini4 mission com menced on June3,1965, with a Titan 1 1 aunchfrom C ape Canaveral. Themission wa s the first one in whichan Am erican walked in space.Whi te and McDivitt wererecovered from an Atlanticsplashdown onJune 7 aftercompleting 22 Earth orbits.


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To Rescue An Astronaut ANavy helicopter's rotor washcreates a lacy pattern on theocean off Cape Canaveral,during a launch-abort rescueexercise. This photo was takenjust prior to the May 15,1963,Mercury 9 mission in which anAtlas rocket launched from CapeCanaveral put AstronautL. Gordon Cooper into 22 Earthorbits aboard his Faith 7spacecraft. The missionconcluded with a Pacificrecovery on May 16.



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Apollo 6 Liftoff A Saturn Vlaunch vehicle carries anunmanned Comm and Moduleand Launch Escape Tower pastthe swu ng-bac k gantry armsduring the test phase launch ofApollo 6. The automatic cam erathat made this photograph wasmounted on the 108-meter(360-foot) level of the umbilicaltower.

Fiery LaunchofApollo 6 Theroaring rocket engines of thegiant Saturn V launch vehicleIGINAL PAGE create an inferno of f ire and""-f pulsating e xplosion as they pushth e Apollo 6 space craft past th eumbil ical towe r. T he cold liquidpropellants used by the Saturn Vcreate a coating of ice that"boils-off" during launch, in whatappears as a layer of whitesmoke in the photo.

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Recovery Back from asuccessful Gemini 7 mission,Astronauts Frank Borman (right)and James A. Lovell, Jr., seemhappy to be back after splash-down in the W estern Atlanticon December 18,1965. Gemini7 was for that time a record-breaking, 14-day, 206-orbitmission in space. The twoastronauts were photographedaboard the recovery vessel, theaircraft carrier USS Wasp. TheGe mini 7 mission providedarendezvous vehic le for theGemini 6-A mission w hich wascrewed by astronauts W alterM. Schirra and Thomas P.Stafford.


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In Astronauts WalterSchirra, Jr. and Thom as P.sa w this view of the7 space vehicle as theysuccessful rendezvous inwith another ve hicle. This

mini 6-A/7 m issions, whichthe rendezvousDecember 15,1965, in EarthThe two vehicles cameeters (six feet) offo r 5Y 2 hours. Gem ini

with a Titan II rocket

launch on December 15, endedwith an Atlantic recovery onDecember 16. The Gem ini 7vehicle was manned byastronauts Jam es A. Lovell, Jr.an d Frank Borman, who left theCape on Decem ber 4 via a TitanII launch vehicle.

High Over West Africa Thevast sandy stretches of thenortheastern portions of theSahara Des ert, and the nationsof Libya, Chad, Nigeria an dAlgeria, have been captured inthis photo taken during Gem ini

11 mission which commencedon September 12,1966, via aTitan II launch vehicle from CapeCanaveral . During that mission,Astronauts C harles Conrad, Jr.,and Richard F. Gordon, Jr.,did 44 Earth orbits and success-fully linked up with an Agenatarget docking vehicle, which waslaunched into space from theCape by an Atlas-Agena rocketon the same day as the astronauts.The mission ended on September15 with an Atlantic recovery.


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The Picture of the CenturyThat's what scientists exclaimedwhen the telephoto lens of thecamera on Lunar Orbiter 2transmitted this photograph ofthe floor of the crater Copernicusto Earth on November 28,1966.Copernicus is 60 miles indiameter and two miles deep.Seen from the Earth, it dominatesthe upper left quadrant of theMoon.

MoonScape Surveyor 7camera transmitted this stmoonscape scene on Janu1968. The unmanned lunaprobe came to rest approxi18 miles northof the crateTycho after a successfulslanding. Surveyor 7 waslaunched by anAtlas Centrocket from the Kennedy SCenter at Cape CanaveraonJanuary?, 1968.

Lunar Impact The topphotograph is the last picturetransmitted to Earth by theRanger 7's camera before theunmanned lunar probe crasheddown on the Moon's surface onJuly 31,1964. The impact camebefore the full photo could besent, which is why the frame isincomplete. Ranger 7 waslaunched by an Atlas-Agenarocket onJuly 28from CapeCanaveral. At the time, thepictures it transmitted before itshard impact with the Moon wereconsidered to have a 1000-foldincrease in resolution over thebest Earth-based Moon photos.

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ORIGINAL PAGE

Splashdown A Navy froggot this photograph of A stJohn Young being pulled his Gemini 10 spacecraftanAtlantic splashdown on21,1966. The splashdownwas some 7Y 2 miles from tprimary recovery ship, theGaudalcanal. Young, andAstronaut Michael C ollins43 Earth orbits and perforthe first successful dockinspace with another vehicleA gena target vehicle whiclaunched onJuly 21,1966f rom Cape C anaveral by aAtlas rocket.


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Preparation fora Manned LunarLanding Astronauts EdwinAldrin (left) and Nei l Armstrongare shown in this fish-eyephotograph inside the lunarmodule simulator at the JohnsonSpace Center in Houston,Texas. The astronauts are seenpreparing for the historic A pollo11 mission, the first mannedlunar landing, which put themon the Moon on July 20,1969.

