RES2020 WP3 - Working draft · 1. Country specific • Availability of different types of biomass and waste for energy use. For modelling trade of biomass among different countries,

Project no: EIE/06/170/SI2.442662

RES2020 Monitoring and Evaluation of the RES directives

implementation in EU27 and policy recommendations for 2020

Technology Characterisation for Biofuels and Renewable Heating/Cooling

Deliverable D.3.2

RES2020 – Characterisation for Biofuels and Renewable Heating/Cooling

- 2 -

The RES2020 project

RES2020 aims at analysing the present situation in the RES implementation, defining future

options for policies and measures, calculating concrete targets for the RES contribution that

can be achieved by the implementation of these options and finally examining the

implications of the achievement of these targets to the European Economy.. A number of

future options for policies and measures will be defined and they will be studied with the use

of the TIMES energy systems analysis model, in order to analyze the quantitative effects on

the RES development. TIMES offers the possibility of developing an aggregate parameter in

order to quantify the impact of a wide range of support schemes. The results will be combined

to provide recommendations of optimal mix scenarios for policy measures, in order to ensure

the achievement of the targets.

The countries modelled in the RES2020 project the codes used are: AT Austria FR France NL Netherlands

BE Belgium GR Greece NO Norway

BG Bulgaria HU Hungary PL Poland

CY Cyprus IE Ireland PT Portugal

CZ Czech Republic IS Iceland RO Romania

DE Germany IT Italy SE Sweden

DK Denmark LT Lithuania SI Slovenia

EE Estonia LU Luxembourg SK Slovakia

ES Spain LV Latvia UK United Kingdom

FI Finland MT Malta

The project aim at delivering results for the year 2020. However in order to avoid “end

effects”, the run of the model will be done until the year 2030. Therefore the base year of the

model will be 2000, as in the case of NEEDS and the “milestone years” will be 2001, 2005,

2010, 2015, 2020, 2025 and 2030.


- 3 -

Contents 1 Introduction 4

2 Current representation biomass and waste for energy use 6 2.1 Biomass and waste for energy use 6 2.2 Biofuels 8 2.3 Biogas 10 2.4 End-use of bio-energy 11

3 New representation biomass and waste for energy use 17 3.1 Use of biomass and waste 17 3.2 Potentials biomass and waste 17 3.3 Biofuels 25

4 Renewables for heating and cooling 31 4.1 Heating and cooling technologies in the building environment 31 4.2 Renewable district heating 34 4.3 Renewable industrial heat 36 4.4 Solar and geothermal heat 38

5 References 40


- 4 -

1 Introduction The current document describes the data required and the enhancement of the Reference

Energy System for the RES2020 project, concerning biomass/biofuels for renewable energy

sources for heating and cooling. These activities are described in the project proposal WP2,

Task 1 and WP3, Task 3.

Work Package 2: Detailed description of RES framework,

Task 1. Development of a template for the data collection for:

Installed capacities

Financial & political framework

Technological potential

Issues regarding market penetration of RES in the EU-25 (and EU27).

Work Package 3: Expansion of existing tools

Task 2. RES-Heat and Biofuels Issues (coordination ECN).

This task focuses on the technology characterisation, estimation of potentials for biofuels on

the level of individual technologies, and renewable heating/cooling. Drawing on the BRED

study (Biomass strategies for greenhouse gas emission reduction) and ECN’s BIOTRANS

model, the following information will be used as basis for detailed country representation:

• Domestic bio-energy crop growing - in competition with other land uses such as

agriculture and forestry. The estimation of biomass potentials will only include crops that

can be grown in an environmentally sustainable way.

• Supply of waste wood and of by- product waste from agricultural activities

• Import of a (limited) number of bio-energy forms (e.g. HTU oil from South America)

• Harvesting and transport of the primary bio-energy

• Processing and conversion of primary bio-energy into derived products

• Direct use or further processing of derived products

• Bio-energy consuming technologies in power/heat sector, industry, residential and tertiary

and transport sectors. These technologies will cover both dedicated bio-energy based

applications as well as co-firing in fossil fuelled installations.


- 5 -

• Use biomass as feedstock for petrochemical industry or as primary material for

manufacturing industries.

Data to be collected:

1. Country specific

• Availability of different types of biomass and waste for energy use. For modelling

trade of biomass among different countries, restrictions on internal trade in

biomass or derivatives, if existent, will have to be listed.

• Land use data for the other (competing) activities, a likely source here being FAO

statistics, and future projections of these activities or other known land use change.

This should be connected to the possible impact of abandoning or transforming

EU’s subsidising politics on agriculture. The project will build on the data

collected in the EU-funded REFUEL project, which ECN coordinates.

2. Technology specific parameters such as investment and O&M costs, efficiencies, annual

availability, including outlook on possible improvements, for biomass technologies for

electricity, conversion technologies for biofuel production, renewable heat technologies.


- 6 -

2 Current representation biomass and waste for energy use

2.1 Biomass and waste for energy use

In the models developed for the NEEDS project several applications of biomass, waste and

residues for energy use are modelled. The table below gives an overview of the bio-energy

source and in which sectors they can be used.

Table 2.1 Biomass and waste for energy use

Type Industry Residentialand C&S

AgricultureTransport Biogas production

Biofuels production

Electricity production

Rape seed X Energy crops X X Wood & wood waste X X X X X X

Municipal waste X X X

Industrial waste X X X X

Biogas X X X X X Biofuels X X X Rape seed and other energy crops are solely used for the production of biofuels or biogas.

Other bio-energy products can be used as well for the production of secondary energy carriers

as biogas, biofuels and electricity but also for direct end-use in different sectors. For the

Residential and commercial sector the bio-energy can be used for water and space heating as

well for cooking. For the other sectors bio-energy is mainly used for heat and steam

production. A more detailed description of the use of bio-energy in the end-use sectors is

given in Section 2.4. The classification of the other bio-energy sources is based on the

Eurostat classification. These sources cover more than one specific type of bio-energy, see

Table 2.2.


- 7 -

Table 2.2 Eurostat classification of biomass, waste and residues sources

Class Description Wood & wood waste (Code 5541)

Wood & wood waste covers purpose-grown energy crops (poplar, willow, etc.), a multitude of woody materials generated byindustrial processes or provided directly by forestry and agriculture (firewood, wood chips, bark, sawdust, shavings, chips, black liquor, etc.) as well as wastes such as straw, rice husks, nut shells, poultry litter, crushed grape dregs, etc.).

Municipal solidwastes (MSW)(Code 5543)

Municipal solid wastes (MSW) cover renewable and non-renewable wastes produced by households, industry, hospitals andthe tertiary sector incinerated at specific installations with energyrecovery.

Industrial wastes (Code 7100)

Industrial wastes cover wastes of industrial non-renewable origin(solid and liquids), combusted directly for the production ofelectricity and/or heat.

