Research ArticleImpact of Urbanization and Land-Use Change onSurface Climate in Middle and Lower Reaches ofthe Yangtze River 1988ndash2008

Xiaowei Yao12 Zhanqi Wang1 and Hua Wang2

1School of Public Administration China University of Geosciences Wuhan 430074 China2Faculty of Earth Resources China University of Geosciences Wuhan 430074 China

Correspondence should be addressed to Zhanqi Wang zhqwangcugeducn

Received 17 September 2014 Revised 12 January 2015 Accepted 20 January 2015

Academic Editor R B Singh

Copyright copy 2015 Xiaowei Yao et al This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution Licensewhich permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited

Land-useland cover change (LUCC) is one of the fundamental causes of global environmental change In recent yearsunderstanding the regional climate impact of LUCC has become a hot-discussed topic worldwide Some studies have exploredLUCC impact on regional climate in specific cities provinces or farming areas However the quick-urbanized areas which arehighly influenced by human activities have the most severe land-use changes in developing countries and their climatic impactcannot be ignored This study aims to identify the impact of land-use change coupled with urbanization on regional temperatureand precipitation in the metropolitan areas of middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in China by means of spatial analysisand numeric methods Based on the exploration of land-use change and climate change during 1988ndash2008 the impact of land-use transition from non-built-up area to built-up area on temperature and precipitation was analyzed The results indicated thatthe land-use conversion has affected the regional temperature with an increasing effect in the study area while the influence onprecipitation was not so significant The results can provide useful information for spatial planning policies in consideration ofregional climate change

1 Introduction

It is widely recognized that land-usecover change (LUCC) atlocal regional and global scales is one of the crucial drivingfactors of global climate change [1 2] According to the fourthassessment report of Intergovernmental Panel on ClimateChange (IPCC) in 2007 human activities such as urbaniza-tion and agriculture accounted for 90 of global warming[3]This has been of great concern because innumerable con-sequent changeswere produced on the earth Some importantresearches showed that human-induced LUCC was one ofthe key factors which influence the regional climate [4ndash8]LUCC exerts influences on the local and regional climatesystems via biogeochemical and biogeophysical feedbackmechanisms [9 10] The biogeochemical impact of land-usechange on the climate is produced by changing atmosphericconcentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs) In this way offeedback mechanism LUCC mainly changes the carbon and

nutrient cycling in the terrestrial ecosystem and affects theGHGs and aerosol exchange between surface and atmosphere[11] The GHGs from agricultural land-uses for instance areestimated to account for 10ndash20 of the total global anthro-pogenic emissions which has raised a wide range of concernabout LUCC impact on climate change [12] Besides land-use change also plays an important role in climatic systembymeans of biogeophyisical effectsThe biogeophyisical feed-back mechanism basically manifests the changes of physicalfeatures of the earthrsquos surface such as roughness surfacealbedo soil moisture and vegetation coverage and structurewhich influence the radiation heat and moisture exchangeprocess between the surface and the atmosphere [13] Theseeffects directly result in the changes of surface temperaturehumidity wind speed and precipitation accordingly bring-ing more complex climate at large scales [14 15] As the directindicators of biogeophyisical feedback mechanism land sur-face temperature and precipitation are useful observational

Hindawi Publishing CorporationAdvances in MeteorologyVolume 2015 Article ID 395094 10 pageshttpdxdoiorg1011552015395094

2 Advances in Meteorology

evidence so that they are widely applied to measure theclimate changes [16ndash19] And the land-use change data alsoproduces great effect in the climate change assessment

As an important source of considerable human activitiesurbanization causes changes of the land-usecover over theurban areas [20] Many experiments have been conducted tounderstand that there is close relationship between urbaniza-tion and climate change [21]The research by Kalnay and Caifor instance suggested that half of the observed decrease indiurnal temperature range is due to urban and other land-use changes [6] Zhang et al [22] simulated the influenceof urbanization on climate in the Yangtze River Delta bythe application of weather research and forecasting (WRF)model and found out that the conversion of rural land (mostlyirrigated cropland) to urban land cover results in significantchanges to the near-surface temperature humidity windspeed and precipitation Observations by Liao et al [23]revealed that by utilizing WRFChem model and MODISdata intensive building clusters in mega cities in the YangtzeRiver Delta form the urban canopy layers and modify thesurface energy budgets and surface roughness which changethermal and dynamic characteristics of the surface layerBoth simulative and numerical analysis suggest that urbangrowth-driven land-use change significantly influences thesurface heat balance exchange of water vapor and momen-tum between the atmosphere and the surface layer andconsequently results in the changes of regional weatherespecially the rainfalls [24ndash27] But arguments on the effectsof urban development on large-scale warming climate stillexist [28] At local scales a lot of researches have beenimplemented focusing on urban heat island (UHI) which isa widely concerned issue [29] Case studies by observationsand remote sensing images such as Miao et al [30] and Wuet al [31] on Chinese cities and Singh et al [20] on Delhi ofIndia showed that the UHI generally took place in varioustypes of cities in different regions and the cases of extremerainfall weather got increased [32 33]

Although there have been considerable reports of currentresearches there is still much unknown about the impactof regional land-use change and urbanization on climatechange As the surface physical chemical and biologicalcharacters vary greatly across regions the climatic influencesof urbanization and land-use change vary correspondingly[14] Due to the lack of data and knowledge it has beenwidelyrecognized that this issue is of great importance for furtherexploration and discussion [34]

Since the overall economic reforms in the mid-1980sChina has experienced unprecedented urbanization Cities inChina started to face increasing climate risks [35 36] Themiddle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River are one of themost developed regions across the country Tens of big andmedium sized cities are located along or near the YangtzeRiver which are interconnected to consist of a considerableldquoYangtze River Economic Beltrdquo in the eastern and centralChina There have been studies on the impact of LUCCon regional climate [22 23 37] in some specific cities likeWuhan [31] and specific provinces like Jiangxi [38] Howeversome physical characteristics such as elevation latitude orlandforms may be ignored when investigating a specific city

or province In this study we selected the metropolitan areasalong the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River asthe study area The research would be of great significancebecause on one hand it could provide regional comparisonanalysis of climate changes resulting from land-use changeson the other it could be a guide to alleviating the climaticrisks in the rapid urbanization process

2 Data and Methodology

21 Study Area The metropolitan area in the middle andlower reaches of the Yangtze River is located in 110∘151015840 sim123∘251015840E 26∘031015840sim33∘251015840N with a total area of 482 times 105 km2It stretches across seven provincial regions from west to eastcovering the central and east ofHubei the northeast ofHunanthe north of Jiangxi the central and south of Anhui the southof Jiangsu the north of Zhejiang and entire Shanghai In thisregion there are tens of big cities such as Yichang YueyangNanchang Hefei Nanjing Suzhou andHangzhou involvingWuhan metropolitan Changsha metropolitan Poyang Lakemetropolitan Yangtze-side metropolitan Region of Anhuiand Yangtze River Delta metropolitan (Figure 1)

Mainly located in the Yangtze Plain with part of SouthYangtze hills at this latitude this area belongs to subtropicalmonsoon climate and subtropical moist monsoon climateregion Owing to moderate rainfall and sunlight and withabundant amount of water resources it is a fertile regionwhich is famous for rice cultivation and fishery It is animportant grain producing area in China that plays a keyrole in the national agricultural industry In addition withthe obvious locational superiority and favorable industrialand commercial basis it is also one of the most dynamiceconomic regions across the country Demographically theproportion of urban population to permanent populationin the study area also increased at an unprecedented speedsince it rose from 198 in 1990 to 389 in 2000and then to493 in 2008 in the seven provinces according to the officialstatistical data launched by National Bureau of Statistics ofChina and the involved provinces At the same time theregional land-use has changed severely According to theland-use data extracted from remote sensing images the totalarea of cultivated landwas 215913 km2 in the late 1980s whichdecreased by 13292 km2 to 202621 km2 in the year of 2008In contrast the amount of built-up area grew significantlyfrom 19135 km2 to 30008 km2 during this period which wasalmost 568more than that in the year of 1988 Except for thewater bodies increasing from 36654 km2 to 38528 km2 during1988ndash2008 the areas of forestry grassland and unused areaall slightly decreased Consequently it is of great significanceto explore the changes of built-up area and their influence onregional climate

22 Data and Methods The data used in this paper was col-lected from the data center of Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS) It mainly included land-use data and meteorologicaldata of the study area

Land-use data was extracted from the Chinese subset ofthe Global Land Cover Characteristics database The datasetis on the basis of land-use maps at the scale of 1 100 000

Advances in Meteorology 3

0 20001000(km)

0 400200(km)

Cultivated landForestryGrassland

Water bodiesBuilt-up areaUnused land

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

124∘E

34∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

26∘N

26∘N

60∘E 80

∘E 100∘E 120

∘E

80∘E 100

∘E 120∘E

140∘E

50∘N

40∘N

30∘N

20∘N

50∘N

40∘N

30∘N

20∘N

Figure 1 Location of the study area and the land cover 2008

using the classification system of 6 classes of first level and25 classes of second level which relied on interpretationof Landsat TM imagery and ground survey of 2000 withhigh level of accuracy (about 987 of the average degree ofinterpretation accuracy and 976 of comparing the changingpatches of land-use between two periods) [39] The land-usedata involved in this study was originally generated with 1 kmgrid scale in the years of 1988 1995 2000 2005 and 2008withAlbers projection which is believed to be an effective kind ofdata that can provide sufficient information for the regionalland-use change monitoring [40]

The meteorological data during 1988ndash2008 was col-lected from meteorological stations of China Meteorologi-cal Administration including the annual near-surface tem-perature and annual average precipitation Based on theobservational data acquired from the 756 observation sta-tions distributed across Chinarsquos mainland (Figure 2) the 3-year average data was calculated to represent the tempera-tureprecipitation in the specific time points including 19881995 2000 2005 and 2008 Then the observational datawere interpolated into 1 km resolution grid data with KrigingInterpolation algorithm and were uniformly projected withAlbers projection so that they could be spatiallymatchedwithland-use change data During interpolation with temperaturedata terrain conditions of the study area were taken into con-sideration Therefore the temperature data was first adjustedto the sea level After interpolation the digital elevationmodel (DEM) was applied to correct the data by 06∘C per100m in height

In order to explore the climatic impact of land-use changeduring the fast urbanization process the land-use conversionmatrix was first applied to calculate the total amount ofconversion from non-built-up area to built-up area in eachperiod of time It is a fundamental tool in analysis of land-use change [41] The conversion matrix was simplified herebecause only the changes from non-built-up area to built-uparea were discussed in this paper (Table 1)

After the land-use conversions and the changes of tem-perature and precipitation during the study period were eval-uated by gird on the ArcINFO platform numerical analysis

Table 1 Land-use conversion matrix for non-built-up area to built-up area

1198791

CU FO GR WA UN

1198792 BU 119878CU2BU 119878FO2BU 119878GR2BU 119878WA2BU 119878UN2BU

119875CU2BU 119875FO2BU 119875GR2BU 119875WA2BU 119875UN2BU

Note CU FO GR WA UN and BU refer to cultivated land forestrygrassland water bodies unused land and built-up area respectively 119878 and 119875refer to the area and proportion of conversion from each land cover to built-up area respectively during1198791 to1198792Hence 119878CU2BU represents the amountof conversion from cultivated land to built-up area during the time1198791 to1198792and119875CU2BU refers to the conversion rate from cultivated land to built-up areaduring the time 1198791 to 1198792 and so on which is calculated with the followingequation 119875CU2BU = (119878CU2BU minus 119878CU)119878CU times 100

was applied to examine their relationship The parameterof 119864 could be used to describe the responses of climatechanges to the land-use conversion For each type of land-useconversion consider the following

119864

119905=

sum

119898

1

Δ119868

119905

119872

119864

119901=

sum

119899

1

Δ119868

119901

119873

(1)

where 119864 refers to the effects of land-use conversion to built-up area on temperature and precipitation 119905 and 119901 refer totemperature and precipitation respectivelyΔ119868 represents thechanges of the temperatureprecipitation where conversionfrom non-built-up area to built-up area occurred 119898 and 119899mean the number of temperatureprecipitation that changedand119872 and 119873 are the total amount of each land-use conver-sion type

The research diagram for data handling and analysis isshown in Figure 3

4 Advances in Meteorology

Yichun

Yichang

Fuzhou

ShangraoJiujiang

Anqing

Changde Yueyang

Yiyang

Hangzhou

Jingzhou

Chuzhou

HuanggangJingmen

Hefei

Chaohu

Changsha

Wuhan Ningbo

Suzhou

Xuancheng

Xianning

Nantong

ChizhouHuangshan Shaoxing

Huzhou

Nanchang

Zhuzhou

Xiaogan

WuxiNanjing

TaizhouYangzhou

Shanghai

Xiangtan

JiaxingWuhu

Xinyu

HuangshiJingdezhen

Yingtan

Changzhou

Zhenjiang

Pingxiang

EzhouTianmenQianjiang Xiantao

TonglingZhoushan

0 400200(km)

Meteorological stationsAdministrative boundaries

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

26∘N

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

124∘E

34∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

26∘N

MarsquoanshanLursquoan

Figure 2 Distribution of the meteorological stations used for interpolation within and around the study area

Table 2 Land-use conversion from non-built-up to built-up area 1988ndash2008 (area unit ten thousand hectares)

Periodland-use conversion CU2BU FO2BU GR2BU WA2BU UN2BU

1988ndash1995 AreaProportion

14762684

1612084

165102

1208330

030147

1995ndash2000 AreaProportion

13427633

1253065

085052

770212

013066

2000ndash2005 AreaProportion

16113762

1862097

181112

1140304

018088

2005ndash2008 AreaProportion

17091828

2671139

248154

1909493

037211

Note the data was calculated according to land-use conversion matrix introduced in Table 1

3 Results and Discussion

31 Spatiotemporal Changes of Built-Up Area Expansion dur-ing 1988ndash2008 According to the land cover data the amountof built-up areas and the conversion from other land covertypes could be calculated The overall area of built-up areasin the metropolitans of the middle and lower reaches ofthe Yangtze River grew from 19135 km2 to 30008 km2 It canobviously be seen that the main conversion type to built-uparea in the region was the conversion from cultivated land(Table 2)

Temporally despite the areas of land cover conversionfluctuating in 1995ndash2005 the annual conversions of each type

in the four periods were speeding significantly except for theconversion of grassland water bodies and unused land in1995ndash2000The years of 2005ndash2008 were themost prominenttime that built-up area expanded while occupying other fiveland covers During these three years about 828 of thecultivated land and 493 of the water bodies were lost andthe proportion of built-up area increased from 564 in 2005to 624 in 2008 In the year of 1988 however the percentageof the built-up area was just 397 (Figure 4)

Spatially most of the built-up areas were distributed in azigzag manner along with the Yangtze River with Shanghaimetropolitan as the center (Figure 5) Another part of thebuilt-up areas was located in the south of the Yangtze River

Advances in Meteorology 5

Effect of land-use conversion on surface climate

Conversion of built-up area Changes of surface climate

Land-use conversion matrix

Kriging interpolation

Numerical analysis

Spatial overlaying

Changes of surface climate response to built-up area expansion

Land-use data Surface climate data

Figure 3 Research diagram for data handling and analysis

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

Cultivatedland

Forestry Grassland Waterbodies

Built-uparea

Unusedland

Are

as

(ten

thou

sand

hec

tare

s)

198819952000

20052008

Figure 4 Structures of land-use in the middle and lower reaches ofthe Yangtze River 1988ndash2008

with Changsha and Nanchang as the centers By dividingthe study area into two parts including the middle reachesmetropolitan region and the lower reaches metropolitanregion we could make out that approximately 64 of land-use conversionswere found in the lower reachesmetropolitanregion even though the area accounted for about 42 of theoverall region In the middle reaches metropolitan regionthe average proportion of cultivated land conversion in thetotal conversion types was 728 followed by 168 offorestry conversion and about 9 of water bodies conversionrespectively whose trends were on the rolling rise In thelower reaches metropolitan region the average proportionof cultivated land conversion in the total conversion typesdominated in 883 with a descending trend since 2000Theratios of conversion fromwater bodies and forestry were bothabout 5 before 2005 but with a slight increasing trend toover 7 during 2005ndash2008

32 Spatiotemporal Changes of the Regional Climates during1988ndash2008 Generally there were distinct changes in annualaverage temperature and precipitation in the metropolitans

Built-up area in 1988Growth of built-up area 1988ndash2008

0 400200(km)

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

124∘E

34∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

26∘N

26∘N

Figure 5 Distribution of built-up area 1988ndash2008

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

120

130

140

150

1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008

(mm

)

(∘C)

Annual precipitation (mm)Maximal precipitation (mm) Minimal precipitation (mm)Annual temperature (∘C)

Figure 6 Temporal changes of temperature and precipitation in thestudy area 1988ndash2008

of middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River from 1988to 2008 The temperature showed an increasing trend influctuations in the study area with the average temperaturerising from 133∘C in 1988 to 141∘C in 2008 (Figure 6)Most ofthe regions had an increase of the annual temperature excepta tiny part of the hilly areas such as the north of Yichangand the south of Zhuzhou having a slight decrease of 0ndash15∘C The maximal rise of temperature that almost reached67∘C took place in the Hangzhou metropolitan the westpart of Yichang in Hubei Province and the southeast cornerof Shangrao in Jiangxi Province Besides the temperaturebasically increased 24ndash49∘C in the majority of other partsof the region including Shanghai Nanjing Wuhan andChangsha metropolitans (Figure 7(a))

At the same time the annual precipitation in the studyarea did not show a significant rising or descending trend(Figure 6) The peak with 17137mm appeared in the year of2002 and then the amount of rainfall fluctuated at a relativelylower level from 2003 to 2008 In addition the changes ofprecipitation varied greatly across the area On one sidethe rainfalls showed a rising trend in the majority part ofthe region with the maximum increase of 767mm in thenorth-central part of Huangshan On the other side they

6 Advances in Meteorology

0 400200(km)

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

124∘E

34∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

26∘N

Temperature (∘C)High 67Low minus15

(a)

0 400200(km)

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

124∘E

34∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

26∘N

Precipitation (mm)High 767Low minus348

(b)

Figure 7 Changes in spatial distribution of annual average temperature (a) and precipitation (b) in the middle and lower reaches of theYangtze River 1988ndash2008

showed a downward variation in the north part of Hunanthe southeast of Hubei the southwest of Anhui the eastof Jiangxi and east areas of Hangzhou with the maximaldecrease of 348mm According to the results mentionedabove it can be concluded that the process of urbanizationin this region has affected the regional climate to a certainextent (Figure 7(b))

33 Effects of Land-Use Conversion on Temperature andPrecipitation We overlaid the built-up area growth mapswith the climate change maps and the variations of theclimate responses to the land-use change showed significantdifferences in spatial distribution (Figure 8) Most of themetropolitan areas including the interior of Jianghan PlainWuhan Changsha Nanchang Hefei and the Yangtze RiverDelta Region got warmer in 1995 than in 1988 while a massof cultivated land surrounding these cities and towns waslost due to urbanization Part of the nearby water bodiesespecially in Wuhan and so forth was also turned to built-up area When the trends of built-up area expansion andcultivated land loss kept going on for the next over 10 yearsthe changes of the temperature varied across the regionThe urbanized areas with upward temperatures were notas concentrated as they were in the late 1980s besidesfluctuations with downward temperatures occurred in someof the metropolitans such as Shanghai (Figures 8(a) 8(b)8(c) and 8(d))

The precipitation in spatial distribution significanceacross the region was not very obvious compared to thematch of temperature with land-use change The amounts ofrainfall increased around Shanghai but decreased in Nanjingand Hefei metropolitans in 1988ndash1995 Another typical fluc-tuation was found in Nanchang metropolitan the north ofJiangxiThe precipitation in this region went up in 1988ndash1995

and 2000ndash2005 but sharply cut down in 1995ndash2000 and 2005ndash2008 (Figures 8(e) 8(f) 8(g) and 8(h))

The calculation results of119864 showed the relativity of urban-izing land-use change with regional climate which matchedthe spatial layout analysis above (Figure 8) During the fourtime periods the changes of regional average temperaturewere basically in accordance with the impact of other fourtypes of conversion especially with the grassland conversionand forestry conversion except that of unused land turningto built-up areas but the influence of the conversions gotsmaller (Figure 9(a)) These observations indicated that eachtype of conversion from non-built-up to built-up area had apositive influence on temperature changes Aswehave knownthatwhen land-use cover such as natural vegetation and cropsis replaced with the nonevaporating and nontranspiringbuilt-up areas surface properties such as albedo and soilmoisture generally become lower These changes may havean influence on heat and moisture exchange process betweenthe surface and atmosphere and thus result in the rise oftemperature

According to the numeric observations the land-useconversion from non-built-up to built-up areas did nothave particular significance on precipitation changes in thestudy area during 1988ndash2008 (Figure 9(b)) There were bothincrease and decrease in precipitation when the built-up areaexpanded The changing trends of rainfall almost reacted inthe opposite directions between the four periods Among thefour types of land-use change conversion from unused landto built-up area had the most severe impact on precipitationboth in positive and in negative directions during the fourperiods while conversion from cultivated land to built-upareas had the least influence on it These differences in timesequence and land conversion types indicated that thereis still uncertainty about the impact of LUCC on surfaceclimate in this region even though there is reduction inevapotranspiration due to urbanization [20]

Advances in Meteorology 7

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

124∘E

34∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

26∘N

0 400200(km)

Temperature (∘C)High 37Low minus39

(a)

0 400200(km)

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

124∘E

34∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

26∘N

Temperature (∘C)High 61Low minus17

(b)

0 400200(km)

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

124∘E

34∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

26∘N

Temperature (∘C)High 05Low minus06

(c)

0 400200(km)

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E 124

∘E

34∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

26∘N

Temperature (∘C)High 40Low minus07

(d)

0 400200(km)

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

124∘E

34∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

26∘N

Precipitation (mm)High 7071Low minus1301

(e)

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

124∘E

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

26∘N

Precipitation (mm)High 5285Low minus7189

0 400200(km)

34∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

(f)

Figure 8 Continued

8 Advances in Meteorology

0 400200(km)

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

124∘E

34∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

26∘N

Precipitation (mm)High 4911Low minus5924

(g)

0 400200(km)

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

124∘E

34∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

26∘N

Precipitation (mm)High 6705Low minus7658

(h)

Figure 8 Variations of the temperature and precipitation response to land-use conversion from non-built-up to built-up area in periods1988ndash1995 (a e) 1995ndash2000 (b f) 2000ndash2005 (c g) and 2005ndash2008 (d h)

000

025

050

CU2BU FO2BUGR2BU WA2BUUN2BU Temperature changes

(∘C)

1988ndash1995 1995ndash2000 2000ndash2005 2005ndash2008

(a)

00

200

400

CU2BU

FO2BUGR2BUWA2BUUN2BU

(mm

)

1988ndash1995 1995ndash2000 2000ndash2005 2005ndash2008

minus200

minus400

(b)

Figure 9 Changes of temperature (a) and precipitation (b) upon land-use conversions from non-built-up to built-up area

4 Conclusions

In this paper the impact of the land-use conversion fromnon-built-up areas to built-up areas on surface temperatureand precipitation in the middle and lower reaches of theYangtze River during 1988ndash2008 was examined by using spa-tial and numeric analysisThe results showed that conversionfrom cultivated land to built-up area was the most importanttype of land-use change in the region under the rapidurbanization process which was recognized as ldquourbanizationof landrdquo and concentrated much of focuses from academiaThe loss of water bodies was another important source thatmade the growth of built-ups

The numeric results indicated that the transitions fromnon-built-up areas to built-up areas had positive relationshipwith the rising trend of regional temperature in the studyarea but the effects of different conversion types in differentperiodswere varied obviously All the conversion types exceptthe unused land transition have very similar impact on thechanges of temperature Within the 20-year time period

the upward and downward changing trend of regional tem-perature was quite in accordance with that where grasslandand forestry were changed to built-up areas These trendswere increasing first and then went down significantly Thechange of regional climate slightly went up from 028∘C in1988ndash1995 to 03∘C in 1995ndash2000 but both the warmingeffects of conversion from cultivated land and from waterbodies on temperature change decreased steadily in thisperiod of time which kept on going downwards significantlyto the bottom of 005∘C during 2005ndash2008 As to the regionalprecipitation the results did not show much significantimpact of land-use conversions from non-built-up areas tobuilt-up areas even though there were some researches thatindicate it could result in either increasing or decreasing effecton precipitation [27 42]