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38CatchinganAgena GeminiAstronaut Charles Conrad, Jr.,took this photo of his missionpartner, Astronaut Richard F.Gordon, Jr., attaching a tetherline to the Agena target dockingvehicle while in Earth orbitapproximately 160 nauticalmiles above the Atlantic Ocean.The Gemini 11astronautssuccessfully carried outrendezvous and dockingexperiments with the targetdocking vehicle which hadbeenlaunched separately on thesame day, using an Atlas-Agenalaunch vehicle.

Moving Towarda Launch DateThis panoramic view of a portionof the Kennedy Space Center atCape Canaveral, showsaSaturn V rocket en route fromtheVehicle Assembly Building,shown at left, to its launch pad.T he Saturn V, which weighs6,286,000 Ibswhen fueled, isbeing transported to its launchpad on a mobile launcher, and istraveling over acrawlerwaydesigned to support loads ashigh as 18 million pounds. OnNovember 9, 1967, this vehiclewas launched on the Apollo 4unmanned Earth orbital missionwhich tested heat shields at lunarre-entry speeds.


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Apollo 17Night LaunchDecember 7,1972, the lastmission to the Moon, leavesCape Canaveral, Florida for anhistoric journey to Taurus-Littrowon the surface of Earth slegendary satellite. Af te r a stayof 75 hours on the lunar surfacethe crew of Apollo 17 returnedto Earth with 243 Ibs. of lunarsamples and a new appreciationof our universe.


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Earthrise Parts ofAfr ica ,Europe, North and SouthAmerica can be seen throughthe blue haze of Earth risingover th e Moon's surface in thisstriking photo taken from theApollo 8 manned spacecraftin lunar orbit. Apollo 8 was thefirst manned Saturn V f l ight. Itleft the Kennedy Space Centerat Cape C anaveral on December21,1968, via a Saturn V launchvehicle with Astronauts FrankBorman , James A. Lovell,Jr.,and Will iam A . Anders; an daccomplished ten lunar orbits.

Ill-FatedAstronauts Astronauts(left to right) Virgil G rissom,Edward Wh i te and RogerChaf fee were the only fatalitiesin all of Am erica's spacemissions. On January 27,196 7,the three died in an Apollospacecraft fire during pre-launchactivities at Cape C anaveral.The astronauts we re preparingfo r an Ap ollo/Saturn 204 Earthorbital mission scheduled forFebruary of that year.

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View While in EarthR . Scottin the hatch of the Apolloodule an d gets se tograph Astronaut Russellho took thisc scene during an extra-The commanded on M archby a Saturn V rocketthe Kennedy Space CenterScott,cDivitt were in Earthfo r over 241 hours during

tested all ofmanned lunar mission

O R I G I N A L P A G EC O L O R PHOTOC^Pf-T

Saturn S-l VB Stage H i g h ove rthe Gulf of C alifornia in E arthorbit, Apollo 7 astronauts W alterM. Schirra, Donn F. Eisele andWalter Cunningham saw thisview of the Saturn S-IVB stagewith which they rendezvousedto within 70 feet. The S-IVBSaturn stage came fro m thesame Saturn 1B rocket whichsent the Apollo 7 astronauts intospace from th e Kennedy SpaceCenter at Cape Canaveralon October 11,1968, fo r dockingand maneuvering exercises. Thewhite disk on the left side of thevehicle's spherical surface isused as a docking target.


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A First Step on the Moonafter Apollo 11 AstronautArm strong took his first stthe Moon, he took this hisphotograph of his own boothe lunar surface. Armstroset foot on the Moon on J1969, along with A stronauEdwin Aldrin. The landmaspace mission began at thKennedy Space C enter aCanaveral with a Saturn Vlaunch on July 16, and conwith a Pacific recovery onJuly 24 .


Old Glory on the MoonAstronaut Edwin A ldrincontemplates the Am erican flagin this photo taken by A stronautNeil Armstrong on the Moon'ssurface during the A pollo 11mission, which put a humanbeing on the Moon for the f irstt ime. T he lunar landingmodule is visible to the left.

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Ascent from the Moon Orbitingthe Moon in the Apollo 11command module, AstronautMichael C ollins took this strikingphotograph of the lunar landerrising from the Moon 's surfacewith Astronauts Edwin Aldrin andNeil Armstrong. In this picture,the lunar landing vehicle is aboutto rendezvous and dock with thecommand m odule which will take

all three astronauts back to E arthfo r the successful conclusionofAmerica's first manned lunarlanding. A half-Earth can be seenrising beyond the lunar horizon.

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A Hero's Welcome Apollo 11Astronauts Edwin Aldrin,Michael C ollins an d NeilArm strong stand in an open caras throngs of New Yorkerswelcom e them in an August 13,1969 parade, which wa sestimatedto be the largest inth e city's history.

H O H S E T + 3

A Presidential WelcomePresident Richard M. Nixongreets astronauts (left to right)Neil A . Armstrong, MichaelCollins and Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr.,on July 24,1969, four days afterArm strong and Aldrin walked onthe Moon, an d just after theysplashed down in the Pacif ic 900miles southwest of Hawaii. TheApollo 11 Astronauts are shownwithin their quarantine traileraboard the USS Hornet.


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Reflection on the Moon Apollo12 Astronaut Charles Conrad,who took this picture, is reflectedin Astronaut Alan Bean's E VAvisor a s the two astronautsexplore th e lunar surface. BeanandConrad touched down onthe Moon on November 19,1969, onAmerica's secondmanned lunar landing mission.Astronaut Richard Gordon wasthe Command Module Pilot.