Biogas (Code 5542)

Biogas is a gas composed principally of methane and carbondioxide produced by anaerobic digestion of biomass. It comprises landfill gas, sewage sludge gas and other biogases such as biogas produced from the anaerobic fermentation of animal slurries andof wastes in abattoirs, breweries and agro-food industries.

Biofuels (Code 5545)

Liquid biofuels cover bioethanol (ethanol produced frombiomass), biodiesel (diesel produced from biomass or used friedoil), biomethanol, biodimethylether and bio-oil (a pyrolysis oil fuel produced from biomass).

The abbreviation of the commodities used in the models is given in the table below. Only for

biofuels a distinction is made between the different types of biofuels depending on the

production process and biomass source. The abbreviation BIOMUN and BIOSLU can be a

little confusing since they make the impression that it is a renewable source, but according to

the definition of Eurostat covers also non-renewable waste.

Table 2.3 Abbreviation of the energy sources used in the models

Class Abbreviation used in models Rape seed BIORPS Energy crops BIOCRP Wood & wood waste BIOWOO Municipal waste BIOMUN Industrial waste BIOSLU Biogas BIOGAS Biofuels BIOLIQ, BIORME (bio-diesel), BIODSL (Fischer-Trops diesel),

BIOETH, BIOMTH, BIODME Potentials of raw biomass or bio-waste sources are given on a country level and based on the

domestic production potential. For the year 2000 this is based on the Eurostat statistics. For


- 8 -

the future years the potential is estimated by the country modellers. In the next sections

production potentials of biogas and biofuels are described in more detail.

Shortcomings and proposed enhancements:

- Energy crops covers different energy crops like starch, sugar, woody and grassy crops,

these types can have different costs. It would be good to split energy crops in different

categories with own cost-supply curves.

- Wood and wood waste cover also energy crops (woody and grassy crops) that

concerning land-use have to compete with other bio-energy crops like rape seed, sugar

and starch crops

- Moreover when splitting up wood and wood waste, wood waste covers also from

different sources wood processing residues, forestry residues but also agricultural

residues as straw etc. These different sources, however, can have different costs levels.

So it would be good to spilt up in different categories with own cost supply curves.

- Wood & wood residues also covers black liquor. When splitting up the wood & wood

residues potential and making a separate a potential for black liquor one, however,

should note that there is also within the model a possibility to produce black liquor as

a by-product of the paper industry. Modelling a mining source of black liquor and

defining an upper bound over the sum of mining and by-product would be necessary.

- Import and trade of biomass and pre-treated bio products limited.

-

2.2 Biofuels

Production of first and second generation biofuels Figure 2.1 gives an overview the production chains of biofuels within the NEEDS models. A

differentiation is made between the so called 1st generation conversion, based respectively on

biochemical conversion of biomass to ethanol (BIOETH) via intermediates such as sugar or

based on vegetable oil for biodiesel (BIORME), and 2nd generation bio-fuels based on

biochemical processes or thermochemical conversion using combustion, gasification and

conversion of syngas, or pyrolysis. The 2nd generation bio-fuels considered in the models are

Fischer Trops diesel (BIODSL), methanol (BIOMTH) and bio-dimethylether (BIODME).

While first generation bio-fuel technologies have reached an advanced stage and are widely

used in many countries, second generation technologies are still mainly applied in


- 9 -

experimentation and demonstration projects. However, second generation bio-fuel

technologies based on lignocellulosic processing are widely regarded as the most promising

route to large scale bio-fuel production.

Energy scenarios and policy alternatives that favour second generation bio-fuels are clearly

superior in terms of land use implications. First, energy yields (and greenhouse gas balances)

of feedstocks for lignocellulosic processing are expected to be much higher than for first

generation technologies. Second, and of great importance in the land use discussion,

feedstocks for second generation biofuels would allow a wider spectrum of land to be

considered for production.

Besides real biomass sources, also black liquor a by-product from the paper industry can be

used for the production of 2nd generation biofuels.

The representation of the production of biofuels is very decent, however, when improving the

supply side as suggested in the previous section, better insight could be given in niche

markets for production of biofuels due to cost differences of the various sources.

BCRPETH01

BRPSME01.

BIO

DSL

BIO

ETH

BIO

CR

P

BIO

WO

OD

BIO

RP

S

BWOOETH01

BWOOMTH01

BWOODME01

BIO

MTH

BIO

DM

E

BWOOFTDST01

BIO

RM

E

MINBIORPS1

MINBIOCRP1

MINBIOWOO1

BBLQFTST110

BBLQDME110

IND

BLQ

BBLQMTH110

Figure 2.1 Biofuels production chains modelled in NEEDS models

Use of biofuels and modeling issues Bio-fuels can be used in the transport sector, agricultural sector or industry. For the Base-Year

(2000) the calibration of the biofuels consumption is modeled via a general bio-liquid source


- 10 -

(BIOLIQ), see Figure 2.2. After 2000 one would expect that the biofuels produced within the

structure shown in Figure 2.1 would take over the role of BIOLIQ. However, BIORME,

BIODSL, BIOETH, BIOMTH is modeled only with applications in the transport sector.

BIODME can be used also in CHP’s in agricultural sector or industry. Potentials for

biofuels/bio-liquid use in the agricultural sector or industry are still modeled as MINBIOLIQ.

INDBIO00/01

AGRBDL00/01

IND

BIO

OIL

DS

T

BIO

LIQ

STRANFS00

SUPBIO00

TRABDL00

OIL

HFO

OIL

NAP

SRETURN00

AG

RB

DL

MINBIOLIQ1

OIL

RFG

SU

PBIO

TRA

BD

L

Figure 2.2 Use of general bioliquids (BIOLIQ)

2.3 Biogas

In Figure 2.3 an overview is given of the production options in the SubRES for biogas. For

the Base-Year the calibration is done via the MINBOGAS1 technology according to the use

of biogas in the Eurostat statistics. After 2000 also option of production of biogas from black

liquor, energy crops, industrial waste and bio-wood within the model are possible. These

production options are complementary to the biogas production technologies considered in

the definition of Eurostat, i.e. production of biogas from landfill gas, sewage sludge gas,

fermentation animal slurries (Table 2.2).

When defining the potential of MINBIOGAS1 the country modelers should be aware of the

fact that only the potential should be based on sources other than biogas from black liquor,

energy crops, industrial waste and bio-wood. One could think of enhancing the models with

potentials for landfill gas, sewage sludge gas, fermentation animal slurries and adding

technologies to produce biogas from these energy sources. Each of the production chains

could be a niche market for biogas. A possible source that could provide consistent data for all


- 11 -

countries could be the EEA study “How much bioenergy can Europe produce without

harming the environment?” (EEA, 7-2006). However, before deciding to enhance the model

on this we should think of three questions. First do we want to increase the complexity of the

database by modelling additional modelling technologies that convert landfill gas, sewage

sludge or wet manure into biogas? Secondly, how large is this potential with respect to

potentials of other energy crops and waste sources. And finally, most important, are we

interested in specific origin of the biogas?