Generally we have only focused on the physical climaticimpact of transition from non-built-up to built-up areas inthe urbanized area of the middle and lower reaches of theYangtze River in this paperThe land-use change of transitionfrom non-built-up to built-up areas influences the regional

Advances in Meteorology 9

temperature mainly by altering the land surface net radiationand latent heat flux The results are of great value for thestate governments to guide land resource distribution andurbanization policies that respond to the regional climatechanges

Although the precipitation effect was also under con-sideration in this research either the positive or negativeinfluence was observed probably due to the limited annualstatistical data or the numeric methods involved Howevertrapped by the limitations and the uncertainties of fullunderstanding of the procedure mechanisms the regionalclimate change is a very complicated process and there aremany other factors that may take effect As a consequence itis a rather challenging goal to assess and quantize the climaticeffects of land-use change since various biogeophysical andbiogeochemical processes interact or even offset each otheron the climate change [43] Besides the lack of forecastingclimate changes in future under the land-use change wasanother inadequacy of the research And the explorationswould be more notable if the simulation was added bysocioeconomic indicators such as population and industries

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

This research was cosupported by National Natural ScienceFoundation of China (Grant no 41101535) China PostdoctoralScience Foundation funded project (Grant no 2012M521503)and Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Univer-sities China University of Geosciences (Wuhan) (Grantno CUG120861) The authors also wanted to thank ChinaNational Natural Science Funds for Distinguished YoungScholar (Grant no 71225005) for data support

References

[1] J A Foley R Defries G P Asner et al ldquoGlobal consequencesof land userdquo Science vol 309 no 5734 pp 570ndash574 2005

[2] R A Pielke ldquoLand use and climate changerdquo Science vol 310 no5754 pp 1625ndash1626 2005

[3] R Pachauri and A Reisinger IPCC Fourth Assessment ReportIPCC Geneva Switzerland 2007

[4] G B Bonan ldquoEffects of land use on the climate of the UnitedStatesrdquo Climatic Change vol 37 no 3 pp 449ndash486 1997

[5] C M Taylor E F Lambin N Stephenne R J Harding and RL H Essery ldquoThe influence of land use change on climate in theSahelrdquo Journal of Climate vol 15 no 24 pp 3615ndash3629 2002

[6] E Kalnay and M Cai ldquoImpact of urbanization and land-usechange on climaterdquoNature vol 423 no 6939 pp 528ndash531 2003

[7] M Cai and E Kalnay ldquoClimate impact of land-use change onclimaterdquo Nature vol 427 no 6971 p 214 2004

[8] H Paeth K Born R Girmes R Podzun and D JacobldquoRegional climate change in tropical and Northern Africa dueto greenhouse forcing and land use changesrdquo Journal of Climatevol 22 no 1 pp 114ndash132 2009

[9] L Jiang E J Ma and X Z Deng ldquoImpacts of irrigation on theheat fluxes and near-surface temperature in an inland irrigationarea of Northern Chinardquo Energies vol 7 no 3 pp 1300ndash13172014

[10] P J Lawrence J J Feddema G B Bonan et al ldquoSimulatingthe biogeochemical and biogeophysical impacts of transientland cover change and wood harvest in the community climatesystem model (CCSM4) from 1850 to 2100rdquo Journal of Climatevol 25 no 9 pp 3071ndash3095 2012

[11] K L Findell E Shevliakova P C D Milly and R J StoufferldquoModeled impact of anthropogenic land cover change onclimaterdquo Journal of Climate vol 20 no 14 pp 3621ndash3634 2007

[12] P H Verburg K Neumann and L Nol ldquoChallenges in usingland use and land cover data for global change studiesrdquo GlobalChange Biology vol 17 no 2 pp 974ndash989 2011

[13] P J Grutzen and M O Andreae ldquoBiomass burning in thetropics impact on atmospheric chemistry and biogeochemicalcyclesrdquo Science vol 250 no 4988 pp 1669ndash1678 1990

[14] X Deng C Zhao and H Yan ldquoSystematic modeling of impactsof land use and land cover changes on regional climate areviewrdquo Advances in Meteorology vol 2013 Article ID 31767811 pages 2013

[15] X Deng C Zhao Y Lin et al ldquoDownscaling the impactsof large-scale LUCC on surface temperature along with IPCCRCPs a global perspectiverdquoEnergies vol 7 no 4 pp 2720ndash27392014

[16] F Wang and Q S Ge ldquoEstimation of urbanization bias inobserved surface temperature change in China from 1980 to2009 using satellite land-use datardquo Chinese Science Bulletin vol57 no 14 pp 1708ndash1715 2012

[17] H Y Ding and W Z Shi ldquoLand-useland-cover change and itsinfluence on surface temperature a case study in Beijing CityrdquoInternational Journal of Remote Sensing vol 34 no 15 pp 5503ndash5517 2013

[18] W Junkermann J Hacker T Lyons and U Nair ldquoLand usechange suppresses precipitationrdquo Atmospheric Chemistry andPhysics vol 9 no 17 pp 6531ndash6539 2009

[19] A T Woldemichael F Hossain and R Pielke Sr ldquoImpactsof postdam land useland cover changes on modification ofextreme precipitation in contrasting hydroclimate and terrainfeaturesrdquo Journal of Hydrometeorology vol 15 no 2 pp 777ndash800 2014

[20] R B Singh A Grover and J Y Zhan ldquoInter-seasonal variationsof surface temperature in the urbanized environment of Delhiusing landsat thermal datardquo Energies vol 7 no 3 pp 1811ndash18282014

[21] R B Singh and C Shi ldquoAdvances in observation and estima-tion of land use impacts on climate changes improved dataupgraded models and case studiesrdquo Advances in Meteorologyvol 2014 Article ID 748169 14 pages 2014

[22] N Zhang Z Q Gao X M Wang and Y Chen ldquoModelingthe impact of urbanization on the local and regional climate inYangtze River Delta Chinardquo Theoretical and Applied Climatol-ogy vol 102 no 3-4 pp 331ndash342 2010

[23] J B Liao T J Wang X M Wang et al ldquoImpacts of differenturban canopy schemes in WRFChem on regional climate andair quality inYangtzeRiverDelta ChinardquoAtmospheric Researchvol 145-146 pp 226ndash243 2014

[24] H C Wan Z Zhong X Q Yang and X Q Li ldquoImpact of citybelt in Yangtze River Delta in China on a precipitation processin summer a case studyrdquoAtmospheric Research vol 125-126 pp63ndash75 2013

10 Advances in Meteorology

[25] A Pathirana H B DenekewWVeerbeek C Zevenbergen andA T Banda ldquoImpact of urban growth-driven landuse change onmicroclimate and extreme precipitationmdasha sensitivity studyrdquoAtmospheric Research vol 138 pp 59ndash72 2014

[26] R A Memon D Y C Leung and C-H Liu ldquoAn investigationof urban heat island intensity (UHII) as an indicator of urbanheatingrdquoAtmospheric Research vol 94 no 3 pp 491ndash500 2009

[27] C-Y Lin W-C Chen S C Liu Y A Liou G R Liu and TH Lin ldquoNumerical study of the impact of urbanization on theprecipitation over Taiwanrdquo Atmospheric Environment vol 42no 13 pp 2934ndash2947 2008

[28] D E Parker ldquoA demonstration that large-scale warming is noturbanrdquo Journal of Climate vol 19 no 12 pp 2882ndash2895 2006

[29] A J Arnfield ldquoTwo decades of urban climate research a reviewof turbulence exchanges of energy and water and the urbanheat islandrdquo International Journal of Climatology vol 23 no 1pp 1ndash26 2003

[30] S GMiao F ChenMA LeMoneM Tewari Q C Li andY CWang ldquoAn observational and modeling study of characteristicsof urban heat island and boundary layer structures in BeijingrdquoJournal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology vol 48 no 3pp 484ndash501 2009

[31] H Wu L-P Ye W-Z Shi and K C Clarke ldquoAssessing theeffects of land use spatial structure on urban heat islands usingHJ-1B remote sensing imagery in Wuhan Chinardquo InternationalJournal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation vol32 pp 67ndash78 2014

[32] R K Kaufmann K C Seto A Schneider Z Liu L Zhou andWWang ldquoClimate response to rapid urban growth evidence ofa human-induced precipitation deficitrdquo Journal of Climate vol20 no 10 pp 2299ndash2306 2007

[33] Y-Z Cao SWang G Zhang J Luo and S Lu ldquoChemical char-acteristics of wet precipitation at an urban site of GuangzhouSouth ChinardquoAtmospheric Research vol 94 no 3 pp 462ndash4692009

[34] J J Feddema KW Oleson G B Bonan et al ldquoThe importanceof land-cover change in simulating future climatesrdquo Science vol310 no 5754 pp 1674ndash1678 2005

[35] X Deng J Huang S Rozelle and E Uchida ldquoGrowth popula-tion and industrialization and urban land expansion of ChinardquoJournal of Urban Economics vol 63 no 1 pp 96ndash115 2008

[36] X Deng and X Bai ldquoSustainable urbanization in WesternChinardquo Environment vol 56 no 3 pp 12ndash24 2014

[37] C Gu L Hu X Zhang X Wang and J Guo ldquoClimatechange and urbanization in the Yangtze River Deltardquo HabitatInternational vol 35 no 4 pp 544ndash552 2011

[38] Q Wang D Riemann S Vogt and R Glaser ldquoImpacts of landcover changes on climate trends in Jiangxi province ChinardquoInternational Journal of Biometeorology vol 58 no 5 pp 645ndash660 2014

[39] M Li J Wu and X Deng ldquoIdentifying drivers of land usechange in China a spatial multinomial logit model analysisrdquoLand Economics vol 89 no 4 pp 632ndash654 2013

[40] Z H Li X Z Deng J K Huang and R R Zhang ldquoCriticalstudies on integrating land-use induced effects on climateregulation services into impact assessment for human well-beingrdquo Advances in Meteorology vol 2013 Article ID 83125014 pages 2013

[41] T Takada A Miyamoto and S F Hasegawa ldquoDerivation of ayearly transition probability matrix for land-use dynamics andits applicationsrdquo Landscape Ecology vol 25 no 4 pp 561ndash5722010

[42] Y Lin A Liu E Ma X Li and Q Shi ldquoImpacts of future urbanexpansion on regional climate in the Northeast megalopolisUSArdquo Advances in Meteorology vol 2013 Article ID 362925 10pages 2013

[43] R A Pielke Sr G Marland R A Betts et al ldquoThe influence ofland-use change and landscape dynamics on the climate systemRelevance to climate-change policy beyond the radiative effectof greenhouse gasesrdquo Philosophical Transactions of the RoyalSociety A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences vol360 no 1797 pp 1705ndash1719 2002

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

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Applied ampEnvironmentalSoil Science

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OceanographyInternational Journal of

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Journal of Computational Environmental SciencesHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

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GeochemistryHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

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Atmospheric SciencesInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

OceanographyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Advances in

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MineralogyInternational Journal of

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Paleontology JournalHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

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Geological ResearchJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Geology Advances in

2 Advances in Meteorology

evidence so that they are widely applied to measure theclimate changes [16ndash19] And the land-use change data alsoproduces great effect in the climate change assessment

As an important source of considerable human activitiesurbanization causes changes of the land-usecover over theurban areas [20] Many experiments have been conducted tounderstand that there is close relationship between urbaniza-tion and climate change [21]The research by Kalnay and Caifor instance suggested that half of the observed decrease indiurnal temperature range is due to urban and other land-use changes [6] Zhang et al [22] simulated the influenceof urbanization on climate in the Yangtze River Delta bythe application of weather research and forecasting (WRF)model and found out that the conversion of rural land (mostlyirrigated cropland) to urban land cover results in significantchanges to the near-surface temperature humidity windspeed and precipitation Observations by Liao et al [23]revealed that by utilizing WRFChem model and MODISdata intensive building clusters in mega cities in the YangtzeRiver Delta form the urban canopy layers and modify thesurface energy budgets and surface roughness which changethermal and dynamic characteristics of the surface layerBoth simulative and numerical analysis suggest that urbangrowth-driven land-use change significantly influences thesurface heat balance exchange of water vapor and momen-tum between the atmosphere and the surface layer andconsequently results in the changes of regional weatherespecially the rainfalls [24ndash27] But arguments on the effectsof urban development on large-scale warming climate stillexist [28] At local scales a lot of researches have beenimplemented focusing on urban heat island (UHI) which isa widely concerned issue [29] Case studies by observationsand remote sensing images such as Miao et al [30] and Wuet al [31] on Chinese cities and Singh et al [20] on Delhi ofIndia showed that the UHI generally took place in varioustypes of cities in different regions and the cases of extremerainfall weather got increased [32 33]

Although there have been considerable reports of currentresearches there is still much unknown about the impactof regional land-use change and urbanization on climatechange As the surface physical chemical and biologicalcharacters vary greatly across regions the climatic influencesof urbanization and land-use change vary correspondingly[14] Due to the lack of data and knowledge it has beenwidelyrecognized that this issue is of great importance for furtherexploration and discussion [34]

Since the overall economic reforms in the mid-1980sChina has experienced unprecedented urbanization Cities inChina started to face increasing climate risks [35 36] Themiddle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River are one of themost developed regions across the country Tens of big andmedium sized cities are located along or near the YangtzeRiver which are interconnected to consist of a considerableldquoYangtze River Economic Beltrdquo in the eastern and centralChina There have been studies on the impact of LUCCon regional climate [22 23 37] in some specific cities likeWuhan [31] and specific provinces like Jiangxi [38] Howeversome physical characteristics such as elevation latitude orlandforms may be ignored when investigating a specific city

or province In this study we selected the metropolitan areasalong the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River asthe study area The research would be of great significancebecause on one hand it could provide regional comparisonanalysis of climate changes resulting from land-use changeson the other it could be a guide to alleviating the climaticrisks in the rapid urbanization process

2 Data and Methodology

21 Study Area The metropolitan area in the middle andlower reaches of the Yangtze River is located in 110∘151015840 sim123∘251015840E 26∘031015840sim33∘251015840N with a total area of 482 times 105 km2It stretches across seven provincial regions from west to eastcovering the central and east ofHubei the northeast ofHunanthe north of Jiangxi the central and south of Anhui the southof Jiangsu the north of Zhejiang and entire Shanghai In thisregion there are tens of big cities such as Yichang YueyangNanchang Hefei Nanjing Suzhou andHangzhou involvingWuhan metropolitan Changsha metropolitan Poyang Lakemetropolitan Yangtze-side metropolitan Region of Anhuiand Yangtze River Delta metropolitan (Figure 1)

Mainly located in the Yangtze Plain with part of SouthYangtze hills at this latitude this area belongs to subtropicalmonsoon climate and subtropical moist monsoon climateregion Owing to moderate rainfall and sunlight and withabundant amount of water resources it is a fertile regionwhich is famous for rice cultivation and fishery It is animportant grain producing area in China that plays a keyrole in the national agricultural industry In addition withthe obvious locational superiority and favorable industrialand commercial basis it is also one of the most dynamiceconomic regions across the country Demographically theproportion of urban population to permanent populationin the study area also increased at an unprecedented speedsince it rose from 198 in 1990 to 389 in 2000and then to493 in 2008 in the seven provinces according to the officialstatistical data launched by National Bureau of Statistics ofChina and the involved provinces At the same time theregional land-use has changed severely According to theland-use data extracted from remote sensing images the totalarea of cultivated landwas 215913 km2 in the late 1980s whichdecreased by 13292 km2 to 202621 km2 in the year of 2008In contrast the amount of built-up area grew significantlyfrom 19135 km2 to 30008 km2 during this period which wasalmost 568more than that in the year of 1988 Except for thewater bodies increasing from 36654 km2 to 38528 km2 during1988ndash2008 the areas of forestry grassland and unused areaall slightly decreased Consequently it is of great significanceto explore the changes of built-up area and their influence onregional climate

22 Data and Methods The data used in this paper was col-lected from the data center of Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS) It mainly included land-use data and meteorologicaldata of the study area

Land-use data was extracted from the Chinese subset ofthe Global Land Cover Characteristics database The datasetis on the basis of land-use maps at the scale of 1 100 000

Advances in Meteorology 3

0 20001000(km)

0 400200(km)

Cultivated landForestryGrassland

Water bodiesBuilt-up areaUnused land

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

124∘E

34∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

26∘N

26∘N

60∘E 80

∘E 100∘E 120

∘E

80∘E 100

∘E 120∘E

140∘E

50∘N

40∘N

30∘N

20∘N

50∘N

40∘N

30∘N

20∘N

Figure 1 Location of the study area and the land cover 2008

using the classification system of 6 classes of first level and25 classes of second level which relied on interpretationof Landsat TM imagery and ground survey of 2000 withhigh level of accuracy (about 987 of the average degree ofinterpretation accuracy and 976 of comparing the changingpatches of land-use between two periods) [39] The land-usedata involved in this study was originally generated with 1 kmgrid scale in the years of 1988 1995 2000 2005 and 2008withAlbers projection which is believed to be an effective kind ofdata that can provide sufficient information for the regionalland-use change monitoring [40]

The meteorological data during 1988ndash2008 was col-lected from meteorological stations of China Meteorologi-cal Administration including the annual near-surface tem-perature and annual average precipitation Based on theobservational data acquired from the 756 observation sta-tions distributed across Chinarsquos mainland (Figure 2) the 3-year average data was calculated to represent the tempera-tureprecipitation in the specific time points including 19881995 2000 2005 and 2008 Then the observational datawere interpolated into 1 km resolution grid data with KrigingInterpolation algorithm and were uniformly projected withAlbers projection so that they could be spatiallymatchedwithland-use change data During interpolation with temperaturedata terrain conditions of the study area were taken into con-sideration Therefore the temperature data was first adjustedto the sea level After interpolation the digital elevationmodel (DEM) was applied to correct the data by 06∘C per100m in height

In order to explore the climatic impact of land-use changeduring the fast urbanization process the land-use conversionmatrix was first applied to calculate the total amount ofconversion from non-built-up area to built-up area in eachperiod of time It is a fundamental tool in analysis of land-use change [41] The conversion matrix was simplified herebecause only the changes from non-built-up area to built-uparea were discussed in this paper (Table 1)

After the land-use conversions and the changes of tem-perature and precipitation during the study period were eval-uated by gird on the ArcINFO platform numerical analysis

Table 1 Land-use conversion matrix for non-built-up area to built-up area

1198791

CU FO GR WA UN

1198792 BU 119878CU2BU 119878FO2BU 119878GR2BU 119878WA2BU 119878UN2BU

119875CU2BU 119875FO2BU 119875GR2BU 119875WA2BU 119875UN2BU

Note CU FO GR WA UN and BU refer to cultivated land forestrygrassland water bodies unused land and built-up area respectively 119878 and 119875refer to the area and proportion of conversion from each land cover to built-up area respectively during1198791 to1198792Hence 119878CU2BU represents the amountof conversion from cultivated land to built-up area during the time1198791 to1198792and119875CU2BU refers to the conversion rate from cultivated land to built-up areaduring the time 1198791 to 1198792 and so on which is calculated with the followingequation 119875CU2BU = (119878CU2BU minus 119878CU)119878CU times 100

was applied to examine their relationship The parameterof 119864 could be used to describe the responses of climatechanges to the land-use conversion For each type of land-useconversion consider the following

119864

119905=

sum

119898

1

Δ119868

119905

119872

119864

119901=

sum

119899

1

Δ119868

119901

119873

(1)

where 119864 refers to the effects of land-use conversion to built-up area on temperature and precipitation 119905 and 119901 refer totemperature and precipitation respectivelyΔ119868 represents thechanges of the temperatureprecipitation where conversionfrom non-built-up area to built-up area occurred 119898 and 119899mean the number of temperatureprecipitation that changedand119872 and 119873 are the total amount of each land-use conver-sion type

The research diagram for data handling and analysis isshown in Figure 3

4 Advances in Meteorology

Yichun

Yichang

Fuzhou

ShangraoJiujiang

Anqing

Changde Yueyang

Yiyang

Hangzhou

Jingzhou

Chuzhou

HuanggangJingmen

Hefei

Chaohu

Changsha

Wuhan Ningbo

Suzhou

Xuancheng

Xianning

Nantong

ChizhouHuangshan Shaoxing

Huzhou

Nanchang

Zhuzhou

Xiaogan

WuxiNanjing

TaizhouYangzhou

Shanghai

Xiangtan

JiaxingWuhu

Xinyu

HuangshiJingdezhen

Yingtan

Changzhou

Zhenjiang

Pingxiang

EzhouTianmenQianjiang Xiantao

TonglingZhoushan

0 400200(km)

Meteorological stationsAdministrative boundaries

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

26∘N

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

124∘E

34∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

26∘N

MarsquoanshanLursquoan

Figure 2 Distribution of the meteorological stations used for interpolation within and around the study area

Table 2 Land-use conversion from non-built-up to built-up area 1988ndash2008 (area unit ten thousand hectares)

Periodland-use conversion CU2BU FO2BU GR2BU WA2BU UN2BU

1988ndash1995 AreaProportion

14762684

1612084

165102

1208330

030147

1995ndash2000 AreaProportion

13427633

1253065

085052

770212

013066

2000ndash2005 AreaProportion

16113762

1862097

181112

1140304

018088

2005ndash2008 AreaProportion

17091828

2671139

248154

1909493

037211

Note the data was calculated according to land-use conversion matrix introduced in Table 1

3 Results and Discussion

31 Spatiotemporal Changes of Built-Up Area Expansion dur-ing 1988ndash2008 According to the land cover data the amountof built-up areas and the conversion from other land covertypes could be calculated The overall area of built-up areasin the metropolitans of the middle and lower reaches ofthe Yangtze River grew from 19135 km2 to 30008 km2 It canobviously be seen that the main conversion type to built-uparea in the region was the conversion from cultivated land(Table 2)

Temporally despite the areas of land cover conversionfluctuating in 1995ndash2005 the annual conversions of each type

in the four periods were speeding significantly except for theconversion of grassland water bodies and unused land in1995ndash2000The years of 2005ndash2008 were themost prominenttime that built-up area expanded while occupying other fiveland covers During these three years about 828 of thecultivated land and 493 of the water bodies were lost andthe proportion of built-up area increased from 564 in 2005to 624 in 2008 In the year of 1988 however the percentageof the built-up area was just 397 (Figure 4)

Spatially most of the built-up areas were distributed in azigzag manner along with the Yangtze River with Shanghaimetropolitan as the center (Figure 5) Another part of thebuilt-up areas was located in the south of the Yangtze River

Advances in Meteorology 5

Effect of land-use conversion on surface climate

Conversion of built-up area Changes of surface climate

Land-use conversion matrix

Kriging interpolation

Numerical analysis

Spatial overlaying

Changes of surface climate response to built-up area expansion

Land-use data Surface climate data

Figure 3 Research diagram for data handling and analysis

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

Cultivatedland

Forestry Grassland Waterbodies

Built-uparea

Unusedland

Are

as

(ten

thou

sand

hec

tare

s)

198819952000

20052008

Figure 4 Structures of land-use in the middle and lower reaches ofthe Yangtze River 1988ndash2008

with Changsha and Nanchang as the centers By dividingthe study area into two parts including the middle reachesmetropolitan region and the lower reaches metropolitanregion we could make out that approximately 64 of land-use conversionswere found in the lower reachesmetropolitanregion even though the area accounted for about 42 of theoverall region In the middle reaches metropolitan regionthe average proportion of cultivated land conversion in thetotal conversion types was 728 followed by 168 offorestry conversion and about 9 of water bodies conversionrespectively whose trends were on the rolling rise In thelower reaches metropolitan region the average proportionof cultivated land conversion in the total conversion typesdominated in 883 with a descending trend since 2000Theratios of conversion fromwater bodies and forestry were bothabout 5 before 2005 but with a slight increasing trend toover 7 during 2005ndash2008

32 Spatiotemporal Changes of the Regional Climates during1988ndash2008 Generally there were distinct changes in annualaverage temperature and precipitation in the metropolitans

Built-up area in 1988Growth of built-up area 1988ndash2008

0 400200(km)

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

124∘E

34∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

26∘N

26∘N

Figure 5 Distribution of built-up area 1988ndash2008

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

120

130

140

150

1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008

(mm

)

(∘C)

Annual precipitation (mm)Maximal precipitation (mm) Minimal precipitation (mm)Annual temperature (∘C)

