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Renaissance and Reformation Section 3
Main Idea
Criticism of the Roman Catholic Church led to a religious
movement called the Protestant Reformation and brought changes
in religion and politics across Europe.
The Protestant Reformation
Content Statement 5: Describe how the Scientific
Revolution’s impact on religious, political, and cultural
institutions challenged how people viewed the world.
Renaissance and Reformation Section 3Ch 1-3 vocabulary
Protestant Reformation
indulgences
Martin Luther
Theocracy
John Calvin
Predestination
Henry VIII
annulled
Elizabeth I
Renaissance and Reformation Section 3Ch 1-3 vocabulary
Protestant Reformation: a religious movement in the 1500s that
split the Christian church in western Europe and led to the
establishment of a number of new Churches.
Indulgences: pardons issued by the pope of the Roman Catholic
Church that could reduce a soul’s time in purgatory.
Martin Luther: (1483-1546) German monk whose protests
against the Catholic Church in 1517 led to calls for reform and
to the movement known as the Reformation.
Theocracy: a government ruled by religious leaders who claim
God’s authority.
John Calvin: (1509-1564) French Protestant theologian of the
Reformation; founded Calvinism, which was associated with the
doctrine of predestination.
Renaissance and Reformation Section 3Ch 1-3 vocabulary
Predestination: the belief that at the beginning of time God
decided who would gain salvation.
Henry VIII: (1491-1547) King of England from 1509-1547; his
desire to annul his marriage led to a conflict with the pope,
England’s break with the Roman Catholic Church, and its
embrace of Protestantism. Henry established the Church of
England in 1532.
annulled: declared invalid based on church laws.
Elizabeth I: (1533-1603) Queen of England from 1558 to 1603; a
skillful politician and diplomat, she reasserted Protestant
supremacy in England.
Renaissance and Reformation Section 3
• Some people felt church straying from spiritual roots $$$$$
• Concerns crystallized into the Protestant Reformation
• Financial corruption,
abuse of power,
immorality
• People’s respect for
priests, monks, popes
weakened
• Heavy taxation also
caused discontent.
Taxes used to finance
Renaissance art
projects
Dissatisfaction
• Pope Leo X
approved sale of
indulgences
• Needed money for
St. Peter’s Basilica
built early 1500’s.
• Indulgences,
pardons reduced a
soul’s time in
purgatory
Financing Basilica
• Catholics believed dead
went to purgatory, worked
off sins committed
• Sale of indulgences widely
criticized
• Government separate
from the church: people
start to consider
themselves citizens of a
state or country first rather
than a member of the
church.
Working Off Sins
1) Catholicism in the 1400s/Dissatisfaction with the Church
Renaissance and Reformation Section 3
• From Bohemia, Jan Hus
preached against immorality
and worldliness of Catholic
Church
• Excommunicated by Pope
Gregory XII in 1412.
• Later arrested, tried for heresy
and burned at stake
• These influential theologians
openly criticized church
Jan Hus
• Believed church should give
up earthly possessions
• His views unpopular with
church officials
• Was removed from teaching
position
Mid to late 1300’s.
John Wycliffe
2) Early Reformers
Renaissance and Reformation Section 3
Martin Luther’s public criticism of the church in 1517 marks the
symbolical beginning of the Protestant Reformation.
• Martin Luther believed selling
indulgences sinful
• In theses, said indulgences had no
power to remit sin
• Criticized power of pope, wealth of
church
• Theses written in Latin, intended for
church leaders, not common people
The Ninety-Five Theses
• Nailing theses to church door
common practice; doors used like
community bulletin boards
• Theses stimulated discussion among
university intellectuals
• *printing press
• Published, distributed across Europe,
widely read by intellectuals, clergy,
laypeople
• Desire for reform grew
Stimulated Discussion
3) Martin Luther/The Ninety-Five Thesis
Renaissance and Reformation Section 3
Empowered the People
• Insisted that individual Christians should be own interpreters of
scripture, Christian practices should come only from Bible
• To aid this process, Luther translated Bible into German
• Translation allowed more people to read Bible without aid of
clergy
4) Luther’s Message
• Contradicted basic Catholic beliefs insisted God’s grace
cannot be won by good works; faith alone needed
• 1519, declared only head of Christian Church was Jesus, not
pope
Renaissance and Reformation Section 3
Church’s Response
• 1520, Pope Leo X expelled
Luther from the Church
• 1521, Luther summoned to
appear before Holy Roman
emperor Charles V
Edict of Worms 1521
• Emperor handed down Edict
of Worms
• Declared Luther to be outlaw,
condemned his writings
• Luther’s ideas spread
German Diet
• Luther appeared before
emperor, German Diet, or
assembly, at city of Worms
• Refused to change opinions
Protestant
• 1529, Charles V tried to
suppress Lutherans in
Germany
• German princes issued
protestatio, protest, against
this suppression. Term
Protestant came from this
5) Reactions to Luther
Renaissance and Reformation Section 3
When the disagreement between Swiss Protestants and Catholics
erupted into war, Zwingli was a casualty. He died in battle in 1531.
