RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES IN ALBANIA - POTENTIALS, ACTIVITIES FOR PROMOTION & IMPLEMENTED PROJECTS - ECONOMIC MISSION “ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION - ALBANIA”

RENEWABLE ENERGY RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES IN ALBANIARESOURCES IN ALBANIA

- POTENTIALS, ACTIVITIES FOR PROMOTION - POTENTIALS, ACTIVITIES FOR PROMOTION & IMPLEMENTED PROJECTS -& IMPLEMENTED PROJECTS -

ECONOMIC MISSION ECONOMIC MISSION “ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION - ALBANIA”“ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION - ALBANIA”

TIRANA, 28 SEPTEMBER 2009TIRANA, 28 SEPTEMBER 2009

Blvd. “Zhan d'Ark”, NBlvd. “Zhan d'Ark”, Noo. 2, Tirana, ALBANIA. 2, Tirana, ALBANIA

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Fax:Fax: +355 4 233834 +355 4 233834

Email:Email: infoinfo@@eeeec.orgc.org.al.al

Website: www.eec.org.alWebsite: www.eec.org.al

ALBANIA-EU ENERGY EFFICIENCY ALBANIA-EU ENERGY EFFICIENCY CENTRECENTRE

Prepared by: Dr. Eng. Edmond M. HIDOPrepared by: Dr. Eng. Edmond M. HIDO

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Albania is a country located in Southern Europe, on the shores of Adriatic and Albania is a country located in Southern Europe, on the shores of Adriatic and Ionian seas. It has an area of about 28,000 kmIonian seas. It has an area of about 28,000 km22 with a mountainous relief and a with a mountainous relief and a population of about 3.3 million people. Tirana, the capital of Albania, has a population of about 3.3 million people. Tirana, the capital of Albania, has a population of about 900,000 people. Albania is bordered on-shore by Greece, FYR population of about 900,000 people. Albania is bordered on-shore by Greece, FYR Macedonia, Kosovo and Montenegro, and offshore by Italy. In 1991 a democratic, Macedonia, Kosovo and Montenegro, and offshore by Italy. In 1991 a democratic, pluralistic parliamentary system was established. Albania has a very favorable pluralistic parliamentary system was established. Albania has a very favorable geographic location and climate.geographic location and climate.

RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES IN ALBANIARENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES IN ALBANIA

1.1 1.1 Brief Description of AlbaniaBrief Description of Albania

Capital:Capital: TiranaTirana Official language:Official language: Albanian Albanian Official name:Official name: Republic of Albania Republic of Albania Area:Area: 28,750 km28,750 km22

Population:Population: 3,300,000 3,300,000 Flag:Flag: The flag is red and has a black eagle with two heads in the The flag is red and has a black eagle with two heads in the

center center Money:Money: Basic unit - LekBasic unit - Lek

1.0 GENERAL DATA1.0 GENERAL DATA (1)(1)

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The two main ports are situated in Durres and Vlore, while two smaller ones are The two main ports are situated in Durres and Vlore, while two smaller ones are situated in Sarande and Lezhe. The only international civil airport of Albania is situated in Sarande and Lezhe. The only international civil airport of Albania is Rinas “Mother Teresa” Airport, situated about 25 km from the city.Rinas “Mother Teresa” Airport, situated about 25 km from the city.

Albania has about 18,500 km of roads, almost 8,000 km are national and major Albania has about 18,500 km of roads, almost 8,000 km are national and major roads, while the remaining 10,500 km serves to connect villages, forest areas and roads, while the remaining 10,500 km serves to connect villages, forest areas and mines. Less than 35 % of total road network is asphalted, but the conditions are mines. Less than 35 % of total road network is asphalted, but the conditions are very bad. Albania is one of the few countries where a policy of increasing railway very bad. Albania is one of the few countries where a policy of increasing railway transport has been applied consistently over the last several decades. The length of transport has been applied consistently over the last several decades. The length of railways lines, which was just over 200 km in 1970, has more than tripled during the railways lines, which was just over 200 km in 1970, has more than tripled during the course of 1980s and has reached 720 km in 1990. Albania’s sea transport is secured course of 1980s and has reached 720 km in 1990. Albania’s sea transport is secured through four principal’s ports of which Durres is by so far the most important.through four principal’s ports of which Durres is by so far the most important.

Albania has five airports located in the tourist areas, but only Rinas “Mother Teresa” Albania has five airports located in the tourist areas, but only Rinas “Mother Teresa” Airport has all the necessary facilities. This airport is operating and connects Airport has all the necessary facilities. This airport is operating and connects Albania with most of European countries. Rinas “Mother Teresa” Airport was Albania with most of European countries. Rinas “Mother Teresa” Airport was practically unused before 1990 and after the democratic changes, it has a very high practically unused before 1990 and after the democratic changes, it has a very high growth rate of transport figures.growth rate of transport figures.

1.0 GENERAL DATA1.0 GENERAL DATA (2)(2)1.1 1.1 Brief Description of AlbaniaBrief Description of Albania


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The Geographical The Geographical Map of AlbaniaMap of Albania



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The Albanian economy has been undergoing a process of transformation since The Albanian economy has been undergoing a process of transformation since 1992. The GDP fell by over 50 % between 1989 and 1992, following a period of 1992. The GDP fell by over 50 % between 1989 and 1992, following a period of economic stagnation during the 1980’s. Since then, real growth rates of 9.6 % in economic stagnation during the 1980’s. Since then, real growth rates of 9.6 % in 1993, 9.4 % in 1994, and 11.3 % in 1995 were genuinely achieved. The GDP per 1993, 9.4 % in 1994, and 11.3 % in 1995 were genuinely achieved. The GDP per capita, in nominal terms, increased from a low point of 213 USD in 1992 to 989 USD capita, in nominal terms, increased from a low point of 213 USD in 1992 to 989 USD in 2000, 1,120 USD in 2001, 1,830 USD in 2003, 2,600 USD in 2006, and to reach in 2000, 1,120 USD in 2001, 1,830 USD in 2003, 2,600 USD in 2006, and to reach about 4,350 USD in 2008. The factors driving this rapid economic growth have been:about 4,350 USD in 2008. The factors driving this rapid economic growth have been:

1.2 1.2 Macroeconomic IndicatorsMacroeconomic Indicators

An ambitious program of economic reforms,An ambitious program of economic reforms, Sizeable in-flows of economic assistance,Sizeable in-flows of economic assistance, Remittances from the large number of Albanians (estimated to be Remittances from the large number of Albanians (estimated to be

approximately 21-23 % of the workforce) working abroad, andapproximately 21-23 % of the workforce) working abroad, and Albania's favourable location.Albania's favourable location.