Figure 6 Temporal changes of temperature and precipitation in thestudy area 1988ndash2008

of middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River from 1988to 2008 The temperature showed an increasing trend influctuations in the study area with the average temperaturerising from 133∘C in 1988 to 141∘C in 2008 (Figure 6)Most ofthe regions had an increase of the annual temperature excepta tiny part of the hilly areas such as the north of Yichangand the south of Zhuzhou having a slight decrease of 0ndash15∘C The maximal rise of temperature that almost reached67∘C took place in the Hangzhou metropolitan the westpart of Yichang in Hubei Province and the southeast cornerof Shangrao in Jiangxi Province Besides the temperaturebasically increased 24ndash49∘C in the majority of other partsof the region including Shanghai Nanjing Wuhan andChangsha metropolitans (Figure 7(a))

At the same time the annual precipitation in the studyarea did not show a significant rising or descending trend(Figure 6) The peak with 17137mm appeared in the year of2002 and then the amount of rainfall fluctuated at a relativelylower level from 2003 to 2008 In addition the changes ofprecipitation varied greatly across the area On one sidethe rainfalls showed a rising trend in the majority part ofthe region with the maximum increase of 767mm in thenorth-central part of Huangshan On the other side they

6 Advances in Meteorology

0 400200(km)

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

124∘E

34∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

26∘N

Temperature (∘C)High 67Low minus15

(a)

0 400200(km)

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

124∘E

34∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

26∘N

Precipitation (mm)High 767Low minus348

(b)

Figure 7 Changes in spatial distribution of annual average temperature (a) and precipitation (b) in the middle and lower reaches of theYangtze River 1988ndash2008

showed a downward variation in the north part of Hunanthe southeast of Hubei the southwest of Anhui the eastof Jiangxi and east areas of Hangzhou with the maximaldecrease of 348mm According to the results mentionedabove it can be concluded that the process of urbanizationin this region has affected the regional climate to a certainextent (Figure 7(b))

33 Effects of Land-Use Conversion on Temperature andPrecipitation We overlaid the built-up area growth mapswith the climate change maps and the variations of theclimate responses to the land-use change showed significantdifferences in spatial distribution (Figure 8) Most of themetropolitan areas including the interior of Jianghan PlainWuhan Changsha Nanchang Hefei and the Yangtze RiverDelta Region got warmer in 1995 than in 1988 while a massof cultivated land surrounding these cities and towns waslost due to urbanization Part of the nearby water bodiesespecially in Wuhan and so forth was also turned to built-up area When the trends of built-up area expansion andcultivated land loss kept going on for the next over 10 yearsthe changes of the temperature varied across the regionThe urbanized areas with upward temperatures were notas concentrated as they were in the late 1980s besidesfluctuations with downward temperatures occurred in someof the metropolitans such as Shanghai (Figures 8(a) 8(b)8(c) and 8(d))

The precipitation in spatial distribution significanceacross the region was not very obvious compared to thematch of temperature with land-use change The amounts ofrainfall increased around Shanghai but decreased in Nanjingand Hefei metropolitans in 1988ndash1995 Another typical fluc-tuation was found in Nanchang metropolitan the north ofJiangxiThe precipitation in this region went up in 1988ndash1995

and 2000ndash2005 but sharply cut down in 1995ndash2000 and 2005ndash2008 (Figures 8(e) 8(f) 8(g) and 8(h))

The calculation results of119864 showed the relativity of urban-izing land-use change with regional climate which matchedthe spatial layout analysis above (Figure 8) During the fourtime periods the changes of regional average temperaturewere basically in accordance with the impact of other fourtypes of conversion especially with the grassland conversionand forestry conversion except that of unused land turningto built-up areas but the influence of the conversions gotsmaller (Figure 9(a)) These observations indicated that eachtype of conversion from non-built-up to built-up area had apositive influence on temperature changes Aswehave knownthatwhen land-use cover such as natural vegetation and cropsis replaced with the nonevaporating and nontranspiringbuilt-up areas surface properties such as albedo and soilmoisture generally become lower These changes may havean influence on heat and moisture exchange process betweenthe surface and atmosphere and thus result in the rise oftemperature

According to the numeric observations the land-useconversion from non-built-up to built-up areas did nothave particular significance on precipitation changes in thestudy area during 1988ndash2008 (Figure 9(b)) There were bothincrease and decrease in precipitation when the built-up areaexpanded The changing trends of rainfall almost reacted inthe opposite directions between the four periods Among thefour types of land-use change conversion from unused landto built-up area had the most severe impact on precipitationboth in positive and in negative directions during the fourperiods while conversion from cultivated land to built-upareas had the least influence on it These differences in timesequence and land conversion types indicated that thereis still uncertainty about the impact of LUCC on surfaceclimate in this region even though there is reduction inevapotranspiration due to urbanization [20]

Advances in Meteorology 7

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

124∘E

34∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

26∘N

0 400200(km)

Temperature (∘C)High 37Low minus39

(a)

0 400200(km)

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

124∘E

34∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

26∘N

Temperature (∘C)High 61Low minus17

(b)

0 400200(km)

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

124∘E

34∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

26∘N

Temperature (∘C)High 05Low minus06

(c)

0 400200(km)

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E 124

∘E

34∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

26∘N

Temperature (∘C)High 40Low minus07

(d)

0 400200(km)

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

124∘E

34∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

26∘N

Precipitation (mm)High 7071Low minus1301

(e)

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

124∘E

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

26∘N

Precipitation (mm)High 5285Low minus7189

0 400200(km)

34∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

(f)

Figure 8 Continued

8 Advances in Meteorology

0 400200(km)

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

124∘E

34∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

26∘N

Precipitation (mm)High 4911Low minus5924

(g)

0 400200(km)

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

124∘E

34∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

26∘N

Precipitation (mm)High 6705Low minus7658

(h)

Figure 8 Variations of the temperature and precipitation response to land-use conversion from non-built-up to built-up area in periods1988ndash1995 (a e) 1995ndash2000 (b f) 2000ndash2005 (c g) and 2005ndash2008 (d h)

000

025

050

CU2BU FO2BUGR2BU WA2BUUN2BU Temperature changes

(∘C)

1988ndash1995 1995ndash2000 2000ndash2005 2005ndash2008

(a)

00

200

400

CU2BU

FO2BUGR2BUWA2BUUN2BU

(mm

)

1988ndash1995 1995ndash2000 2000ndash2005 2005ndash2008

minus200

minus400

(b)

Figure 9 Changes of temperature (a) and precipitation (b) upon land-use conversions from non-built-up to built-up area

4 Conclusions

In this paper the impact of the land-use conversion fromnon-built-up areas to built-up areas on surface temperatureand precipitation in the middle and lower reaches of theYangtze River during 1988ndash2008 was examined by using spa-tial and numeric analysisThe results showed that conversionfrom cultivated land to built-up area was the most importanttype of land-use change in the region under the rapidurbanization process which was recognized as ldquourbanizationof landrdquo and concentrated much of focuses from academiaThe loss of water bodies was another important source thatmade the growth of built-ups

The numeric results indicated that the transitions fromnon-built-up areas to built-up areas had positive relationshipwith the rising trend of regional temperature in the studyarea but the effects of different conversion types in differentperiodswere varied obviously All the conversion types exceptthe unused land transition have very similar impact on thechanges of temperature Within the 20-year time period

the upward and downward changing trend of regional tem-perature was quite in accordance with that where grasslandand forestry were changed to built-up areas These trendswere increasing first and then went down significantly Thechange of regional climate slightly went up from 028∘C in1988ndash1995 to 03∘C in 1995ndash2000 but both the warmingeffects of conversion from cultivated land and from waterbodies on temperature change decreased steadily in thisperiod of time which kept on going downwards significantlyto the bottom of 005∘C during 2005ndash2008 As to the regionalprecipitation the results did not show much significantimpact of land-use conversions from non-built-up areas tobuilt-up areas even though there were some researches thatindicate it could result in either increasing or decreasing effecton precipitation [27 42]

Generally we have only focused on the physical climaticimpact of transition from non-built-up to built-up areas inthe urbanized area of the middle and lower reaches of theYangtze River in this paperThe land-use change of transitionfrom non-built-up to built-up areas influences the regional

Advances in Meteorology 9

temperature mainly by altering the land surface net radiationand latent heat flux The results are of great value for thestate governments to guide land resource distribution andurbanization policies that respond to the regional climatechanges

Although the precipitation effect was also under con-sideration in this research either the positive or negativeinfluence was observed probably due to the limited annualstatistical data or the numeric methods involved Howevertrapped by the limitations and the uncertainties of fullunderstanding of the procedure mechanisms the regionalclimate change is a very complicated process and there aremany other factors that may take effect As a consequence itis a rather challenging goal to assess and quantize the climaticeffects of land-use change since various biogeophysical andbiogeochemical processes interact or even offset each otheron the climate change [43] Besides the lack of forecastingclimate changes in future under the land-use change wasanother inadequacy of the research And the explorationswould be more notable if the simulation was added bysocioeconomic indicators such as population and industries

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

This research was cosupported by National Natural ScienceFoundation of China (Grant no 41101535) China PostdoctoralScience Foundation funded project (Grant no 2012M521503)and Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Univer-sities China University of Geosciences (Wuhan) (Grantno CUG120861) The authors also wanted to thank ChinaNational Natural Science Funds for Distinguished YoungScholar (Grant no 71225005) for data support

References

[1] J A Foley R Defries G P Asner et al ldquoGlobal consequencesof land userdquo Science vol 309 no 5734 pp 570ndash574 2005

[2] R A Pielke ldquoLand use and climate changerdquo Science vol 310 no5754 pp 1625ndash1626 2005

[3] R Pachauri and A Reisinger IPCC Fourth Assessment ReportIPCC Geneva Switzerland 2007

[4] G B Bonan ldquoEffects of land use on the climate of the UnitedStatesrdquo Climatic Change vol 37 no 3 pp 449ndash486 1997

[5] C M Taylor E F Lambin N Stephenne R J Harding and RL H Essery ldquoThe influence of land use change on climate in theSahelrdquo Journal of Climate vol 15 no 24 pp 3615ndash3629 2002

[6] E Kalnay and M Cai ldquoImpact of urbanization and land-usechange on climaterdquoNature vol 423 no 6939 pp 528ndash531 2003

[7] M Cai and E Kalnay ldquoClimate impact of land-use change onclimaterdquo Nature vol 427 no 6971 p 214 2004

[8] H Paeth K Born R Girmes R Podzun and D JacobldquoRegional climate change in tropical and Northern Africa dueto greenhouse forcing and land use changesrdquo Journal of Climatevol 22 no 1 pp 114ndash132 2009

[9] L Jiang E J Ma and X Z Deng ldquoImpacts of irrigation on theheat fluxes and near-surface temperature in an inland irrigationarea of Northern Chinardquo Energies vol 7 no 3 pp 1300ndash13172014

[10] P J Lawrence J J Feddema G B Bonan et al ldquoSimulatingthe biogeochemical and biogeophysical impacts of transientland cover change and wood harvest in the community climatesystem model (CCSM4) from 1850 to 2100rdquo Journal of Climatevol 25 no 9 pp 3071ndash3095 2012

[11] K L Findell E Shevliakova P C D Milly and R J StoufferldquoModeled impact of anthropogenic land cover change onclimaterdquo Journal of Climate vol 20 no 14 pp 3621ndash3634 2007

[12] P H Verburg K Neumann and L Nol ldquoChallenges in usingland use and land cover data for global change studiesrdquo GlobalChange Biology vol 17 no 2 pp 974ndash989 2011

[13] P J Grutzen and M O Andreae ldquoBiomass burning in thetropics impact on atmospheric chemistry and biogeochemicalcyclesrdquo Science vol 250 no 4988 pp 1669ndash1678 1990

[14] X Deng C Zhao and H Yan ldquoSystematic modeling of impactsof land use and land cover changes on regional climate areviewrdquo Advances in Meteorology vol 2013 Article ID 31767811 pages 2013

[15] X Deng C Zhao Y Lin et al ldquoDownscaling the impactsof large-scale LUCC on surface temperature along with IPCCRCPs a global perspectiverdquoEnergies vol 7 no 4 pp 2720ndash27392014

[16] F Wang and Q S Ge ldquoEstimation of urbanization bias inobserved surface temperature change in China from 1980 to2009 using satellite land-use datardquo Chinese Science Bulletin vol57 no 14 pp 1708ndash1715 2012

[17] H Y Ding and W Z Shi ldquoLand-useland-cover change and itsinfluence on surface temperature a case study in Beijing CityrdquoInternational Journal of Remote Sensing vol 34 no 15 pp 5503ndash5517 2013

[18] W Junkermann J Hacker T Lyons and U Nair ldquoLand usechange suppresses precipitationrdquo Atmospheric Chemistry andPhysics vol 9 no 17 pp 6531ndash6539 2009

[19] A T Woldemichael F Hossain and R Pielke Sr ldquoImpactsof postdam land useland cover changes on modification ofextreme precipitation in contrasting hydroclimate and terrainfeaturesrdquo Journal of Hydrometeorology vol 15 no 2 pp 777ndash800 2014

[20] R B Singh A Grover and J Y Zhan ldquoInter-seasonal variationsof surface temperature in the urbanized environment of Delhiusing landsat thermal datardquo Energies vol 7 no 3 pp 1811ndash18282014

[21] R B Singh and C Shi ldquoAdvances in observation and estima-tion of land use impacts on climate changes improved dataupgraded models and case studiesrdquo Advances in Meteorologyvol 2014 Article ID 748169 14 pages 2014

[22] N Zhang Z Q Gao X M Wang and Y Chen ldquoModelingthe impact of urbanization on the local and regional climate inYangtze River Delta Chinardquo Theoretical and Applied Climatol-ogy vol 102 no 3-4 pp 331ndash342 2010

[23] J B Liao T J Wang X M Wang et al ldquoImpacts of differenturban canopy schemes in WRFChem on regional climate andair quality inYangtzeRiverDelta ChinardquoAtmospheric Researchvol 145-146 pp 226ndash243 2014

[24] H C Wan Z Zhong X Q Yang and X Q Li ldquoImpact of citybelt in Yangtze River Delta in China on a precipitation processin summer a case studyrdquoAtmospheric Research vol 125-126 pp63ndash75 2013

10 Advances in Meteorology

[25] A Pathirana H B DenekewWVeerbeek C Zevenbergen andA T Banda ldquoImpact of urban growth-driven landuse change onmicroclimate and extreme precipitationmdasha sensitivity studyrdquoAtmospheric Research vol 138 pp 59ndash72 2014

[26] R A Memon D Y C Leung and C-H Liu ldquoAn investigationof urban heat island intensity (UHII) as an indicator of urbanheatingrdquoAtmospheric Research vol 94 no 3 pp 491ndash500 2009

[27] C-Y Lin W-C Chen S C Liu Y A Liou G R Liu and TH Lin ldquoNumerical study of the impact of urbanization on theprecipitation over Taiwanrdquo Atmospheric Environment vol 42no 13 pp 2934ndash2947 2008

[28] D E Parker ldquoA demonstration that large-scale warming is noturbanrdquo Journal of Climate vol 19 no 12 pp 2882ndash2895 2006

[29] A J Arnfield ldquoTwo decades of urban climate research a reviewof turbulence exchanges of energy and water and the urbanheat islandrdquo International Journal of Climatology vol 23 no 1pp 1ndash26 2003

[30] S GMiao F ChenMA LeMoneM Tewari Q C Li andY CWang ldquoAn observational and modeling study of characteristicsof urban heat island and boundary layer structures in BeijingrdquoJournal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology vol 48 no 3pp 484ndash501 2009

[31] H Wu L-P Ye W-Z Shi and K C Clarke ldquoAssessing theeffects of land use spatial structure on urban heat islands usingHJ-1B remote sensing imagery in Wuhan Chinardquo InternationalJournal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation vol32 pp 67ndash78 2014

[32] R K Kaufmann K C Seto A Schneider Z Liu L Zhou andWWang ldquoClimate response to rapid urban growth evidence ofa human-induced precipitation deficitrdquo Journal of Climate vol20 no 10 pp 2299ndash2306 2007

[33] Y-Z Cao SWang G Zhang J Luo and S Lu ldquoChemical char-acteristics of wet precipitation at an urban site of GuangzhouSouth ChinardquoAtmospheric Research vol 94 no 3 pp 462ndash4692009

[34] J J Feddema KW Oleson G B Bonan et al ldquoThe importanceof land-cover change in simulating future climatesrdquo Science vol310 no 5754 pp 1674ndash1678 2005

[35] X Deng J Huang S Rozelle and E Uchida ldquoGrowth popula-tion and industrialization and urban land expansion of ChinardquoJournal of Urban Economics vol 63 no 1 pp 96ndash115 2008

[36] X Deng and X Bai ldquoSustainable urbanization in WesternChinardquo Environment vol 56 no 3 pp 12ndash24 2014

[37] C Gu L Hu X Zhang X Wang and J Guo ldquoClimatechange and urbanization in the Yangtze River Deltardquo HabitatInternational vol 35 no 4 pp 544ndash552 2011

[38] Q Wang D Riemann S Vogt and R Glaser ldquoImpacts of landcover changes on climate trends in Jiangxi province ChinardquoInternational Journal of Biometeorology vol 58 no 5 pp 645ndash660 2014

[39] M Li J Wu and X Deng ldquoIdentifying drivers of land usechange in China a spatial multinomial logit model analysisrdquoLand Economics vol 89 no 4 pp 632ndash654 2013

[40] Z H Li X Z Deng J K Huang and R R Zhang ldquoCriticalstudies on integrating land-use induced effects on climateregulation services into impact assessment for human well-beingrdquo Advances in Meteorology vol 2013 Article ID 83125014 pages 2013

[41] T Takada A Miyamoto and S F Hasegawa ldquoDerivation of ayearly transition probability matrix for land-use dynamics andits applicationsrdquo Landscape Ecology vol 25 no 4 pp 561ndash5722010

[42] Y Lin A Liu E Ma X Li and Q Shi ldquoImpacts of future urbanexpansion on regional climate in the Northeast megalopolisUSArdquo Advances in Meteorology vol 2013 Article ID 362925 10pages 2013

[43] R A Pielke Sr G Marland R A Betts et al ldquoThe influence ofland-use change and landscape dynamics on the climate systemRelevance to climate-change policy beyond the radiative effectof greenhouse gasesrdquo Philosophical Transactions of the RoyalSociety A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences vol360 no 1797 pp 1705ndash1719 2002

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

ClimatologyJournal of

EcologyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

EarthquakesJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Applied ampEnvironmentalSoil Science

Volume 2014

Mining

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Geophysics

OceanographyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of Computational Environmental SciencesHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal ofPetroleum Engineering

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

GeochemistryHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Atmospheric SciencesInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

OceanographyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Advances in

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

MineralogyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

MeteorologyAdvances in

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Paleontology JournalHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Geological ResearchJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Geology Advances in

Advances in Meteorology 3

0 20001000(km)

0 400200(km)

Cultivated landForestryGrassland

Water bodiesBuilt-up areaUnused land

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

124∘E

34∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

26∘N

26∘N

60∘E 80

∘E 100∘E 120

∘E

80∘E 100

∘E 120∘E

140∘E

50∘N

40∘N

30∘N

20∘N

50∘N

40∘N

30∘N

20∘N

Figure 1 Location of the study area and the land cover 2008

using the classification system of 6 classes of first level and25 classes of second level which relied on interpretationof Landsat TM imagery and ground survey of 2000 withhigh level of accuracy (about 987 of the average degree ofinterpretation accuracy and 976 of comparing the changingpatches of land-use between two periods) [39] The land-usedata involved in this study was originally generated with 1 kmgrid scale in the years of 1988 1995 2000 2005 and 2008withAlbers projection which is believed to be an effective kind ofdata that can provide sufficient information for the regionalland-use change monitoring [40]

The meteorological data during 1988ndash2008 was col-lected from meteorological stations of China Meteorologi-cal Administration including the annual near-surface tem-perature and annual average precipitation Based on theobservational data acquired from the 756 observation sta-tions distributed across Chinarsquos mainland (Figure 2) the 3-year average data was calculated to represent the tempera-tureprecipitation in the specific time points including 19881995 2000 2005 and 2008 Then the observational datawere interpolated into 1 km resolution grid data with KrigingInterpolation algorithm and were uniformly projected withAlbers projection so that they could be spatiallymatchedwithland-use change data During interpolation with temperaturedata terrain conditions of the study area were taken into con-sideration Therefore the temperature data was first adjustedto the sea level After interpolation the digital elevationmodel (DEM) was applied to correct the data by 06∘C per100m in height

In order to explore the climatic impact of land-use changeduring the fast urbanization process the land-use conversionmatrix was first applied to calculate the total amount ofconversion from non-built-up area to built-up area in eachperiod of time It is a fundamental tool in analysis of land-use change [41] The conversion matrix was simplified herebecause only the changes from non-built-up area to built-uparea were discussed in this paper (Table 1)

After the land-use conversions and the changes of tem-perature and precipitation during the study period were eval-uated by gird on the ArcINFO platform numerical analysis

Table 1 Land-use conversion matrix for non-built-up area to built-up area

1198791

CU FO GR WA UN

1198792 BU 119878CU2BU 119878FO2BU 119878GR2BU 119878WA2BU 119878UN2BU

119875CU2BU 119875FO2BU 119875GR2BU 119875WA2BU 119875UN2BU

Note CU FO GR WA UN and BU refer to cultivated land forestrygrassland water bodies unused land and built-up area respectively 119878 and 119875refer to the area and proportion of conversion from each land cover to built-up area respectively during1198791 to1198792Hence 119878CU2BU represents the amountof conversion from cultivated land to built-up area during the time1198791 to1198792and119875CU2BU refers to the conversion rate from cultivated land to built-up areaduring the time 1198791 to 1198792 and so on which is calculated with the followingequation 119875CU2BU = (119878CU2BU minus 119878CU)119878CU times 100

was applied to examine their relationship The parameterof 119864 could be used to describe the responses of climatechanges to the land-use conversion For each type of land-useconversion consider the following

119864

119905=

sum

119898

1

Δ119868

119905

119872

119864

119901=

sum

119899

1

Δ119868

119901

119873

(1)

where 119864 refers to the effects of land-use conversion to built-up area on temperature and precipitation 119905 and 119901 refer totemperature and precipitation respectivelyΔ119868 represents thechanges of the temperatureprecipitation where conversionfrom non-built-up area to built-up area occurred 119898 and 119899mean the number of temperatureprecipitation that changedand119872 and 119873 are the total amount of each land-use conver-sion type

The research diagram for data handling and analysis isshown in Figure 3

4 Advances in Meteorology

Yichun

Yichang

Fuzhou

ShangraoJiujiang

Anqing

Changde Yueyang

Yiyang

Hangzhou

Jingzhou

Chuzhou

HuanggangJingmen

Hefei

Chaohu

Changsha

Wuhan Ningbo

Suzhou

Xuancheng

Xianning

Nantong

ChizhouHuangshan Shaoxing

Huzhou

Nanchang

Zhuzhou

Xiaogan

WuxiNanjing

TaizhouYangzhou

Shanghai

Xiangtan

JiaxingWuhu

Xinyu

HuangshiJingdezhen

Yingtan

Changzhou

Zhenjiang

Pingxiang

EzhouTianmenQianjiang Xiantao

TonglingZhoushan

0 400200(km)

Meteorological stationsAdministrative boundaries

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

26∘N

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

124∘E

34∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

26∘N

MarsquoanshanLursquoan

Figure 2 Distribution of the meteorological stations used for interpolation within and around the study area

Table 2 Land-use conversion from non-built-up to built-up area 1988ndash2008 (area unit ten thousand hectares)

Periodland-use conversion CU2BU FO2BU GR2BU WA2BU UN2BU

1988ndash1995 AreaProportion

14762684

1612084

165102

1208330

030147

1995ndash2000 AreaProportion

13427633

1253065

085052

770212

013066

2000ndash2005 AreaProportion

16113762

1862097

181112

1140304

018088

2005ndash2008 AreaProportion

17091828

2671139

248154

1909493

037211

Note the data was calculated according to land-use conversion matrix introduced in Table 1

3 Results and Discussion

31 Spatiotemporal Changes of Built-Up Area Expansion dur-ing 1988ndash2008 According to the land cover data the amountof built-up areas and the conversion from other land covertypes could be calculated The overall area of built-up areasin the metropolitans of the middle and lower reaches ofthe Yangtze River grew from 19135 km2 to 30008 km2 It canobviously be seen that the main conversion type to built-uparea in the region was the conversion from cultivated land(Table 2)

Temporally despite the areas of land cover conversionfluctuating in 1995ndash2005 the annual conversions of each type

in the four periods were speeding significantly except for theconversion of grassland water bodies and unused land in1995ndash2000The years of 2005ndash2008 were themost prominenttime that built-up area expanded while occupying other fiveland covers During these three years about 828 of thecultivated land and 493 of the water bodies were lost andthe proportion of built-up area increased from 564 in 2005to 624 in 2008 In the year of 1988 however the percentageof the built-up area was just 397 (Figure 4)