BCRPETH101

BBLQGAS110

BIO

CR

P

BIO

SLU

BIO

WO

O

IND

BLQ

BWOOGAS110

MINBIOGAS1

BSLUGAS101

BCRPGAS101B

IOG

AS

Figure 2.3 Biogas production

2.4 End-use of bio-energy

In the subsections below the use of bio-energy for transport, bio-energy use for residential

sector, commercial & services sector, agriculture sector and industry are described. Special

attention will be on the calibration of the bio-energy use in the base-year. Since this is in the

same for all sectors this is only described for the residential sector. The other subsections are

containing mainly overviews and some additional remarks if necessary.


- 12 -

2.4.1 Transport The use of biofuels in transport has been adequately modelled in the NEEDS templates.

The fuels used are BIORME, BIODSL, BIOETH, BIOMTH, BIODME and BIOGAS.

These fuels can be used either as pure biofuels, utilized by the appropriate technologies or in a

fuel mix with fossil fuels. Biofuels can be used in all types of transport. The set up of NEEDS

in the transport sector will be used in the implementation of RES2020.

2.4.2 Residential Bio-energy use in the residential is modelled as general energy carrier RSDBIO, see Figure

2.4. This general energy carrier can consist of a mix of biogas, municipal waste, industrial

waste, wood and wood residues. If these four energy carries are really in the mix RSDBIO

and what their share will be, is defined by the actual use of biogas, municipal waste, industrial

waste, wood and wood residues in the base-year and estimations of the modellers for the

future years. This is defined by respectively the technologies RSDBIO00 and RSDBIO01 in

the Base-Year templates on worksheet RSD_Fuel.

RSDBIO01

RSDBIO00

BIO

MU

N

BIO

SLU

BIO

WO

O

BIO

GA

S

RS

DB

IO

Cooking appliance

Space heatingappliances

Water heatingappliances

Figure 2.4 Biomass use in residential sector

There are a lot of residential end-use technologies using biomass. These technologies are not

all included in Figure 2.4, but they are grouped according to their application. Major

differences between the technologies are in the type of dwelling they are used in (single or

multi apartments, rural or urban). Only for space heating there are really different

technologies considered like fire place, stove, boiler and dual-boiler.

Since there are not such detailed data available on the use of bio-energy for different end-use

technologies, the modeller has to make a kind of calibration of the base-year. To fix the use of


- 13 -

biomass in 2000 for each of the technologies a break-out in different steps is made. First of

all, a break out in shares for space heating, water heating and cooking. For space heating and

water heating there is a step to split up into different types of buildings that are considered.

Finally, for space heating a split in different end-use technologies (in 2000 only stove or dual

boiler) is made. All the shares are estimated by the country modellers.

2.4.3 Commercial & Services

COMBIO01

COMBIO00

BIO

MU

N

BIO

SLU

BIO

WO

O

BIO

GA

S

CO

MBI

OCooking appliance

Space heatingappliances

Water heatingappliances

Other genericenergy use

COMBGS01

CO

MBG

S

CHP (small)

Figure 2.5 Biomass use in the commercial and services sector

The modelling and calibration of bio-energy use in base-year in the commercial and service

sector is very similar to that in the residential sector.

2.4.4 Agriculture The general bio-energy carrier AGRBIO can consist of biogas, wood and wood residues.

Besides this general carrier there also bioliquids can be used for agricultural appliances. No

distinction is made between different appliances.


- 14 -

AGRBIO01

AGRBIO00

BIO

GA

S

BIO

WO

O

AGR

BIO

Generic appliances

Figure 2.6 Biomass use in the agricultural sector

AGRBDL01

AGRBDL00

BIO

LIQ

AGR

BDL

Generic appliances

Figure 2.7 Use of bio-fuels in the agricultural sector

2.4.5 Industry The general bio-energy for industry (INDBIO) can consist of biogas, wood and wood residues

and bio-liquids. INDBIO is also a rest product of the pulp industry. Appliances of INDBIO

are mainly combined heat and power and for the production of process steam and heat.

However, there is also the possibility to use bio-energy for machine drive or other industrial

processes. The decision if this actually is done for a country is up to the modeller. Besides this

general carrier there also industrial waste and municipal waste that have separate appliances.


- 15 -

INDBIO01

INDBIO00

BIO

GA

S

BIO

LIQ

BIO

WO

O

IND

BIO

CHP severalsectors

Steam/process heatSeveral sectors

Machine drive

Pulp production Other processes

INDBGS01CHP (small)

IND

BG

S

Figure 2.8 Biomass use in the industry

INDSLU01

INDSLU00

BIO

SLU

IND

SLU

CHP severalsectors

Other processes

Figure 2.9 Industrial applications of industrial waste

INDMUN01

INDMUN00

BIO

MU

N

IND

MU

N

CHP severalsectors

Figure 2.10 Industrial applications of municipal waste


- 16 -

Data on biomass and waste (BIOWOO, BIOGAS, BIOMUN, BIOSLU) are also available in

Eurostat on a sub-sector level, but not on different appliances (heating, steam production,

machine drive or others processes). BIOLIQ which is covering biodiesel, “biogasoline” and

other biofuels in Eurostat is not available on this sub-sector level.


- 17 -

3 New representation biomass and waste for energy use

3.1 Use of biomass and waste

The following table gives an overview of the different biomass/biofuels and their respective

use in the various subsectors of the model.

Type Industry Residential

and C&S Agriculture Transport Biogas

production Biofuels production

Electricity production

Energy crops Oil crops X Starch crops X X Sugar crops X X Grassy crops X X X X X X Woody crops X X X X X X Waste and residues Forestry residues X X X X X X Agricultural residues X X X X X X Wood process. residues X X X X X X Black Liquor X X X Municipal waste X X X Industrial waste X X X X End-products Biogas X X X X X Biofuels X X X

3.2 Potentials biomass and waste

The problems that have to be addressed for the potentials are:

1. Finding a source that fits the categories and the definition of different biomass/waste

types.

2. Availability of data for potentials as well as for costs

3.2.1 Potentials and costs of bio-energy crops The data on potentials and costs originate from the European IEE project REFUEL. In the

REFUEL project three scenarios are considered. The first is a reference scenario (‘baseline’)

that describes the ‘most likely’ developments under current policy settings. Baseline

essentially reflects effects of ongoing trends in food consumption patterns on the one hand

and technological progress in food production on the other hand, and it assumes a

continuation of current self-reliance levels in Europe’s aggregate food and feed commodities.