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Albania is one of the richest country in hydro energetic sources, compare with Albania is one of the richest country in hydro energetic sources, compare with European countries, with hydrographic extension dispersed practically the whole European countries, with hydrographic extension dispersed practically the whole territory. Albania’s hydrographic network pours to the sea, in average, 42 billion mterritory. Albania’s hydrographic network pours to the sea, in average, 42 billion m33 water per year. The rivers derive from high mountainous areas inside Albania, and water per year. The rivers derive from high mountainous areas inside Albania, and only two of them have their sources out of Albanian border. The main rivers in only two of them have their sources out of Albanian border. The main rivers in Albania are :Albania are :

Drini (285 km) is the biggest river of the country. Its annual medium debit, in Drini (285 km) is the biggest river of the country. Its annual medium debit, in estuary, is 352 mestuary, is 352 m33/sek. The hydropower plants constructed on its cascade /sek. The hydropower plants constructed on its cascade are: Fierza, Komani and Vau Dejes.are: Fierza, Komani and Vau Dejes.

Buna (41km). Its annual medium debit, in estuary, is 670 mBuna (41km). Its annual medium debit, in estuary, is 670 m33/sek./sek. Mati (115 km). Its annual medium debit, in estuary, is 103 mMati (115 km). Its annual medium debit, in estuary, is 103 m33/sek. The /sek. The

hydropower plants constructed on its cascade are: Ulza and Shkopeti.hydropower plants constructed on its cascade are: Ulza and Shkopeti. Shkumbini (181 km). Its annual medium debit, in estuary, is 61 mShkumbini (181 km). Its annual medium debit, in estuary, is 61 m33/sek./sek. Semani (281 km). Its annual medium debit, in estuary, is 95,9 mSemani (281 km). Its annual medium debit, in estuary, is 95,9 m33/sek./sek. Vjosa (272 km). Its annual medium debit, in estuary, is 195 mVjosa (272 km). Its annual medium debit, in estuary, is 195 m33/sek./sek. Bistrica (31,5 km). Its annual medium debit, in estuary, is 24 mBistrica (31,5 km). Its annual medium debit, in estuary, is 24 m33/sek. The /sek. The

Hydropower Plants constructed on its cascade are: Bistrica I and Bistrica II.Hydropower Plants constructed on its cascade are: Bistrica I and Bistrica II.

2.1 2.1 Hydro Potential of AlbaniaHydro Potential of Albania

2.0 RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES (1)2.0 RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES (1)


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The other rivers are small and their debits are smaller comparing with the above-The other rivers are small and their debits are smaller comparing with the above-mentioned rivers, but in their cascade are constructed a lot of hydro energetic mentioned rivers, but in their cascade are constructed a lot of hydro energetic works as well.works as well.

Albania has 1,485 mm rainfall per year, and the general volume is about 42 billion mAlbania has 1,485 mm rainfall per year, and the general volume is about 42 billion m33 of water. The whole volume of water, against surface of 28,000 kmof water. The whole volume of water, against surface of 28,000 km22 is a very big is a very big hydro energetic property. From geographic map of Albanian rivers, and the hydro energetic property. From geographic map of Albanian rivers, and the topographic point of view is shown clearly that rivers, stream, and other hydro topographic point of view is shown clearly that rivers, stream, and other hydro sources, due to the sharp territory with relatively high quota, have a big hydro sources, due to the sharp territory with relatively high quota, have a big hydro energetic reserve.energetic reserve.

The Albanian Power System is managed by KESH (Albanian Power Corporation), The Albanian Power System is managed by KESH (Albanian Power Corporation), which is a joint stock company with 100 % of shares owned by state. The total which is a joint stock company with 100 % of shares owned by state. The total generation capacity is 1,642 MW (1,446 hydro or 90 % and 196 MW thermal or 10 %). generation capacity is 1,642 MW (1,446 hydro or 90 % and 196 MW thermal or 10 %). In normal hydrological years the total hydropower generation is 5,000 GWh. Most of In normal hydrological years the total hydropower generation is 5,000 GWh. Most of electricity generated from hydro, approximately 90 %, is related with three electricity generated from hydro, approximately 90 %, is related with three hydropower plants constructed on Drini river cascade (Fierza, Komani and Vau i hydropower plants constructed on Drini river cascade (Fierza, Komani and Vau i Dejes). So, the most electricity is generated from big scale hydropower plants.Dejes). So, the most electricity is generated from big scale hydropower plants.




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The bigger profit of hydro energy is realized through big scale hydropower plants’ The bigger profit of hydro energy is realized through big scale hydropower plants’ construction, but it’s very interesting the hydro energy produced through small construction, but it’s very interesting the hydro energy produced through small ones. Until the year 1988, in Albania are constructed 83 small hydropower plants, ones. Until the year 1988, in Albania are constructed 83 small hydropower plants, with capacity from 5 to 1,200 kW and their total generation is 14 MW.with capacity from 5 to 1,200 kW and their total generation is 14 MW.

First of all, the construction of these hydropower plants has had aimed the First of all, the construction of these hydropower plants has had aimed the improvement of electricity supply in deep mountainous areas, nowadays all improvement of electricity supply in deep mountainous areas, nowadays all hydropower plants are connected with national electricity system (grid). Most of hydropower plants are connected with national electricity system (grid). Most of hydropower plants machines and equipment are of different foreign countries hydropower plants machines and equipment are of different foreign countries production such as: Austria, Germany, China, Hungary, Italy, the other part of these production such as: Austria, Germany, China, Hungary, Italy, the other part of these is produced in Albania. The types of turbines are Frencis, Pelton, and Banki. The is produced in Albania. The types of turbines are Frencis, Pelton, and Banki. The type of generators is Syncron, with low tension principally. Medium age of these type of generators is Syncron, with low tension principally. Medium age of these hydropower plants is 25-30 years old. hydropower plants is 25-30 years old.