Sunbathed Moon The Sunsgolden disk illuminates theMoon's surface in thisphotograph of the Apollo 14lunar module, which appears tobe sheathed in gold. An S-bandtransmission antenna, and theAmerican flag indicate th epresence on the lunar surface ofAstronauts Alan B. Shepard, Jr.,an d Edgar D. Mitchell. Shepard,Mitchell andAstronaut StuartRoosa, who piloted th ecommand module in lunar orbit,left the Kennedy Space Centerat Cape Canaveral atop aSaturn V rocket on America'sthird manned Moon landingmission, January 13,1971.


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Earthrise Over The MoonApollo 17 astronautsphotographed th e Earth comingup over the lunar horizon in thisspectacular photo taken from theApollo Command Module.

Astronautand the Flag Apol o17 Astronaut Eugene C ernantook this photograph ofAstronaut Harrison Schmittbeside th e American f lag on theMoon's surface. Apollo 17, whichwas A m erica's last manned lunarlanding, left the Kennedy SpaceCenter on December 7,1972an d returned to Earth onDecember 19th. Inthis picture,the Earth appears as a blue pearlin space just beyond the edge ofth e f lag.


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Apollo Meets Surveyor Apollo12 Astronaut C harles Conradexamines the television cameraon the Surveyors spacecraft,which hadbeen on the Moonsince April 1967. The unmannedSurveyor 3 once transmittedover 6,000 pictures of the lunarlandscape to Earth. The photoof Conrad and Surveyor 3 wastaken by Astronaut Alan Beanwho, along with C onrad, made

Am erica's second manned lunarlanding on November 19,1969.The Ap ollo 12 lunar landingvehicle is visible in thebackground.ORIGINAL PAGECOLOR PHOTOGRAPH

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Exploring the Moon Apollo 17Astronaut Eugene Cernanphotographed AstronautHarrison Schmitt beside thislarge lunar surface feature thathas been dubbed "Splitrock."Astronaut Ronald Evans was inthe command module circlingoverhead in lunar orbit.

Lunar Liftoff With ashower ofsparks and lunar debris, theApollo 16 lunar module "Orion"launches from the Moon'ssurface with Astronauts John W .Young and Charles M. Dukeonboard. Astronaut ThomasK.Mattingly II awaited rendezvousan d link-up with the Orion in thecommand module which was inlunar orbit. This colorful photowas transmitted to Earth by atelevision camera mounted onthe lunar roving vehicle.


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Apollo 13DebriefingDr. Donald K. Slayton, Directorof Flight Crew Operations, talkswith Dr. Werner von Braun(right), famed rocket expert, atan Apollo 13 post-flightdebriefing session.The threecrewmen of the problem-plaguedmission (left to right) in thebackground areJames A.Lovell,

Jr., Commander; John L.Swigert, Jr., Command ModulePilot; and Fred W. Haise, Jr.,Lunar Module Pilot.

ORIGINAL PAGEC O L O R PHOTO""'

Innovative Life SaverDr. Donald K. Slayton displaysprototype of adevice improvisedto remove carbon dioxide fromthe Apollo 13 Command Modulewhen it became apparent thespace craf t 's lithium hydroxidesystem was not removing itsufficiently. Manned SpacecraftCenter members looking on(from left to right) are Milton L.Windier, Shift 1 Flight Director;

Slayton, HowardW . Tindall,Deputy Director, FlightOperations; Sigurd A.Sjoberg,Director, Flight Operations; Dr.Christopher C. Kraft, DeputyDirector; and Dr. Robert R.Gilruth, Director. "Houston, we've got a proApollo 13 was 207,000 mif rom Earth an d moving aw2,100 miles an hour whencrew was startledby a loudA liquid oxygen or hydrogehad ruptured seriously da


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Apollo 13 Service Module.emergency triggered theinto anby hundreds of groundan d thousands ofcontractor plants and onty cam puses to solve the

most complex and urgentproblem encountered in spacef l ight. ORIGINAL PAGECOLOR P H O T O G R A P K


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Probing for aLunar ModuleThe Earth rises, and just abovethe edge of the lunar horizon isApollo 16Astronaut Thomas K.Mattingly M'scommand moduleawaiting rendezvous and link-upwith Astronauts John W. Youngand Charles M. Duke, who tookthis picture from their lunarlanding craft just after leavingthe Moon's surface. AstronautsYoung andDuke just spent over71 hours on the Moon's surface.

Splashdown Red andwparachutes billow above bPacif ic watersat the momsplashdown for Apollo 15astronauts David R.Scott, B. Irwin and Alfred M. WoIn this photo, taken byphotographer Victor Rhodfrom a Navy helicopter, thearound the Apollo spacecstill sharply discernable. Tsplashdown, which succeconcluded America's fourmanned lunar landing atteoccurred more than 300 mnorth of Hawaii on August1971.