An extended description of the assumptions driving the Baseline scenario can be fined in

(Refuel D6, IIASA). In the other two scenarios, the focus is more on difference in land area

becoming available in the future for bio-fuel feedstock production (scenario ‘high’ and


- 18 -

scenario ‘low’). Agricultural production intensity, depends on agricultural and environmental

policies as well as technological progress, and may vary significantly in different scenarios. In

first instance the potentials from the Baseline scenario will be used. Potentials of the high and

low scenario can be used for the scenario analysis in WorkPackage 4 of the RES2020 project. Land availability Competing land use requirements for Europe’s food and livestock sector as well as land use

conversion from agriculture to other uses, in particular built-up and associated land areas, will

determine the future availability of land for energy crop production. Future food and feed area

requirements are the result of developments in food demand combined with changes in the

production intensity and trade of agricultural products. (Refuel D6, IIASA). Moreover, areas

of high nature conservation value are excluded from the potential biofuel crop area.

Potentials When for a region the land available for energy production is known, the potential for each

crop type can be determined. Figure 3.1 gives the potentials of the 5 energy crops types for

each EU27 country (except Malta), Norway and Switzerland. Figure 3.2 and Figure 3.3 give

potentials of respectively oil crops and woody crops in 2005 and 2030.


- 19 -

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE EL ES FI FR HU IE IT LT LU LV NL NO PL PT RO SE SI SK UK

Country

Pot

entia

l (PJ

dry

biom

ass)

Grassy crops Oil crops Starch crops Sugar crops Woody crops Figure 3.1 Potentials in 2010 for EU27+Norway+Switzetland-Malta

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600


Country

Pot

entia

l (P

J)

2005 2030 Figure 3.2 Potentials for oil crops in 2005 and 2030


- 20 -

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600


Country

Pot

entia

l (P

J)

2005 2030 Figure 3.3 Potentials for woody crops in 2005 and 2030

Modeling potentials

The total potential per region however, is much smaller than the sum of the potentials since

there is competition of available land. This obviously must be taken into account when

modeling bio-energy crops in the energy system. So, when modeling potentials, one should

adopt a constraint to avoid double counting of the available land. Assuming the potentials of

the crops are homogenously distributed over the region the following constraint should be

satisfied:

U1/P1 + U2/P2 + Ui/Pi + …. ≤ 1. (eq. 1)

Where Pi is the potential of the i-th crop and Ui is the real utilization of the i-th crop.

For example, if 30% of the woody crop potential is actually used, the homogenous

distribution of the potential implies that 30% of the land is used for woody crops and 70% is

still available for the cultivation of other energy-crop types.

However, in general potentials of crops will not be distributed homogenously within a region.

Some sub-regions will be more suitable for the growing of specific energy crops than for

others, but also the yield of a crop type will be better (and thus have a higher potential) in one

sub-region than it will be in another sub-region. So in general, the constraint (equation 1) can

not avoid that there will be double use of land within a region. The impact of double counting

is higher when the potential is less homogenously distributed, which is more likely for a large

region. When the region is small enough, the error becomes acceptable. However, splitting a


- 21 -

region (for example a country) in very small sub-regions like 1 by 1 km will make your

database much too detailed for the scope of the RES2020 project. Therefore regions have to

be defined that give an acceptable balance between the level of detail of the model and

possible unwanted double use of land.

For the REFUEL project, potentials are considered on NUTS2 level. Some (smaller) countries

have just one region (Denmark), other (large) countries are split up in a lot of NUTS2 regions

(41 regions). For each NUTS2 region, the potential of a crop and average cost are given. The

bold lines in Figure 3.4 gives the cost-supply curve for oil crops within EU27 for 2005 and

2030, so each horizontal segment represents a NUTS2 region in Europe. The length of the

segment is the potential of oil crops. The average cost of the crop is given by the y-axes value

of the segment. The costs of a crop include costs for growing and harvesting, like costs for

fertilizer and farming, but also costs for truck transport of the energy crops after harvesting to

either a conversion plant or an export unit.

The division in NUTS 2 regions is too detailed for the RES2020 project. Modeling 41 regions

for a country as Germany would mean too much detail with respect to the rest of the database.

Therefore as a first step, it is chosen to aggregate the available data to a country level, (see

thin lines in Figure 3.4). Costs per country are computed as weighted average costs for each

crop. However, as can be seen in Figure 3.4 and Figure 3.5 the cost curves on a country level

do not always fit well to the original cost-supply curve. Moreover, as described above,

considering potentials on a country scale, especially for large countries, can mean double

counting of the land. Therefore it could be better to look at a more disaggregated level, in

which NUTS regions with similar properties (costs) are gathered.


- 22 -

1

10

100

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4

Remaining potential (EJbiomass)

Cos

ts (€

/GJb

iom

ass)

2005 NUTS2 level 2030 NUTS2 level 2005 Country level 2030 Country level Figure 3.4 Cost-supply curve oil crops in 2005 and 2030 on NUTS 2 level as well as on

country level

1

10

100

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Remaining potential (EJbiomass)

Cos

ts (€

/GJb

iom

ass)

2005 NUTS2 level 2030 NUTS2 level 2005 Country level 2030 Country level Figure 3.5 Cost-supply curve woody crops in 2005 and 2030 on NUTS 2 level as well as on

country level


- 23 -

Costs and energy use

As written above, the costs of a crop include costs for growing, harvesting and cost for truck

transport of the energy crops to either a conversion plant or an export unit. In REFUEL, it is

assumed that the costs of crop growing and harvesting decline between 0,5% and 2,5% per

year depending on crop and year in each NUTS2 region. However, due to the aggregation of

the regions done for RES2020 it is possible that the costs on a country level increase in time.

This is due to the fact that we are using weighted average costs. When the potential in a

NUTS 2 region with higher costs increases faster in time than the potential in a region with

lower costs, the weighted average cost can increase. However, the effect of this will be

minimal. Costs for transport are based on transport by truck over a average distance of 100

km. The costs for transport are lower for Eastern European countries but will increase to reach

the more or less stable cost level of Western European countries.

Energy use for growing, harvesting or transportation are not taken into account. We assume

these are included in demand agriculture or transport sector. The same holds for the energy

use for production fertilizer, which is assumed that it is included in the chemical industry, and

also for the CO2 related to the energy use for growing, harvesting, transportation and fertilizer

production.

3.2.2 Potentials and costs waste and residues The source for potentials is the EEA study “How much bioenergy can Europe produce

without harming the environment?”.


- 24 -

Figure 3.6 Biowaste energy potential in EU25 from EEA study (EEA report 7-2006)

The report covers several residue flows of biomass. From the EEA study, the following flows

have been taken into account: forestry residues, wood processing residues, municipal solid

waste, wet manures and black liquor. From the REFUEL study (Refuel D6, IIASA), the costs

and potentials of agricultural residues have been used. The EEA data assumes certain

sustainability interests into account, thereby limiting the potentials somewhat. Contrary to the

data on bioenergy crops, some of the data on residues have been modified within the

RES2020 project to guarantee better correspondence to national insight into the residue

potentials.