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Geographic Position of Geographic Position of Existed Small Existed Small

Hydropower Plants in Hydropower Plants in AlbaniaAlbania



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The Small Hydropower Plants Sector, as part of the Energetic Institute in Tirana, has The Small Hydropower Plants Sector, as part of the Energetic Institute in Tirana, has done a study on existed possibilities for construction of other small hydropower done a study on existed possibilities for construction of other small hydropower plants. All plants given in this study are derivation types, without high dams and plants. All plants given in this study are derivation types, without high dams and accumulated basin. From this study has resulted that the total power of medium accumulated basin. From this study has resulted that the total power of medium and small hydropower plants, which can be constructed, is about 140 MW with and small hydropower plants, which can be constructed, is about 140 MW with annual electricity production of 680 million kWh. From 41 studied plants has annual electricity production of 680 million kWh. From 41 studied plants has resulted that:resulted that:

17 Plants with total capacity of 62 MW are project-idea and project-application17 Plants with total capacity of 62 MW are project-idea and project-application. . 13 Plants with total capacity of 56 MW are outline-idea and studied projects13 Plants with total capacity of 56 MW are outline-idea and studied projects.. 11 Plants with total capacity of 22 MW are evidenced.11 Plants with total capacity of 22 MW are evidenced.




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From 41 studied plants has resulted that:From 41 studied plants has resulted that:

4 Plants are with capacity until4 Plants are with capacity until 500 kW,500 kW, 8 Plants are with capacity8 Plants are with capacity 501-1,000 kW,501-1,000 kW, 8 Plants are with capacity8 Plants are with capacity 1,001-2,000 kW,1,001-2,000 kW, 15 Plants are with capacity15 Plants are with capacity 2,001-5,000 kW,2,001-5,000 kW, 3 Plants are with capacity3 Plants are with capacity 5,001-10,000 kW,5,001-10,000 kW, 3 Plants are with capacity over3 Plants are with capacity over 10,000 kW.10,000 kW.

From 41 studied plants has resulted that:From 41 studied plants has resulted that:

19 Plants are constructed on hydro technical works,19 Plants are constructed on hydro technical works, 22 Plants are new projects.22 Plants are new projects.

Regarding to the territory disperse, result that 28 plants with total capacity of 100 Regarding to the territory disperse, result that 28 plants with total capacity of 100 MW can be constructed in north area, which are 65 % of total power, while 13 plants MW can be constructed in north area, which are 65 % of total power, while 13 plants with total capacity of 40 MW can be constructed in south area which are 35 % of with total capacity of 40 MW can be constructed in south area which are 35 % of total power.total power.




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The geographic position of Albania and its The geographic position of Albania and its Mediterranean climate provide favorable conditions Mediterranean climate provide favorable conditions for the successful development of solar energy. The for the successful development of solar energy. The high intensity of the solar radiation and its duration, high intensity of the solar radiation and its duration, temperature and air humidity etc. will contribute to temperature and air humidity etc. will contribute to this effect. The Mediterranean climate with mild and this effect. The Mediterranean climate with mild and damp winters and hot and dry summers make Albania damp winters and hot and dry summers make Albania a country with higher potential for the utilization of a country with higher potential for the utilization of solar energy than average potential. On the basis of solar energy than average potential. On the basis of the climatic peculiarities, the Institute of the climatic peculiarities, the Institute of Hydrometeorology has carried out special studies for Hydrometeorology has carried out special studies for the evaluation of the solar radiation regime in order to the evaluation of the solar radiation regime in order to define some meteorological parameters that will define some meteorological parameters that will provide the preliminary data for feasibility studies and provide the preliminary data for feasibility studies and technical calculations on solar energy systems. A technical calculations on solar energy systems. A preliminary evaluation of the solar energy resources, preliminary evaluation of the solar energy resources, based on the average annual solar radiation, by the based on the average annual solar radiation, by the nine meteorological stations throughout Albania, is nine meteorological stations throughout Albania, is given in Figure in the right.given in Figure in the right.

2.2 2.2 Solar Energy Resources in AlbaniaSolar Energy Resources in Albania



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According to the calculations on the solar radiation According to the calculations on the solar radiation carried out by the Institute of Hydro meteorology, carried out by the Institute of Hydro meteorology, under the conditions of the geographic belt where the under the conditions of the geographic belt where the station is located, the total annual solar radiation will station is located, the total annual solar radiation will vary from a minimum of 1,185 kWh/mvary from a minimum of 1,185 kWh/m22 in North Eastern in North Eastern part of Albania (in Kukes) to a maximum of 1,690 part of Albania (in Kukes) to a maximum of 1,690 kWh/mkWh/m22 in the South Western part of Albania (in in the South Western part of Albania (in Saranda). So, the average annual solar radiation in Saranda). So, the average annual solar radiation in Albania is 1,450 kWh/mAlbania is 1,450 kWh/m22..


The Figure in the right shows the geographical spread The Figure in the right shows the geographical spread of total annual hours of sunshine. Most areas of the of total annual hours of sunshine. Most areas of the Albania benefits more than 2,200 hours of sunshine per Albania benefits more than 2,200 hours of sunshine per year, while the average for the whole country is about year, while the average for the whole country is about 2,400 hours of sunshine per year. The Western part of 2,400 hours of sunshine per year. The Western part of Albania receives more than 2,500 hours of sunshine Albania receives more than 2,500 hours of sunshine per year, while in Fieri 2,850 hours of sunshine per year per year, while in Fieri 2,850 hours of sunshine per year has been recorded.has been recorded.



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The following Table shows the average daily solar radiation only at the selected six The following Table shows the average daily solar radiation only at the selected six stations. Here great differences have been shown, both between seasons and stations. Here great differences have been shown, both between seasons and among stations. In this Table, in case of Shkodra’s station, it is notice that the among stations. In this Table, in case of Shkodra’s station, it is notice that the average daily solar radiation varies from a minimum of 1.70 kWh/maverage daily solar radiation varies from a minimum of 1.70 kWh/m22 on a December on a December day to a maximum of 6.50 kWh/mday to a maximum of 6.50 kWh/m22 on a July day. The same phenomena have been on a July day. The same phenomena have been seen at other stations. The ratio between the month of a maximum solar radiation seen at other stations. The ratio between the month of a maximum solar radiation and the month with minimum solar radiation varies from less than 4 at Erseka and and the month with minimum solar radiation varies from less than 4 at Erseka and Saranda stations, to almost 5 at Fieri and Peshkopia stations.Saranda stations, to almost 5 at Fieri and Peshkopia stations.

