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Perspectives in Language, Linguistics and Media 1 (2016) 48-82

Representation of Parents in Pakistani and Indian Media

Shazia Akbar Ghilzai, Zainab Sajjad, Farwa Ali, Anum Khursheed, Sehrish Ghadeer

______________________________________________________________________________

Abstract

The Project discusses the Representation of Parents in Media of India and Pakistan. A sample of

10 drama episodes from each country’s media was collected and analyzed according to a

preplanned criterion. The data was analyzed both qualitatively and qualitatively. The results

indicate that Pakistani media has shown all types of portrayals for the parents, whether they are

negative or positive. They show the real issues in society as it is in their society. In Indian

dramas are mixtures of reality as well as re-created reality. They show the behaviors in parents

that are considered ideal and acceptable. Their negative characteristics are shown minimally and

mostly parents are shown as a figure of respect and authority. Moreover, both the analysis and

observation shows that there are different types of media representation of Parents in Pakistan

and India, both are in accordance with realty at some points yet there are some discrepancies that

show a different picture than what is reality. There are a lot of single-parents in Pakistan as well,

but the single-Father representation in Pakistani media is lacking. Similarly, the Bread-Earning

Mothers are not shown in Pakistani and Indian media, in as large a rate as they exist in our

society.

Keywords: Media, representation, society, negative or positive portrayal

Introduction

Representation comes from the Latin ‘repraesentare’ meaning “bring before, exhibit.” A representation is an exhibit, whether it comes in the form of legal guidance or in the form of artistic expression. The act of representation has to do with replacing or acting on behalf of _________________________Corresponding author: Shazia Akbar Ghilzai , [email protected], Department of Linguistics, QAU.

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an original. For example: Elected officials serve as the representation for their community.

The dictionary defines Representation as:

o the act of representing; standing in for someone or some group and speaking with

authority in their behalf

o a presentation to the mind in the form of an idea or image

o a creation that is a visual or tangible rendering of someone or something

o the state of serving as an official and authorized delegate or agent

Media Representation

Media representations are the ways in which the media portrays particular groups, communities,

experiences, ideas, or topics from a particular ideological or value perspective. Rather than

examining media representations as simply reflecting or mirroring “reality,” we can say that

media representations serve to “re-present” or to actually create a new reality.

For example, beverage ads portray drinking that particular brand as a primary component for

having a party. SUV ads create the impression that driving an SUV as an exciting, outdoor

adventure. And, cosmetics ads imply the using cosmetic makes one visually appealing. These ads

all create idealized experiences associated with the uses of these products, experiences that may

not jive with alternative perspectives on these experiences.

In that the media “represents” in order to shape a new-formed reality for the viewers, which is

taken at once at face value – with or without real perception being needed. The best example of

this is a “Roller Coaster” ride. There are many people who have never personally experienced a

roller coaster ride, and yet they are able to say that it’s a thrilling and terrifying experience.

Because that’s how they’ve usually seen it portrayed in the movies.

Media has become an important part of today’s world. There isn’t a home in any country where

there isn’t a television set or any other communicative device (computers, mobiles etc.). Media is

shaping and remolding our lives on daily basis. So it’s not surprising that we adapt as well as

follow a lot of things that we take from the television. Little kids tend to learn to fight if they

watch violent cartoons or wrestling. Girls follow and adapt fashion trends that they see their

favorite actresses following. Boys learn about guns and army by watching movies.

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In short, we are involuntary or because of times, learning and taking what we see on TV. That is

why it’s important to know how our way of living has been affected by media too.

The old adage “Seeing is believing” is applicable when we talk about media representation. How

we actually see the portrayals on television is exactly how we believe in real time. Having never

met any African American person, people will still be able to identify them as street thugs or

gangsters based on numerous media portrayals. Similarly, around the world the word of

“Terrorist” is taken as a synonym for Muslim because of medial representations. Thus, the media

representation is a strong and impacting weapon that creates new realities for us, and should be

taken more cautiously.

Literature Review

Media is nowadays the largest source of our information and also shapes our perspectives. The

perception of living life according to a certain system, as well as how we should act in a given

situation, are the things that we have unknowingly/unconsciously started adopting from the

media portrayals. Similarly, how one behaves around people is also greatly influenced by

watching TV shows. One can start to discriminate a certain group on the basis of information

given via media. Parental representation or portrayals are also the major influence on how we

perceive our parents, how we treat them, and what kind of value/respect we associate with them

as authoritative figures.