Spatially most of the built-up areas were distributed in azigzag manner along with the Yangtze River with Shanghaimetropolitan as the center (Figure 5) Another part of thebuilt-up areas was located in the south of the Yangtze River

Advances in Meteorology 5

Effect of land-use conversion on surface climate

Conversion of built-up area Changes of surface climate

Land-use conversion matrix

Kriging interpolation

Numerical analysis

Spatial overlaying

Changes of surface climate response to built-up area expansion

Land-use data Surface climate data

Figure 3 Research diagram for data handling and analysis

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

Cultivatedland

Forestry Grassland Waterbodies

Built-uparea

Unusedland

Are

as

(ten

thou

sand

hec

tare

s)

198819952000

20052008

Figure 4 Structures of land-use in the middle and lower reaches ofthe Yangtze River 1988ndash2008

with Changsha and Nanchang as the centers By dividingthe study area into two parts including the middle reachesmetropolitan region and the lower reaches metropolitanregion we could make out that approximately 64 of land-use conversionswere found in the lower reachesmetropolitanregion even though the area accounted for about 42 of theoverall region In the middle reaches metropolitan regionthe average proportion of cultivated land conversion in thetotal conversion types was 728 followed by 168 offorestry conversion and about 9 of water bodies conversionrespectively whose trends were on the rolling rise In thelower reaches metropolitan region the average proportionof cultivated land conversion in the total conversion typesdominated in 883 with a descending trend since 2000Theratios of conversion fromwater bodies and forestry were bothabout 5 before 2005 but with a slight increasing trend toover 7 during 2005ndash2008

32 Spatiotemporal Changes of the Regional Climates during1988ndash2008 Generally there were distinct changes in annualaverage temperature and precipitation in the metropolitans

Built-up area in 1988Growth of built-up area 1988ndash2008

0 400200(km)

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

124∘E

34∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

26∘N

26∘N

Figure 5 Distribution of built-up area 1988ndash2008

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

120

130

140

150

1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008

(mm

)

(∘C)

Annual precipitation (mm)Maximal precipitation (mm) Minimal precipitation (mm)Annual temperature (∘C)

Figure 6 Temporal changes of temperature and precipitation in thestudy area 1988ndash2008

of middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River from 1988to 2008 The temperature showed an increasing trend influctuations in the study area with the average temperaturerising from 133∘C in 1988 to 141∘C in 2008 (Figure 6)Most ofthe regions had an increase of the annual temperature excepta tiny part of the hilly areas such as the north of Yichangand the south of Zhuzhou having a slight decrease of 0ndash15∘C The maximal rise of temperature that almost reached67∘C took place in the Hangzhou metropolitan the westpart of Yichang in Hubei Province and the southeast cornerof Shangrao in Jiangxi Province Besides the temperaturebasically increased 24ndash49∘C in the majority of other partsof the region including Shanghai Nanjing Wuhan andChangsha metropolitans (Figure 7(a))

At the same time the annual precipitation in the studyarea did not show a significant rising or descending trend(Figure 6) The peak with 17137mm appeared in the year of2002 and then the amount of rainfall fluctuated at a relativelylower level from 2003 to 2008 In addition the changes ofprecipitation varied greatly across the area On one sidethe rainfalls showed a rising trend in the majority part ofthe region with the maximum increase of 767mm in thenorth-central part of Huangshan On the other side they

6 Advances in Meteorology

0 400200(km)

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

124∘E

34∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

26∘N

Temperature (∘C)High 67Low minus15

(a)

0 400200(km)

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

124∘E

34∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

26∘N

Precipitation (mm)High 767Low minus348

(b)

Figure 7 Changes in spatial distribution of annual average temperature (a) and precipitation (b) in the middle and lower reaches of theYangtze River 1988ndash2008

showed a downward variation in the north part of Hunanthe southeast of Hubei the southwest of Anhui the eastof Jiangxi and east areas of Hangzhou with the maximaldecrease of 348mm According to the results mentionedabove it can be concluded that the process of urbanizationin this region has affected the regional climate to a certainextent (Figure 7(b))

33 Effects of Land-Use Conversion on Temperature andPrecipitation We overlaid the built-up area growth mapswith the climate change maps and the variations of theclimate responses to the land-use change showed significantdifferences in spatial distribution (Figure 8) Most of themetropolitan areas including the interior of Jianghan PlainWuhan Changsha Nanchang Hefei and the Yangtze RiverDelta Region got warmer in 1995 than in 1988 while a massof cultivated land surrounding these cities and towns waslost due to urbanization Part of the nearby water bodiesespecially in Wuhan and so forth was also turned to built-up area When the trends of built-up area expansion andcultivated land loss kept going on for the next over 10 yearsthe changes of the temperature varied across the regionThe urbanized areas with upward temperatures were notas concentrated as they were in the late 1980s besidesfluctuations with downward temperatures occurred in someof the metropolitans such as Shanghai (Figures 8(a) 8(b)8(c) and 8(d))

The precipitation in spatial distribution significanceacross the region was not very obvious compared to thematch of temperature with land-use change The amounts ofrainfall increased around Shanghai but decreased in Nanjingand Hefei metropolitans in 1988ndash1995 Another typical fluc-tuation was found in Nanchang metropolitan the north ofJiangxiThe precipitation in this region went up in 1988ndash1995

and 2000ndash2005 but sharply cut down in 1995ndash2000 and 2005ndash2008 (Figures 8(e) 8(f) 8(g) and 8(h))

The calculation results of119864 showed the relativity of urban-izing land-use change with regional climate which matchedthe spatial layout analysis above (Figure 8) During the fourtime periods the changes of regional average temperaturewere basically in accordance with the impact of other fourtypes of conversion especially with the grassland conversionand forestry conversion except that of unused land turningto built-up areas but the influence of the conversions gotsmaller (Figure 9(a)) These observations indicated that eachtype of conversion from non-built-up to built-up area had apositive influence on temperature changes Aswehave knownthatwhen land-use cover such as natural vegetation and cropsis replaced with the nonevaporating and nontranspiringbuilt-up areas surface properties such as albedo and soilmoisture generally become lower These changes may havean influence on heat and moisture exchange process betweenthe surface and atmosphere and thus result in the rise oftemperature

According to the numeric observations the land-useconversion from non-built-up to built-up areas did nothave particular significance on precipitation changes in thestudy area during 1988ndash2008 (Figure 9(b)) There were bothincrease and decrease in precipitation when the built-up areaexpanded The changing trends of rainfall almost reacted inthe opposite directions between the four periods Among thefour types of land-use change conversion from unused landto built-up area had the most severe impact on precipitationboth in positive and in negative directions during the fourperiods while conversion from cultivated land to built-upareas had the least influence on it These differences in timesequence and land conversion types indicated that thereis still uncertainty about the impact of LUCC on surfaceclimate in this region even though there is reduction inevapotranspiration due to urbanization [20]

Advances in Meteorology 7

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

124∘E

34∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

26∘N

0 400200(km)

Temperature (∘C)High 37Low minus39

(a)

0 400200(km)

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

124∘E

34∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

26∘N

Temperature (∘C)High 61Low minus17

(b)

0 400200(km)

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

124∘E

34∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

26∘N

Temperature (∘C)High 05Low minus06

(c)

0 400200(km)

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E 124

∘E

34∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

26∘N

Temperature (∘C)High 40Low minus07

(d)

0 400200(km)

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

124∘E

34∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

26∘N

Precipitation (mm)High 7071Low minus1301

(e)

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

124∘E

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

26∘N

Precipitation (mm)High 5285Low minus7189

0 400200(km)

34∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

(f)

Figure 8 Continued

8 Advances in Meteorology

0 400200(km)

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

124∘E

34∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

26∘N

Precipitation (mm)High 4911Low minus5924

(g)

0 400200(km)

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

124∘E

34∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

26∘N

Precipitation (mm)High 6705Low minus7658

(h)

Figure 8 Variations of the temperature and precipitation response to land-use conversion from non-built-up to built-up area in periods1988ndash1995 (a e) 1995ndash2000 (b f) 2000ndash2005 (c g) and 2005ndash2008 (d h)

000

025

050

CU2BU FO2BUGR2BU WA2BUUN2BU Temperature changes

(∘C)

1988ndash1995 1995ndash2000 2000ndash2005 2005ndash2008

(a)

00

200

400

CU2BU

FO2BUGR2BUWA2BUUN2BU

(mm

)

1988ndash1995 1995ndash2000 2000ndash2005 2005ndash2008

minus200

minus400

(b)

Figure 9 Changes of temperature (a) and precipitation (b) upon land-use conversions from non-built-up to built-up area

4 Conclusions

In this paper the impact of the land-use conversion fromnon-built-up areas to built-up areas on surface temperatureand precipitation in the middle and lower reaches of theYangtze River during 1988ndash2008 was examined by using spa-tial and numeric analysisThe results showed that conversionfrom cultivated land to built-up area was the most importanttype of land-use change in the region under the rapidurbanization process which was recognized as ldquourbanizationof landrdquo and concentrated much of focuses from academiaThe loss of water bodies was another important source thatmade the growth of built-ups

The numeric results indicated that the transitions fromnon-built-up areas to built-up areas had positive relationshipwith the rising trend of regional temperature in the studyarea but the effects of different conversion types in differentperiodswere varied obviously All the conversion types exceptthe unused land transition have very similar impact on thechanges of temperature Within the 20-year time period

the upward and downward changing trend of regional tem-perature was quite in accordance with that where grasslandand forestry were changed to built-up areas These trendswere increasing first and then went down significantly Thechange of regional climate slightly went up from 028∘C in1988ndash1995 to 03∘C in 1995ndash2000 but both the warmingeffects of conversion from cultivated land and from waterbodies on temperature change decreased steadily in thisperiod of time which kept on going downwards significantlyto the bottom of 005∘C during 2005ndash2008 As to the regionalprecipitation the results did not show much significantimpact of land-use conversions from non-built-up areas tobuilt-up areas even though there were some researches thatindicate it could result in either increasing or decreasing effecton precipitation [27 42]

Generally we have only focused on the physical climaticimpact of transition from non-built-up to built-up areas inthe urbanized area of the middle and lower reaches of theYangtze River in this paperThe land-use change of transitionfrom non-built-up to built-up areas influences the regional

Advances in Meteorology 9

temperature mainly by altering the land surface net radiationand latent heat flux The results are of great value for thestate governments to guide land resource distribution andurbanization policies that respond to the regional climatechanges

Although the precipitation effect was also under con-sideration in this research either the positive or negativeinfluence was observed probably due to the limited annualstatistical data or the numeric methods involved Howevertrapped by the limitations and the uncertainties of fullunderstanding of the procedure mechanisms the regionalclimate change is a very complicated process and there aremany other factors that may take effect As a consequence itis a rather challenging goal to assess and quantize the climaticeffects of land-use change since various biogeophysical andbiogeochemical processes interact or even offset each otheron the climate change [43] Besides the lack of forecastingclimate changes in future under the land-use change wasanother inadequacy of the research And the explorationswould be more notable if the simulation was added bysocioeconomic indicators such as population and industries

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

This research was cosupported by National Natural ScienceFoundation of China (Grant no 41101535) China PostdoctoralScience Foundation funded project (Grant no 2012M521503)and Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Univer-sities China University of Geosciences (Wuhan) (Grantno CUG120861) The authors also wanted to thank ChinaNational Natural Science Funds for Distinguished YoungScholar (Grant no 71225005) for data support

References

[1] J A Foley R Defries G P Asner et al ldquoGlobal consequencesof land userdquo Science vol 309 no 5734 pp 570ndash574 2005

[2] R A Pielke ldquoLand use and climate changerdquo Science vol 310 no5754 pp 1625ndash1626 2005

[3] R Pachauri and A Reisinger IPCC Fourth Assessment ReportIPCC Geneva Switzerland 2007

[4] G B Bonan ldquoEffects of land use on the climate of the UnitedStatesrdquo Climatic Change vol 37 no 3 pp 449ndash486 1997

[5] C M Taylor E F Lambin N Stephenne R J Harding and RL H Essery ldquoThe influence of land use change on climate in theSahelrdquo Journal of Climate vol 15 no 24 pp 3615ndash3629 2002

[6] E Kalnay and M Cai ldquoImpact of urbanization and land-usechange on climaterdquoNature vol 423 no 6939 pp 528ndash531 2003

[7] M Cai and E Kalnay ldquoClimate impact of land-use change onclimaterdquo Nature vol 427 no 6971 p 214 2004

[8] H Paeth K Born R Girmes R Podzun and D JacobldquoRegional climate change in tropical and Northern Africa dueto greenhouse forcing and land use changesrdquo Journal of Climatevol 22 no 1 pp 114ndash132 2009

[9] L Jiang E J Ma and X Z Deng ldquoImpacts of irrigation on theheat fluxes and near-surface temperature in an inland irrigationarea of Northern Chinardquo Energies vol 7 no 3 pp 1300ndash13172014

[10] P J Lawrence J J Feddema G B Bonan et al ldquoSimulatingthe biogeochemical and biogeophysical impacts of transientland cover change and wood harvest in the community climatesystem model (CCSM4) from 1850 to 2100rdquo Journal of Climatevol 25 no 9 pp 3071ndash3095 2012

[11] K L Findell E Shevliakova P C D Milly and R J StoufferldquoModeled impact of anthropogenic land cover change onclimaterdquo Journal of Climate vol 20 no 14 pp 3621ndash3634 2007

[12] P H Verburg K Neumann and L Nol ldquoChallenges in usingland use and land cover data for global change studiesrdquo GlobalChange Biology vol 17 no 2 pp 974ndash989 2011

[13] P J Grutzen and M O Andreae ldquoBiomass burning in thetropics impact on atmospheric chemistry and biogeochemicalcyclesrdquo Science vol 250 no 4988 pp 1669ndash1678 1990

[14] X Deng C Zhao and H Yan ldquoSystematic modeling of impactsof land use and land cover changes on regional climate areviewrdquo Advances in Meteorology vol 2013 Article ID 31767811 pages 2013

[15] X Deng C Zhao Y Lin et al ldquoDownscaling the impactsof large-scale LUCC on surface temperature along with IPCCRCPs a global perspectiverdquoEnergies vol 7 no 4 pp 2720ndash27392014

[16] F Wang and Q S Ge ldquoEstimation of urbanization bias inobserved surface temperature change in China from 1980 to2009 using satellite land-use datardquo Chinese Science Bulletin vol57 no 14 pp 1708ndash1715 2012

[17] H Y Ding and W Z Shi ldquoLand-useland-cover change and itsinfluence on surface temperature a case study in Beijing CityrdquoInternational Journal of Remote Sensing vol 34 no 15 pp 5503ndash5517 2013

[18] W Junkermann J Hacker T Lyons and U Nair ldquoLand usechange suppresses precipitationrdquo Atmospheric Chemistry andPhysics vol 9 no 17 pp 6531ndash6539 2009

[19] A T Woldemichael F Hossain and R Pielke Sr ldquoImpactsof postdam land useland cover changes on modification ofextreme precipitation in contrasting hydroclimate and terrainfeaturesrdquo Journal of Hydrometeorology vol 15 no 2 pp 777ndash800 2014

[20] R B Singh A Grover and J Y Zhan ldquoInter-seasonal variationsof surface temperature in the urbanized environment of Delhiusing landsat thermal datardquo Energies vol 7 no 3 pp 1811ndash18282014

[21] R B Singh and C Shi ldquoAdvances in observation and estima-tion of land use impacts on climate changes improved dataupgraded models and case studiesrdquo Advances in Meteorologyvol 2014 Article ID 748169 14 pages 2014

[22] N Zhang Z Q Gao X M Wang and Y Chen ldquoModelingthe impact of urbanization on the local and regional climate inYangtze River Delta Chinardquo Theoretical and Applied Climatol-ogy vol 102 no 3-4 pp 331ndash342 2010

[23] J B Liao T J Wang X M Wang et al ldquoImpacts of differenturban canopy schemes in WRFChem on regional climate andair quality inYangtzeRiverDelta ChinardquoAtmospheric Researchvol 145-146 pp 226ndash243 2014

[24] H C Wan Z Zhong X Q Yang and X Q Li ldquoImpact of citybelt in Yangtze River Delta in China on a precipitation processin summer a case studyrdquoAtmospheric Research vol 125-126 pp63ndash75 2013

10 Advances in Meteorology

[25] A Pathirana H B DenekewWVeerbeek C Zevenbergen andA T Banda ldquoImpact of urban growth-driven landuse change onmicroclimate and extreme precipitationmdasha sensitivity studyrdquoAtmospheric Research vol 138 pp 59ndash72 2014

[26] R A Memon D Y C Leung and C-H Liu ldquoAn investigationof urban heat island intensity (UHII) as an indicator of urbanheatingrdquoAtmospheric Research vol 94 no 3 pp 491ndash500 2009

[27] C-Y Lin W-C Chen S C Liu Y A Liou G R Liu and TH Lin ldquoNumerical study of the impact of urbanization on theprecipitation over Taiwanrdquo Atmospheric Environment vol 42no 13 pp 2934ndash2947 2008

[28] D E Parker ldquoA demonstration that large-scale warming is noturbanrdquo Journal of Climate vol 19 no 12 pp 2882ndash2895 2006

[29] A J Arnfield ldquoTwo decades of urban climate research a reviewof turbulence exchanges of energy and water and the urbanheat islandrdquo International Journal of Climatology vol 23 no 1pp 1ndash26 2003

[30] S GMiao F ChenMA LeMoneM Tewari Q C Li andY CWang ldquoAn observational and modeling study of characteristicsof urban heat island and boundary layer structures in BeijingrdquoJournal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology vol 48 no 3pp 484ndash501 2009

[31] H Wu L-P Ye W-Z Shi and K C Clarke ldquoAssessing theeffects of land use spatial structure on urban heat islands usingHJ-1B remote sensing imagery in Wuhan Chinardquo InternationalJournal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation vol32 pp 67ndash78 2014

[32] R K Kaufmann K C Seto A Schneider Z Liu L Zhou andWWang ldquoClimate response to rapid urban growth evidence ofa human-induced precipitation deficitrdquo Journal of Climate vol20 no 10 pp 2299ndash2306 2007

[33] Y-Z Cao SWang G Zhang J Luo and S Lu ldquoChemical char-acteristics of wet precipitation at an urban site of GuangzhouSouth ChinardquoAtmospheric Research vol 94 no 3 pp 462ndash4692009

[34] J J Feddema KW Oleson G B Bonan et al ldquoThe importanceof land-cover change in simulating future climatesrdquo Science vol310 no 5754 pp 1674ndash1678 2005

[35] X Deng J Huang S Rozelle and E Uchida ldquoGrowth popula-tion and industrialization and urban land expansion of ChinardquoJournal of Urban Economics vol 63 no 1 pp 96ndash115 2008

[36] X Deng and X Bai ldquoSustainable urbanization in WesternChinardquo Environment vol 56 no 3 pp 12ndash24 2014

[37] C Gu L Hu X Zhang X Wang and J Guo ldquoClimatechange and urbanization in the Yangtze River Deltardquo HabitatInternational vol 35 no 4 pp 544ndash552 2011

[38] Q Wang D Riemann S Vogt and R Glaser ldquoImpacts of landcover changes on climate trends in Jiangxi province ChinardquoInternational Journal of Biometeorology vol 58 no 5 pp 645ndash660 2014

[39] M Li J Wu and X Deng ldquoIdentifying drivers of land usechange in China a spatial multinomial logit model analysisrdquoLand Economics vol 89 no 4 pp 632ndash654 2013

[40] Z H Li X Z Deng J K Huang and R R Zhang ldquoCriticalstudies on integrating land-use induced effects on climateregulation services into impact assessment for human well-beingrdquo Advances in Meteorology vol 2013 Article ID 83125014 pages 2013

[41] T Takada A Miyamoto and S F Hasegawa ldquoDerivation of ayearly transition probability matrix for land-use dynamics andits applicationsrdquo Landscape Ecology vol 25 no 4 pp 561ndash5722010

[42] Y Lin A Liu E Ma X Li and Q Shi ldquoImpacts of future urbanexpansion on regional climate in the Northeast megalopolisUSArdquo Advances in Meteorology vol 2013 Article ID 362925 10pages 2013

[43] R A Pielke Sr G Marland R A Betts et al ldquoThe influence ofland-use change and landscape dynamics on the climate systemRelevance to climate-change policy beyond the radiative effectof greenhouse gasesrdquo Philosophical Transactions of the RoyalSociety A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences vol360 no 1797 pp 1705ndash1719 2002

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

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Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

EarthquakesJournal of

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Applied ampEnvironmentalSoil Science

Volume 2014

Mining

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Geophysics

OceanographyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of Computational Environmental SciencesHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal ofPetroleum Engineering

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

GeochemistryHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Atmospheric SciencesInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

OceanographyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Advances in

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MineralogyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

MeteorologyAdvances in

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Paleontology JournalHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Geological ResearchJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Geology Advances in

4 Advances in Meteorology

Yichun

Yichang

Fuzhou

ShangraoJiujiang

Anqing

Changde Yueyang

Yiyang

Hangzhou

Jingzhou

Chuzhou

HuanggangJingmen

Hefei

Chaohu

Changsha

Wuhan Ningbo

Suzhou

Xuancheng

Xianning

Nantong

ChizhouHuangshan Shaoxing

Huzhou

Nanchang

Zhuzhou

Xiaogan

WuxiNanjing

TaizhouYangzhou

Shanghai

Xiangtan

JiaxingWuhu

Xinyu

HuangshiJingdezhen

Yingtan

Changzhou

Zhenjiang

Pingxiang

EzhouTianmenQianjiang Xiantao

TonglingZhoushan

0 400200(km)

Meteorological stationsAdministrative boundaries

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

26∘N

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

124∘E

34∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

26∘N

MarsquoanshanLursquoan

Figure 2 Distribution of the meteorological stations used for interpolation within and around the study area

Table 2 Land-use conversion from non-built-up to built-up area 1988ndash2008 (area unit ten thousand hectares)

Periodland-use conversion CU2BU FO2BU GR2BU WA2BU UN2BU

1988ndash1995 AreaProportion

14762684

1612084

165102

1208330

030147

1995ndash2000 AreaProportion

13427633

1253065

085052

770212

013066

2000ndash2005 AreaProportion

16113762

1862097

181112

1140304

018088

2005ndash2008 AreaProportion

17091828

2671139

248154

1909493

037211

Note the data was calculated according to land-use conversion matrix introduced in Table 1

3 Results and Discussion

31 Spatiotemporal Changes of Built-Up Area Expansion dur-ing 1988ndash2008 According to the land cover data the amountof built-up areas and the conversion from other land covertypes could be calculated The overall area of built-up areasin the metropolitans of the middle and lower reaches ofthe Yangtze River grew from 19135 km2 to 30008 km2 It canobviously be seen that the main conversion type to built-uparea in the region was the conversion from cultivated land(Table 2)

Temporally despite the areas of land cover conversionfluctuating in 1995ndash2005 the annual conversions of each type

in the four periods were speeding significantly except for theconversion of grassland water bodies and unused land in1995ndash2000The years of 2005ndash2008 were themost prominenttime that built-up area expanded while occupying other fiveland covers During these three years about 828 of thecultivated land and 493 of the water bodies were lost andthe proportion of built-up area increased from 564 in 2005to 624 in 2008 In the year of 1988 however the percentageof the built-up area was just 397 (Figure 4)

Spatially most of the built-up areas were distributed in azigzag manner along with the Yangtze River with Shanghaimetropolitan as the center (Figure 5) Another part of thebuilt-up areas was located in the south of the Yangtze River

Advances in Meteorology 5

Effect of land-use conversion on surface climate

Conversion of built-up area Changes of surface climate

Land-use conversion matrix

Kriging interpolation

Numerical analysis

Spatial overlaying

Changes of surface climate response to built-up area expansion

Land-use data Surface climate data

Figure 3 Research diagram for data handling and analysis

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

Cultivatedland

Forestry Grassland Waterbodies

Built-uparea

Unusedland

Are

as

(ten

thou

sand

hec

tare

s)