Month Shkodra Peshkopia Tirana Fieri Erseka Saranda

January 1.70 1.55 1.80 2.15 1.90 1.90February 2.30 2.30 2.50 2.85 2.70 2.40March 3.35 3.25 3.40 3.90 3.40 3.60April 4.50 4.15 4.20 5.00 4.40 4.80May 5.45 5.25 5.55 6.05 5.60 5.80June 6.10 5.85 6.40 6.80 6.40 6.80July 6.50 6.25 6.70 7.20 6.80 6.10August 5.55 5.45 6.05 6.40 5.90 4.80September 4.45 4.35 4.70 5.15 4.70 3.60October 2.90 2.90 3.20 3.50 3.10 3.20November 2.10 1.85 2.15 2.40 2.10 2.10December 1.70 1.50 1.75 1.85 1.80 1.80



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The Netherlands with 2.5 kWh/mThe Netherlands with 2.5 kWh/m22 per day, per day, Denmark with less than 3 kWh/mDenmark with less than 3 kWh/m22 per day, per day, Germany with 3.0 - 3.8 kWh/mGermany with 3.0 - 3.8 kWh/m22 per day, per day, France and North of Italy with 3.8 - 4.6 kWh/mFrance and North of Italy with 3.8 - 4.6 kWh/m22 per day, per day, South of Albania with 4.5 kWh/mSouth of Albania with 4.5 kWh/m22 per day, per day, Spain and South of Italy with 4.6 kWh/mSpain and South of Italy with 4.6 kWh/m22 per day, per day, Greece with more than 4.8 kWh/mGreece with more than 4.8 kWh/m22 per day. per day.




The comparison of the average daily solar radiation ratio for the above mentioned The comparison of the average daily solar radiation ratio for the above mentioned European countries and Albania is summarized in the next Figure.European countries and Albania is summarized in the next Figure. As we can see As we can see from this Figure, Albania must be considered as a country with a good solar energy from this Figure, Albania must be considered as a country with a good solar energy regime. No special data exists to distinguish separately between the components of regime. No special data exists to distinguish separately between the components of solar radiation, for instance the direct and the diffusive components of the solar solar radiation, for instance the direct and the diffusive components of the solar radiation.radiation.

Compared with the average daily solar radiation of some countries we have:Compared with the average daily solar radiation of some countries we have:

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2.5

3

3.4

4 4.1

4.5 4.64.8

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

The Netherlands Denmark Germany France North of

Italy

South of

Albania

Spain Greece

kWh/m2 per day

Average Daily Solar Radiation for some European Countries and Average Daily Solar Radiation for some European Countries and Albania (kWh/mAlbania (kWh/m22 per day) per day)

2.0 RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES (11)2.0 RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES (11)2.2 2.2 Solar Energy Resources in AlbaniaSolar Energy Resources in Albania


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The productivity of a solar system is indirect relationship with the installation. But The productivity of a solar system is indirect relationship with the installation. But other factors can also help in conventional energy savings. For example, a solar other factors can also help in conventional energy savings. For example, a solar installation works as a back-up system during the winter and as a main system installation works as a back-up system during the winter and as a main system during the summer. In this way, the conventional energy boiler will only be used during the summer. In this way, the conventional energy boiler will only be used during the period of the year when space heating is needed and its efficiency is at during the period of the year when space heating is needed and its efficiency is at its best. Furthermore, the use of a solar energy is one of the best ways of reducing its best. Furthermore, the use of a solar energy is one of the best ways of reducing the carbon dioxide emission and its effects on global warming. The reduction of the carbon dioxide emission and its effects on global warming. The reduction of COCO22, from the use a solar system, depends on the energy source that it replaces., from the use a solar system, depends on the energy source that it replaces.

A solar collector with an area of 1 mA solar collector with an area of 1 m22, installed near the Mediterranean, as for , installed near the Mediterranean, as for example Albania, can every year reduce COexample Albania, can every year reduce CO22 emissions by the following amounts: emissions by the following amounts:

440 kg, if the replaced energy source is fuel oil (60 % conversion efficiency),440 kg, if the replaced energy source is fuel oil (60 % conversion efficiency), 195 kg, if the replaced energy source is gas (75 % conversion efficiency),195 kg, if the replaced energy source is gas (75 % conversion efficiency), 380 kg, if the replaced source is electricity (with a 50 % nuclear contribution).380 kg, if the replaced source is electricity (with a 50 % nuclear contribution).

2.3 Energy Saving and Environmental Protection2.3 Energy Saving and Environmental Protection



These figures are not negligible and if we consider that, in the Southern European These figures are not negligible and if we consider that, in the Southern European countries every other domestic water heater could be eventually solar heater (as countries every other domestic water heater could be eventually solar heater (as already in Cyprus) the total emission of COalready in Cyprus) the total emission of CO22 could be reduced by nearly 10 %. could be reduced by nearly 10 %.

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The limited meteorological information actually available serves only as a The limited meteorological information actually available serves only as a preliminary evaluation of the potential of wind energy in Albania. Although the preliminary evaluation of the potential of wind energy in Albania. Although the Hydrometeorologic Institute has carried out calculations in 22 meteorological Hydrometeorologic Institute has carried out calculations in 22 meteorological stations all over the country for 30 years, only four stations (Durres, Kryevidh, stations all over the country for 30 years, only four stations (Durres, Kryevidh, Gllave and Xarre) possess detailed data about the speed of wind and its duration.Gllave and Xarre) possess detailed data about the speed of wind and its duration.

Long term time series for 22 stations distributed all over the country are analyzed. Long term time series for 22 stations distributed all over the country are analyzed. The time series for most of the stations cover the period 1961-1990, but for some of The time series for most of the stations cover the period 1961-1990, but for some of them shorter periods are taken into consideration. Due to some non-regularities them shorter periods are taken into consideration. Due to some non-regularities and interruption in the data series, the data taken from all climatic stations are not and interruption in the data series, the data taken from all climatic stations are not considered. Basic data necessary for the evaluation of wind energy are given in the considered. Basic data necessary for the evaluation of wind energy are given in the following Table. following Table.