- 25 -

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

AT BE BG CH CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR EL HU IE IT LT LU LV NL NO PL PT RO SE SI SK UA UKCountry

Cos

ts (€

/GJ) Agricultural residues

Forestry residuesWood processing residuesMunicipal solid wasteBlack liquor

Figure 3.7 Cost of biomass residues in 2005

3.3 Biofuels

As was already mentioned the production of biofuels was very good represented in the

NEEDS models. Most of the enhancements with in RES2020 are made on the supply side, for

instance on the differentiation of crop types and waste and residues sources to be used for the

production of biofuels. Figure 3. gives an overview of the chains for biofuels and biogas

production. The chains for production of biofuels from black liquor are not included here. The

parts of the production chain that are yellow coloured are new. The basic enhancements are:

+ Differentiation of potentials of energy crops with different costs, taking into

account land-use competition between different crops.

+ Rape oil as an intermediate product that also can be imported or traded.

+ Ethanol production from sugar as well as from starch crops.

+ Differentiation of potentials of energy crops with different costs.


- 26 -

Ethanol prod.

Harvestingoil crops

Harvestingstarch crops

Harvestingsugar crops

Harvestinggrassy crops

Biodiesel prod.

FT-D

iese

l

Etha

nol

Star

ch c

rops

Suga

r cro

ps

Woo

d &

gra

ss

Rap

e oi

l

Harvestingwoody crops

Ethanol prod.

Methanol prod.

DME prod.

Met

hano

l

DM

E

Agric. residues

FT-diesel prod.

Forest residues

Wood waste

Oil

crop

sPressingOil crops

Bio

Die

sel

Ethanol prod.

Biog

as

Biogas prod.

Biogas prod.

Figure 3.8 New representation biomass, waste and residues for biofuels and biogas

production RES2020

Although no additional production technologies are implemented, all the technology data are

updated with data from the REFUEL project (Refuel D10b, ECN). These new technology data

are included in the SubRES.

Investment costs

Investment costs in the REFUEL project are endogenously determined within the

BIOTRANS model. Since for RES2020 the models will not use endogenous technological

learning we have to specify cost paths exogenously. Table 3.2 gives four possible cost

reduction curves depending on the level of ambition of the share of biofuels in total transport

fuel mix, and how fast (early) or slow (late), the second generation biofuels will be available

(see Table 3.1).


- 27 -

Table 3.1 Definition of low and high targets and shares of different biofuels in case of early/fast or late/slower adoption of second generation biofuels 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 Low target 1.40% 4.00% 7.50% 10.00% 12.50% 15.00% High target 2.00% 5.75% 9.90% 14.00% 19.50% 25.00% Late 2nd generation Biodiesel 80.0% 57.5% 45.0% 40.0% 35.0% 30.0% Bioethanol 1st 20.0% 37.5% 45.0% 40.0% 35.0% 30.0% Bioethanol 2nd 2.5% 5.0% 10.0% 15.0% 20.0% FT diesel /DME / Methanol 2.5% 5.0% 10.0% 15.0% 20.0% Early 2nd generation Biodiesel 80.0% 55.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 12.5% Bioethanol 1st 20.0% 35.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 12.5% Bioethanol 2nd 5.0% 10.0% 20.0% 30.0% 37.5% FT diesel /DME / Methanol 5.0% 10.0% 20.0% 30.0% 37.5%

Table 3.2 Cost reduction of biofuels production technologies under four different scenarios 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 Low / Late 2nd generation

Biodiesel 2% 7% 12% 16% 18% Bioethanol 1st 8% 17% 27% 36% 43% Bioethanol 2nd 7% 20% FT diesel /DME / Methanol 8% 19%

Low / Early 2nd generation Biodiesel 2% 7% 11% 14% 15% Bioethanol 1st 8% 16% 24% 31% 36% Bioethanol 2nd 4% 20% 32% FT diesel /DME / Methanol 4% 19% 28%

High / Late 2nd generation Biodiesel 4% 10% 15% 18% 19% Bioethanol 1st 10% 20% 33% 44% 50% Bioethanol 2nd 14% 28% FT diesel /DME / Methanol 14% 25%

High / Early 2nd generation Biodiesel 4% 10% 14% 17% 18% Bioethanol 1st 9% 19% 30% 38% 43% Bioethanol 2nd 9% 27% 31% FT diesel /DME / Methanol 9% 24% 35%

- methanol is assumed to be the same as DME production For the SubRES technology it is assumed that the cost developments will follow the Low

target early second generation scenario.

Efficiency improvement

Efficiencies of conversion technologies are estimated as average values 2005-2030.

By-products

The by-products of biofuels production in REFUEL differ from those in the NEEDS models.

In the NEEDS models BIOMUN was a by-product of biodiesel production from rape seed and


- 28 -

ethanol production from wood products. Biogas was modelled as a by-product from

bioethanol production from first generation energy crops. DME and FT-diesel production

from wood had as a by-product high temperature heat.

Using the REFUEL data, all second generation biofuels production technologies will have

electricity as a by-product. By-products from oil extraction from rape seed, bio-diesel

production, ethanol production from sugar crops and ethanol production from starch crops,

are respectively oil pulp glycerol, stillage and beet pulp, see Figure 3.. Using these by-

products as fodder is at this moment more economic than using it for other energy uses like

electricity production. Prices of by-products are based on current market prices, taking into

account a downward price effect because of increased supply of the by-products (figure based

on the Biofuels Progress Report from Jan. 2007 by the European Commission). Alternatively,

they are taken from the ConCaWe (JRC) study which also takes such effects into account.

BCRPETH101

BRPSME101

BIO

DS

T

BIO

ETH

BIO

CR

P1

BIO

CR

P2

BIO

WO

O

BIO

RPO

IL

BWOOETH110

BWOOMTH110

BWOODME110

BIO

MTH

BIO

DM

E

BWOOFTDST110

BCRPETH201

BIO

RM

E

BIO

PLO

IL

BIO

STI

L

BIO

PLB

EET

ELC

LOW

Figure 3.9 Biofuels production technologies


- 29 -

3.3.1 Production and capacities The capacity levels of the first generation bio-diesel and bio-ethanol plants and their actual

production in 2001 and 2005 have been collected.

- For 2005 data from Biofuels Barometer (EurObserver 57, Biofuels Barometer - May

2006) will be used.

- For future years no constraints on capacity or production will be included. However, if

country modellers know about future plans to built production plants, these will be

included in the country templates.

Table 3.3 Biodiesel production in European Union in 2004 and 2005 (estimates in Tons)


- 30 -

Table 3.4 Ethanol production in European Union in 2004 and 2005 (in Tons)

3.3.2 Other constraints concerning biofuels

Specific constraints or targets like:

• Blend share: how much biofuels can be mixed in conventional fuels

• Share of pure bio-diesel, methanol, ethanol cars

Will be implemented by the country modellers on a member state level.