198819952000

20052008

Figure 4 Structures of land-use in the middle and lower reaches ofthe Yangtze River 1988ndash2008

with Changsha and Nanchang as the centers By dividingthe study area into two parts including the middle reachesmetropolitan region and the lower reaches metropolitanregion we could make out that approximately 64 of land-use conversionswere found in the lower reachesmetropolitanregion even though the area accounted for about 42 of theoverall region In the middle reaches metropolitan regionthe average proportion of cultivated land conversion in thetotal conversion types was 728 followed by 168 offorestry conversion and about 9 of water bodies conversionrespectively whose trends were on the rolling rise In thelower reaches metropolitan region the average proportionof cultivated land conversion in the total conversion typesdominated in 883 with a descending trend since 2000Theratios of conversion fromwater bodies and forestry were bothabout 5 before 2005 but with a slight increasing trend toover 7 during 2005ndash2008

32 Spatiotemporal Changes of the Regional Climates during1988ndash2008 Generally there were distinct changes in annualaverage temperature and precipitation in the metropolitans

Built-up area in 1988Growth of built-up area 1988ndash2008

0 400200(km)

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

124∘E

34∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

26∘N

26∘N

Figure 5 Distribution of built-up area 1988ndash2008

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

120

130

140

150

1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008

(mm

)

(∘C)

Annual precipitation (mm)Maximal precipitation (mm) Minimal precipitation (mm)Annual temperature (∘C)

Figure 6 Temporal changes of temperature and precipitation in thestudy area 1988ndash2008

of middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River from 1988to 2008 The temperature showed an increasing trend influctuations in the study area with the average temperaturerising from 133∘C in 1988 to 141∘C in 2008 (Figure 6)Most ofthe regions had an increase of the annual temperature excepta tiny part of the hilly areas such as the north of Yichangand the south of Zhuzhou having a slight decrease of 0ndash15∘C The maximal rise of temperature that almost reached67∘C took place in the Hangzhou metropolitan the westpart of Yichang in Hubei Province and the southeast cornerof Shangrao in Jiangxi Province Besides the temperaturebasically increased 24ndash49∘C in the majority of other partsof the region including Shanghai Nanjing Wuhan andChangsha metropolitans (Figure 7(a))

At the same time the annual precipitation in the studyarea did not show a significant rising or descending trend(Figure 6) The peak with 17137mm appeared in the year of2002 and then the amount of rainfall fluctuated at a relativelylower level from 2003 to 2008 In addition the changes ofprecipitation varied greatly across the area On one sidethe rainfalls showed a rising trend in the majority part ofthe region with the maximum increase of 767mm in thenorth-central part of Huangshan On the other side they

6 Advances in Meteorology

0 400200(km)

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

124∘E

34∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

26∘N

Temperature (∘C)High 67Low minus15

(a)

0 400200(km)

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

124∘E

34∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

26∘N

Precipitation (mm)High 767Low minus348

(b)

Figure 7 Changes in spatial distribution of annual average temperature (a) and precipitation (b) in the middle and lower reaches of theYangtze River 1988ndash2008

showed a downward variation in the north part of Hunanthe southeast of Hubei the southwest of Anhui the eastof Jiangxi and east areas of Hangzhou with the maximaldecrease of 348mm According to the results mentionedabove it can be concluded that the process of urbanizationin this region has affected the regional climate to a certainextent (Figure 7(b))

33 Effects of Land-Use Conversion on Temperature andPrecipitation We overlaid the built-up area growth mapswith the climate change maps and the variations of theclimate responses to the land-use change showed significantdifferences in spatial distribution (Figure 8) Most of themetropolitan areas including the interior of Jianghan PlainWuhan Changsha Nanchang Hefei and the Yangtze RiverDelta Region got warmer in 1995 than in 1988 while a massof cultivated land surrounding these cities and towns waslost due to urbanization Part of the nearby water bodiesespecially in Wuhan and so forth was also turned to built-up area When the trends of built-up area expansion andcultivated land loss kept going on for the next over 10 yearsthe changes of the temperature varied across the regionThe urbanized areas with upward temperatures were notas concentrated as they were in the late 1980s besidesfluctuations with downward temperatures occurred in someof the metropolitans such as Shanghai (Figures 8(a) 8(b)8(c) and 8(d))

The precipitation in spatial distribution significanceacross the region was not very obvious compared to thematch of temperature with land-use change The amounts ofrainfall increased around Shanghai but decreased in Nanjingand Hefei metropolitans in 1988ndash1995 Another typical fluc-tuation was found in Nanchang metropolitan the north ofJiangxiThe precipitation in this region went up in 1988ndash1995

and 2000ndash2005 but sharply cut down in 1995ndash2000 and 2005ndash2008 (Figures 8(e) 8(f) 8(g) and 8(h))

The calculation results of119864 showed the relativity of urban-izing land-use change with regional climate which matchedthe spatial layout analysis above (Figure 8) During the fourtime periods the changes of regional average temperaturewere basically in accordance with the impact of other fourtypes of conversion especially with the grassland conversionand forestry conversion except that of unused land turningto built-up areas but the influence of the conversions gotsmaller (Figure 9(a)) These observations indicated that eachtype of conversion from non-built-up to built-up area had apositive influence on temperature changes Aswehave knownthatwhen land-use cover such as natural vegetation and cropsis replaced with the nonevaporating and nontranspiringbuilt-up areas surface properties such as albedo and soilmoisture generally become lower These changes may havean influence on heat and moisture exchange process betweenthe surface and atmosphere and thus result in the rise oftemperature

According to the numeric observations the land-useconversion from non-built-up to built-up areas did nothave particular significance on precipitation changes in thestudy area during 1988ndash2008 (Figure 9(b)) There were bothincrease and decrease in precipitation when the built-up areaexpanded The changing trends of rainfall almost reacted inthe opposite directions between the four periods Among thefour types of land-use change conversion from unused landto built-up area had the most severe impact on precipitationboth in positive and in negative directions during the fourperiods while conversion from cultivated land to built-upareas had the least influence on it These differences in timesequence and land conversion types indicated that thereis still uncertainty about the impact of LUCC on surfaceclimate in this region even though there is reduction inevapotranspiration due to urbanization [20]

Advances in Meteorology 7

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

124∘E

34∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

26∘N

0 400200(km)

Temperature (∘C)High 37Low minus39

(a)

0 400200(km)

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

124∘E

34∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

26∘N

Temperature (∘C)High 61Low minus17

(b)

0 400200(km)

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

124∘E

34∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

26∘N

Temperature (∘C)High 05Low minus06

(c)

0 400200(km)

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E 124

∘E

34∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

26∘N

Temperature (∘C)High 40Low minus07

(d)

0 400200(km)

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

124∘E

34∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

26∘N

Precipitation (mm)High 7071Low minus1301

(e)

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

124∘E

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

26∘N

Precipitation (mm)High 5285Low minus7189

0 400200(km)

34∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

(f)

Figure 8 Continued

8 Advances in Meteorology

0 400200(km)

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

124∘E

34∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

26∘N

Precipitation (mm)High 4911Low minus5924

(g)

0 400200(km)

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

124∘E

34∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

26∘N

Precipitation (mm)High 6705Low minus7658

(h)

Figure 8 Variations of the temperature and precipitation response to land-use conversion from non-built-up to built-up area in periods1988ndash1995 (a e) 1995ndash2000 (b f) 2000ndash2005 (c g) and 2005ndash2008 (d h)

000

025

050

CU2BU FO2BUGR2BU WA2BUUN2BU Temperature changes

(∘C)

1988ndash1995 1995ndash2000 2000ndash2005 2005ndash2008

(a)

00

200

400

CU2BU

FO2BUGR2BUWA2BUUN2BU

(mm

)

1988ndash1995 1995ndash2000 2000ndash2005 2005ndash2008

minus200

minus400

(b)

Figure 9 Changes of temperature (a) and precipitation (b) upon land-use conversions from non-built-up to built-up area

4 Conclusions

In this paper the impact of the land-use conversion fromnon-built-up areas to built-up areas on surface temperatureand precipitation in the middle and lower reaches of theYangtze River during 1988ndash2008 was examined by using spa-tial and numeric analysisThe results showed that conversionfrom cultivated land to built-up area was the most importanttype of land-use change in the region under the rapidurbanization process which was recognized as ldquourbanizationof landrdquo and concentrated much of focuses from academiaThe loss of water bodies was another important source thatmade the growth of built-ups

The numeric results indicated that the transitions fromnon-built-up areas to built-up areas had positive relationshipwith the rising trend of regional temperature in the studyarea but the effects of different conversion types in differentperiodswere varied obviously All the conversion types exceptthe unused land transition have very similar impact on thechanges of temperature Within the 20-year time period

the upward and downward changing trend of regional tem-perature was quite in accordance with that where grasslandand forestry were changed to built-up areas These trendswere increasing first and then went down significantly Thechange of regional climate slightly went up from 028∘C in1988ndash1995 to 03∘C in 1995ndash2000 but both the warmingeffects of conversion from cultivated land and from waterbodies on temperature change decreased steadily in thisperiod of time which kept on going downwards significantlyto the bottom of 005∘C during 2005ndash2008 As to the regionalprecipitation the results did not show much significantimpact of land-use conversions from non-built-up areas tobuilt-up areas even though there were some researches thatindicate it could result in either increasing or decreasing effecton precipitation [27 42]

Generally we have only focused on the physical climaticimpact of transition from non-built-up to built-up areas inthe urbanized area of the middle and lower reaches of theYangtze River in this paperThe land-use change of transitionfrom non-built-up to built-up areas influences the regional

Advances in Meteorology 9

temperature mainly by altering the land surface net radiationand latent heat flux The results are of great value for thestate governments to guide land resource distribution andurbanization policies that respond to the regional climatechanges

Although the precipitation effect was also under con-sideration in this research either the positive or negativeinfluence was observed probably due to the limited annualstatistical data or the numeric methods involved Howevertrapped by the limitations and the uncertainties of fullunderstanding of the procedure mechanisms the regionalclimate change is a very complicated process and there aremany other factors that may take effect As a consequence itis a rather challenging goal to assess and quantize the climaticeffects of land-use change since various biogeophysical andbiogeochemical processes interact or even offset each otheron the climate change [43] Besides the lack of forecastingclimate changes in future under the land-use change wasanother inadequacy of the research And the explorationswould be more notable if the simulation was added bysocioeconomic indicators such as population and industries

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

This research was cosupported by National Natural ScienceFoundation of China (Grant no 41101535) China PostdoctoralScience Foundation funded project (Grant no 2012M521503)and Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Univer-sities China University of Geosciences (Wuhan) (Grantno CUG120861) The authors also wanted to thank ChinaNational Natural Science Funds for Distinguished YoungScholar (Grant no 71225005) for data support

References

[1] J A Foley R Defries G P Asner et al ldquoGlobal consequencesof land userdquo Science vol 309 no 5734 pp 570ndash574 2005

[2] R A Pielke ldquoLand use and climate changerdquo Science vol 310 no5754 pp 1625ndash1626 2005

[3] R Pachauri and A Reisinger IPCC Fourth Assessment ReportIPCC Geneva Switzerland 2007

[4] G B Bonan ldquoEffects of land use on the climate of the UnitedStatesrdquo Climatic Change vol 37 no 3 pp 449ndash486 1997

[5] C M Taylor E F Lambin N Stephenne R J Harding and RL H Essery ldquoThe influence of land use change on climate in theSahelrdquo Journal of Climate vol 15 no 24 pp 3615ndash3629 2002

[6] E Kalnay and M Cai ldquoImpact of urbanization and land-usechange on climaterdquoNature vol 423 no 6939 pp 528ndash531 2003

[7] M Cai and E Kalnay ldquoClimate impact of land-use change onclimaterdquo Nature vol 427 no 6971 p 214 2004

[8] H Paeth K Born R Girmes R Podzun and D JacobldquoRegional climate change in tropical and Northern Africa dueto greenhouse forcing and land use changesrdquo Journal of Climatevol 22 no 1 pp 114ndash132 2009

[9] L Jiang E J Ma and X Z Deng ldquoImpacts of irrigation on theheat fluxes and near-surface temperature in an inland irrigationarea of Northern Chinardquo Energies vol 7 no 3 pp 1300ndash13172014

[10] P J Lawrence J J Feddema G B Bonan et al ldquoSimulatingthe biogeochemical and biogeophysical impacts of transientland cover change and wood harvest in the community climatesystem model (CCSM4) from 1850 to 2100rdquo Journal of Climatevol 25 no 9 pp 3071ndash3095 2012

[11] K L Findell E Shevliakova P C D Milly and R J StoufferldquoModeled impact of anthropogenic land cover change onclimaterdquo Journal of Climate vol 20 no 14 pp 3621ndash3634 2007

[12] P H Verburg K Neumann and L Nol ldquoChallenges in usingland use and land cover data for global change studiesrdquo GlobalChange Biology vol 17 no 2 pp 974ndash989 2011

[13] P J Grutzen and M O Andreae ldquoBiomass burning in thetropics impact on atmospheric chemistry and biogeochemicalcyclesrdquo Science vol 250 no 4988 pp 1669ndash1678 1990

[14] X Deng C Zhao and H Yan ldquoSystematic modeling of impactsof land use and land cover changes on regional climate areviewrdquo Advances in Meteorology vol 2013 Article ID 31767811 pages 2013

[15] X Deng C Zhao Y Lin et al ldquoDownscaling the impactsof large-scale LUCC on surface temperature along with IPCCRCPs a global perspectiverdquoEnergies vol 7 no 4 pp 2720ndash27392014

[16] F Wang and Q S Ge ldquoEstimation of urbanization bias inobserved surface temperature change in China from 1980 to2009 using satellite land-use datardquo Chinese Science Bulletin vol57 no 14 pp 1708ndash1715 2012

[17] H Y Ding and W Z Shi ldquoLand-useland-cover change and itsinfluence on surface temperature a case study in Beijing CityrdquoInternational Journal of Remote Sensing vol 34 no 15 pp 5503ndash5517 2013

[18] W Junkermann J Hacker T Lyons and U Nair ldquoLand usechange suppresses precipitationrdquo Atmospheric Chemistry andPhysics vol 9 no 17 pp 6531ndash6539 2009

[19] A T Woldemichael F Hossain and R Pielke Sr ldquoImpactsof postdam land useland cover changes on modification ofextreme precipitation in contrasting hydroclimate and terrainfeaturesrdquo Journal of Hydrometeorology vol 15 no 2 pp 777ndash800 2014

[20] R B Singh A Grover and J Y Zhan ldquoInter-seasonal variationsof surface temperature in the urbanized environment of Delhiusing landsat thermal datardquo Energies vol 7 no 3 pp 1811ndash18282014

[21] R B Singh and C Shi ldquoAdvances in observation and estima-tion of land use impacts on climate changes improved dataupgraded models and case studiesrdquo Advances in Meteorologyvol 2014 Article ID 748169 14 pages 2014

[22] N Zhang Z Q Gao X M Wang and Y Chen ldquoModelingthe impact of urbanization on the local and regional climate inYangtze River Delta Chinardquo Theoretical and Applied Climatol-ogy vol 102 no 3-4 pp 331ndash342 2010

[23] J B Liao T J Wang X M Wang et al ldquoImpacts of differenturban canopy schemes in WRFChem on regional climate andair quality inYangtzeRiverDelta ChinardquoAtmospheric Researchvol 145-146 pp 226ndash243 2014

[24] H C Wan Z Zhong X Q Yang and X Q Li ldquoImpact of citybelt in Yangtze River Delta in China on a precipitation processin summer a case studyrdquoAtmospheric Research vol 125-126 pp63ndash75 2013

10 Advances in Meteorology

[25] A Pathirana H B DenekewWVeerbeek C Zevenbergen andA T Banda ldquoImpact of urban growth-driven landuse change onmicroclimate and extreme precipitationmdasha sensitivity studyrdquoAtmospheric Research vol 138 pp 59ndash72 2014

[26] R A Memon D Y C Leung and C-H Liu ldquoAn investigationof urban heat island intensity (UHII) as an indicator of urbanheatingrdquoAtmospheric Research vol 94 no 3 pp 491ndash500 2009

[27] C-Y Lin W-C Chen S C Liu Y A Liou G R Liu and TH Lin ldquoNumerical study of the impact of urbanization on theprecipitation over Taiwanrdquo Atmospheric Environment vol 42no 13 pp 2934ndash2947 2008

[28] D E Parker ldquoA demonstration that large-scale warming is noturbanrdquo Journal of Climate vol 19 no 12 pp 2882ndash2895 2006

[29] A J Arnfield ldquoTwo decades of urban climate research a reviewof turbulence exchanges of energy and water and the urbanheat islandrdquo International Journal of Climatology vol 23 no 1pp 1ndash26 2003

[30] S GMiao F ChenMA LeMoneM Tewari Q C Li andY CWang ldquoAn observational and modeling study of characteristicsof urban heat island and boundary layer structures in BeijingrdquoJournal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology vol 48 no 3pp 484ndash501 2009

[31] H Wu L-P Ye W-Z Shi and K C Clarke ldquoAssessing theeffects of land use spatial structure on urban heat islands usingHJ-1B remote sensing imagery in Wuhan Chinardquo InternationalJournal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation vol32 pp 67ndash78 2014

[32] R K Kaufmann K C Seto A Schneider Z Liu L Zhou andWWang ldquoClimate response to rapid urban growth evidence ofa human-induced precipitation deficitrdquo Journal of Climate vol20 no 10 pp 2299ndash2306 2007

[33] Y-Z Cao SWang G Zhang J Luo and S Lu ldquoChemical char-acteristics of wet precipitation at an urban site of GuangzhouSouth ChinardquoAtmospheric Research vol 94 no 3 pp 462ndash4692009

[34] J J Feddema KW Oleson G B Bonan et al ldquoThe importanceof land-cover change in simulating future climatesrdquo Science vol310 no 5754 pp 1674ndash1678 2005

[35] X Deng J Huang S Rozelle and E Uchida ldquoGrowth popula-tion and industrialization and urban land expansion of ChinardquoJournal of Urban Economics vol 63 no 1 pp 96ndash115 2008

[36] X Deng and X Bai ldquoSustainable urbanization in WesternChinardquo Environment vol 56 no 3 pp 12ndash24 2014

[37] C Gu L Hu X Zhang X Wang and J Guo ldquoClimatechange and urbanization in the Yangtze River Deltardquo HabitatInternational vol 35 no 4 pp 544ndash552 2011

[38] Q Wang D Riemann S Vogt and R Glaser ldquoImpacts of landcover changes on climate trends in Jiangxi province ChinardquoInternational Journal of Biometeorology vol 58 no 5 pp 645ndash660 2014

[39] M Li J Wu and X Deng ldquoIdentifying drivers of land usechange in China a spatial multinomial logit model analysisrdquoLand Economics vol 89 no 4 pp 632ndash654 2013

[40] Z H Li X Z Deng J K Huang and R R Zhang ldquoCriticalstudies on integrating land-use induced effects on climateregulation services into impact assessment for human well-beingrdquo Advances in Meteorology vol 2013 Article ID 83125014 pages 2013

[41] T Takada A Miyamoto and S F Hasegawa ldquoDerivation of ayearly transition probability matrix for land-use dynamics andits applicationsrdquo Landscape Ecology vol 25 no 4 pp 561ndash5722010

[42] Y Lin A Liu E Ma X Li and Q Shi ldquoImpacts of future urbanexpansion on regional climate in the Northeast megalopolisUSArdquo Advances in Meteorology vol 2013 Article ID 362925 10pages 2013

[43] R A Pielke Sr G Marland R A Betts et al ldquoThe influence ofland-use change and landscape dynamics on the climate systemRelevance to climate-change policy beyond the radiative effectof greenhouse gasesrdquo Philosophical Transactions of the RoyalSociety A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences vol360 no 1797 pp 1705ndash1719 2002

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

ClimatologyJournal of

EcologyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

EarthquakesJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Applied ampEnvironmentalSoil Science

Volume 2014

Mining

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Geophysics

OceanographyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of Computational Environmental SciencesHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal ofPetroleum Engineering

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

GeochemistryHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Atmospheric SciencesInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

OceanographyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Advances in

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

MineralogyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

MeteorologyAdvances in

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Paleontology JournalHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Geological ResearchJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Geology Advances in

Advances in Meteorology 5

Effect of land-use conversion on surface climate

Conversion of built-up area Changes of surface climate

Land-use conversion matrix

Kriging interpolation

Numerical analysis

Spatial overlaying

Changes of surface climate response to built-up area expansion

Land-use data Surface climate data

Figure 3 Research diagram for data handling and analysis

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

Cultivatedland

Forestry Grassland Waterbodies

Built-uparea

Unusedland

Are

as

(ten

thou

sand

hec

tare

s)

198819952000

20052008

Figure 4 Structures of land-use in the middle and lower reaches ofthe Yangtze River 1988ndash2008

with Changsha and Nanchang as the centers By dividingthe study area into two parts including the middle reachesmetropolitan region and the lower reaches metropolitanregion we could make out that approximately 64 of land-use conversionswere found in the lower reachesmetropolitanregion even though the area accounted for about 42 of theoverall region In the middle reaches metropolitan regionthe average proportion of cultivated land conversion in thetotal conversion types was 728 followed by 168 offorestry conversion and about 9 of water bodies conversionrespectively whose trends were on the rolling rise In thelower reaches metropolitan region the average proportionof cultivated land conversion in the total conversion typesdominated in 883 with a descending trend since 2000Theratios of conversion fromwater bodies and forestry were bothabout 5 before 2005 but with a slight increasing trend toover 7 during 2005ndash2008

32 Spatiotemporal Changes of the Regional Climates during1988ndash2008 Generally there were distinct changes in annualaverage temperature and precipitation in the metropolitans

Built-up area in 1988Growth of built-up area 1988ndash2008

0 400200(km)

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

124∘E

34∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

26∘N

26∘N

Figure 5 Distribution of built-up area 1988ndash2008

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

120

130

140

150

1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008

(mm

)

(∘C)

Annual precipitation (mm)Maximal precipitation (mm) Minimal precipitation (mm)Annual temperature (∘C)

Figure 6 Temporal changes of temperature and precipitation in thestudy area 1988ndash2008

of middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River from 1988to 2008 The temperature showed an increasing trend influctuations in the study area with the average temperaturerising from 133∘C in 1988 to 141∘C in 2008 (Figure 6)Most ofthe regions had an increase of the annual temperature excepta tiny part of the hilly areas such as the north of Yichangand the south of Zhuzhou having a slight decrease of 0ndash15∘C The maximal rise of temperature that almost reached67∘C took place in the Hangzhou metropolitan the westpart of Yichang in Hubei Province and the southeast cornerof Shangrao in Jiangxi Province Besides the temperaturebasically increased 24ndash49∘C in the majority of other partsof the region including Shanghai Nanjing Wuhan andChangsha metropolitans (Figure 7(a))

At the same time the annual precipitation in the studyarea did not show a significant rising or descending trend(Figure 6) The peak with 17137mm appeared in the year of2002 and then the amount of rainfall fluctuated at a relativelylower level from 2003 to 2008 In addition the changes ofprecipitation varied greatly across the area On one sidethe rainfalls showed a rising trend in the majority part ofthe region with the maximum increase of 767mm in thenorth-central part of Huangshan On the other side they

6 Advances in Meteorology

0 400200(km)

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

124∘E

34∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

26∘N

Temperature (∘C)High 67Low minus15

(a)

0 400200(km)

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

124∘E

34∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

26∘N

Precipitation (mm)High 767Low minus348

(b)

Figure 7 Changes in spatial distribution of annual average temperature (a) and precipitation (b) in the middle and lower reaches of theYangtze River 1988ndash2008

showed a downward variation in the north part of Hunanthe southeast of Hubei the southwest of Anhui the eastof Jiangxi and east areas of Hangzhou with the maximaldecrease of 348mm According to the results mentionedabove it can be concluded that the process of urbanizationin this region has affected the regional climate to a certainextent (Figure 7(b))

33 Effects of Land-Use Conversion on Temperature andPrecipitation We overlaid the built-up area growth mapswith the climate change maps and the variations of theclimate responses to the land-use change showed significantdifferences in spatial distribution (Figure 8) Most of themetropolitan areas including the interior of Jianghan PlainWuhan Changsha Nanchang Hefei and the Yangtze RiverDelta Region got warmer in 1995 than in 1988 while a massof cultivated land surrounding these cities and towns waslost due to urbanization Part of the nearby water bodiesespecially in Wuhan and so forth was also turned to built-up area When the trends of built-up area expansion andcultivated land loss kept going on for the next over 10 yearsthe changes of the temperature varied across the regionThe urbanized areas with upward temperatures were notas concentrated as they were in the late 1980s besidesfluctuations with downward temperatures occurred in someof the metropolitans such as Shanghai (Figures 8(a) 8(b)8(c) and 8(d))