2.4 2.4 Wind Energy Resources in AlbaniaWind Energy Resources in Albania

They show steady winds with a speed of about 4 m/sec. The economical limit for They show steady winds with a speed of about 4 m/sec. The economical limit for the implementation of wind energy is a yearly average steady speed of at least 5 the implementation of wind energy is a yearly average steady speed of at least 5 m/sec. Judged according to these details, out of the four stations represented in m/sec. Judged according to these details, out of the four stations represented in this Table, only Xarre Station seems to be a possibility. this Table, only Xarre Station seems to be a possibility.



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These data are based on measurements made by anemometers placed in a position These data are based on measurements made by anemometers placed in a position of 10 m height above ground level. But it is a well-known fact that the higher the of 10 m height above ground level. But it is a well-known fact that the higher the position is, the stronger the wind becomes. As a result, 30 % increase in wind position is, the stronger the wind becomes. As a result, 30 % increase in wind speed is assumed to be achieved at an altitude of 50 m height above ground level, a speed is assumed to be achieved at an altitude of 50 m height above ground level, a very suitable height for wind energy installations.very suitable height for wind energy installations.

Month Durres Kryevidh Gllave Xarre

January 4.10 5.00 5.80 4.90

February 4.50 5.10 5.70 4.90

March 4.20 4.60 4.90 4.80

April 4.10 4.50 4.30 4.60

May 3.60 3.70 3.60 4.30

June 3.40 4.10 3.40 4.50

July 3.30 4.30 3.50 4.60

August 3.20 4.00 3.50 4.40

September 3.30 4.30 4.10 4.10

October 3.50 4.70 5.30 4.50

November 4.10 4.90 4.70 4.70

December 4.40 5.10 5.60 5.00




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A preliminary evaluation of the wind energy A preliminary evaluation of the wind energy resources is shown in Figure in the right. Here, the resources is shown in Figure in the right. Here, the zones are represented according to the annual zones are represented according to the annual number of hours with a wind speed of more than 5 number of hours with a wind speed of more than 5 m/sec. Wherever the possibilities exist, the zones m/sec. Wherever the possibilities exist, the zones for the utilization of wind energy have also been for the utilization of wind energy have also been marked. Since a working period of time of 4,500 marked. Since a working period of time of 4,500 hours/year is considered economically satisfactory, hours/year is considered economically satisfactory, the more promising zones in this respect are the more promising zones in this respect are considered to be those of Xarre and Sheqeras. considered to be those of Xarre and Sheqeras. Other possible sites are Glave, Durres, Kryevidh Other possible sites are Glave, Durres, Kryevidh and Puke. It must be pointed out that the and Puke. It must be pointed out that the meteorological stations are located in places that meteorological stations are located in places that are representative of the regions from the climate are representative of the regions from the climate point of view. So, the natural potential of wind point of view. So, the natural potential of wind should to be greater.should to be greater.




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There are few experiences and cases of modern biomass use in Albania. There are few experiences and cases of modern biomass use in Albania. Biomasses can be classified in four major categories:Biomasses can be classified in four major categories:

2.5 2.5 Biomass Energy Resources in AlbaniaBiomass Energy Resources in Albania

Woods or wood residues from various wood processing industriesWoods or wood residues from various wood processing industries,, Vegetation residues (stems, seeds etc.) after completion of their production Vegetation residues (stems, seeds etc.) after completion of their production

cycle, which are not used in other production sectors,cycle, which are not used in other production sectors, Energetic plants (woods) cultivated to be burned as biomass, and Energetic plants (woods) cultivated to be burned as biomass, and Animal residues (bones, skins, dung), which are not used in other production Animal residues (bones, skins, dung), which are not used in other production

sectors.sectors.

Estimations of agriculture residues are based on average ratio between residues Estimations of agriculture residues are based on average ratio between residues and output for unit for each of main agriculture crops. These ratios differ from one and output for unit for each of main agriculture crops. These ratios differ from one zone to another, and are indirectly related to the agriculture output and other zone to another, and are indirectly related to the agriculture output and other conditions. According to some approximate estimations, the agriculture residues in conditions. According to some approximate estimations, the agriculture residues in Albania in the year 1980 have been around 800 toe/year, while in 2001 were around Albania in the year 1980 have been around 800 toe/year, while in 2001 were around 130 toe/year.130 toe/year.



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Data on forest resources are based on inventories done every 10 years from the Data on forest resources are based on inventories done every 10 years from the Forestry Directorate subordinated to the Ministry of Agriculture, today the Ministry Forestry Directorate subordinated to the Ministry of Agriculture, today the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Water Administration. Total forecasted resources reach of Environment, Forest and Water Administration. Total forecasted resources reach some 125 million msome 125 million m33 (14.3 Toe). Forests are classified in these major categories: (14.3 Toe). Forests are classified in these major categories:

High forests that represent 47-50 % of the total wood resources,High forests that represent 47-50 % of the total wood resources, Copses that represent 29-30 % of the total wood resources, andCopses that represent 29-30 % of the total wood resources, and Bushes that represents 24-25 % of the total wood resources.Bushes that represents 24-25 % of the total wood resources.

From three aforementioned categories, 10 % of high forests and 50 % of copses and From three aforementioned categories, 10 % of high forests and 50 % of copses and 100 % of bushes are used as fuel woods. From these data, proven resources of fuel 100 % of bushes are used as fuel woods. From these data, proven resources of fuel wood are respectively 5.87, 18.25 and 30 million mwood are respectively 5.87, 18.25 and 30 million m33. Total proven reserves of fuel . Total proven reserves of fuel wood are considered about 6 Mtoe.wood are considered about 6 Mtoe.