An article claims that media is vastly responsible for creating gendered stereotypes. It gives us

the picture of what a “traditional family” is like, or how it’s supposed to be. a few main theories

that have surfaced with the help of media, such as the idea of; a good open-minded father, a

conservative, authoritative father figure who arouses fearful respect, stay-at-home fathers, and

rich, well-known fathers--are now in abundance. (Solomon).

Same is the case with mothers; also portrayed in various colors. The concept of “Newmomism”

(Podnieks) “introduced the myth of a perfect mother” who is so flawless that anything less is

unfathomable. This concept not only creates a notion of how ‘perfect’ a mother is supposed to be

but also, creates a “false dichotomy” of good or bad labels when categorizing mothers.

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According to Nina Darnton, 1990 “Mommy Wars” are the latest trend. It is basically the war-

like atmosphere that is distinguishable between “stay-at-home mothers and working moms.”

Using Mommy Wars as key media has portrayed working mothers as the child-negligent and

money-obsessed figures. In contrast, stay-at-home mothers are portrayed to be only “good

enough” if they can perform the house work to perfection, raise kids well and keep husbands

well tended. “This leads to grouping mothers into rigid and rival categories.” (Podnieks)

Television has long since set standards of portrayals of families. Each time these portrayals have

been highly influential in setting “family diversity and structure.” (Alexander & Yeora) The

portrayals vary from comedies, family and soap opera dramas; often focused on attributes of a

certain family’s life story. Dysfunctional family structures, distorted relationship between a

couple or between parents or children are the main focus of these portrayals.

Socfamilylesley writes in a web post: “The individual’s portrayals began to change with course of

time as well. Fathers were no longer just seen as the working provider, Mothers were not seen as

wives and homemakers, and children started behaving badly.” The portrayals have become

bolder and in tune with the realistic family settings in the US. People watching these shows

began to relate to the characters on basis of their individual preferences or because they were

greatly influenced.

To answer questions such as “How has the representation of ‘family’ changed in the media?”

The ideas have changed greatly as compared to parent children nuclear family of 90s.

“Originally, a family consisted of Father, Mother, a kid or few, or possibly a pet... But things

have changed now.” (Nate L.) The parents are unfaithful or divorced while the children switch

between them. Parental respect and roles concerning them have been greatly “undermined.”

(Nate L.)

A research involving the stories depicted in children picture books, it was seen that out of

hundred 60% books had “invisible fathers”. Such stories had either just mentions regarding

fathers in 3rd person or no father scenes depicted in pictures at all. These stories all revolved

around daily lives of children and their mothers. Similarly, out of 100 30% books had only a

minimum ratio of “fathers only” scenes without any mentions towards the mothers. Although

these stories are all vague and reach some kind of moral, the invisible parents leave an impact of

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negligence or abandonment for the kids who read these stories. “Anderson and Hamilton fear

that these stereotypical portrayals socialize children during critical periods of early development

in their lives. When these cognitive schema are formed it is hard to change them as time goes on.

Children, according to the researchers, will expect caregiving from the mothers and less from the

fathers who seem almost invisible.” (Anderson & Hamilton)

During the 1930s and onwards the family shows were always targeted in favor of white people in

the US. Whereas a decidedly twisted image was portrayed for American-African families, they

were always shown to be subservient or cowardly, while the men in these families were always

shown to rather violent. With passage of time these believes were shattered when the new types

of productions came to place like The Cosby Show. “The positive and upscale images in Cosby

contrasted with earlier negative images of African Americans. Historically, the portrayal of

minority families has been distorted, with African-American individuals often depicted as

irresponsible, lazy, and the target of humor.” (JRank)

Methodology

The representation of parents in media was observed for this project in context of South East

Asian environment. A sample of TV episodes from Pakistani and Indian drama series were

collected and analyzed.

A sample of: Ten (10) Pakistani drama episodes and Ten (10) Indian drama episodes were taken

and analyzed on the following criterion. Calculating Methodology of “Present and Not Present”

status is detonated by the plus (+) and (-) signs. The frequency of the +|- status will be used in

order to get the final percentage of how much of the aforementioned criterion is represented in

the Pakistani and Indian media. Following format was adopted to observe the data.