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Apollo Meets Soyuz Oncerival competitors in the race forthe f irst manned Moon landing,the United States and the SovietUnion participated in one jointspace project, th e Apollo-SoyuzTest Project. This photo, takenfrom the Apollo spacecraft,shows th e Soviet Soyuz vehiclein Earth orbit just prior to therendezvous anddocking of thetw o vehicles on July 17,1975.Linked in Earth orbit for twodays, Astronauts Thomas P.Stafford, Vance D. Brand, an dDonald K. Slayton visited SovietCosmonauts Valeriy N. Kubasovan d Aleksey A . Leonov. TheAmer ican astronauts began thehistoric mission from th e

Kennedy Space Center aCanaveral aboard a SaturIB rocket onJuly 15 andsplashed down in the PacJuly 24. The Soviet cosmleft Baykonur in the Sovieon July 15 using an A-2 lavehicle and returned to aKazkhstan recovery areaJuly 21.


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LosAngeles This viewAngeles area on ataken fromApollo spacecraft during theMoon Landings Thismap of theMoon indicates the places wherethe six successful Apollomanned lunar landings tookplace. All of the landingsoccurred on the sideof the Moonvisible to the Earth. The in-orbitand lunar surface experimentsperformed by the Apollomissions have functioned as akey to questions on the formationand history of our solarsystem,including tangible evidence onthe evolution of our planet Earth.

Apollo 11Launch date July 16,1969Astronauts Aldrin, Armstrong

and CollinsLanded in the Sea of Tranquility(00.6N Latitude/23.50E Longitude)Apollo 12Launch date November 14,1969Astronauts Bean, Conrad andGordonLanded in the Ocean of Storms

(03.0S Latitude/23.40

WLongitude)Apollo 14Launch date January 31,1971Astronauts Mitchell, Roosa,and Shepard.Landed at Fra Mauro (03.7SLatitude/17.5W

Longitude)Apollo 15Launch date July 26,1971Astronauts Irwin, Scott and

WordenLanded at Hadley-Apennine(26.1N Latitude/17.5 ELongitude)

Apollo 16Launch date April 16,1972Astronauts Duke, MattinglyandYoungLanded at Descartes(09.0SLatitude/15.50 E Longitude)Apollo 17Launch date December 1972Astronauts Cernan, EvansandSchmittLanded at Taurus-Littrow(20.0N Latitude/30.00 ELongitude)


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Skylab in Orbit Looking like agiant dragon fly,Skylab is seenin Earth orbit over the AmazonRiver just before astronauts AlanBean, Owen Garriott and JackLousma rendezvoused anddocked with America's firstmanned Earth orbiting spacestation. The astronauts who tookthis picture were on the Skylab3 mission, which began with alaunch of a Saturn 1B rocketfrom the Kennedy Space Centerat Cape C anaveral on July28,1973.

Mobile Bay Area I n th staken from Skylab space sin Earth orbit, an Earth rescamera traces th e f low of Mobile River and its sedimladen currents into Mobile


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A Walk Around SkylabAstronaut Jack Lousma ispictured while performing anextra-vehicular activity duringthe 59 days that he andAstronauts Alan Bean an d OwenGarriott participated in theSkylab 3 mission. They remainedaboard until September 25 for atotal of 59 days and performe dsystems an d operational tests.They returned to Earth with aPacific Ocean recovery.

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y* IB .V*-*.1

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>i Red S/cy for a Red P/anefThe red surface of Mars lendsits color to the M artian sky inthis view f rom th e Viking 1Lander, Fine red dust from thesoil is carried into theatmosphere, giving the sky apinkish hu e instead of the b luecolor expe cted by scientists.Light and dark bo ulders arestrewn on the su rface of theforeground, and light-grayledges of bedrock appearthrough the soil in the middledistance. The horizon , about 1 00meters (330 feet) away, may bethe rim of an impa ct crater. Thiscolor picture was made bycomb ining three separatepictures, each taken throug h adif ferent color filter. T he colorswere matched by comparingsimilar pictures taken of coloredobjects on the Viking Landeritself.


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Sparkling RingofJupiterVoyager 2 looks back to see thering of Jupiter sparkling in theSunlight. The ring appearsbrighter when looking towardtheSun.

Greaf Storms ofJupiter Anexercise in cosmic modernart,huge wh irling storms andsawtoothed, turbulent f low sspread out in Jupiter'satmosphere as pictured byVoyager 2 from 6 millionkilometers (3.7million miles).The Red Sp ot (right center) is ahuge storm system, big enoughto hold three Earths, that ha spersisted for at least threecenturies. It wh irlscounterclockwise, producinghighly contorted patterns at itsleft, where cloud banks m ovingleft to right are blocked andforced to squeeze past it.Smaller wh ite oval storms, aboutthe size of Earth, create similarturbulent e ffects below the RedSpot. Most patterns in Jupiter'satmosphere are constantlychanging; the structures shownhere have changed signif icantlysince Voyager 1 photographedthem four months previously.


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Moons ofJupiter Red lo andwhite Europa orbit aboveJupiter's multihued clouds. TheGreat R ed Spot is the largest ofmany storms. This photo ofJupiter and its moons was trans-mitted back to Earth over adistance of 28.4million kilo-meters (17.5 million miles) byVoyager 1 on February 5,197 9.

Callisto, a Moon ofJupiterVoyager spacecraft recorded this"close-up" of Jupiter's outermostsatellite Callisto on March 6,1979. Callisto is the secondlargest of Jupiter's moons with adiameter of 4,820 kilom eters(2,995 miles).