2.5 2.5 Biomass Energy Resources in AlbaniaBiomass Energy Resources in Albania



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The Albanides represent the main geological The Albanides represent the main geological structures that lie on the territory of Albania. They structures that lie on the territory of Albania. They are located between Dinarides in the North and are located between Dinarides in the North and Helenides in the South, and together form the Helenides in the South, and together form the Dinaric branch of the Mediterranean Alpine Belt. Dinaric branch of the Mediterranean Alpine Belt. The up today results of the geothermal studies and The up today results of the geothermal studies and evaluations are submitted at the geothermal maps evaluations are submitted at the geothermal maps and sections. Temperature maps are designed for and sections. Temperature maps are designed for different levels up to 5,000 m depth. As well as the different levels up to 5,000 m depth. As well as the maps of temperature gradient and those of heat maps of temperature gradient and those of heat flow density are available. In Figure in the right is flow density are available. In Figure in the right is shown the map of heat flow density.shown the map of heat flow density.

2.6 2.6 Geothermal Energy Resources in Albania Geothermal Energy Resources in Albania



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The geothermal situation of Albania offers two directions for the exploitation of The geothermal situation of Albania offers two directions for the exploitation of geothermal energy, which is unused until now:geothermal energy, which is unused until now:

Firstly, thermal sources of low enthalpy and of maximal temperature up to Firstly, thermal sources of low enthalpy and of maximal temperature up to 80ºC. These are natural sources or wells in a wide territory of Albania, from 80ºC. These are natural sources or wells in a wide territory of Albania, from the South near Albanian-Greek boundary to Northeast districts.the South near Albanian-Greek boundary to Northeast districts.

Secondly, thermal sources of deep single wells for geothermal energy like a Secondly, thermal sources of deep single wells for geothermal energy like a "vertical earth heat probe". Many abandoned gas or oil wells can be used for "vertical earth heat probe". Many abandoned gas or oil wells can be used for geothermal purposes.geothermal purposes.

The regional patter of heat flow density in the Albania territory is presented by two The regional patter of heat flow density in the Albania territory is presented by two particularities:particularities:

Firstly, the maximal value of heat flow is equal to 42 MW/mFirstly, the maximal value of heat flow is equal to 42 MW/m22 in external in external Albanides. In the ophiolitic belt at eastern part of Albania, the heat flow Albanides. In the ophiolitic belt at eastern part of Albania, the heat flow density values range up to 60 MW/mdensity values range up to 60 MW/m22..

Secondly, in the ophiolitic belt there are observed some hearths of higher Secondly, in the ophiolitic belt there are observed some hearths of higher heat flow density. According to the different geo-thermometers calculations, heat flow density. According to the different geo-thermometers calculations, the aquifer estimated temperatures are 144 ºC to 270 ºC.the aquifer estimated temperatures are 144 ºC to 270 ºC.




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Geothermal field is characterized by relatively low values of temperature. The Geothermal field is characterized by relatively low values of temperature. The temperature at 100 meters depth varies from 8 to 20 ºC. The highest temperatures temperature at 100 meters depth varies from 8 to 20 ºC. The highest temperatures (up to 68 ºC) at 3,000 meters depths have been measured in plane regions of (up to 68 ºC) at 3,000 meters depths have been measured in plane regions of western Albania. At 6,000 meters depths, the temperature is 105.8 ºC. The lowest western Albania. At 6,000 meters depths, the temperature is 105.8 ºC. The lowest temperature values have been recorded in mountain regions. In Albania, there are temperature values have been recorded in mountain regions. In Albania, there are many thermal springs and wells of low enthalpy. Their water has temperatures that many thermal springs and wells of low enthalpy. Their water has temperatures that reach values of up to 65.5 ºC. In the following Table are represented same thermal reach values of up to 65.5 ºC. In the following Table are represented same thermal waters springs and depths.waters springs and depths.

Springs Location Temperature (ºC)

Salts (mg/l)

Yield (l/sec)

Natural Springs

Peshkopi, Mamurras, Shupal, Elbasan, Tervoll, Langarice, Sarandoporo, Krane.

21 - 60 0.3 - 26 10 - 40

Deep Wells Kozani, Ishem, Galigat, Bubullime, Ardenice, Seman, Verbas

29.3 - 65.5 1- 19.3 0.9 - 18




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These thermal water springs are mainly near zones of regional tectonic fractures, in These thermal water springs are mainly near zones of regional tectonic fractures, in seismic active belts. Generally the water circulates through carbonates rocks of the seismic active belts. Generally the water circulates through carbonates rocks of the structures and evaporates beds in some kilometers of depth. The water of these structures and evaporates beds in some kilometers of depth. The water of these springs contains salt, absorbed gas and organic matter. They are sulfide, methane, springs contains salt, absorbed gas and organic matter. They are sulfide, methane, iodine-brome and sulfate types. In many deep oil and gas wells there are thermal iodine-brome and sulfate types. In many deep oil and gas wells there are thermal water fountain out-puts. These waters come from different depth levels (800-3,000 water fountain out-puts. These waters come from different depth levels (800-3,000 m) of limestone and sandstone reservoirs. Thermal sources are located in three m) of limestone and sandstone reservoirs. Thermal sources are located in three geothermal zones:geothermal zones:

Kruja geothermal zone represents a zone with the biggest geothermal Kruja geothermal zone represents a zone with the biggest geothermal resources. Kruja zone has a length of 180 km. Identified resources in resources. Kruja zone has a length of 180 km. Identified resources in carbonate reservoirs are 5.9 x 108 - 5.1 x 109 GJ.carbonate reservoirs are 5.9 x 108 - 5.1 x 109 GJ.

Ardenica geothermal zone is located in the coastal area of Albania, in Ardenica geothermal zone is located in the coastal area of Albania, in sandstone reservoirs.sandstone reservoirs.

Peshkopia geothermal zone at northeastern area of Albania. Several springs Peshkopia geothermal zone at northeastern area of Albania. Several springs are located with disjunctive tectonics of the gypsum diaper.are located with disjunctive tectonics of the gypsum diaper.




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Until now the thermal waters of some springs and wells in Albania are used with Until now the thermal waters of some springs and wells in Albania are used with primitive technology only for health purposes.primitive technology only for health purposes.