SR# Types of Representation Present (+) Not Present (-) Timeline

1 Optimistic Portrayals

2 Pessimistic Portrayals

3 Emotional Portrayals

4 Single-Parents

5 Bread-Earner

6 “Newmomism”

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Criterion of Types of Representation

1. Optimistic Portrayals – whether or not (+/-) the portrayals had characteristics such as:

Kindness, Care, Friendly and Open-mindedness in mothers and fathers respectively.

2. Pessimistic Portrayals – whether or not (+/-) the portrayals had characteristic such as:

Unkindness, Carelessness, Unfriendly and Conservativeness in mothers and fathers

respectively.

3. Emotional Portrayals – whether or not the portrayals has character roles which go

through a lot of suffering, emotions, sadness and worries in mothers and fathers

respectively.

4. Single-Parent – The relationship status of parents. They are Married or Single (Widowed

or Divorced) for mothers and fathers respectively.

5. Bread earners – Who is the bread earner in the family portrayals, father or mother?

6. “Newmomism” – The modern concept of “New Momism” (by Podnieks) whether or not

it is portrayed in the Indian and Pakistani drama series respectively.

Qualitative Data Analysis

Parents in Pakistani Dramas

Judai on Ary Digital, Produced by Roomi Insha and Written by Parisa Sadiquee. The story is

about a family where the father Hassan has passed away leaving behind sons and a widow

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Mehru. The mother Mehru is portrayed to be a nice and care-giving character, who suffers the

grief, and lives though it with help of her sons and daughter-in-law.

Takkabur aired on A-plus, written by Shehzad Jamil. It’s a story about a father’s pride. (As

shown in the title sequence) Mr. Aqeel keeps his daughters and sons in a leash, and takes pride

at his own achievements, while making life of his family a suffering. He goes as far as to disrupt

the wedding day of his own daughter because he was prideful of his status compared to the status

of the groom.

Mera Dard Na Janey Koi is a drama on Hum TV, written by Saima A. Chaudhry and Produced

by Momina Duraid. It’s a common story of the problems faced by many girls after their marriage.

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The mother is portrayed to be a single-parent who has to live with her children and deal with

their daily problems with a cunning mind.

Jeena Dushwar Sahi is a drama on PTV Home, written by Iqbal Bano and Directed by Shoaib

Khan. The story is about a family with two sons. The parents are worried about their older son

who is living carelessly. The father takes drastic measures when he finds out his son is spending

money carelessly on girlfriends, by cutting off his pocket money and marrying him to good and

responsible girl.

Parents in Indian Dramas

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Dil Ki Batein, Dil He Janey is a drama on Sony Entertainment. It’s a story about a happy

family with Ram and Anu, and their daughters. Anu is an energetic mother who is a cancer

survivor. Ram and Anu has a good relationship with each other and their children. Later it is

revealed that Anu still has cancer, and Ram is worried.

Sarojni is a drama on Zee TV, Its story about love between Sarojni and hero Somendra.

Somendra’s mother and father are polar opposites. Mother is a kind and shy woman, while

father is shown to be very strict and cruel, even to his own parents who are Somendra’s

grandparents.

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Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi is drama on Sony Entertainment challenge. It’s a story about a

mother who is trying to get her son married off well. The son then run into the heroine and starts

off their romantic story. The mother is shown as care giving and loving figure.

Kumkum Bhagya is a drama serial airing on Zee TV. It’s a story about Kumkum and Abhishek,

who get married without any love, but in end they fall in love. The relationship between Abhi

and his grandmother is a charming one; they are very close and always share troubles with each

other.

A Comparison between Indian and Pakistani Representations of Parents

SR# NAME OF DRAMA TYPE OF REPRESNTAION

1 Judai Mother’s roles is very positive

2 Takkabur Father’s roles is extremely negative; Mother is very

positive

3 Mera Dard Na Janey Koi Mother’s role is very clever and cunning

4 Jeena Dushwar Sahi Father’s role is very responsible and intelligent

INDIAN DRAMAS

SR# NAME OF DRAMA TYPE OF REPRESNTAION

1 Dil Ki Batein Dil Hi Janey Both parents are portrayed in a very positive character

2 Sarojni Father’s roles is extremely negative; Mother is very

positive

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3 Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi Mother’s role is positive and simple

4 Kumkum Bhagya Grandmother is a very positive character; No parents

Quantitative Data Analysis

Figure1. A Graph Showing Contrast between the Total Frequency of Characteristics “Present” in

Indian and Pakistani Media Representation of both Parents

From the observation on the given sample we were able to derive following important points of

representation in both Pakistani and Indian Dramas when it comes to Parents.