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Moons of Jupiter/Close-u(left) and Europa (right) pbefore the planet's GreatSpot. The long bright regbetween tw o white ovalscenter of picture) extendsinto Jupiter's atmosphere

Jupiter Unwrapped Thiscylindrical m osaic projection ofthe planet Jupiter was madefrom photographs transmitted bythe unmanned Voyager Ispacecraft on January 6,1979,as the vehicle circled above thegreat planet's equator. Thevarious exposures were thenpieced together to form thisimage, which indicates Jupiter's

differe nt zones. Using the keyshown in the photograph, thezones are the NTEZ (NorthTemperate Zone), NTR Z (NorthTropical Zone), NEB (NorthEqu atorial B elt), EZ (EquatorialZone), SE B (South EquatorialBelt), STR Z (South TropicalZone) and STEZ (SouthTemperate Zone).

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O n the following page^Upheavalon aMoon Thisclose-up photo of the turbulentsurface of lo shows tw o volcaniccalderas and associated avaf lows. T he constant volcanicturmoil on this moon of Jupiterserves to effectively resurfaceany impact craters made bycolliding space matter. The mostgeologically active body in thesolar system, lo h as a diameterof 3,632 kilometers (2,257 miles),which is similar to that of ourMoon.


Jupiter's RedSpot A dramaticview ofJupiter's Great RedSpotan d the surrounding areashows cloud details as smallas160 kilometers (100miles). Theturbulent cloud pattern to theleft of the Great R ed Spot is aregion of extraordinarily complexan d variable winds.

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Surfaces of Jupiter's Moonsof lo fromI shows lo's south polarB. Europa appearsshow scraters. C . Amalthea isoons ofand is very sma ll. It is270 by 165 by 150(168 by 103 by 93D. Another close-up of lotwo volcanic calderas andlava flows . E. TheGanymede shows acrater-filled moonscape.


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Northern Side of SaturnVoyager recorded this "poster-like" image of Saturn as it f lewaway from the planet. Thespokes appear lighter here, thanthey did during Voyager'sapproach to the planet.

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Separate Rings of SaturnSunlight can be seen strethrough the C assini Divisanother g ap at the inner ethe B-ring in this VoyageThe shadow cast by the Cnot as dark. Two icy satelTethys an d Dione orbit thplanet in this photo.

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False Color Image of SaturnSaturn appears to glow in thisfalse-color rendition of a phototaken through ultraviolet, greenan d violet f i lters.


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The Colorful Rings of SaturnThe automatic camera on theVoyager 2 spacecraft transmittedthis picture of Saturn's rings onAugust 17,1981, from a distanceof 9 million kilometers (5.5million miles) from the planet.This highly enhanced color viewwas made by special computerprocessing techniques and wasassembled from clear, orange,and ultraviolet f rames. The colordifferences among the rings canbe accounted for by possiblevariations in chemicalcomposition throughout theplanet's ring system.


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ORIGINAL PAGECOLOR PHOTOGRAPHTitan A s Saturn's largestSatellite, Titan is shrouded in adense atmosphere of nitrogenand methane, which form a thick,orange photo-chemical haze.

Enceladus Enceladus is themost geologically e volvedSaturnian satellite and has ayounger surface with a widediversity of terrain types. ThisVoyager photo has been stronglycontrast-stretched to bring ou tsurface detail which shows thatEnceladus has had a complexgeologic history.

Hyperion This satellite ofSaturn is one of the mostbattered astronom ical bodiesever seen. It is 410 by 260 by220 kilometers (254 by 162 by137 miles). Hyperion is probabthe remains of a larger satellitethat was destroyed by collision.


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The ancient, crateredof Saturn's moon Dionerecord an intenseby smaller objects

diameter, is composedof ice, though it may haveof denser rockyscattered through it orsmall core. The largest

(62 miles) in diame tera prominent centralW hite streaks on the leftmay be rays of materialt of a crater on theione. Similar

andDione's surfac e showsof internal forces ask at the lowerthe shadow may haveby spreading ofoon's icy crust.


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Shrouded Venus Th is viewfrom space of the planet Ven uswa s taken on December 26,1980, by the automatic cameraon the Pioneer Venus orbiter.The unmanned spacecraft waslaunched from the KennedySpace Center at Cape C anaveralon May 20,1978, by anAtlas-Centaur rocket. It went intoorbit around Venus on D ecember4 of that year and will remainthere until sometime in 1986.The orbiter, which at its low pointcame within 150 kilome ters (90miles) of the surface of theplanet, ha s been evaluatingatmospheric samples aroundVenus an d making radarmeasurements of its surface.

Crescents in Space Anautomatic came ra aboardNASA' s Voyager Ispacecrafttook this picture of the crescentEarth and crescent Moon nearly11.6 million kilometers (7.25million) miles from Earth onSeptember 18,1977. T hephotograph, which has beencomputer enhanced in order tobring out the brightness of theMoon, was made from threeimages taken through co lorfilters, and then processed bythe Image Processing Laboratoryat NA SA's Jet P ropuls ionLaboratory at Pasadena,California. Voyager I was one oftwo unm anned space probeslaunched by Titan Ill/C entaurrockets from the Kennedy SpaceCenter at Cape Canaveralwithin a month of each other inAugust 20 and September 5,1977. The vehicles reachedJupiter in 1979, and Saturn in1980 and 1981. The lastplanetary encounter in theVoyager Program will be inAugust 1989 when Voyager2passes Neptune.