- 31 -

4 Renewables for heating and cooling This section describes the representation of renewable heating and cooling in the TIMES-

NEEDS models. First of all an overview of the renewable heating and cooling technologies in

the residential sector and the commercial and services sector in the models is given. In the

second subsections the possibilities for renewable heat production at a more central level in

public power/heat plant. The third subsection lists the available renewable industrial heat

production.

4.1 Heating and cooling technologies in the building environment

Table 4.1 lists the technologies for space heating, space cooling and water heating or

combinations, modelled for the commercial and service sector, that use renewable sources or

in case of district heating exchangers technologies that could use heat from renewable

sources. A distinction is made between appliances in small and large buildings. In Table 4.2

technologies for space heating, space cooling and water heating or combinations in

households using renewable sources are given. A distinction is made here between rural

dwellings, urban dwellings and apartments. Moreover, there is a distinction between existing

and new dwellings in each category.

Table 4.1 Commercial renewable heating technologies in NEEDS models

Most important Large Small

Combined space / water heating Combined Heat exchanger (Geothermal) X CHLEGEO101 CHSEGEO101 Combined Heat Exchanger (District Heat) HTH what is the fuel? X CHLEHTH101 CHSEHTH101 Combined Heat Exchanger (District Heat) LTH what is the fuel? X CHLELTH101 CHSELTH101 Combined solar collector with electric backup - water heating system X CHLESOL601 CHSESOL601 Combined solar assisted heat pump installation (fossil fuel backup) X Wood-pellets boiler - water system X CHLEWOO101 CHSEWOO101 Combined LPG heat pump (ambient heat) CHLELPG401 CHSELPG401 Combined Solar collector with diesel backup CHLESOL101 CHSESOL101 Combined Solar collector with gas backup X CHLESOL201 CHSESOL201 Combined heating and cooling Ground heat pump with electric boiler (geothermal heat) X CHLEELC101 CHSEELC101 Air heat pump with electric boiler (ambient heat) X CHLEELC201 CHSEELC201 Solar assisted cooling Water heating Biomass boiler water heating(is mostly used with space heating, not water only)

CWLEBIO101 CWSEBIO101

Electric heat pump water heating (ambient heat)bestaat ook in niet-RE variant

X CWLEELC201 CWSEELC201


- 32 -

Most important Large Small

Geo Heat Exchanger water heater(is mostly used with space heating, not water only)

CWLEGEO101 CWSEGEO101

District heat exchange water heater HTH (is mostly used with space heating, not water only)

CWLEHTH101 CWSEHTH101

District heat exchange water heater LTH(is mostly used with space heating, not water only)

CWLELTH101 CWSELTH101

Solar collector with diesel backup only water heating CWLESOL101 CWSESOL101 Solar collector with gas backup only water heating X CWLESOL201 CWSESOL201 Solar collector with gas backup only water heatingdifference with previous?

x CWLESOL301 CWSESOL301

Remarks:

• Technology data for large and small appliances in commercial sector are the same except

the share of space heating and water heating

• Technology data for existing and new dwellings are the same.

• Only some of the residential technologies have different data for multi-apartments and

rural or urban dwellings. Most technologies, however, are the same for different types of

dwellings.

Potentials for biomass, solar, geothermal, ambient heat are given on a country level. The

biomass potential covers all biomass for energy-use, i.e. there can be competition between

biomass for biofuels, electricity and heating and cooling. Solar and geothermal heat can be

used in buildings and also be used in the agricultural and industrial sector and for electricity

production. A complete overview of the use of solar and geothermal energy is given in section

4.4. Ambient heat is solely used for the residential and commercial sector and each sector had

its own potential of ambient heat.

.


- 33 -

Table 4.2 Residential renewable heating technologies in NEEDS models

Multiappartment Existing

Multiappartment New Rural Existing Rural New Urban Existing Urban New

Space heating only wood Fireplace RHREBIO101 RHRNBIO101 RHUEBIO101 RHUNBIO101 biomass Stove RHREBIO301 RHRNBIO301 RHUEBIO301 RHUNBIO301 Combined space / water heating Combined Biomass Boiler RHMEBIO401 RHMNBIO401 RHREBIO401 RHRNBIO401 RHUEBIO401 RHUNBIO401 Combined Biodiesel Boiler RHMEBIOL101 RHMNBIOL101 RHREBIOL101 RHRNBIOL101 RHUEBIOL101 RHUNBIOL101 Combined Heat Exchanger (District Heat) LTH RHMEHET101 RHMNHET101 RHREHET101 RHRNHET101 RHUEHET101 RHUNHET101 Combined Solar Collector with diesel backup RHMESOL101 RHMNSOL101 RHRESOL101 RHRNSOL101 RHUESOL101 RHUNSOL101 Combined Solar Collector with gas backup RHMESOL201 RHMNSOL201 RHRESOL201 RHRNSOL201 RHUESOL201 RHUNSOL201 Combined Solar Collector with elc backup RHMESOL301 RHMNSOL301 RHRESOL301 RHRNSOL301 RHUESOL301 RHUNSOL301 Combined heat and cooling Combined Electric Heat Pump RHMEELC201 RHMNELC201 RHREELC201 RHRNELC201 RHUEELC201 RHUNELC201 Combined Natural gas Heat Pump RHMEGAS901 RHMNGAS901 RHREGAS901 RHRNGAS901 RHUEGAS901 RHUNGAS901 Combined Electric ground Heat Pump RHMEGEO101 RHMNGEO101 RHREGEO101 RHRNGEO101 RHUEGEO101 RHUNGEO101 Combined LPG Heat Pump RHMELPG601 RHMNLPG601 RHRELPG601 RHRNLPG601 RHUELPG601 RHUNLPG601 Solar assisted cooling Water heating only Biomass Boiler Water Heating RWMEBIO101 RWMNBIO101 RWREBIO101 RWRNBIO101 RWUEBIO101 RWUNBIO101 Electric Heat Pump Water Heating RWMEELC201 RWMNELC201 RWREELC201 RWRNELC201 RWUEELC201 RWUNELC201 Geo Heat Exchanger Water Heater RWMEGEO101 RWMNGEO101 RWREGEO101 RWRNGEO101 RWUEGEO101 RWUNGEO101 District Heat Exchange Water Heater HTH RWMEHET101 RWMNHET101 RWREHET101 RWRNHET101 RWUEHET101 RWUNHET101 Solar Collector with diesel backup only WaterHeating RWMESOL101 RWMNSOL101 RWRESOL101 RWRNSOL101 RWUESOL101 RWUNSOL101 Solar Collector with gas backup only WaterHeating RWMESOL201 RWMNSOL201 RWRESOL201 RWRNSOL201 RWUESOL201 RWUNSOL201 Solar Collector with Electric backup only WaterHeating RWMESOL301 RWMNSOL301 RWRESOL301 RWRNSOL301 RWUESOL301 RWUNSOL301 Cooling only Centralized solar Air Conditioner RCMESOL110 RCMNSOL110


- 34 -

4.2 Renewable district heating

Low and high temperature heat for district heating can be either produced in heating or

coupled heat and power plants. Low temperature heat will only be used in residential and

commercial sector. Low temperature heat for commercial sector can also be produced in

commercial CHP Public high temperature heat can be used in buildings and also in the

agricultural sector and even in industry.