Optimistic Characters in parents are more common in Indian media as compared to

Pakistan. Mothers and Fathers are both represented in positive light with rare amount of a

Pessimistic Character. Pakistani Mothers are shown to be more negative than Indian

mothers; similarly Fathers are more pessimistic in Pakistani media.

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

OptimisticPortrayls

PessimisticPortrayals

EmotionalPortrayls

Single-Parent Bread Earner New Momism

IndianDamas

PakistaniDramas

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Indian Mothers are more emotionally portrayed than the Pakistani Mothers. Pakistani

Fathers in an emotional portrayals in a small rate (according to our sample) 0 out of 10

fathers are emotionally portrayed.

Pakistani serials show a rare number of single Mothers, and no single Fathers (according

to our sample). Indian media, on the other hand, has more single Mothers and (according

to our sample) 1 out of 10 Fathers are shown to be a single parent.

Eight (8) out of 10 in Pakistan, Fathers are portrayed to be the Bread-Earners of the

family, with Mothers usually shown to be housewives and/or living under a working

child. Indian media has also shown the Fathers to be the Bread winners, with Mothers

keeping the house.

The concept of “Newmomism” is yet to become a wide known phenomenon in our media,

as (according to our sample) we have only 1 out of 10 representation of “Newmomism”.

Although there is a large number of Mothers working in our society to earn money, there

hasn’t been many representation of competitive/money-obsessed working women in our

media. The results are similar for both Pakistan and India.

Conclusions Thus both the analysis and observation shows that there are different types of

media representation of Parents in Pakistan and India, both are in accordance with realty at some

points yet there are some discrepancies that show a different picture than what is reality. There

are a lot of single-parents in Pakistan as well, but the single-Father representation in Pakistani

media is lacking. Similarly, the Bread-Earning Mothers are not shown in Pakistani and Indian

media, in as large a rate as they exist in our society.

The results show that Pakistani media has shown all types of portrayals for the parents, whether

they are negative or positive. They show the real issues in society as it is in their dramas.

In Indian dramas are mixtures of reality as well as re-created reality. They show the behaviors in

parents that are considered ideal and acceptable. Their negative characteristics are shown

minimally and mostly parents are shown as a figure of respect and authority.

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References

“Parental portrayals in the media.” 2010.

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parental_portrayals_in_the_media

Alexander, A & Yeora, K. 2003. “Television and family.” International Encyclopedia of

Marriage and Family. http://www.encyclopedia.com

Solomon, C. (2014) “I feel like a Rock Star” Fatherhood for stay-at-home Father.

Podniecks, E. (2012) Meditating Moms, Mothers in Popular Culture. Montréal, Queens

University Press.

“Changing Nature of American Family.” Socfamilylesley. November 15, 2009

Nate, L. (2012) “How has the representation of ‘family’ changed in the media?” YAHOO!

Answers. https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20111206124124AAhszDI

Anderson & Hamilton. “The Portrayals of Family in Children’s Choice Award Books”.

https://www.google.com/search?q=Anderson%20and%20Hamilton%20fear

“Television and Family - The Portrayal Of Family On Television - Single Parent,

History, Families, and Relationships.” JRank

Articles http://family.jrank.org/pages/1680/Television-Family-Portrayal-Family-on-

Television.html#ixzz3yOpxpm1k

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parental_portrayals_in_the_media

http://www.encyclopedia.com/

https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20111206124124AAhszDI

https://www.google.com/search?q=Anderson%20and%20Hamilton%20fear

http://family.jrank.org/pages/1680/Television-Family-Portrayal-Family-on-Television.html#ixzz3yOpxpm1k

http://family.jrank.org/pages/1680/Television-Family-Portrayal-Family-on-Television.html#ixzz3yOpxpm1k

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APPENDIX

P A K I S T A N I D R A M A S

1

Title: Judai (ARY Digital)

