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I know of no more encouraging fact than the unquestionable ability of man to elevate his life by conscious endeavor. Henry David Thoreau. RESEARCH A N D. SCIENTIFIC WRITING. RESEARCH. Searching for a Theory Testing Theory Solving a Problem. What is a True Research ..…. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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I know of no more encouraging fact
than the unquestionable ability of man
to elevate his life by conscious endeavor.
Henry David Thoreau
RESEARCH AND
SCIENTIFIC WRITING
RESEARCHSearching for a Theory
Testing Theory
Solving a Problem
What is a True Research ..….Research originates with a question.
An inquisitive mind is the beginning of research.
Research demands a clear articulation of a goal.What you intend to do?
Research requires a specific plan of procedure.How you propose to reach the goal?
Research usually divides the principal problem into more manageable subproblems.Principal question is divided to other
questions.
SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
Systematic
Controlled
EmpiricalCritical investigation
A PROBLEM EXISTS:There is an absence of information resulting in a gap in our knowledge
There are contradictory results
A fact exists and you intend to make your study explain it
SOURCES OF A PROBLEMExperiences & ObservationThe vast amount of literature in your own field
Courses that you have takenJournals, books, magazines and abstracts
Theses and dissertationsYour teacher and your classmates
Guidelines in the Selection of a TopicYour interestAvailability of the materials needed for
investigationParticular needs of the communitySocio – economic significance of the
problemTopic is within your level of knowledge and
experienceTime required to finish the projectSafety measures to be undertakenExpenses involved in undertaking the
projectGeneration of new information
Formulating a Research ProblemFor the research problem to be significant it
must:
Help answer a problem / need of the people / community / country
Contribute to the generation of new information
Develop or improve an existing processContribute to the development of the
scientific skills of the researcher
Evaluating the Problem1. Is the problem feasible?
a. Has the problem been specified?b. IS the problem amenable to
research?c. How available are the data?d. Is the problem too large?e. Am I capable of solving the
problem?2. Is the problem worthwhile?
a. Will the result advance knowledge?b. Will the research have some value?c. Will the research be of interest to
possible user?
As soon as you have chosen your topic:Make the topic more specific and definitive.
Start defining major terms in the title.
Survey the literature.
THE TITLEThe title should be written briefly (20
substantive words, function words not included is the maximum allowable length of a title).
Should contain the variables you will study.
Should show the relationship among the variables.
TITLEThe title should be able to catch the attention of the
reader or “eye catching”. It should be concise, descriptive and self-explanatory. It should
indicate clearly what the project is about. The title
should focus on the topic for investigation and the main
variable being studied should be included.
The TITLE is the first thing the reader comes across when
surveying the scientific literature. It is an overview of the entire
article and maybe the only basis for deciding whether to read the
scientific paper or not.
VARIABLES – are the constructs or properties being studiedDEPENDENT VARIABLE or criterion variable
- Is the outcome or objective of the study.
- In lay language, it is the result.
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE or variate variable
- Is the property or characteristics that makes the outcome or objective vary or differ.
Samples of independent and dependent variables
Problem Independent Variable
Dependent Variable
The study aims to determine the effect of beer on the growth of orchid.
beer Growth of
orchids
IN EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH:An independent variable is manipulated;
All other variables except the dependent variable are held constant; and
The effect of manipulation of the independent variable on the dependent variable is observed or measured.
HYPOTHESISIs a tentative explanation for certain behaviors, phenomena, or events which have occurred or will occur.
It is the most specific statement of a problem.
CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD HYPOTHESIS:
A good hypothesis is researchable.
It should state, in definite terms, the relationship between variables.
It should be testable.It should follow the findings of previous studies.
FUNCTIONS OF THE HYPOTHESIS:Introduces the researcher’s thinking at the start of the study.
Structures the next stages or procedures of the study.
Helps provide the format for the presentation, analysis, and interpretation of the data in the research.
TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS:Null Hypothesis
- Means no existence of an effect, an interaction, of relationships, or of difference.
Alternative Hypothesis
-Is considered the operational statement of the research hypothesis.
Deductive Hypothesis
based on theoryInductive
Hypothesisbased on observations
ExamplesProblem: What intellectual and non-intellectual
student characteristic can predict academic achievement?
Hypothesis: Environmental conditions in the
home and scholastic aptitude are predictors of physics achievement.
Null Hypothesis (H0): Environmental conditions in the
home and scholastic aptitude are not significant predictors of physics achievement.
INDIVIDUAL ACTIVITYWork on at least five (5) problems for investigation;
Create the title for each problem;
Make the null and alternative hypothesis for each title.
Web sites for Science Project Ideaswww.scienceproject.com/index.asphttp://school.discovery.com/sciencefaircentral/ind
ex.htmlwww.sciencenews.orgwww.sciencedaily.comhttp://whyfiles.orgwww.isd77.k12.mn.us/resources/cf/welcome.htmlwww.exploratorium.orgwww.spartechsoftware.com/reekowww.sci-journal org/index.phphttp://www.madsci.org
READ! READ! AND READ!By: esabangan