Venus Without Clouds Thisfalse color photograph of Venus,stripped of its perpetual cloudcover, waspieced together fromradar data transm itted to Earthf rom the Pioneer Venu s orbiter.In this picture, low er elevationsare shown in blue, medium ingreen, and in yellow, the highelevations. Ishtar, V enus'northern continent, is shown atthe top of the picture. BelowIshtar, and to its right, is thewestern end of Aphrodite, theplanet's largest continent. At itslowest orbital point, thespacecraft has come w ithin 150kilome ters (90 miles) of thesurface of Venus.


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Dish Scanning thenear Madrid, Spain, the63 com munications stationthree which support al ldeep space m issions. Thethe Deepare at Goldstone,and C anberra,The Madrid station, theone to be constructed, cost$17,000,000became ope rational inmeters (213 feet) in

Mars in False Color Thisfalse color exaggeration of thetrue color variations found onMars was made by computerizedimage processing of aphotograph transmitted to Earthby the automatic camera on theunmanned Viking Ispacecraft(prior to its soft landing on M arson July 20,1976). The false colormethod enables scientists toseparate and amplify extremelysubtle color dif fere nces amongvarious types of clouds,atmospheric hazes, surfacefrosts an d rock materials. Thegiant Martian volcanoes, fo rexample, are shown in dark red.The broad band of atmospherichaze is shown in bluish-white.

Mercury Looking like thepocked landscape of the Moon,this photomosaic of the planetMercury is made up of 18pictures taken b y the two TVcameras aboard Mariner 10. Thephotos were taken at 42-secondintervals over a 13 minute periodon March 29,1974, while th eunmanned probe was six hoursand 200,000 kilometers (124,000miles) from the planet's surface.The pictures were enhanced bycomputer at the Jet P ropulsionLaboratory. The largest of thecraters revealed in the photo isapproximately 20 0 kilometers(124 miles) in diameter. M ariner10 was launched by an AtlasCentaur rocket from theKennedy S pace Center at CapeCanaveral on Novembers ,1973. Its mission wa s toinvestigate Mercury and Venus,the two closest planets to theSun.

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RIESIEARCM

ot all of NASA sefforts are oriented tospace flight. The agencyhasdevotedalarge portion of its resources to aircraftresearchanddevelopment. The X - 1 5 rocketplanes of the Sixties, three important NASAresearch aircraft,held the speed and altituderecords for winged aircraft until the spaceshuttle Columbia made its first flight in 1981.The X-15s, and the mammoth XB-70, whichwas a joint NASA-Defense Departmentproject, contributed valuable data pertainingto supersonic flight.With the growing interest in short-distancecommuter aircraft, planes which can uselimited-length runways andhelicoptertechnology, N A S A technicians at the DrydenFlight Research Facility at Edwards, California,and the Langley Research Center at Hampton,Virginia, are testing and evaluating aircraftdesigns with aview towardthe developmentof more efficient engines, propellers andwings. At these facilities, researchers useequipment ranging from actual aircraft toaircraft models, some no more than an inchlong, inwind tunnels which can simulatevirtually any atmospheric condition a plane inflight mayencounter. The data ismadeavailable to industry and other governmentagencies.

Wind TunnelScale ModelScale model of NA SA s latestsupersonic transport concept,SCAT 15F. poised for for ce testsin the Full-Scale Wind Tunnel atLangley R esearch C enter,Hampton, Virginia. Later, themodel will be f lown in the test


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Wind Tunnel Experiment Awingless maneuverable spacevehicle is being proved feasibleduring this test conducted in afoot-long hypervelocity windtunnel at NASAs Ames ResearchCenter at Moffett Field,California, in February 1963. Theglowing model is shown beingsubjected to anair-flowof 4,300meters (14,000 feet) per second,

which isproducing tempeof about 9,000 degrees (the model's nose. Tempewell in excess of that amowould be experienced byvehicle traveling at hypespeeds at high altitudes.

Skystreak H i g h ove rCalifornia's Mohave desert,anX-15 rocket plane releases aplume contrail after beingreleased from a B-52 motheraircraft.

XB-70 Making its first flightexclusively under NASA control,the huge XB-70 is readied fortake-off on April 25,1967, atEdwards Air Force Base,California.RockwellInternational Corporation builtjust two of the unusual lookingaircraft, which could fly atspeeds of up to 2,000 mph. Usedin a joint NASA-Department ofDefense flight researchprogram, the XB-70 made itsfirst

flight in September 1964Defense Department evathe plane as a possible sucto its B-52 bomber, whileused the XB-70for researpertaining to supersonic fBoth planes few 128 test research missions. In Juneone of the XB-70 aircraftwlost in a mid-air collision. remaining one made its laflight in February 1969 toair museum at Wright-PaAir Force Base, Ohio.


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COLOR

ObliqueWing Concept TestedThe Am es-Dryden-1 (AD-1),photographed during a test flightf rom NASA s Dryden FlightResearch Center, is being flow nto study the conce pt of theoblique wing. Invented by Am esResearch Center scientistRo bert T. Jones, the obliquewing is pivoted at a central point.Rotated by actuators,one wing tip m oves forwardand the othe r aft to sweep anglesup to 60 degrees w ith thefuselage centerl ine.

Aircraft Winglets Improve FlightThe winglet pictured is anaerodynamic innovationdesigned to improve fuelconsum ption and gene rallyimprove airplane performance.