In the following photo is shown the geothermal well “Kozani-8”. In this well, the In the following photo is shown the geothermal well “Kozani-8”. In this well, the water temperature is 65.5 ºC, temperature gradient is 3 ºC /100 m, water flow at 16 water temperature is 65.5 ºC, temperature gradient is 3 ºC /100 m, water flow at 16 mm33/h, and the well depth is 1,837 m. The geothermal water has been pouring out /h, and the well depth is 1,837 m. The geothermal water has been pouring out since 15 years without any usage. According to the calculations, if water flow rate since 15 years without any usage. According to the calculations, if water flow rate will be constant, than heat content per square km is 0.3 x 1,016 J/kmwill be constant, than heat content per square km is 0.3 x 1,016 J/km22 with a time with a time constant for useful heat extraction of 80 years. Thermal power extracted is of the constant for useful heat extraction of 80 years. Thermal power extracted is of the order of 1 MW/kmorder of 1 MW/km22. .

Actually, Albania is studying the possibilities of using geothermal energy.Actually, Albania is studying the possibilities of using geothermal energy.




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Geothermal Well “Kozani-8”Geothermal Well “Kozani-8”



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The “Albania-EU Energy Efficiency Centre” (Centre) began as an action under the The “Albania-EU Energy Efficiency Centre” (Centre) began as an action under the SYNERGY Programme in April 1993 and in November 1995 the Albanian SYNERGY Programme in April 1993 and in November 1995 the Albanian Government adopted it and established it as an institution under the Albanian law. Government adopted it and established it as an institution under the Albanian law. The Centre is a Non Governmental and Non Profit making Organisation that was The Centre is a Non Governmental and Non Profit making Organisation that was inaugurated on November 1, 1996. By establishing the Centre, the Albanian inaugurated on November 1, 1996. By establishing the Centre, the Albanian Government has fulfilled part of its commitment under “The Protocol of the Energy Government has fulfilled part of its commitment under “The Protocol of the Energy Charter Treaty for Energy Efficiency and the Environmental Aspects concerned with Charter Treaty for Energy Efficiency and the Environmental Aspects concerned with it”, which Albania signed in 1995.it”, which Albania signed in 1995.

3.1 Establishment of the Centre3.1 Establishment of the Centre

The long-term aim of the Centre has been and is to become a self-financed The long-term aim of the Centre has been and is to become a self-financed institution with continuing support from Albanian Government and European institution with continuing support from Albanian Government and European Commission.Commission.

3.0 ALBANIA-EU ENERGY EFFICIENCY CENTRE (1)3.0 ALBANIA-EU ENERGY EFFICIENCY CENTRE (1)


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3.2 Objectives of the Centre3.2 Objectives of the Centre


3.0 ALBANIA-EU ENERGY EFFICIENCY CENTRE (2)3.0 ALBANIA-EU ENERGY EFFICIENCY CENTRE (2)

The Promotion of the Efficient Use of Energy, Exploitation of Renewable The Promotion of the Efficient Use of Energy, Exploitation of Renewable Energy Resources, Energy Conservation and Energy Management in Albania,Energy Resources, Energy Conservation and Energy Management in Albania,

The organisation of different training seminars in order to transfer the know-The organisation of different training seminars in order to transfer the know-how in the above mentioned fields,how in the above mentioned fields,

The increase and strength of the co-operation between different Albanian The increase and strength of the co-operation between different Albanian Institutions that work in the Energy Field, and between Albania and other Institutions that work in the Energy Field, and between Albania and other countries,countries,

The launch of different Public Awareness Campaigns for the Promotion of The launch of different Public Awareness Campaigns for the Promotion of Efficient Use of Energy in various sectors of the Albanian economy,Efficient Use of Energy in various sectors of the Albanian economy,

The implementation of Several Projects for the Promotion and Exploitation of The implementation of Several Projects for the Promotion and Exploitation of Renewable Energy Resources. Renewable Energy Resources.

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4.1 Main Activities for Utilisation of Renewable Energy Sources4.1 Main Activities for Utilisation of Renewable Energy Sources

4.0 ACTIVITIES FOR PROMOTION OF RES (1)4.0 ACTIVITIES FOR PROMOTION OF RES (1)


Organisation of Seminars and Conferences,Organisation of Seminars and Conferences, Organisation of Public Information Campaigns,Organisation of Public Information Campaigns, Publications in Albanian Language,Publications in Albanian Language, Production of Television Documentary Films and TV-Spots,Production of Television Documentary Films and TV-Spots, Feasibility Studies,Feasibility Studies, Project Implementation,Project Implementation, International Collaboration.International Collaboration.

32RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES IN ALBANIARENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES IN ALBANIA

4.2 Seminars and Conferences organized by the Centre 4.2 Seminars and Conferences organized by the Centre

The Use of Ecological Sources of Energy - held on 1996The Use of Ecological Sources of Energy - held on 1996,, Albanian Energy Policy for a Common Future - held on 1996Albanian Energy Policy for a Common Future - held on 1996,, Active and Passive Solar Energy Utilisation - a Necessity and Need for Albania Active and Passive Solar Energy Utilisation - a Necessity and Need for Albania

- held on 1999- held on 1999,, Albanian Energy Policy for a Sustainable Economic Development of the Albanian Energy Policy for a Sustainable Economic Development of the

Country - held on 2000Country - held on 2000,, Media Training on Use of Alternative Energy Sources- held on 2001,Media Training on Use of Alternative Energy Sources- held on 2001, Energy Payment, Efficient Use of Energy, Alternative Energies Utilisation - A Energy Payment, Efficient Use of Energy, Alternative Energies Utilisation - A

Necessity for Overcoming the Energy Crisis in Albania - held on 2001Necessity for Overcoming the Energy Crisis in Albania - held on 2001,, The Use of Solar Energy and Photovoltaic Systems as an Alternative Source of The Use of Solar Energy and Photovoltaic Systems as an Alternative Source of

Energy - held on 2003Energy - held on 2003.. Solar Water Heaters - Albania - held on 2005,Solar Water Heaters - Albania - held on 2005, Renewable Energy Coordinated Development in the Western Balkan Region - Renewable Energy Coordinated Development in the Western Balkan Region -

held on 2006,held on 2006,



4.2 Seminars and Conferences organized by the Centre (2)4.2 Seminars and Conferences organized by the Centre (2)

Designs and Dimensioning of Solar Water Heating Systems - held on 2006,Designs and Dimensioning of Solar Water Heating Systems - held on 2006, System Designs and Components of Solar Water Heating Systems for Hotels System Designs and Components of Solar Water Heating Systems for Hotels

and Multifamily Houses - held on 2006,and Multifamily Houses - held on 2006, Acceleration of the Cost-Competitive Biomass Use for Energy Purposes in the Acceleration of the Cost-Competitive Biomass Use for Energy Purposes in the

Western Balkan Countries - held on 2006,Western Balkan Countries - held on 2006, Design, Dimensioning and Simulation of Solar Water Heating Systems - held Design, Dimensioning and Simulation of Solar Water Heating Systems - held

on 2007,on 2007, Design and Protection against Lime and Scale of Solar Water Heating Systems Design and Protection against Lime and Scale of Solar Water Heating Systems

- held on 2007,- held on 2007, Solar Combi Systems and Solar Heat for Industrial Applications - held on 2008.Solar Combi Systems and Solar Heat for Industrial Applications - held on 2008.