• Luther’s stand against the church opened the door for others
• Differing ideas on religious matters put forth.
• New religious movements began in Switzerland and in Europe.
• Many ideas viewed as radical
• His church based on
theocracy, government in
which church, state joined
• officials divinely inspired
6)Ulrich Zwingli
6) The Spread of Protestantism
• Luther accused Zwingli of
tampering with word of God
• Without Lutherans’ support,
Swiss Protestants vulnerable
to attack by Catholics
Opposed by Luther
Renaissance and Reformation Section 3
Background
• John Calvin most important Protestant reformer next to Martin
Luther
• Educated in France, influenced by Erasmus, Renaissance
humanists
• Supported reforms of Luther in Germany
People Sinful by Nature
• Strictness at heart of Calvinism’s appeal, gave sense of mission, discipline
• Calvinists making world fit for “elect” who had been chosen for salvation
Influenced by Augustine
• Preached predestination- God knows who will be saved,
guides lives of those destined for salvation
• Nothing humans can do, good or bad, will change
predestined end
7) John Calvin
Renaissance and Reformation Section 3
John Knox
– Knox’s Reformed Church replaced Roman Catholic
Church
– Laid groundwork for later Presbyterian denomination
Anabaptists
• Different beliefs about baptism; insisted on rebaptizing
adults
– Crime punishable by death at that time
Other Reformers
Renaissance and Reformation Section 3
• Protestant Reformation began with criticism of Catholic Church
by priests and other religious thinkers.
• Reformation began with the king in England
• 1509, Henry VIII
became king, age 17
• Devout Catholic
• Wrote angry protests
against Luther’s
ideas
• Actions won him title
“Defender of the
Faith”
• By 1525, Henry had
only one child, Mary
A King’s Protest
Henry wanted male
heir, thought
female monarch
would weaken
England
• Decided to have
marriage to
Catherine
annulled
• Pope would not
agree to
annulment
Annulment
• Catherine and her,
nephew Holy Roman
Emperor Charles V,
also opposed
annulment
• Dilemma became “the
king’s great matter”
• Arguing with Pope,
Henry fell in love with
Anne Boleyn
Opposition
8) Protestantism Spreads to England/A King’s Protest
Renaissance and Reformation Section 3
Henry Takes Over
• Reformation Parliament declared that England no longer
considered itself under authority of pope
• Henry became head of Church of England
Act of Supremacy
• Anne Boleyn and Henry secretly married; marriage to Catherine annulled
• Later that year Anne gave birth to daughter, Elizabeth
• Act of Supremacy passed; Henry VIII “Supreme Head of Church of
England”
Church of England
• Henry changed rituals of church very little
• Closed Catholic monasteries, convents, distributed much of land
to nobles
• This built more public support for split from Catholic Church
9) The Reformation Parliament
Renaissance and Reformation Section 3
• Third wife, Jane Seymour gave England male heir, Edward VI
• 1547, Edward VI took throne, age 9
• Protestantism gained more ground under guidance of his
guardians
• Edward died young; sister, Mary became queen of England
• Mary returned England to
authority of pope
• Hundreds burned at stake for
Protestant beliefs, earning
queen title “Bloody Mary”
• Her death caused little grief
• Half-sister Elizabeth became
queen
Bloody Mary
• Elizabeth I, Protestant at heart
• 1559, drafted new Supremacy
Act, splitting England again from
Rome
• Catholics plotted to place Mary,
Queen of Scots, on throne
• Elizabeth persecuted Catholics,
secured Church of England
Elizabeth’s Reign
10) Henry’s Heirs