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AJASA805

Vertical Takeoff andLandingSupersonic Aircraft Conceptfor an advanced fighter is shownbefore testing in an Am esResearch Center wind tunnel.The fighter model is intendedto have vertical or shorttakeoff and landingcapability, and uses thrustvectoring to achieve that goal.The exhaust from twin GeneralElectric J-79 turbojets is d irectedover the wing flaps to increasetheir lift increment for short-fieldperformance. Later, a thrustaugmentation system will beadded to increase the availablethrust an d achieve verticaltakeoff. This particular model isthree-quarters full-scale,and wasmounted fo r low-speed tests inthe Am es tunnel facility.


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AT, for Highly ManeuverableThe HIMATone of two builtRockwell International, is anpiloted

research vehicle which is air-launched from a B-52 carrierplane and " f lown" by a pilot onthe ground. This concept allowshigh-risk testing without risk tohuman life and also reduces

vehicle costs normallyassociated with provisions fo rpilot occupancy and safety.Designed in modular fashion,HiMAT can be readily modifiedto incorporate new technologies.

C O L O R


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ORIGINALP H O T O G R A P H


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Examination NASAr William Taubaircraft model beingby anat NASA's LangleyCenter at Hampton,

The tiny model, which isof a typicalaircraft design, isto be placed inside a four-canof up to 40,000Pressure fields createdthe tunnel, andtheir effectmodel plane, will helpto evaluate the designs

to the


Roll-Out A modified X-15,isout of North AmericanLos Angeles factory1964The additional fuelwill increase the engineto 145 secondsatwhich will raise thespeed by as much asmph. The X-15 was a oint

involved three X-15that made a total of 199between June 1959 and1968.Until the firstof the space shuttlein 1981, the X-15 heldfor winged aircraft,as high asfeet at speeds of 5,520is over six times theof sound.

RedVortices Avisually strikingred smoke spiral is the result ofsmokescreen penetration by anAyers Thrust S2R-800agricultural aircraft at NASA'sWallops Island (Virginia) FlightCenter onJune 25,1981. Theaircraft an d smoke screen, whichwa s created by igniting a smokegenerator inside a 10-foot longenclosed tube, punctuated withholes, were part of a testconducted by NASA for the

aerial application industry. Thetest was designed to see how tomake aircraft wake vortex workfo r more efficient and safer aerialdeposition of chemicals. The driftof toxic materials away fromtarget sites is one of the seriousproblems facing those who spraychemicals from the air foragricultural or other uses. Fromthe tests, methods are beingdeveloped to obtain morefavorable uniform spray patternsand to reduce chemical drift.


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EARTH ORBITAPPLICATIONS

ith the launching of the ERTS-A satellite, on July 23,1972, NASA became animportant factor in the study of theEarth and its resources. ERTS-A, and thesubsequent Landsat satellite series, of whichLandsat 4 is the latest, have been transmittingdata to Earth which hasbecome invaluable inmapping and land-use studies.Among the usesof the data coming fromthe Landsat vehicles has been the potentiallocation of mineral resources, topographicalinformation andcrop surveys. Landsatshavealso pointed out areas of insect infestationand, by evaluating snow accumulation, havehelped to predict more accuratelyareas ingreatest danger of flooding during springrun-offs.Information disseminated by theLandsatprogram hasbeen used throughout the worldby more than 100countries. The satellites,which areorbited by NASA, aremanagedbythe National Oceanic and AtmosphericAdministration, anagency of the United StatesDepartment of Commerce.

Sky ab Photo ofBahamas Thisphoto of the Berry Islands, GreatBahama Bank was taken duringthe Skylab3 mission. Theastronauts were launched fromNASA's Kennedy Space Center,from Complex 39B on July28,1973. The crew, AstronautsAlan L. Bean, MissionCommander; Owen K. Garriott,Scientist/ Pilot; an d Jack R .Lousma, Pilot, splashed downSeptember 25,1973 about 362kilometers (225 statute miles)southwest of San Diego, Calif.


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Space Shuttle Radar MappingSecrets of the Sahara, hiddenby sand, are revealed by thepiercing eyes of radar.Prob ing the san d to a depth ofORIGINAL PAGE six meters (20 feet), the shuttle'sP H O T O G R A P H radar, developed by scientists atthe Jet Propulsion L aboratory(JPL), literally f i l ls in the space

between the lines to revealancient topographical featuresin the northwestern Sudan.The dark region at top hasbeen identifie d as a river valleyas large as that of the present-day Nile. Below it otherriverbeds andvalleys carve thebedrock. In a similar area inEgypt, scientists dug along a

riverbed revealed by raddiscovered arrowheads 1to 200,000 years old.


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New England View FromLandsat The thematic mapperon the Landsat 4 satellitetransmitted this natural colorphotograph of the Boston,Providence and Cape Cod areasof New England on September10,1982. The picture was taken705 kilometers (438 miles) aboveEarth. The white portions of thephotograph clearly indicate themajor cities of the region. Oneof four Earth mapping satellites,Landsat-4 was launched intoEarth orbit onJuly 9,1982, f romthe Western Space and MissileCe nter at Vandenberg A ir ForceBase, C alifornia, by a Deltarocket. The satellite is under theoperational management of theNational Oceanic an dAtmospheric Administration ofthe Department of C om merce.More than 100 nations havemade use of Land sat data intheir resource development andmanagement programs, and 11countries have their owncapability to receive and processinformation directly from thesatellite.