The precipitation in spatial distribution significanceacross the region was not very obvious compared to thematch of temperature with land-use change The amounts ofrainfall increased around Shanghai but decreased in Nanjingand Hefei metropolitans in 1988ndash1995 Another typical fluc-tuation was found in Nanchang metropolitan the north ofJiangxiThe precipitation in this region went up in 1988ndash1995

and 2000ndash2005 but sharply cut down in 1995ndash2000 and 2005ndash2008 (Figures 8(e) 8(f) 8(g) and 8(h))

The calculation results of119864 showed the relativity of urban-izing land-use change with regional climate which matchedthe spatial layout analysis above (Figure 8) During the fourtime periods the changes of regional average temperaturewere basically in accordance with the impact of other fourtypes of conversion especially with the grassland conversionand forestry conversion except that of unused land turningto built-up areas but the influence of the conversions gotsmaller (Figure 9(a)) These observations indicated that eachtype of conversion from non-built-up to built-up area had apositive influence on temperature changes Aswehave knownthatwhen land-use cover such as natural vegetation and cropsis replaced with the nonevaporating and nontranspiringbuilt-up areas surface properties such as albedo and soilmoisture generally become lower These changes may havean influence on heat and moisture exchange process betweenthe surface and atmosphere and thus result in the rise oftemperature

According to the numeric observations the land-useconversion from non-built-up to built-up areas did nothave particular significance on precipitation changes in thestudy area during 1988ndash2008 (Figure 9(b)) There were bothincrease and decrease in precipitation when the built-up areaexpanded The changing trends of rainfall almost reacted inthe opposite directions between the four periods Among thefour types of land-use change conversion from unused landto built-up area had the most severe impact on precipitationboth in positive and in negative directions during the fourperiods while conversion from cultivated land to built-upareas had the least influence on it These differences in timesequence and land conversion types indicated that thereis still uncertainty about the impact of LUCC on surfaceclimate in this region even though there is reduction inevapotranspiration due to urbanization [20]

Advances in Meteorology 7

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

124∘E

34∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

26∘N

0 400200(km)

Temperature (∘C)High 37Low minus39

(a)

0 400200(km)

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

124∘E

34∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

26∘N

Temperature (∘C)High 61Low minus17

(b)

0 400200(km)

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

124∘E

34∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

26∘N

Temperature (∘C)High 05Low minus06

(c)

0 400200(km)

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E 124

∘E

34∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

26∘N

Temperature (∘C)High 40Low minus07

(d)

0 400200(km)

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

124∘E

34∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

26∘N

Precipitation (mm)High 7071Low minus1301

(e)

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

124∘E

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

26∘N

Precipitation (mm)High 5285Low minus7189

0 400200(km)

34∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

(f)

Figure 8 Continued

8 Advances in Meteorology

0 400200(km)

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

124∘E

34∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

26∘N

Precipitation (mm)High 4911Low minus5924

(g)

0 400200(km)

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

124∘E

34∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

26∘N

Precipitation (mm)High 6705Low minus7658

(h)

Figure 8 Variations of the temperature and precipitation response to land-use conversion from non-built-up to built-up area in periods1988ndash1995 (a e) 1995ndash2000 (b f) 2000ndash2005 (c g) and 2005ndash2008 (d h)

000

025

050

CU2BU FO2BUGR2BU WA2BUUN2BU Temperature changes

(∘C)

1988ndash1995 1995ndash2000 2000ndash2005 2005ndash2008

(a)

00

200

400

CU2BU

FO2BUGR2BUWA2BUUN2BU

(mm

)

1988ndash1995 1995ndash2000 2000ndash2005 2005ndash2008

minus200

minus400

(b)

Figure 9 Changes of temperature (a) and precipitation (b) upon land-use conversions from non-built-up to built-up area

4 Conclusions

In this paper the impact of the land-use conversion fromnon-built-up areas to built-up areas on surface temperatureand precipitation in the middle and lower reaches of theYangtze River during 1988ndash2008 was examined by using spa-tial and numeric analysisThe results showed that conversionfrom cultivated land to built-up area was the most importanttype of land-use change in the region under the rapidurbanization process which was recognized as ldquourbanizationof landrdquo and concentrated much of focuses from academiaThe loss of water bodies was another important source thatmade the growth of built-ups

The numeric results indicated that the transitions fromnon-built-up areas to built-up areas had positive relationshipwith the rising trend of regional temperature in the studyarea but the effects of different conversion types in differentperiodswere varied obviously All the conversion types exceptthe unused land transition have very similar impact on thechanges of temperature Within the 20-year time period

the upward and downward changing trend of regional tem-perature was quite in accordance with that where grasslandand forestry were changed to built-up areas These trendswere increasing first and then went down significantly Thechange of regional climate slightly went up from 028∘C in1988ndash1995 to 03∘C in 1995ndash2000 but both the warmingeffects of conversion from cultivated land and from waterbodies on temperature change decreased steadily in thisperiod of time which kept on going downwards significantlyto the bottom of 005∘C during 2005ndash2008 As to the regionalprecipitation the results did not show much significantimpact of land-use conversions from non-built-up areas tobuilt-up areas even though there were some researches thatindicate it could result in either increasing or decreasing effecton precipitation [27 42]

Generally we have only focused on the physical climaticimpact of transition from non-built-up to built-up areas inthe urbanized area of the middle and lower reaches of theYangtze River in this paperThe land-use change of transitionfrom non-built-up to built-up areas influences the regional

Advances in Meteorology 9

temperature mainly by altering the land surface net radiationand latent heat flux The results are of great value for thestate governments to guide land resource distribution andurbanization policies that respond to the regional climatechanges

Although the precipitation effect was also under con-sideration in this research either the positive or negativeinfluence was observed probably due to the limited annualstatistical data or the numeric methods involved Howevertrapped by the limitations and the uncertainties of fullunderstanding of the procedure mechanisms the regionalclimate change is a very complicated process and there aremany other factors that may take effect As a consequence itis a rather challenging goal to assess and quantize the climaticeffects of land-use change since various biogeophysical andbiogeochemical processes interact or even offset each otheron the climate change [43] Besides the lack of forecastingclimate changes in future under the land-use change wasanother inadequacy of the research And the explorationswould be more notable if the simulation was added bysocioeconomic indicators such as population and industries

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

This research was cosupported by National Natural ScienceFoundation of China (Grant no 41101535) China PostdoctoralScience Foundation funded project (Grant no 2012M521503)and Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Univer-sities China University of Geosciences (Wuhan) (Grantno CUG120861) The authors also wanted to thank ChinaNational Natural Science Funds for Distinguished YoungScholar (Grant no 71225005) for data support

References

[1] J A Foley R Defries G P Asner et al ldquoGlobal consequencesof land userdquo Science vol 309 no 5734 pp 570ndash574 2005

[2] R A Pielke ldquoLand use and climate changerdquo Science vol 310 no5754 pp 1625ndash1626 2005

[3] R Pachauri and A Reisinger IPCC Fourth Assessment ReportIPCC Geneva Switzerland 2007

[4] G B Bonan ldquoEffects of land use on the climate of the UnitedStatesrdquo Climatic Change vol 37 no 3 pp 449ndash486 1997

[5] C M Taylor E F Lambin N Stephenne R J Harding and RL H Essery ldquoThe influence of land use change on climate in theSahelrdquo Journal of Climate vol 15 no 24 pp 3615ndash3629 2002

[6] E Kalnay and M Cai ldquoImpact of urbanization and land-usechange on climaterdquoNature vol 423 no 6939 pp 528ndash531 2003

[7] M Cai and E Kalnay ldquoClimate impact of land-use change onclimaterdquo Nature vol 427 no 6971 p 214 2004

[8] H Paeth K Born R Girmes R Podzun and D JacobldquoRegional climate change in tropical and Northern Africa dueto greenhouse forcing and land use changesrdquo Journal of Climatevol 22 no 1 pp 114ndash132 2009

[9] L Jiang E J Ma and X Z Deng ldquoImpacts of irrigation on theheat fluxes and near-surface temperature in an inland irrigationarea of Northern Chinardquo Energies vol 7 no 3 pp 1300ndash13172014

[10] P J Lawrence J J Feddema G B Bonan et al ldquoSimulatingthe biogeochemical and biogeophysical impacts of transientland cover change and wood harvest in the community climatesystem model (CCSM4) from 1850 to 2100rdquo Journal of Climatevol 25 no 9 pp 3071ndash3095 2012

[11] K L Findell E Shevliakova P C D Milly and R J StoufferldquoModeled impact of anthropogenic land cover change onclimaterdquo Journal of Climate vol 20 no 14 pp 3621ndash3634 2007

[12] P H Verburg K Neumann and L Nol ldquoChallenges in usingland use and land cover data for global change studiesrdquo GlobalChange Biology vol 17 no 2 pp 974ndash989 2011

[13] P J Grutzen and M O Andreae ldquoBiomass burning in thetropics impact on atmospheric chemistry and biogeochemicalcyclesrdquo Science vol 250 no 4988 pp 1669ndash1678 1990

[14] X Deng C Zhao and H Yan ldquoSystematic modeling of impactsof land use and land cover changes on regional climate areviewrdquo Advances in Meteorology vol 2013 Article ID 31767811 pages 2013

[15] X Deng C Zhao Y Lin et al ldquoDownscaling the impactsof large-scale LUCC on surface temperature along with IPCCRCPs a global perspectiverdquoEnergies vol 7 no 4 pp 2720ndash27392014

[16] F Wang and Q S Ge ldquoEstimation of urbanization bias inobserved surface temperature change in China from 1980 to2009 using satellite land-use datardquo Chinese Science Bulletin vol57 no 14 pp 1708ndash1715 2012

[17] H Y Ding and W Z Shi ldquoLand-useland-cover change and itsinfluence on surface temperature a case study in Beijing CityrdquoInternational Journal of Remote Sensing vol 34 no 15 pp 5503ndash5517 2013

[18] W Junkermann J Hacker T Lyons and U Nair ldquoLand usechange suppresses precipitationrdquo Atmospheric Chemistry andPhysics vol 9 no 17 pp 6531ndash6539 2009

[19] A T Woldemichael F Hossain and R Pielke Sr ldquoImpactsof postdam land useland cover changes on modification ofextreme precipitation in contrasting hydroclimate and terrainfeaturesrdquo Journal of Hydrometeorology vol 15 no 2 pp 777ndash800 2014

[20] R B Singh A Grover and J Y Zhan ldquoInter-seasonal variationsof surface temperature in the urbanized environment of Delhiusing landsat thermal datardquo Energies vol 7 no 3 pp 1811ndash18282014

[21] R B Singh and C Shi ldquoAdvances in observation and estima-tion of land use impacts on climate changes improved dataupgraded models and case studiesrdquo Advances in Meteorologyvol 2014 Article ID 748169 14 pages 2014

[22] N Zhang Z Q Gao X M Wang and Y Chen ldquoModelingthe impact of urbanization on the local and regional climate inYangtze River Delta Chinardquo Theoretical and Applied Climatol-ogy vol 102 no 3-4 pp 331ndash342 2010

[23] J B Liao T J Wang X M Wang et al ldquoImpacts of differenturban canopy schemes in WRFChem on regional climate andair quality inYangtzeRiverDelta ChinardquoAtmospheric Researchvol 145-146 pp 226ndash243 2014

[24] H C Wan Z Zhong X Q Yang and X Q Li ldquoImpact of citybelt in Yangtze River Delta in China on a precipitation processin summer a case studyrdquoAtmospheric Research vol 125-126 pp63ndash75 2013

10 Advances in Meteorology

[25] A Pathirana H B DenekewWVeerbeek C Zevenbergen andA T Banda ldquoImpact of urban growth-driven landuse change onmicroclimate and extreme precipitationmdasha sensitivity studyrdquoAtmospheric Research vol 138 pp 59ndash72 2014

[26] R A Memon D Y C Leung and C-H Liu ldquoAn investigationof urban heat island intensity (UHII) as an indicator of urbanheatingrdquoAtmospheric Research vol 94 no 3 pp 491ndash500 2009

[27] C-Y Lin W-C Chen S C Liu Y A Liou G R Liu and TH Lin ldquoNumerical study of the impact of urbanization on theprecipitation over Taiwanrdquo Atmospheric Environment vol 42no 13 pp 2934ndash2947 2008

[28] D E Parker ldquoA demonstration that large-scale warming is noturbanrdquo Journal of Climate vol 19 no 12 pp 2882ndash2895 2006

[29] A J Arnfield ldquoTwo decades of urban climate research a reviewof turbulence exchanges of energy and water and the urbanheat islandrdquo International Journal of Climatology vol 23 no 1pp 1ndash26 2003

[30] S GMiao F ChenMA LeMoneM Tewari Q C Li andY CWang ldquoAn observational and modeling study of characteristicsof urban heat island and boundary layer structures in BeijingrdquoJournal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology vol 48 no 3pp 484ndash501 2009

[31] H Wu L-P Ye W-Z Shi and K C Clarke ldquoAssessing theeffects of land use spatial structure on urban heat islands usingHJ-1B remote sensing imagery in Wuhan Chinardquo InternationalJournal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation vol32 pp 67ndash78 2014

[32] R K Kaufmann K C Seto A Schneider Z Liu L Zhou andWWang ldquoClimate response to rapid urban growth evidence ofa human-induced precipitation deficitrdquo Journal of Climate vol20 no 10 pp 2299ndash2306 2007

[33] Y-Z Cao SWang G Zhang J Luo and S Lu ldquoChemical char-acteristics of wet precipitation at an urban site of GuangzhouSouth ChinardquoAtmospheric Research vol 94 no 3 pp 462ndash4692009

[34] J J Feddema KW Oleson G B Bonan et al ldquoThe importanceof land-cover change in simulating future climatesrdquo Science vol310 no 5754 pp 1674ndash1678 2005

[35] X Deng J Huang S Rozelle and E Uchida ldquoGrowth popula-tion and industrialization and urban land expansion of ChinardquoJournal of Urban Economics vol 63 no 1 pp 96ndash115 2008

[36] X Deng and X Bai ldquoSustainable urbanization in WesternChinardquo Environment vol 56 no 3 pp 12ndash24 2014

[37] C Gu L Hu X Zhang X Wang and J Guo ldquoClimatechange and urbanization in the Yangtze River Deltardquo HabitatInternational vol 35 no 4 pp 544ndash552 2011

[38] Q Wang D Riemann S Vogt and R Glaser ldquoImpacts of landcover changes on climate trends in Jiangxi province ChinardquoInternational Journal of Biometeorology vol 58 no 5 pp 645ndash660 2014

[39] M Li J Wu and X Deng ldquoIdentifying drivers of land usechange in China a spatial multinomial logit model analysisrdquoLand Economics vol 89 no 4 pp 632ndash654 2013

[40] Z H Li X Z Deng J K Huang and R R Zhang ldquoCriticalstudies on integrating land-use induced effects on climateregulation services into impact assessment for human well-beingrdquo Advances in Meteorology vol 2013 Article ID 83125014 pages 2013

[41] T Takada A Miyamoto and S F Hasegawa ldquoDerivation of ayearly transition probability matrix for land-use dynamics andits applicationsrdquo Landscape Ecology vol 25 no 4 pp 561ndash5722010

[42] Y Lin A Liu E Ma X Li and Q Shi ldquoImpacts of future urbanexpansion on regional climate in the Northeast megalopolisUSArdquo Advances in Meteorology vol 2013 Article ID 362925 10pages 2013

[43] R A Pielke Sr G Marland R A Betts et al ldquoThe influence ofland-use change and landscape dynamics on the climate systemRelevance to climate-change policy beyond the radiative effectof greenhouse gasesrdquo Philosophical Transactions of the RoyalSociety A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences vol360 no 1797 pp 1705ndash1719 2002

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

ClimatologyJournal of

EcologyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

EarthquakesJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Applied ampEnvironmentalSoil Science

Volume 2014

Mining

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Geophysics

OceanographyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of Computational Environmental SciencesHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal ofPetroleum Engineering

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

GeochemistryHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Atmospheric SciencesInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

OceanographyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Advances in

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

MineralogyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

MeteorologyAdvances in

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Paleontology JournalHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Geological ResearchJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Geology Advances in

6 Advances in Meteorology

0 400200(km)

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

124∘E

34∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

26∘N

Temperature (∘C)High 67Low minus15

(a)

0 400200(km)

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

124∘E

34∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

26∘N

Precipitation (mm)High 767Low minus348

(b)

Figure 7 Changes in spatial distribution of annual average temperature (a) and precipitation (b) in the middle and lower reaches of theYangtze River 1988ndash2008

showed a downward variation in the north part of Hunanthe southeast of Hubei the southwest of Anhui the eastof Jiangxi and east areas of Hangzhou with the maximaldecrease of 348mm According to the results mentionedabove it can be concluded that the process of urbanizationin this region has affected the regional climate to a certainextent (Figure 7(b))

33 Effects of Land-Use Conversion on Temperature andPrecipitation We overlaid the built-up area growth mapswith the climate change maps and the variations of theclimate responses to the land-use change showed significantdifferences in spatial distribution (Figure 8) Most of themetropolitan areas including the interior of Jianghan PlainWuhan Changsha Nanchang Hefei and the Yangtze RiverDelta Region got warmer in 1995 than in 1988 while a massof cultivated land surrounding these cities and towns waslost due to urbanization Part of the nearby water bodiesespecially in Wuhan and so forth was also turned to built-up area When the trends of built-up area expansion andcultivated land loss kept going on for the next over 10 yearsthe changes of the temperature varied across the regionThe urbanized areas with upward temperatures were notas concentrated as they were in the late 1980s besidesfluctuations with downward temperatures occurred in someof the metropolitans such as Shanghai (Figures 8(a) 8(b)8(c) and 8(d))

The precipitation in spatial distribution significanceacross the region was not very obvious compared to thematch of temperature with land-use change The amounts ofrainfall increased around Shanghai but decreased in Nanjingand Hefei metropolitans in 1988ndash1995 Another typical fluc-tuation was found in Nanchang metropolitan the north ofJiangxiThe precipitation in this region went up in 1988ndash1995

and 2000ndash2005 but sharply cut down in 1995ndash2000 and 2005ndash2008 (Figures 8(e) 8(f) 8(g) and 8(h))

The calculation results of119864 showed the relativity of urban-izing land-use change with regional climate which matchedthe spatial layout analysis above (Figure 8) During the fourtime periods the changes of regional average temperaturewere basically in accordance with the impact of other fourtypes of conversion especially with the grassland conversionand forestry conversion except that of unused land turningto built-up areas but the influence of the conversions gotsmaller (Figure 9(a)) These observations indicated that eachtype of conversion from non-built-up to built-up area had apositive influence on temperature changes Aswehave knownthatwhen land-use cover such as natural vegetation and cropsis replaced with the nonevaporating and nontranspiringbuilt-up areas surface properties such as albedo and soilmoisture generally become lower These changes may havean influence on heat and moisture exchange process betweenthe surface and atmosphere and thus result in the rise oftemperature

According to the numeric observations the land-useconversion from non-built-up to built-up areas did nothave particular significance on precipitation changes in thestudy area during 1988ndash2008 (Figure 9(b)) There were bothincrease and decrease in precipitation when the built-up areaexpanded The changing trends of rainfall almost reacted inthe opposite directions between the four periods Among thefour types of land-use change conversion from unused landto built-up area had the most severe impact on precipitationboth in positive and in negative directions during the fourperiods while conversion from cultivated land to built-upareas had the least influence on it These differences in timesequence and land conversion types indicated that thereis still uncertainty about the impact of LUCC on surfaceclimate in this region even though there is reduction inevapotranspiration due to urbanization [20]

Advances in Meteorology 7

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

124∘E

34∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

26∘N

0 400200(km)

Temperature (∘C)High 37Low minus39

(a)

0 400200(km)

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

124∘E

34∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

26∘N

Temperature (∘C)High 61Low minus17

(b)

0 400200(km)

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

124∘E

34∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

26∘N

Temperature (∘C)High 05Low minus06

(c)

0 400200(km)

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E 124

∘E

34∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

26∘N

Temperature (∘C)High 40Low minus07

(d)

0 400200(km)

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

124∘E

34∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

26∘N

Precipitation (mm)High 7071Low minus1301

(e)

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

124∘E

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

26∘N

Precipitation (mm)High 5285Low minus7189

0 400200(km)

34∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

(f)

Figure 8 Continued

8 Advances in Meteorology

0 400200(km)

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

124∘E

34∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

26∘N

Precipitation (mm)High 4911Low minus5924

(g)

0 400200(km)

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

124∘E

34∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

26∘N

Precipitation (mm)High 6705Low minus7658

(h)

Figure 8 Variations of the temperature and precipitation response to land-use conversion from non-built-up to built-up area in periods1988ndash1995 (a e) 1995ndash2000 (b f) 2000ndash2005 (c g) and 2005ndash2008 (d h)

000

025

050

CU2BU FO2BUGR2BU WA2BUUN2BU Temperature changes

(∘C)

1988ndash1995 1995ndash2000 2000ndash2005 2005ndash2008

(a)

00

200

400

CU2BU

FO2BUGR2BUWA2BUUN2BU

(mm

)

1988ndash1995 1995ndash2000 2000ndash2005 2005ndash2008

minus200

minus400

(b)

Figure 9 Changes of temperature (a) and precipitation (b) upon land-use conversions from non-built-up to built-up area

4 Conclusions

In this paper the impact of the land-use conversion fromnon-built-up areas to built-up areas on surface temperatureand precipitation in the middle and lower reaches of theYangtze River during 1988ndash2008 was examined by using spa-tial and numeric analysisThe results showed that conversionfrom cultivated land to built-up area was the most importanttype of land-use change in the region under the rapidurbanization process which was recognized as ldquourbanizationof landrdquo and concentrated much of focuses from academiaThe loss of water bodies was another important source thatmade the growth of built-ups

The numeric results indicated that the transitions fromnon-built-up areas to built-up areas had positive relationshipwith the rising trend of regional temperature in the studyarea but the effects of different conversion types in differentperiodswere varied obviously All the conversion types exceptthe unused land transition have very similar impact on thechanges of temperature Within the 20-year time period

the upward and downward changing trend of regional tem-perature was quite in accordance with that where grasslandand forestry were changed to built-up areas These trendswere increasing first and then went down significantly Thechange of regional climate slightly went up from 028∘C in1988ndash1995 to 03∘C in 1995ndash2000 but both the warmingeffects of conversion from cultivated land and from waterbodies on temperature change decreased steadily in thisperiod of time which kept on going downwards significantlyto the bottom of 005∘C during 2005ndash2008 As to the regionalprecipitation the results did not show much significantimpact of land-use conversions from non-built-up areas tobuilt-up areas even though there were some researches thatindicate it could result in either increasing or decreasing effecton precipitation [27 42]

Generally we have only focused on the physical climaticimpact of transition from non-built-up to built-up areas inthe urbanized area of the middle and lower reaches of theYangtze River in this paperThe land-use change of transitionfrom non-built-up to built-up areas influences the regional

Advances in Meteorology 9

temperature mainly by altering the land surface net radiationand latent heat flux The results are of great value for thestate governments to guide land resource distribution andurbanization policies that respond to the regional climatechanges

Although the precipitation effect was also under con-sideration in this research either the positive or negativeinfluence was observed probably due to the limited annualstatistical data or the numeric methods involved Howevertrapped by the limitations and the uncertainties of fullunderstanding of the procedure mechanisms the regionalclimate change is a very complicated process and there aremany other factors that may take effect As a consequence itis a rather challenging goal to assess and quantize the climaticeffects of land-use change since various biogeophysical andbiogeochemical processes interact or even offset each otheron the climate change [43] Besides the lack of forecastingclimate changes in future under the land-use change wasanother inadequacy of the research And the explorationswould be more notable if the simulation was added bysocioeconomic indicators such as population and industries

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

This research was cosupported by National Natural ScienceFoundation of China (Grant no 41101535) China PostdoctoralScience Foundation funded project (Grant no 2012M521503)and Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Univer-sities China University of Geosciences (Wuhan) (Grantno CUG120861) The authors also wanted to thank ChinaNational Natural Science Funds for Distinguished YoungScholar (Grant no 71225005) for data support

References

[1] J A Foley R Defries G P Asner et al ldquoGlobal consequencesof land userdquo Science vol 309 no 5734 pp 570ndash574 2005

[2] R A Pielke ldquoLand use and climate changerdquo Science vol 310 no5754 pp 1625ndash1626 2005

[3] R Pachauri and A Reisinger IPCC Fourth Assessment ReportIPCC Geneva Switzerland 2007

[4] G B Bonan ldquoEffects of land use on the climate of the UnitedStatesrdquo Climatic Change vol 37 no 3 pp 449ndash486 1997