The three figures below give an overview of respectively low and high temperature heat

production from renewable resources that are currently available in the TIMES –NEEDS

models.


- 35 -

COMLTH01

Low

tem

pera

ture

heat

Com

mer

cial

LTH

Res

iden

tial H

TH

Res

iden

tial L

TH

RSDHTH01

RSDLTH01

CHP: Steam Turbinecondensing (wood)

CHP: Fuel Cell MCFC

CHP: Steam Turbinecondensing (straw)

CHP: IGCC

CHP: Internal Combustion (large)

CHP: Fuel Cell SOFC

CHP: Internal Combustion (small)

Bio

gas

Woo

d

Figure 4.1 Renewable technologies for low temperature heat production

Com

mer

cial

LTH

CHP: internal combustion (small)

CHP: Fuel Cell SOFC

CHP: internal combustion (large)

CHP: Fuel Cell MCFC

COMLTH01

Bio

gas

Low

tem

pera

ture

heat

Figure 4.2 Renewable low temperature heat production for commercial sector


- 36 -

AGRHTH01

Hig

h te

mpe

ratu

rehe

at

AG

RH

TH

CO

MH

TH

COMHTH01

RSDHTH01

RS

DH

TH

RS

DLT

H

16 in

dust

rial H

TH

RSDLTH01

INDHTH01

CHP: Steam Turbinecondensing

Indu

stria

l was

te-

slud

ge

Mun

icip

al w

aste

CHP: Steam Turbinecondensing

Figure 4.3 Renewable technologies for high temperature heat production

4.3 Renewable industrial heat

Industrial low and high temperature heat is produced by CHP plants, see Figure 4.4 and

Figure 4.5. These figures only show technologies using renewable sources.


- 37 -

IND

HTH

INM

HTH

IOIH

TH

ICM

HTH

CHP: IGCC

CHP: Steam Turbine condensing




Bio

mas

s

Mun

icip

al w

aste

Indu

stria

l was

tesl

udge

Heat to industry

Hig

h te

mpe

ratu

rehe

at

IAM

HTH

IGFH

THIG

HH

TH

ILM

HTH

INFH

TH

IALH

TH

ICLH

TH

ICU

HTH

IISH

TH

IPPH

TH

ICH

HTH

Figure 4.4 Renewable high temperature heat production in industry

IND

LTH

IOIL

TH

CHP: internal combustion

CHP: internal combustion

Bio

gas

INFL

TH

IPP

LTH

ICH

LTH

Figure 4.5 Renewable low temperature heat production in industry

Besides LTH and HTH production by CHP plants some industries also have specific heat

production plants that produce only process heat as ICHPRC, INMPRC, IOIPRC, INFPRC,

IPPPRC. The only renewable source used for this is biomass. For these industries except IPP


- 38 -

there are also separate productions technologies that use biomass to produce steam (ICHSTM,

INMSTM, IOISTM, INFSTM).

ICH

PRC

IOIP

RC

ICHPRCBIO01

INFPRCBIO01

IND

BIO

INM

PRC

IPP

PRC

INFP

RC

INMPRCBIO01

IOIPRCBIO01

IPPHTHBIO01

ICH

STM

IOIS

TM

ICHSTMBIO01

INFSTMBIO01

IND

BIO

INM

STM

INFS

TM

INMSTMBIO01

IOISTMBIO01

a) process heat production b) steam production

Figure 4.6 Additional process heat production and steam production in industry.

4.4 Solar and geothermal heat

The use of solar and geothermal heat is presented in the following figures. This set-up has

been used in the NEEDS templates and will be used in the RES2020 templates as well.


- 39 -

AGRSOL00/01MINRENSOL1

REN

SO

L

AGR

SOL

CO

MSO

LEL

CSO

LIN

DS

OL

RSD

SO

L

ELCSOL00/01

COMSOL00/01

INDSOL00/01

RSDSOL00/01

AGR000

AG

R

EUATSOL00

ELC

IND

/IND

ELC

EUPVSOL101

EUPVSOL201

EUTHSOL101

ELC

LOW

ELC

ME

D

18 commercialdemand techn.

38 residentialdemand techn.

Figure 4.7 Use of solar energy in different sectors

AGRGEO00/01MINRENGEO1

RE

NG

EO

AG

RG

EO

CO

MG

EOE

LCG

EO

IND

GE

OR

SD

GEO

ELCGEO00/01

COMGEO00/01

INDGEO00/01

RSDGEO00/01

AGR000

AG

R

EAUTGEO00

ELC

IND

/IND

ELC

EUGEOHDR110

ELC

LOW

commercialdemand techn.

residentialdemand techn.

CHPIOIGEO00

IOIH

TH

Figure 4.8 Use of geothermal heat in different sectors.


- 40 -

5 References

ACCESS (2006a): Accelerated Penetration of Small-Scale Biomass and Solar Technologies - Maps and databases on the biomass potential. Intelligent Energy Europe, EC, 2006. Http://bioenergy-in-motion.com/index.php?id=3&sId=15.

ACCESS (2006b): Report on the perspectives to the development of the biomass potential - Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Hungarry, Romania, Slovakia. ACCESS, 2006. Http://www.sustenergy.org/UserFiles/File/ACCESS_Newsletter_eng.pdf.

BIONET 2 (2007): Biomass fuel trade in Europe. Summary Report VTT-R-03508-07, VTT, Finland, March 2007, p. 11.

Bockey, D. (2006): Biofuels in Germany and in the European Union. Union zur Förderung von Oel- und Proteinpflanzen e.V. (UFOP), Germany, 2006. Http://www.rlc.fao.org/en/prioridades/bioenergia/pdf/bockey.pdf.

Buckley, P. (2005): Ireland’s Bioenergy Potential. Sustainable Energy Ireland (SEI), Renewable Energy – Opportunities for Biofuels Crops, 11th July 2005. Http://internal.ifaskillnet.ie/pdfs/PearseBuckley.pdf.

DCMNR (2007): Bioenergy Action Plan for Ireland - Report of the Ministerial Task Force on BioEnergy. Department for Communications Marine and Natural Resources, Ireland, 2007.

Dravininkas, A. (2005): The use of plant biomass and its waste products for energy purpose in Lithuania. Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Lithuanian University of Agriculture, Lithuania, 2005. Http://www.agri.ee/public/juurkataloog/BIOENERGEETIKA/Dravininkas.ppt.

DTI (2007): UK Biomass Strategy 2007 - Working Paper 1 – Economic analysis of biomass energy. DTI, UK, May 2007.