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ORIGINAL PAGEC OLO R P H O T O G R A P H

Boston, Providence andCapeCod This infrared photographof the same area of New Englandwa s also transm itted by thethematic m apper aboard theLandsat-4 satellite on September10,1982. The bluish-white areasare heavily populatedcomm unities, in which there islittle vegetation. A reas of heavyvegetation, on the other hand,are shown in red.


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Autumn View of WashingtonThe thematic mapper on theLandsat-4 recorded this sceneof W ashington, D.C. onNovember 2,1982. The naturalcolor scene, taken from 705kilometers (438 statute miles)above the Earth, renders thelarge governm ent buildingsclearly discernable.


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ORIGINAL P A G E

Metropolitan New York Thisinfrared view of the New YorkMetropolitan area was recordedby the thematic mapper on theLandsat-4 satellite in February1983. Most of the well-knownlandmarks, such as the Statue ofLiberty and the piers along thewest side of Manhattan, as wellas Central Park, can be seen.The f ive boroughs of New Y orkare clearly visible.

Death Valley The thematicmapper on the Landsat-4satellite transmitted thisphotograph of Death Valley,California, from 705 kilometers(438 statute m iles) above theEarth.


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X r f vA

ORIGINAL


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Hurricanes The orbitingeather satellite the4,1974, as they

1,600kilometers (1,000he Me xican statealifornia. The twowhich never camewere about 970(600 miles) apartn this photograph w as taken.launched by N A S Ae National Oceanic an ddministration on11,1970, by a Deltathe Kennedy Spaceat Cape Canaveral.

CoveredLakes Theera on the Tiros-Ne capture d this image ofEastern portion of the Unitedon February 17,1979.picture clearly shows theCoast of the United Statesjust south of Virginiathe State of Maine. ThePeninsula, Longape Cod are visiblethe Coast. T he Greatwhich appear in the90 percent covered withos-N is a NO AA w eathere which was placed in aarth orbit on October 13,


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The Eruption of Mount St.Helens These fivephotographs, which were takenover a three-hour period from8:15 AM to 11:15 AMPacificDaylight Time from th e GOES-West spacecraft, detail th e startof the disasterous eruption ofMount St. Helens inWashingtonState. A visible disturbance ca nbe seen distinctly in the

southwest quadrant ofWashington State beginningwith the second photo. Thedisturbance, which grows morepronounced throughout theseries, begins as a small circularplume of smoke. In the lastphoto, the smoke ha s spreadover much of the State's lowerhalf. GOES-West is a weathersatellite operated by the NationalOceanic andAtmosphericAdministration (NOAA). It waslaunched from the KennedySpace Center at Cape Canaveralon June 16,1978.Theunmanned craft operates insyncronous Earth orbit andmonitors weather conditionsover the Western United States.The eruption sequence wasrecorded by thesatellite'sautomatic camera.


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'GRAPH

PHOTOGKM*

CONCLUSION

Activity (EVA)ts Donald H . PetersonStory Musgrave, STS-5specialists, evaluatehandrail system on theand afta longactivity (EVA )the Earth-orbiting SpaceChallenger. T he verticalan d orbital

portion of Mexico'sand Bahia de Tenacatita,120 kilometers (75 miles)Puerto Vallarta, areby one of twowho remainedth e spacecraft during th eAstronauts Karol J. Bobko,and P aulJ. Weitz,ook a number of

A ndwhat of NASAs next twenty-fiveyears? Perhapsa 50th anniversaryretrospective will picture space shuttleswhich operate on regular schedules. Theirflights into orbit and return to Earth will be asordinary anoccurrence as the departures andarrivals of commercial jets. There may bedramatic photographs of great orbiting spacestations onwhich scientists will spend months,even years of their lives, livingandexperimenting high above the Earth. Men andwomen might be pictured working in researchfacilitieson the Moon. Space explorers mayland on Mars and return to Earth with samplesof Martian rock, which will be shown n brilliantpictures, much as the pieces of lunar surfaceare shown oday.

On NASA's 50th Anniversary, it will probablybe written that NASA engineers havecontinued to find ways to produce moreenergy-efficient andversatile aircraftairlinerswhich can land on short runways within majorcities, and even supersonic transports whichcan operate at lower cost than those of today.Beyond the Earthandwithin the envelopeof the Earth satmosphere, the next 25 yearswill open new eras of planetary explorationand Earth applications for the benefit of allpeople.NASA's Infrared Astronomical Satellite( IRAS) hasalready discovered what may proveto be the formingor early stageof asolarsystem around the star Vega. Vega is locatedin the constellation of Lyra, the lyre or harp. Ifthe circling debris around Vega is confirmedwe have the first evidence of other solarsystems andother planets.With the past 25 yearsas our guide, thenext 25 years will produce progress beyondour imagination. We may find: new formsofenergy; new methods of transportation; newlife support systems;new information aboutour Earth, our galaxy and our universe. Wemay even discover that we are not alone.


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Dr. Robert H. Goddard1882-1945

om WIND. SAN D AND S1940 bydeSaint Exupery.by Lewis CBrace Jovary permission of tht publishers.


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Documents

Remembered Images, NASA 1958-1983