Episode: 05

FATHER

SR# Types of Representation Present (+) Not Present (-

) Timeline




4 Single-Parents

5 Bread-Earner

6 “Newmomism”

MOTHER


) Timeline

1 Optimistic Portrayals + 10:05

2 Pessimistic Portrayals -

3 Emotional Portrayals + 08:08

4 Single-Parents + 08:37

5 Bread-Earner -

6 “Newmomism” -

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2

Title: Hamari Bitya

Episode: 35

FATHER


) Timeline

1 Optimistic Portrayals -

2 Pessimistic Portrayals + 15:09

3 Emotional Portrayals -

4 Single-Parents -

5 Bread-Earner +

6 “Newmomism” -

MOTHER


) Timeline

1 Optimistic Portrayals +



4 Single-Parents -

5 Bread-Earner -

6 “Newmomism” -

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3

Title: Man Maael

Episode: 02

FATHER


) Timeline




4 Single-Parents - 19:11

5 Bread-Earner +

6 “Newmomism” -

MOTHER


) Timeline





5 Bread-Earner -

6 “Newmomism” -

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4

Title: Mera Dard Na Janey Koi

Episode: 48

FATHER

SR# Types of Representation Present (+) Not Present (-) Timeline




4 Single-Parents

5 Bread-Earner

6 “Newmomism”

MOTHER


) Timeline



3 Emotional Portrayals +


5 Bread-Earner -

6 “Newmomism” -

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5

Title: Takabbur

Episode: 01

FATHER


) Timeline




4 Single-Parents -

5 Bread-Earner +

6 “Newmomism”

MOTHER


) Timeline




4 Single-Parents -

5 Bread-Earner -

6 “Newmomism” -

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6

Title: Tere Mere Beech

Episode: 29

FATHER


) Timeline





5 Bread-Earner +

6 “Newmomism”

MOTHER


) Timeline




4 Single-Parents -

5 Bread-Earner -

6 “Newmomism” -

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7

Title: Shehr-e-Zaat (Hum TV)

Episode: 01

FATHER


) Timeline




4 Single-Parents -

5 Bread-Earner + 12:19

6 “Newmomism”

MOTHER


) Timeline




4 Single-Parents -

5 Bread-Earner -

6 “Newmomism” +

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8

Title: Jeena Dushwar Hey (PTV)

Episode: 01

FATHER


) Timeline




4 Single-Parents -


6 “Newmomism”

MOTHER


) Timeline




4 Single-Parents -

5 Bread-Earner -

6 “Newmomism” -

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9

Title: Hasratein (PTV)

Episode: 01

FATHER


) Timeline




4 Single-Parents -

5 Bread-Earner +

6 “Newmomism”

MOTHER


) Timeline




4 Single-Parents -

5 Bread-Earner -

6 “Newmomism” -

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10

Title: Hisar-e-Ishq (Urdu 1)

Episode: 34

FATHER


) Timeline




4 Single-Parents -

5 Bread-Earner +

6 “Newmomism”

MOTHER


) Timeline




4 Single-Parents -

5 Bread-Earner -

6 “Newmomism” -

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I N D I A N D R A M A S

1

Title: Hitler Didi (Zee Tv)

Episode: 01

FATHER


) Timeline




4 Single-Parents

5 Bread-Earner

6 “Newmomism”

MOTHER


) Timeline





5 Bread-Earner -

6 “Newmomism” -

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2

Title: Kuch to Log Kahein Gay

(Sony Ent.)

Episode: 01

FATHER


) Timeline





5 Bread-Earner -

6 “Newmomism”

MOTHER


) Timeline




4 Single-Parents

5 Bread-Earner

6 “Newmomism”

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3

Title: Dil Ki Batein Dil He Janey (Sony Ent.)

Episode: 01

FATHER


) Timeline




4 Single-Parents -

5 Bread-Earner +

6 “Newmomism”

MOTHER


) Timeline




4 Single-Parents -

5 Bread-Earner -

6 “Newmomism” -

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4

Title: Ye Meri Life Hey (Sony Ent.)