EEA (2007): How much bioenergy can Europe produce without harming the environment? European Environment Agency (EEA), EEA Report No 7/2006.

Fagernäs, L., et al. (2006): Bioenergy in Europe - Opportunities and Barriers. VTT RESEARCH NOTES 2352, VTT, 2006, p. 52.

Fehér, A., et al (2002): Biomass - a renewable energy source used in agriculture and forestry of Slovakia. EE&AE’2002, International Scientific Conference, Rousse, Bulgaria, 4-6 April 2002.

Geletukha, G., et al (2001): Perspectives of bioenergy development in Ukraine. Scientific Engineering Centre 'Biomass', Kiev, Ukraine, 2001. Http://www.brdisolutions.com/pdfs/bcota/abstracts/30/54.pdf.

Georgiva, V. (2007): Biomass energy potential in Bulgaria. Ministry of economy and energy Bulgaria, JI and biomass cooperation, Leipzig, Germany, 6 March 2007.

Jakubes, J. (2006): Development of support system for RES-E in the Czech Republic. New Europe, New Energy International Conference, Milton Keynes, UK, 26 September 2006.

Kask, Ü. (2005): Biomass resources and utilization in Estonia. Tallinn University of Technology, 12-09-2005. Http://www.greennetfinland.fi/.../c5bb1dbf2203b7a1789545759235d014/Biomass+res


- 41 -

ources+and+utilization+in+Estonia.

Koppel, A., and K. Heinsoo (2005): Renewable energy from biomass in Estonia: current status and outlook. Contribution of Agriculture to Energy Production, Tallin, Estonia, October 7, 2005. Http://www.agri.ee/public/juurkataloog/BIOENERGEETIKA/Koppel.ppt.

Körner, O. (2007): Entwicklung der Biogasbranche aus Sicht des Fachverband Biogas e.V. INTERSOLAR 2007, Exportinitiative Erneuerbare Energien, Freiburg i.Br., Germany, 22-06-2007.

Koroneos, C., et al. (2005): Cyprus energy system and the use of renewable energy sources. Energy 30 (2005), pp. 1889–1901.

Korz, D.J. (2005): Status and trends of the residual waste treatment options (landfilling, mechanical-biological treatment, incineration) in selected EU member states: Spain. The future of residual waste management in Europe, 2005.

Montau, U., et al. (2007): Wood resources availability and demands - implications of renewable energy policies. UNECE/FAO/University Hamburg, UNECE/FAO Policy Forum, 19 October 2007. Http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/003/X8876E/x8876e29.htm.

OPET (2004): Technology needs and market potential of biomass CHP/DHC in Slovenia. OPET Slovenia, May 2004. Http://www.opet-chp.net/download/wp3/WP3_3c_biomassCHP_technology_market_potential_JSI_Slovenia.pdf.

Øyaas, K. (2006): Renewable Liquid Biofuel from Scandinavian Wood Materials – a Vision or a Future Reality? E-World, Essen, Germany, 14-2-2006.

Perez, P.S., et al. (2006): The role of renewable energy technologies in securing electrical supply in Belgium. K.U. Leuven - ESAT/ELECTA, March 2006.

PFI (2007): From Biomass to Biofuels - A Roadmap for Future Solutions in Norway. Paper and Fibre Research Institute (PFI), Norway, 2007.

Pigath, M., et al. (2003): Trends in Pellets Utilisation: Prospects and reasons for variations in Italy, Spain and Greece. ALTENER, Pellets for Europe, Contract 4.1030/C/02-160, December 2003.

Podlaski, S. (2007): Future of Bioenergy in Poland. Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland, 2007. Http://ww.baltic21.org/meeting_documents/TFSA%206/Presentation_Podlaski.pdf.

RISE (2007): Biofuels – Developments in Germany and in the EU. Research Institute for Sustainable Energy (RISE), Australia, 2007. Http://www.rise.org.au/pubs/Detlev_Biofuels_April_27-2007.pdf.

Roos, I., and S. Soosaar (2004): Status of Renewable Energy Development and Review of Existing Framework and Review of Existing Framework. ALTENER, May 2004. Http://www.erec.org/fileadmin/erec_docs/Projcet_Documents/RES_in_EU_and_CC/Estonia.pdf.

Siegmund, T. (2007): Bioenergy: Source for Electricity, Heat and Transport Fuels. Energy Tech 2007, Thessaloniki, 29 March – 1 April 2007.

Sipilä, K., et al. (2005): Raw materials availability to synfuels production and remarks on


- 42 -

RTD goals. Synbios, Stockholm, Sweden, 18-19 May 2005. Http://www.ecotraffic.se/synbios/konferans/presentationer/18_maj/synbios_sipila_kai.pdf.

Stephan, B. (2007): Biomass to energy in Germany. University of Applied Science Bremerhaven, Germany, 2007. Http://www.jgsee.kmutt.ac.th/new/announcement/30/1-biomass%20germany%2006-4-1.ppt.

Sunerny (2007): Market survey Portugal - Potential of biomass for energy. Sunergy, on behalf of EVD/Ministry of Economic Affairs the Netherlands, the Netherlands, March 2007.

Tafdrup, S. (2006): Danish policies and strategies on the implementation of biomass and biofuel technologies in the energy sector. Danish Energy Authority, Denmark, 2006. Http://www.um.dk/NR/rdonlyres/17670257-E714-4285-ACDA-571BE0DAA914/0/Biomass1.pdf.

Tishayev, S., et al (2001): Perspectives of commercial use of straw- and wood-fired boilers in Ukraine. Scientific Engineering Centre 'BIOMASS', Kiev, Ukraine, 2001. Http://www.brdisolutions.com/pdfs/bcota/abstracts/1/352.pdf.

Ust'ak, S., and M. Ust'aková (2004): Potential for Agricultural Biomass to Produce Bioenergy in the Czech Republic. Biomass and Agriculture: Sustainability, Markets and Policy. OECD, Paris, September 2004.

Vigants, E. (2006): Experiences and Challenges of JI Biomass Projects in Latvia. CTI Capacity Building Seminar, Leipzig, Germany, 21-25 October 2006. H Vigants, E. (2006): Experiences and Challenges of JI Biomass Projects in Latvia. CTI Capacity Building Seminar, Leipzig, Germany, 21-25 October 2006. Http://www.ecologic-events. de/cti/documents/8_vigants.pdf.

VTT (2005): AFB-net V - Export & import possibilities and fuel prices, country report of France. VTT, Finland, 2005. Http://www.afbnet.vtt.fi/france.pdf.

Wiśniewski, G. (2007): Bioenergy framework and prospect for Poland. Meeting of the EU Agricultural & Environment Attaches in Poland, German Embassy, Warsaw, Poland, 28 March 2007.

Wörgetter, M., et al. (2003): Bioenergy in Austria: Potential, Strategies, Success Stories. BLT Wieselburg, Austrian Biomass Association and Austrian Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria, 2003.