[5] C M Taylor E F Lambin N Stephenne R J Harding and RL H Essery ldquoThe influence of land use change on climate in theSahelrdquo Journal of Climate vol 15 no 24 pp 3615ndash3629 2002

[6] E Kalnay and M Cai ldquoImpact of urbanization and land-usechange on climaterdquoNature vol 423 no 6939 pp 528ndash531 2003

[7] M Cai and E Kalnay ldquoClimate impact of land-use change onclimaterdquo Nature vol 427 no 6971 p 214 2004

[8] H Paeth K Born R Girmes R Podzun and D JacobldquoRegional climate change in tropical and Northern Africa dueto greenhouse forcing and land use changesrdquo Journal of Climatevol 22 no 1 pp 114ndash132 2009

[9] L Jiang E J Ma and X Z Deng ldquoImpacts of irrigation on theheat fluxes and near-surface temperature in an inland irrigationarea of Northern Chinardquo Energies vol 7 no 3 pp 1300ndash13172014

[10] P J Lawrence J J Feddema G B Bonan et al ldquoSimulatingthe biogeochemical and biogeophysical impacts of transientland cover change and wood harvest in the community climatesystem model (CCSM4) from 1850 to 2100rdquo Journal of Climatevol 25 no 9 pp 3071ndash3095 2012

[11] K L Findell E Shevliakova P C D Milly and R J StoufferldquoModeled impact of anthropogenic land cover change onclimaterdquo Journal of Climate vol 20 no 14 pp 3621ndash3634 2007

[12] P H Verburg K Neumann and L Nol ldquoChallenges in usingland use and land cover data for global change studiesrdquo GlobalChange Biology vol 17 no 2 pp 974ndash989 2011

[13] P J Grutzen and M O Andreae ldquoBiomass burning in thetropics impact on atmospheric chemistry and biogeochemicalcyclesrdquo Science vol 250 no 4988 pp 1669ndash1678 1990

[14] X Deng C Zhao and H Yan ldquoSystematic modeling of impactsof land use and land cover changes on regional climate areviewrdquo Advances in Meteorology vol 2013 Article ID 31767811 pages 2013

[15] X Deng C Zhao Y Lin et al ldquoDownscaling the impactsof large-scale LUCC on surface temperature along with IPCCRCPs a global perspectiverdquoEnergies vol 7 no 4 pp 2720ndash27392014

[16] F Wang and Q S Ge ldquoEstimation of urbanization bias inobserved surface temperature change in China from 1980 to2009 using satellite land-use datardquo Chinese Science Bulletin vol57 no 14 pp 1708ndash1715 2012

[17] H Y Ding and W Z Shi ldquoLand-useland-cover change and itsinfluence on surface temperature a case study in Beijing CityrdquoInternational Journal of Remote Sensing vol 34 no 15 pp 5503ndash5517 2013

[18] W Junkermann J Hacker T Lyons and U Nair ldquoLand usechange suppresses precipitationrdquo Atmospheric Chemistry andPhysics vol 9 no 17 pp 6531ndash6539 2009

[19] A T Woldemichael F Hossain and R Pielke Sr ldquoImpactsof postdam land useland cover changes on modification ofextreme precipitation in contrasting hydroclimate and terrainfeaturesrdquo Journal of Hydrometeorology vol 15 no 2 pp 777ndash800 2014

[20] R B Singh A Grover and J Y Zhan ldquoInter-seasonal variationsof surface temperature in the urbanized environment of Delhiusing landsat thermal datardquo Energies vol 7 no 3 pp 1811ndash18282014

[21] R B Singh and C Shi ldquoAdvances in observation and estima-tion of land use impacts on climate changes improved dataupgraded models and case studiesrdquo Advances in Meteorologyvol 2014 Article ID 748169 14 pages 2014

[22] N Zhang Z Q Gao X M Wang and Y Chen ldquoModelingthe impact of urbanization on the local and regional climate inYangtze River Delta Chinardquo Theoretical and Applied Climatol-ogy vol 102 no 3-4 pp 331ndash342 2010

[23] J B Liao T J Wang X M Wang et al ldquoImpacts of differenturban canopy schemes in WRFChem on regional climate andair quality inYangtzeRiverDelta ChinardquoAtmospheric Researchvol 145-146 pp 226ndash243 2014

[24] H C Wan Z Zhong X Q Yang and X Q Li ldquoImpact of citybelt in Yangtze River Delta in China on a precipitation processin summer a case studyrdquoAtmospheric Research vol 125-126 pp63ndash75 2013

10 Advances in Meteorology

[25] A Pathirana H B DenekewWVeerbeek C Zevenbergen andA T Banda ldquoImpact of urban growth-driven landuse change onmicroclimate and extreme precipitationmdasha sensitivity studyrdquoAtmospheric Research vol 138 pp 59ndash72 2014

[26] R A Memon D Y C Leung and C-H Liu ldquoAn investigationof urban heat island intensity (UHII) as an indicator of urbanheatingrdquoAtmospheric Research vol 94 no 3 pp 491ndash500 2009

[27] C-Y Lin W-C Chen S C Liu Y A Liou G R Liu and TH Lin ldquoNumerical study of the impact of urbanization on theprecipitation over Taiwanrdquo Atmospheric Environment vol 42no 13 pp 2934ndash2947 2008

[28] D E Parker ldquoA demonstration that large-scale warming is noturbanrdquo Journal of Climate vol 19 no 12 pp 2882ndash2895 2006

[29] A J Arnfield ldquoTwo decades of urban climate research a reviewof turbulence exchanges of energy and water and the urbanheat islandrdquo International Journal of Climatology vol 23 no 1pp 1ndash26 2003

[30] S GMiao F ChenMA LeMoneM Tewari Q C Li andY CWang ldquoAn observational and modeling study of characteristicsof urban heat island and boundary layer structures in BeijingrdquoJournal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology vol 48 no 3pp 484ndash501 2009

[31] H Wu L-P Ye W-Z Shi and K C Clarke ldquoAssessing theeffects of land use spatial structure on urban heat islands usingHJ-1B remote sensing imagery in Wuhan Chinardquo InternationalJournal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation vol32 pp 67ndash78 2014

[32] R K Kaufmann K C Seto A Schneider Z Liu L Zhou andWWang ldquoClimate response to rapid urban growth evidence ofa human-induced precipitation deficitrdquo Journal of Climate vol20 no 10 pp 2299ndash2306 2007

[33] Y-Z Cao SWang G Zhang J Luo and S Lu ldquoChemical char-acteristics of wet precipitation at an urban site of GuangzhouSouth ChinardquoAtmospheric Research vol 94 no 3 pp 462ndash4692009

[34] J J Feddema KW Oleson G B Bonan et al ldquoThe importanceof land-cover change in simulating future climatesrdquo Science vol310 no 5754 pp 1674ndash1678 2005

[35] X Deng J Huang S Rozelle and E Uchida ldquoGrowth popula-tion and industrialization and urban land expansion of ChinardquoJournal of Urban Economics vol 63 no 1 pp 96ndash115 2008

[36] X Deng and X Bai ldquoSustainable urbanization in WesternChinardquo Environment vol 56 no 3 pp 12ndash24 2014

[37] C Gu L Hu X Zhang X Wang and J Guo ldquoClimatechange and urbanization in the Yangtze River Deltardquo HabitatInternational vol 35 no 4 pp 544ndash552 2011

[38] Q Wang D Riemann S Vogt and R Glaser ldquoImpacts of landcover changes on climate trends in Jiangxi province ChinardquoInternational Journal of Biometeorology vol 58 no 5 pp 645ndash660 2014

[39] M Li J Wu and X Deng ldquoIdentifying drivers of land usechange in China a spatial multinomial logit model analysisrdquoLand Economics vol 89 no 4 pp 632ndash654 2013

[40] Z H Li X Z Deng J K Huang and R R Zhang ldquoCriticalstudies on integrating land-use induced effects on climateregulation services into impact assessment for human well-beingrdquo Advances in Meteorology vol 2013 Article ID 83125014 pages 2013

[41] T Takada A Miyamoto and S F Hasegawa ldquoDerivation of ayearly transition probability matrix for land-use dynamics andits applicationsrdquo Landscape Ecology vol 25 no 4 pp 561ndash5722010

[42] Y Lin A Liu E Ma X Li and Q Shi ldquoImpacts of future urbanexpansion on regional climate in the Northeast megalopolisUSArdquo Advances in Meteorology vol 2013 Article ID 362925 10pages 2013

[43] R A Pielke Sr G Marland R A Betts et al ldquoThe influence ofland-use change and landscape dynamics on the climate systemRelevance to climate-change policy beyond the radiative effectof greenhouse gasesrdquo Philosophical Transactions of the RoyalSociety A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences vol360 no 1797 pp 1705ndash1719 2002

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

ClimatologyJournal of

EcologyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

EarthquakesJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Applied ampEnvironmentalSoil Science

Volume 2014

Mining

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Geophysics

OceanographyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of Computational Environmental SciencesHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal ofPetroleum Engineering

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

GeochemistryHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Atmospheric SciencesInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

OceanographyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Advances in

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

MineralogyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

MeteorologyAdvances in

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Paleontology JournalHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Geological ResearchJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Geology Advances in

Advances in Meteorology 7

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

124∘E

34∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

26∘N

0 400200(km)

Temperature (∘C)High 37Low minus39

(a)

0 400200(km)

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

124∘E

34∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

26∘N

Temperature (∘C)High 61Low minus17

(b)

0 400200(km)

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

124∘E

34∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

26∘N

Temperature (∘C)High 05Low minus06

(c)

0 400200(km)

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E 124

∘E

34∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

26∘N

Temperature (∘C)High 40Low minus07

(d)

0 400200(km)

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

124∘E

34∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

26∘N

Precipitation (mm)High 7071Low minus1301

(e)

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

124∘E

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

26∘N

Precipitation (mm)High 5285Low minus7189

0 400200(km)

34∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

(f)

Figure 8 Continued

8 Advances in Meteorology

0 400200(km)

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

124∘E

34∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

26∘N

Precipitation (mm)High 4911Low minus5924

(g)

0 400200(km)

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

124∘E

34∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

26∘N

Precipitation (mm)High 6705Low minus7658

(h)

Figure 8 Variations of the temperature and precipitation response to land-use conversion from non-built-up to built-up area in periods1988ndash1995 (a e) 1995ndash2000 (b f) 2000ndash2005 (c g) and 2005ndash2008 (d h)

000

025

050

CU2BU FO2BUGR2BU WA2BUUN2BU Temperature changes

(∘C)

1988ndash1995 1995ndash2000 2000ndash2005 2005ndash2008

(a)

00

200

400

CU2BU

FO2BUGR2BUWA2BUUN2BU

(mm

)

1988ndash1995 1995ndash2000 2000ndash2005 2005ndash2008

minus200

minus400

(b)

Figure 9 Changes of temperature (a) and precipitation (b) upon land-use conversions from non-built-up to built-up area

4 Conclusions

In this paper the impact of the land-use conversion fromnon-built-up areas to built-up areas on surface temperatureand precipitation in the middle and lower reaches of theYangtze River during 1988ndash2008 was examined by using spa-tial and numeric analysisThe results showed that conversionfrom cultivated land to built-up area was the most importanttype of land-use change in the region under the rapidurbanization process which was recognized as ldquourbanizationof landrdquo and concentrated much of focuses from academiaThe loss of water bodies was another important source thatmade the growth of built-ups

The numeric results indicated that the transitions fromnon-built-up areas to built-up areas had positive relationshipwith the rising trend of regional temperature in the studyarea but the effects of different conversion types in differentperiodswere varied obviously All the conversion types exceptthe unused land transition have very similar impact on thechanges of temperature Within the 20-year time period

the upward and downward changing trend of regional tem-perature was quite in accordance with that where grasslandand forestry were changed to built-up areas These trendswere increasing first and then went down significantly Thechange of regional climate slightly went up from 028∘C in1988ndash1995 to 03∘C in 1995ndash2000 but both the warmingeffects of conversion from cultivated land and from waterbodies on temperature change decreased steadily in thisperiod of time which kept on going downwards significantlyto the bottom of 005∘C during 2005ndash2008 As to the regionalprecipitation the results did not show much significantimpact of land-use conversions from non-built-up areas tobuilt-up areas even though there were some researches thatindicate it could result in either increasing or decreasing effecton precipitation [27 42]

Generally we have only focused on the physical climaticimpact of transition from non-built-up to built-up areas inthe urbanized area of the middle and lower reaches of theYangtze River in this paperThe land-use change of transitionfrom non-built-up to built-up areas influences the regional

Advances in Meteorology 9

temperature mainly by altering the land surface net radiationand latent heat flux The results are of great value for thestate governments to guide land resource distribution andurbanization policies that respond to the regional climatechanges

Although the precipitation effect was also under con-sideration in this research either the positive or negativeinfluence was observed probably due to the limited annualstatistical data or the numeric methods involved Howevertrapped by the limitations and the uncertainties of fullunderstanding of the procedure mechanisms the regionalclimate change is a very complicated process and there aremany other factors that may take effect As a consequence itis a rather challenging goal to assess and quantize the climaticeffects of land-use change since various biogeophysical andbiogeochemical processes interact or even offset each otheron the climate change [43] Besides the lack of forecastingclimate changes in future under the land-use change wasanother inadequacy of the research And the explorationswould be more notable if the simulation was added bysocioeconomic indicators such as population and industries

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

This research was cosupported by National Natural ScienceFoundation of China (Grant no 41101535) China PostdoctoralScience Foundation funded project (Grant no 2012M521503)and Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Univer-sities China University of Geosciences (Wuhan) (Grantno CUG120861) The authors also wanted to thank ChinaNational Natural Science Funds for Distinguished YoungScholar (Grant no 71225005) for data support

References

[1] J A Foley R Defries G P Asner et al ldquoGlobal consequencesof land userdquo Science vol 309 no 5734 pp 570ndash574 2005

[2] R A Pielke ldquoLand use and climate changerdquo Science vol 310 no5754 pp 1625ndash1626 2005

[3] R Pachauri and A Reisinger IPCC Fourth Assessment ReportIPCC Geneva Switzerland 2007

[4] G B Bonan ldquoEffects of land use on the climate of the UnitedStatesrdquo Climatic Change vol 37 no 3 pp 449ndash486 1997

[5] C M Taylor E F Lambin N Stephenne R J Harding and RL H Essery ldquoThe influence of land use change on climate in theSahelrdquo Journal of Climate vol 15 no 24 pp 3615ndash3629 2002

[6] E Kalnay and M Cai ldquoImpact of urbanization and land-usechange on climaterdquoNature vol 423 no 6939 pp 528ndash531 2003

[7] M Cai and E Kalnay ldquoClimate impact of land-use change onclimaterdquo Nature vol 427 no 6971 p 214 2004

[8] H Paeth K Born R Girmes R Podzun and D JacobldquoRegional climate change in tropical and Northern Africa dueto greenhouse forcing and land use changesrdquo Journal of Climatevol 22 no 1 pp 114ndash132 2009

[9] L Jiang E J Ma and X Z Deng ldquoImpacts of irrigation on theheat fluxes and near-surface temperature in an inland irrigationarea of Northern Chinardquo Energies vol 7 no 3 pp 1300ndash13172014

[10] P J Lawrence J J Feddema G B Bonan et al ldquoSimulatingthe biogeochemical and biogeophysical impacts of transientland cover change and wood harvest in the community climatesystem model (CCSM4) from 1850 to 2100rdquo Journal of Climatevol 25 no 9 pp 3071ndash3095 2012

[11] K L Findell E Shevliakova P C D Milly and R J StoufferldquoModeled impact of anthropogenic land cover change onclimaterdquo Journal of Climate vol 20 no 14 pp 3621ndash3634 2007

[12] P H Verburg K Neumann and L Nol ldquoChallenges in usingland use and land cover data for global change studiesrdquo GlobalChange Biology vol 17 no 2 pp 974ndash989 2011

[13] P J Grutzen and M O Andreae ldquoBiomass burning in thetropics impact on atmospheric chemistry and biogeochemicalcyclesrdquo Science vol 250 no 4988 pp 1669ndash1678 1990

[14] X Deng C Zhao and H Yan ldquoSystematic modeling of impactsof land use and land cover changes on regional climate areviewrdquo Advances in Meteorology vol 2013 Article ID 31767811 pages 2013

[15] X Deng C Zhao Y Lin et al ldquoDownscaling the impactsof large-scale LUCC on surface temperature along with IPCCRCPs a global perspectiverdquoEnergies vol 7 no 4 pp 2720ndash27392014

[16] F Wang and Q S Ge ldquoEstimation of urbanization bias inobserved surface temperature change in China from 1980 to2009 using satellite land-use datardquo Chinese Science Bulletin vol57 no 14 pp 1708ndash1715 2012

[17] H Y Ding and W Z Shi ldquoLand-useland-cover change and itsinfluence on surface temperature a case study in Beijing CityrdquoInternational Journal of Remote Sensing vol 34 no 15 pp 5503ndash5517 2013

[18] W Junkermann J Hacker T Lyons and U Nair ldquoLand usechange suppresses precipitationrdquo Atmospheric Chemistry andPhysics vol 9 no 17 pp 6531ndash6539 2009

[19] A T Woldemichael F Hossain and R Pielke Sr ldquoImpactsof postdam land useland cover changes on modification ofextreme precipitation in contrasting hydroclimate and terrainfeaturesrdquo Journal of Hydrometeorology vol 15 no 2 pp 777ndash800 2014

[20] R B Singh A Grover and J Y Zhan ldquoInter-seasonal variationsof surface temperature in the urbanized environment of Delhiusing landsat thermal datardquo Energies vol 7 no 3 pp 1811ndash18282014

[21] R B Singh and C Shi ldquoAdvances in observation and estima-tion of land use impacts on climate changes improved dataupgraded models and case studiesrdquo Advances in Meteorologyvol 2014 Article ID 748169 14 pages 2014

[22] N Zhang Z Q Gao X M Wang and Y Chen ldquoModelingthe impact of urbanization on the local and regional climate inYangtze River Delta Chinardquo Theoretical and Applied Climatol-ogy vol 102 no 3-4 pp 331ndash342 2010

[23] J B Liao T J Wang X M Wang et al ldquoImpacts of differenturban canopy schemes in WRFChem on regional climate andair quality inYangtzeRiverDelta ChinardquoAtmospheric Researchvol 145-146 pp 226ndash243 2014

[24] H C Wan Z Zhong X Q Yang and X Q Li ldquoImpact of citybelt in Yangtze River Delta in China on a precipitation processin summer a case studyrdquoAtmospheric Research vol 125-126 pp63ndash75 2013

10 Advances in Meteorology

[25] A Pathirana H B DenekewWVeerbeek C Zevenbergen andA T Banda ldquoImpact of urban growth-driven landuse change onmicroclimate and extreme precipitationmdasha sensitivity studyrdquoAtmospheric Research vol 138 pp 59ndash72 2014

[26] R A Memon D Y C Leung and C-H Liu ldquoAn investigationof urban heat island intensity (UHII) as an indicator of urbanheatingrdquoAtmospheric Research vol 94 no 3 pp 491ndash500 2009

[27] C-Y Lin W-C Chen S C Liu Y A Liou G R Liu and TH Lin ldquoNumerical study of the impact of urbanization on theprecipitation over Taiwanrdquo Atmospheric Environment vol 42no 13 pp 2934ndash2947 2008

[28] D E Parker ldquoA demonstration that large-scale warming is noturbanrdquo Journal of Climate vol 19 no 12 pp 2882ndash2895 2006

[29] A J Arnfield ldquoTwo decades of urban climate research a reviewof turbulence exchanges of energy and water and the urbanheat islandrdquo International Journal of Climatology vol 23 no 1pp 1ndash26 2003

[30] S GMiao F ChenMA LeMoneM Tewari Q C Li andY CWang ldquoAn observational and modeling study of characteristicsof urban heat island and boundary layer structures in BeijingrdquoJournal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology vol 48 no 3pp 484ndash501 2009

[31] H Wu L-P Ye W-Z Shi and K C Clarke ldquoAssessing theeffects of land use spatial structure on urban heat islands usingHJ-1B remote sensing imagery in Wuhan Chinardquo InternationalJournal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation vol32 pp 67ndash78 2014

[32] R K Kaufmann K C Seto A Schneider Z Liu L Zhou andWWang ldquoClimate response to rapid urban growth evidence ofa human-induced precipitation deficitrdquo Journal of Climate vol20 no 10 pp 2299ndash2306 2007

[33] Y-Z Cao SWang G Zhang J Luo and S Lu ldquoChemical char-acteristics of wet precipitation at an urban site of GuangzhouSouth ChinardquoAtmospheric Research vol 94 no 3 pp 462ndash4692009

[34] J J Feddema KW Oleson G B Bonan et al ldquoThe importanceof land-cover change in simulating future climatesrdquo Science vol310 no 5754 pp 1674ndash1678 2005

[35] X Deng J Huang S Rozelle and E Uchida ldquoGrowth popula-tion and industrialization and urban land expansion of ChinardquoJournal of Urban Economics vol 63 no 1 pp 96ndash115 2008

[36] X Deng and X Bai ldquoSustainable urbanization in WesternChinardquo Environment vol 56 no 3 pp 12ndash24 2014

[37] C Gu L Hu X Zhang X Wang and J Guo ldquoClimatechange and urbanization in the Yangtze River Deltardquo HabitatInternational vol 35 no 4 pp 544ndash552 2011

[38] Q Wang D Riemann S Vogt and R Glaser ldquoImpacts of landcover changes on climate trends in Jiangxi province ChinardquoInternational Journal of Biometeorology vol 58 no 5 pp 645ndash660 2014

[39] M Li J Wu and X Deng ldquoIdentifying drivers of land usechange in China a spatial multinomial logit model analysisrdquoLand Economics vol 89 no 4 pp 632ndash654 2013

[40] Z H Li X Z Deng J K Huang and R R Zhang ldquoCriticalstudies on integrating land-use induced effects on climateregulation services into impact assessment for human well-beingrdquo Advances in Meteorology vol 2013 Article ID 83125014 pages 2013

[41] T Takada A Miyamoto and S F Hasegawa ldquoDerivation of ayearly transition probability matrix for land-use dynamics andits applicationsrdquo Landscape Ecology vol 25 no 4 pp 561ndash5722010

[42] Y Lin A Liu E Ma X Li and Q Shi ldquoImpacts of future urbanexpansion on regional climate in the Northeast megalopolisUSArdquo Advances in Meteorology vol 2013 Article ID 362925 10pages 2013

[43] R A Pielke Sr G Marland R A Betts et al ldquoThe influence ofland-use change and landscape dynamics on the climate systemRelevance to climate-change policy beyond the radiative effectof greenhouse gasesrdquo Philosophical Transactions of the RoyalSociety A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences vol360 no 1797 pp 1705ndash1719 2002

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

ClimatologyJournal of

EcologyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

EarthquakesJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Applied ampEnvironmentalSoil Science

Volume 2014

Mining

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Geophysics

OceanographyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of Computational Environmental SciencesHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal ofPetroleum Engineering

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

GeochemistryHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Atmospheric SciencesInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

OceanographyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Advances in

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

MineralogyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

MeteorologyAdvances in

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Paleontology JournalHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Geological ResearchJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Geology Advances in

8 Advances in Meteorology

0 400200(km)

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

124∘E

34∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

26∘N

Precipitation (mm)High 4911Low minus5924

(g)

0 400200(km)

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

112∘E 116

∘E 120∘E

124∘E

34∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

32∘N

30∘N

28∘N

26∘N

Precipitation (mm)High 6705Low minus7658

(h)

Figure 8 Variations of the temperature and precipitation response to land-use conversion from non-built-up to built-up area in periods1988ndash1995 (a e) 1995ndash2000 (b f) 2000ndash2005 (c g) and 2005ndash2008 (d h)

000

025

050

CU2BU FO2BUGR2BU WA2BUUN2BU Temperature changes

(∘C)

1988ndash1995 1995ndash2000 2000ndash2005 2005ndash2008

(a)

00

200

400

CU2BU

FO2BUGR2BUWA2BUUN2BU

(mm

)

1988ndash1995 1995ndash2000 2000ndash2005 2005ndash2008

minus200

minus400

(b)

Figure 9 Changes of temperature (a) and precipitation (b) upon land-use conversions from non-built-up to built-up area

4 Conclusions

In this paper the impact of the land-use conversion fromnon-built-up areas to built-up areas on surface temperatureand precipitation in the middle and lower reaches of theYangtze River during 1988ndash2008 was examined by using spa-tial and numeric analysisThe results showed that conversionfrom cultivated land to built-up area was the most importanttype of land-use change in the region under the rapidurbanization process which was recognized as ldquourbanizationof landrdquo and concentrated much of focuses from academiaThe loss of water bodies was another important source thatmade the growth of built-ups