Episode: 01

FATHER


) Timeline




4 Single-Parents -


6 “Newmomism”

MOTHER


) Timeline


2 Pessimistic Portrayals +



5 Bread-Earner -

6 “Newmomism” -

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5

Title: Pyar Ka The End (Webisode)

Episode: 01

FATHER


) Timeline




4 Single-Parents -

5 Bread-Earner +

6 “Newmomism”

MOTHER


) Timeline




4 Single-Parents +

5 Bread-Earner -

6 “Newmomism” -

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6

Title: Aur Pyar Ho Gya (Zee TV)

Episode: 01

FATHER


) Timeline




4 Single-Parents -


6 “Newmomism”

MOTHER


) Timeline




4 Single-Parents -

5 Bread-Earner -

6 “Newmomism” -

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7

Title: Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Ye Bhi (Sony Ent.)

Episode: 01

FATHER


) Timeline




4 Single-Parents

5 Bread-Earner

6 “Newmomism”

MOTHER


) Timeline




4 Single-Parents +

5 Bread-Earner -

6 “Newmomism” -

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8

Title: Kumkum Bhagya (Zee TV)

Episode: 281

FATHER


) Timeline




4 Single-Parents -

5 Bread-Earner +

6 “Newmomism”

MOTHER


) Timeline




4 Single-Parents -

5 Bread-Earner -

6 “Newmomism” -

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9

Title: Pyar Tu Ne Kya Kia (Zing)

Episode: 20 (Season 3)

FATHER


) Timeline




4 Single-Parents -

5 Bread-Earner +

6 “Newmomism”

MOTHER


) Timeline




4 Single-Parents -

5 Bread-Earner -

6 “Newmomism” -

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10

Title: Sarojni (Zee TV)

Episode: 01

FATHER


) Timeline




4 Single-Parents -

5 Bread-Earner +

6 “Newmomism”

MOTHER


) Timeline




4 Single-Parents -

5 Bread-Earner -

6 “Newmomism” -

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A Table of Frequency showing the “Present and Not Present” Status for the Pakistani

Dramas

A Table of Frequency showing the “Present and Not Present” Status for the Indian

Dramas

SR# Name of Drama Present (+) Not Present (-)

Father Mother Father Mother

1 Hitler Didi 3 3

2 Kuch To Log Kahein Gay 2 3

3 Dil Ki Batein Dil He Janey 3 2 2 4

4 Ye Meri Life Hey 2 1 3 5

5 Pyar ka The End 2 3 3 3

6 Aur Pyar Ho Gaya 2 1 3 5

7 Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aisey Bhi 3 3

8 Kum Kum Bhagya 2 2 3 4

SR# Name of Drama Present (+) Not Present (-)

Father Mother Father Mother

1 Judai 3 3

2 Hamari Bitya 2 2 3 4

3 Man Mael 2 1 4 5

4 Mera Dard Na Janey Koi 3 3

5 Takkabur 2 2 3 4

6 Tere Mere Beech 2 1 5 3

7 Shehr-e-Zaat 2 2 4 3

8 Jeena Dushwar Hey 2 1 5 3

9 Hasratein 3 1 2 5

10 Hisaar-e-Ishq 2 1 3 5

T O T A L F r e q u e n c y 17 17 24 38

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9 Pyar Tu Ne Kya Kia 1 2 3 5

10 Sarojni 2 2 3 4

T O T A L F r e q u e n c y 16 19 23 36

Table Comparing the Frequency of Given Characteristics in Pakistani and Indian

Dramas out of 10 Episodes Each

P a k i s t a n i D r a m a s Total

of Present (+)

in Mothers

and Fathers Characteristics

Mothers Fathers

Present Not Present Present Not Present

Optimistic Portrayals 6 4 5 5 11

Pessimistic Portrayals 4 6 3 7 7

Emotional Portrayals 3 7 0 10 3

Single-Parent 2 8 0 10 2

Bread-Earner 0 10 8 2 8

Newmomism 1 9 0 10 1

I n d i a n D r a m a s Total

of Present (+)

in Mothers

and Fathers Characteristics

Mothers Fathers

Present Not Present Present Not Present

Optimistic Portrayals 8 2 6 4 14

Pessimistic Portrayals 1 9 2 8 3

Emotional Portrayals 6 4 1 9 7

Single-Parent 4 6 1 9 5

Bread-Earner 0 10 7 3 7

Newmomism 0 10 0 10 0

Documents

Representation of Parents in Pakistani and Indian Mediasienajournals.com/images/docs/pllm/1representation of parents.pdf · Media representations are the ways in which the media portrays