4.3 Publications of the Centre4.3 Publications of the Centre

Proceedings of the Papers presented in organized Seminars - 16,Proceedings of the Papers presented in organized Seminars - 16, Numbers of Newsletter Numbers of Newsletter ""The Energy in AlbaniaThe Energy in Albania"" - 26, - 26, Leaflets and Posters for Public Information Campaigns - 4,Leaflets and Posters for Public Information Campaigns - 4, Feasibility Studies - 8,Feasibility Studies - 8, Opinion Surveys of Public Information Campaigns - 4.Opinion Surveys of Public Information Campaigns - 4.



4.4 Public Information Campaigns Organised by Centre4.4 Public Information Campaigns Organised by Centre

Promotion of the Use of Solar Energy - City of Tirana - held on 1996Promotion of the Use of Solar Energy - City of Tirana - held on 1996,, Promotion of the Use of Solar Energy - National - held on 1999Promotion of the Use of Solar Energy - National - held on 1999,, Population Awareness Campaign about Payment of Electricity Bills, Efficient Population Awareness Campaign about Payment of Electricity Bills, Efficient

Use of Energy and Use of Alternative Energy Sources in Albania - City of Use of Energy and Use of Alternative Energy Sources in Albania - City of Tirana - held on 2001Tirana - held on 2001,,

AdvantagesAdvantages of of Solar EnergySolar Energy and and Photovoltaic Systems - held on 2003,Photovoltaic Systems - held on 2003, Promotion of Utilisation of Solar Water Heating Systems in Albanian Promotion of Utilisation of Solar Water Heating Systems in Albanian

Residential, Hotelier and Industry Sectors - National - held on 2008,Residential, Hotelier and Industry Sectors - National - held on 2008, Promotion on the Advantages of Solar Thermal and Solar Photovoltaics Promotion on the Advantages of Solar Thermal and Solar Photovoltaics

Systems in Albania - City of Tirana - held on 2009.Systems in Albania - City of Tirana - held on 2009.



4.5 Production of 4.5 Production of Television Documentary Films and TV-Spots Television Documentary Films and TV-Spots

Television Documentary Film "Solar Panels in Albania" - 1996Television Documentary Film "Solar Panels in Albania" - 1996,, Television Documentary Film "Solar Energy Utilization in Albania" - 1999Television Documentary Film "Solar Energy Utilization in Albania" - 1999,, Television DocumentaryTelevision Documentary Film Film "Solar Water Pumps Utilization in Albania" - "Solar Water Pumps Utilization in Albania" -

2003, 2003, Television Documentary Film "Solar Television Documentary Film "Solar PumpsPumps Utilization in Utilization in Rural Areas of Rural Areas of

Albania" Albania" -- 20032003,, TV-Spot for promotion of "TV-Spot for promotion of "Use of Use of Solar Energy in Household and Service Solar Energy in Household and Service

Sectors" - 1999Sectors" - 1999,, TV-Spot for promotion of "TV-Spot for promotion of "Use of Use of Solar Solar Water Heaters in HouseholdsWater Heaters in Households" - 2001," - 2001, TV-Spot for promotion of “Solar Thermal and Solar Photovoltaics Energy” - TV-Spot for promotion of “Solar Thermal and Solar Photovoltaics Energy” -

2008/2009.2008/2009.



5.0 IMPLEMENTED PROJECTS (1)5.0 IMPLEMENTED PROJECTS (1)5.1 Projects Implemented by the Centre5.1 Projects Implemented by the Centre

Installation of Solar Water Heating Systems in the Psychiatric Hospital No. 5 - Installation of Solar Water Heating Systems in the Psychiatric Hospital No. 5 - Tirana, Tirana, 1993,1993,

Installation of Solar Water Heating Systems in the Home of Elderly Men - Installation of Solar Water Heating Systems in the Home of Elderly Men - TiranaTirana, 1995,, 1995,

Opened the first Production line of Solar Panels in Albania - Tirana, 1997Opened the first Production line of Solar Panels in Albania - Tirana, 1997, , Installation of Solar Water Heating Systems in Two Model Junior High Schools Installation of Solar Water Heating Systems in Two Model Junior High Schools

- Tirana & Rrogozhina, - Tirana & Rrogozhina, 19981998, , Installation of Solar Water Heating Systems in Three Small and Medium Size Installation of Solar Water Heating Systems in Three Small and Medium Size

Industrial Enterprises - Fieri, Durresi & Tirana, Industrial Enterprises - Fieri, Durresi & Tirana, 19991999,, Installation of Installation of Photovolatic Systems for Water Supply in Two Rural CommunesPhotovolatic Systems for Water Supply in Two Rural Communes

-- Lushnja, 2002/2003,Lushnja, 2002/2003, Solar Water Heaters in Albania - Tirana, 2005/2008,Solar Water Heaters in Albania - Tirana, 2005/2008, Installation of Solar Thermal and Photovoltaic Systems for Capacity Building, Installation of Solar Thermal and Photovoltaic Systems for Capacity Building,

Technology Demonstration and Research Work at Polytechnic University of Technology Demonstration and Research Work at Polytechnic University of Tirana in Albania - 2007/2008.Tirana in Albania - 2007/2008.

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ThAnk YouThAnk You FOR YOUR FOR YOUR ATTENTION !ATTENTION !

Documents

RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES IN ALBANIA - POTENTIALS, ACTIVITIES FOR PROMOTION & IMPLEMENTED PROJECTS - ECONOMIC MISSION “ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION - ALBANIA”