The numeric results indicated that the transitions fromnon-built-up areas to built-up areas had positive relationshipwith the rising trend of regional temperature in the studyarea but the effects of different conversion types in differentperiodswere varied obviously All the conversion types exceptthe unused land transition have very similar impact on thechanges of temperature Within the 20-year time period

the upward and downward changing trend of regional tem-perature was quite in accordance with that where grasslandand forestry were changed to built-up areas These trendswere increasing first and then went down significantly Thechange of regional climate slightly went up from 028∘C in1988ndash1995 to 03∘C in 1995ndash2000 but both the warmingeffects of conversion from cultivated land and from waterbodies on temperature change decreased steadily in thisperiod of time which kept on going downwards significantlyto the bottom of 005∘C during 2005ndash2008 As to the regionalprecipitation the results did not show much significantimpact of land-use conversions from non-built-up areas tobuilt-up areas even though there were some researches thatindicate it could result in either increasing or decreasing effecton precipitation [27 42]

Generally we have only focused on the physical climaticimpact of transition from non-built-up to built-up areas inthe urbanized area of the middle and lower reaches of theYangtze River in this paperThe land-use change of transitionfrom non-built-up to built-up areas influences the regional

Advances in Meteorology 9

temperature mainly by altering the land surface net radiationand latent heat flux The results are of great value for thestate governments to guide land resource distribution andurbanization policies that respond to the regional climatechanges

Although the precipitation effect was also under con-sideration in this research either the positive or negativeinfluence was observed probably due to the limited annualstatistical data or the numeric methods involved Howevertrapped by the limitations and the uncertainties of fullunderstanding of the procedure mechanisms the regionalclimate change is a very complicated process and there aremany other factors that may take effect As a consequence itis a rather challenging goal to assess and quantize the climaticeffects of land-use change since various biogeophysical andbiogeochemical processes interact or even offset each otheron the climate change [43] Besides the lack of forecastingclimate changes in future under the land-use change wasanother inadequacy of the research And the explorationswould be more notable if the simulation was added bysocioeconomic indicators such as population and industries

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

This research was cosupported by National Natural ScienceFoundation of China (Grant no 41101535) China PostdoctoralScience Foundation funded project (Grant no 2012M521503)and Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Univer-sities China University of Geosciences (Wuhan) (Grantno CUG120861) The authors also wanted to thank ChinaNational Natural Science Funds for Distinguished YoungScholar (Grant no 71225005) for data support

References

[1] J A Foley R Defries G P Asner et al ldquoGlobal consequencesof land userdquo Science vol 309 no 5734 pp 570ndash574 2005

[2] R A Pielke ldquoLand use and climate changerdquo Science vol 310 no5754 pp 1625ndash1626 2005

[3] R Pachauri and A Reisinger IPCC Fourth Assessment ReportIPCC Geneva Switzerland 2007

[4] G B Bonan ldquoEffects of land use on the climate of the UnitedStatesrdquo Climatic Change vol 37 no 3 pp 449ndash486 1997

[5] C M Taylor E F Lambin N Stephenne R J Harding and RL H Essery ldquoThe influence of land use change on climate in theSahelrdquo Journal of Climate vol 15 no 24 pp 3615ndash3629 2002

[6] E Kalnay and M Cai ldquoImpact of urbanization and land-usechange on climaterdquoNature vol 423 no 6939 pp 528ndash531 2003

[7] M Cai and E Kalnay ldquoClimate impact of land-use change onclimaterdquo Nature vol 427 no 6971 p 214 2004

[8] H Paeth K Born R Girmes R Podzun and D JacobldquoRegional climate change in tropical and Northern Africa dueto greenhouse forcing and land use changesrdquo Journal of Climatevol 22 no 1 pp 114ndash132 2009

[9] L Jiang E J Ma and X Z Deng ldquoImpacts of irrigation on theheat fluxes and near-surface temperature in an inland irrigationarea of Northern Chinardquo Energies vol 7 no 3 pp 1300ndash13172014

[10] P J Lawrence J J Feddema G B Bonan et al ldquoSimulatingthe biogeochemical and biogeophysical impacts of transientland cover change and wood harvest in the community climatesystem model (CCSM4) from 1850 to 2100rdquo Journal of Climatevol 25 no 9 pp 3071ndash3095 2012

[11] K L Findell E Shevliakova P C D Milly and R J StoufferldquoModeled impact of anthropogenic land cover change onclimaterdquo Journal of Climate vol 20 no 14 pp 3621ndash3634 2007

[12] P H Verburg K Neumann and L Nol ldquoChallenges in usingland use and land cover data for global change studiesrdquo GlobalChange Biology vol 17 no 2 pp 974ndash989 2011

[13] P J Grutzen and M O Andreae ldquoBiomass burning in thetropics impact on atmospheric chemistry and biogeochemicalcyclesrdquo Science vol 250 no 4988 pp 1669ndash1678 1990

[14] X Deng C Zhao and H Yan ldquoSystematic modeling of impactsof land use and land cover changes on regional climate areviewrdquo Advances in Meteorology vol 2013 Article ID 31767811 pages 2013

[15] X Deng C Zhao Y Lin et al ldquoDownscaling the impactsof large-scale LUCC on surface temperature along with IPCCRCPs a global perspectiverdquoEnergies vol 7 no 4 pp 2720ndash27392014

[16] F Wang and Q S Ge ldquoEstimation of urbanization bias inobserved surface temperature change in China from 1980 to2009 using satellite land-use datardquo Chinese Science Bulletin vol57 no 14 pp 1708ndash1715 2012

[17] H Y Ding and W Z Shi ldquoLand-useland-cover change and itsinfluence on surface temperature a case study in Beijing CityrdquoInternational Journal of Remote Sensing vol 34 no 15 pp 5503ndash5517 2013

[18] W Junkermann J Hacker T Lyons and U Nair ldquoLand usechange suppresses precipitationrdquo Atmospheric Chemistry andPhysics vol 9 no 17 pp 6531ndash6539 2009

[19] A T Woldemichael F Hossain and R Pielke Sr ldquoImpactsof postdam land useland cover changes on modification ofextreme precipitation in contrasting hydroclimate and terrainfeaturesrdquo Journal of Hydrometeorology vol 15 no 2 pp 777ndash800 2014

[20] R B Singh A Grover and J Y Zhan ldquoInter-seasonal variationsof surface temperature in the urbanized environment of Delhiusing landsat thermal datardquo Energies vol 7 no 3 pp 1811ndash18282014

[21] R B Singh and C Shi ldquoAdvances in observation and estima-tion of land use impacts on climate changes improved dataupgraded models and case studiesrdquo Advances in Meteorologyvol 2014 Article ID 748169 14 pages 2014

[22] N Zhang Z Q Gao X M Wang and Y Chen ldquoModelingthe impact of urbanization on the local and regional climate inYangtze River Delta Chinardquo Theoretical and Applied Climatol-ogy vol 102 no 3-4 pp 331ndash342 2010

[23] J B Liao T J Wang X M Wang et al ldquoImpacts of differenturban canopy schemes in WRFChem on regional climate andair quality inYangtzeRiverDelta ChinardquoAtmospheric Researchvol 145-146 pp 226ndash243 2014

[24] H C Wan Z Zhong X Q Yang and X Q Li ldquoImpact of citybelt in Yangtze River Delta in China on a precipitation processin summer a case studyrdquoAtmospheric Research vol 125-126 pp63ndash75 2013

10 Advances in Meteorology

[25] A Pathirana H B DenekewWVeerbeek C Zevenbergen andA T Banda ldquoImpact of urban growth-driven landuse change onmicroclimate and extreme precipitationmdasha sensitivity studyrdquoAtmospheric Research vol 138 pp 59ndash72 2014

[26] R A Memon D Y C Leung and C-H Liu ldquoAn investigationof urban heat island intensity (UHII) as an indicator of urbanheatingrdquoAtmospheric Research vol 94 no 3 pp 491ndash500 2009

[27] C-Y Lin W-C Chen S C Liu Y A Liou G R Liu and TH Lin ldquoNumerical study of the impact of urbanization on theprecipitation over Taiwanrdquo Atmospheric Environment vol 42no 13 pp 2934ndash2947 2008

[28] D E Parker ldquoA demonstration that large-scale warming is noturbanrdquo Journal of Climate vol 19 no 12 pp 2882ndash2895 2006

[29] A J Arnfield ldquoTwo decades of urban climate research a reviewof turbulence exchanges of energy and water and the urbanheat islandrdquo International Journal of Climatology vol 23 no 1pp 1ndash26 2003

[30] S GMiao F ChenMA LeMoneM Tewari Q C Li andY CWang ldquoAn observational and modeling study of characteristicsof urban heat island and boundary layer structures in BeijingrdquoJournal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology vol 48 no 3pp 484ndash501 2009

[31] H Wu L-P Ye W-Z Shi and K C Clarke ldquoAssessing theeffects of land use spatial structure on urban heat islands usingHJ-1B remote sensing imagery in Wuhan Chinardquo InternationalJournal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation vol32 pp 67ndash78 2014

[32] R K Kaufmann K C Seto A Schneider Z Liu L Zhou andWWang ldquoClimate response to rapid urban growth evidence ofa human-induced precipitation deficitrdquo Journal of Climate vol20 no 10 pp 2299ndash2306 2007

[33] Y-Z Cao SWang G Zhang J Luo and S Lu ldquoChemical char-acteristics of wet precipitation at an urban site of GuangzhouSouth ChinardquoAtmospheric Research vol 94 no 3 pp 462ndash4692009

[34] J J Feddema KW Oleson G B Bonan et al ldquoThe importanceof land-cover change in simulating future climatesrdquo Science vol310 no 5754 pp 1674ndash1678 2005

[35] X Deng J Huang S Rozelle and E Uchida ldquoGrowth popula-tion and industrialization and urban land expansion of ChinardquoJournal of Urban Economics vol 63 no 1 pp 96ndash115 2008

[36] X Deng and X Bai ldquoSustainable urbanization in WesternChinardquo Environment vol 56 no 3 pp 12ndash24 2014

[37] C Gu L Hu X Zhang X Wang and J Guo ldquoClimatechange and urbanization in the Yangtze River Deltardquo HabitatInternational vol 35 no 4 pp 544ndash552 2011

[38] Q Wang D Riemann S Vogt and R Glaser ldquoImpacts of landcover changes on climate trends in Jiangxi province ChinardquoInternational Journal of Biometeorology vol 58 no 5 pp 645ndash660 2014

[39] M Li J Wu and X Deng ldquoIdentifying drivers of land usechange in China a spatial multinomial logit model analysisrdquoLand Economics vol 89 no 4 pp 632ndash654 2013

[40] Z H Li X Z Deng J K Huang and R R Zhang ldquoCriticalstudies on integrating land-use induced effects on climateregulation services into impact assessment for human well-beingrdquo Advances in Meteorology vol 2013 Article ID 83125014 pages 2013

[41] T Takada A Miyamoto and S F Hasegawa ldquoDerivation of ayearly transition probability matrix for land-use dynamics andits applicationsrdquo Landscape Ecology vol 25 no 4 pp 561ndash5722010

[42] Y Lin A Liu E Ma X Li and Q Shi ldquoImpacts of future urbanexpansion on regional climate in the Northeast megalopolisUSArdquo Advances in Meteorology vol 2013 Article ID 362925 10pages 2013

[43] R A Pielke Sr G Marland R A Betts et al ldquoThe influence ofland-use change and landscape dynamics on the climate systemRelevance to climate-change policy beyond the radiative effectof greenhouse gasesrdquo Philosophical Transactions of the RoyalSociety A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences vol360 no 1797 pp 1705ndash1719 2002

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

ClimatologyJournal of

EcologyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

EarthquakesJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Applied ampEnvironmentalSoil Science

Volume 2014

Mining

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Geophysics

OceanographyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of Computational Environmental SciencesHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal ofPetroleum Engineering

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

GeochemistryHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Atmospheric SciencesInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

OceanographyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Advances in

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

MineralogyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

MeteorologyAdvances in

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Paleontology JournalHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Geological ResearchJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Geology Advances in

Advances in Meteorology 9

temperature mainly by altering the land surface net radiationand latent heat flux The results are of great value for thestate governments to guide land resource distribution andurbanization policies that respond to the regional climatechanges

Although the precipitation effect was also under con-sideration in this research either the positive or negativeinfluence was observed probably due to the limited annualstatistical data or the numeric methods involved Howevertrapped by the limitations and the uncertainties of fullunderstanding of the procedure mechanisms the regionalclimate change is a very complicated process and there aremany other factors that may take effect As a consequence itis a rather challenging goal to assess and quantize the climaticeffects of land-use change since various biogeophysical andbiogeochemical processes interact or even offset each otheron the climate change [43] Besides the lack of forecastingclimate changes in future under the land-use change wasanother inadequacy of the research And the explorationswould be more notable if the simulation was added bysocioeconomic indicators such as population and industries

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

This research was cosupported by National Natural ScienceFoundation of China (Grant no 41101535) China PostdoctoralScience Foundation funded project (Grant no 2012M521503)and Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Univer-sities China University of Geosciences (Wuhan) (Grantno CUG120861) The authors also wanted to thank ChinaNational Natural Science Funds for Distinguished YoungScholar (Grant no 71225005) for data support

References

[1] J A Foley R Defries G P Asner et al ldquoGlobal consequencesof land userdquo Science vol 309 no 5734 pp 570ndash574 2005

[2] R A Pielke ldquoLand use and climate changerdquo Science vol 310 no5754 pp 1625ndash1626 2005

[3] R Pachauri and A Reisinger IPCC Fourth Assessment ReportIPCC Geneva Switzerland 2007

[4] G B Bonan ldquoEffects of land use on the climate of the UnitedStatesrdquo Climatic Change vol 37 no 3 pp 449ndash486 1997

[5] C M Taylor E F Lambin N Stephenne R J Harding and RL H Essery ldquoThe influence of land use change on climate in theSahelrdquo Journal of Climate vol 15 no 24 pp 3615ndash3629 2002

[6] E Kalnay and M Cai ldquoImpact of urbanization and land-usechange on climaterdquoNature vol 423 no 6939 pp 528ndash531 2003

[7] M Cai and E Kalnay ldquoClimate impact of land-use change onclimaterdquo Nature vol 427 no 6971 p 214 2004

[8] H Paeth K Born R Girmes R Podzun and D JacobldquoRegional climate change in tropical and Northern Africa dueto greenhouse forcing and land use changesrdquo Journal of Climatevol 22 no 1 pp 114ndash132 2009

[9] L Jiang E J Ma and X Z Deng ldquoImpacts of irrigation on theheat fluxes and near-surface temperature in an inland irrigationarea of Northern Chinardquo Energies vol 7 no 3 pp 1300ndash13172014

[10] P J Lawrence J J Feddema G B Bonan et al ldquoSimulatingthe biogeochemical and biogeophysical impacts of transientland cover change and wood harvest in the community climatesystem model (CCSM4) from 1850 to 2100rdquo Journal of Climatevol 25 no 9 pp 3071ndash3095 2012

[11] K L Findell E Shevliakova P C D Milly and R J StoufferldquoModeled impact of anthropogenic land cover change onclimaterdquo Journal of Climate vol 20 no 14 pp 3621ndash3634 2007

[12] P H Verburg K Neumann and L Nol ldquoChallenges in usingland use and land cover data for global change studiesrdquo GlobalChange Biology vol 17 no 2 pp 974ndash989 2011

[13] P J Grutzen and M O Andreae ldquoBiomass burning in thetropics impact on atmospheric chemistry and biogeochemicalcyclesrdquo Science vol 250 no 4988 pp 1669ndash1678 1990

[14] X Deng C Zhao and H Yan ldquoSystematic modeling of impactsof land use and land cover changes on regional climate areviewrdquo Advances in Meteorology vol 2013 Article ID 31767811 pages 2013

[15] X Deng C Zhao Y Lin et al ldquoDownscaling the impactsof large-scale LUCC on surface temperature along with IPCCRCPs a global perspectiverdquoEnergies vol 7 no 4 pp 2720ndash27392014

[16] F Wang and Q S Ge ldquoEstimation of urbanization bias inobserved surface temperature change in China from 1980 to2009 using satellite land-use datardquo Chinese Science Bulletin vol57 no 14 pp 1708ndash1715 2012

[17] H Y Ding and W Z Shi ldquoLand-useland-cover change and itsinfluence on surface temperature a case study in Beijing CityrdquoInternational Journal of Remote Sensing vol 34 no 15 pp 5503ndash5517 2013

[18] W Junkermann J Hacker T Lyons and U Nair ldquoLand usechange suppresses precipitationrdquo Atmospheric Chemistry andPhysics vol 9 no 17 pp 6531ndash6539 2009

[19] A T Woldemichael F Hossain and R Pielke Sr ldquoImpactsof postdam land useland cover changes on modification ofextreme precipitation in contrasting hydroclimate and terrainfeaturesrdquo Journal of Hydrometeorology vol 15 no 2 pp 777ndash800 2014

[20] R B Singh A Grover and J Y Zhan ldquoInter-seasonal variationsof surface temperature in the urbanized environment of Delhiusing landsat thermal datardquo Energies vol 7 no 3 pp 1811ndash18282014

[21] R B Singh and C Shi ldquoAdvances in observation and estima-tion of land use impacts on climate changes improved dataupgraded models and case studiesrdquo Advances in Meteorologyvol 2014 Article ID 748169 14 pages 2014

[22] N Zhang Z Q Gao X M Wang and Y Chen ldquoModelingthe impact of urbanization on the local and regional climate inYangtze River Delta Chinardquo Theoretical and Applied Climatol-ogy vol 102 no 3-4 pp 331ndash342 2010

[23] J B Liao T J Wang X M Wang et al ldquoImpacts of differenturban canopy schemes in WRFChem on regional climate andair quality inYangtzeRiverDelta ChinardquoAtmospheric Researchvol 145-146 pp 226ndash243 2014

[24] H C Wan Z Zhong X Q Yang and X Q Li ldquoImpact of citybelt in Yangtze River Delta in China on a precipitation processin summer a case studyrdquoAtmospheric Research vol 125-126 pp63ndash75 2013

10 Advances in Meteorology

[25] A Pathirana H B DenekewWVeerbeek C Zevenbergen andA T Banda ldquoImpact of urban growth-driven landuse change onmicroclimate and extreme precipitationmdasha sensitivity studyrdquoAtmospheric Research vol 138 pp 59ndash72 2014

[26] R A Memon D Y C Leung and C-H Liu ldquoAn investigationof urban heat island intensity (UHII) as an indicator of urbanheatingrdquoAtmospheric Research vol 94 no 3 pp 491ndash500 2009

[27] C-Y Lin W-C Chen S C Liu Y A Liou G R Liu and TH Lin ldquoNumerical study of the impact of urbanization on theprecipitation over Taiwanrdquo Atmospheric Environment vol 42no 13 pp 2934ndash2947 2008

[28] D E Parker ldquoA demonstration that large-scale warming is noturbanrdquo Journal of Climate vol 19 no 12 pp 2882ndash2895 2006

[29] A J Arnfield ldquoTwo decades of urban climate research a reviewof turbulence exchanges of energy and water and the urbanheat islandrdquo International Journal of Climatology vol 23 no 1pp 1ndash26 2003

[30] S GMiao F ChenMA LeMoneM Tewari Q C Li andY CWang ldquoAn observational and modeling study of characteristicsof urban heat island and boundary layer structures in BeijingrdquoJournal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology vol 48 no 3pp 484ndash501 2009

[31] H Wu L-P Ye W-Z Shi and K C Clarke ldquoAssessing theeffects of land use spatial structure on urban heat islands usingHJ-1B remote sensing imagery in Wuhan Chinardquo InternationalJournal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation vol32 pp 67ndash78 2014

[32] R K Kaufmann K C Seto A Schneider Z Liu L Zhou andWWang ldquoClimate response to rapid urban growth evidence ofa human-induced precipitation deficitrdquo Journal of Climate vol20 no 10 pp 2299ndash2306 2007

[33] Y-Z Cao SWang G Zhang J Luo and S Lu ldquoChemical char-acteristics of wet precipitation at an urban site of GuangzhouSouth ChinardquoAtmospheric Research vol 94 no 3 pp 462ndash4692009

[34] J J Feddema KW Oleson G B Bonan et al ldquoThe importanceof land-cover change in simulating future climatesrdquo Science vol310 no 5754 pp 1674ndash1678 2005

[35] X Deng J Huang S Rozelle and E Uchida ldquoGrowth popula-tion and industrialization and urban land expansion of ChinardquoJournal of Urban Economics vol 63 no 1 pp 96ndash115 2008

[36] X Deng and X Bai ldquoSustainable urbanization in WesternChinardquo Environment vol 56 no 3 pp 12ndash24 2014

[37] C Gu L Hu X Zhang X Wang and J Guo ldquoClimatechange and urbanization in the Yangtze River Deltardquo HabitatInternational vol 35 no 4 pp 544ndash552 2011

[38] Q Wang D Riemann S Vogt and R Glaser ldquoImpacts of landcover changes on climate trends in Jiangxi province ChinardquoInternational Journal of Biometeorology vol 58 no 5 pp 645ndash660 2014

[39] M Li J Wu and X Deng ldquoIdentifying drivers of land usechange in China a spatial multinomial logit model analysisrdquoLand Economics vol 89 no 4 pp 632ndash654 2013

[40] Z H Li X Z Deng J K Huang and R R Zhang ldquoCriticalstudies on integrating land-use induced effects on climateregulation services into impact assessment for human well-beingrdquo Advances in Meteorology vol 2013 Article ID 83125014 pages 2013

[41] T Takada A Miyamoto and S F Hasegawa ldquoDerivation of ayearly transition probability matrix for land-use dynamics andits applicationsrdquo Landscape Ecology vol 25 no 4 pp 561ndash5722010

[42] Y Lin A Liu E Ma X Li and Q Shi ldquoImpacts of future urbanexpansion on regional climate in the Northeast megalopolisUSArdquo Advances in Meteorology vol 2013 Article ID 362925 10pages 2013

[43] R A Pielke Sr G Marland R A Betts et al ldquoThe influence ofland-use change and landscape dynamics on the climate systemRelevance to climate-change policy beyond the radiative effectof greenhouse gasesrdquo Philosophical Transactions of the RoyalSociety A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences vol360 no 1797 pp 1705ndash1719 2002

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

ClimatologyJournal of

EcologyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

EarthquakesJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Applied ampEnvironmentalSoil Science

Volume 2014

Mining

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Geophysics

OceanographyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of Computational Environmental SciencesHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal ofPetroleum Engineering

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

GeochemistryHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Atmospheric SciencesInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

OceanographyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Advances in

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

MineralogyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

MeteorologyAdvances in

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Paleontology JournalHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Geological ResearchJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Geology Advances in

10 Advances in Meteorology

[25] A Pathirana H B DenekewWVeerbeek C Zevenbergen andA T Banda ldquoImpact of urban growth-driven landuse change onmicroclimate and extreme precipitationmdasha sensitivity studyrdquoAtmospheric Research vol 138 pp 59ndash72 2014

[26] R A Memon D Y C Leung and C-H Liu ldquoAn investigationof urban heat island intensity (UHII) as an indicator of urbanheatingrdquoAtmospheric Research vol 94 no 3 pp 491ndash500 2009

[27] C-Y Lin W-C Chen S C Liu Y A Liou G R Liu and TH Lin ldquoNumerical study of the impact of urbanization on theprecipitation over Taiwanrdquo Atmospheric Environment vol 42no 13 pp 2934ndash2947 2008

[28] D E Parker ldquoA demonstration that large-scale warming is noturbanrdquo Journal of Climate vol 19 no 12 pp 2882ndash2895 2006

[29] A J Arnfield ldquoTwo decades of urban climate research a reviewof turbulence exchanges of energy and water and the urbanheat islandrdquo International Journal of Climatology vol 23 no 1pp 1ndash26 2003

[30] S GMiao F ChenMA LeMoneM Tewari Q C Li andY CWang ldquoAn observational and modeling study of characteristicsof urban heat island and boundary layer structures in BeijingrdquoJournal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology vol 48 no 3pp 484ndash501 2009

[31] H Wu L-P Ye W-Z Shi and K C Clarke ldquoAssessing theeffects of land use spatial structure on urban heat islands usingHJ-1B remote sensing imagery in Wuhan Chinardquo InternationalJournal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation vol32 pp 67ndash78 2014

[32] R K Kaufmann K C Seto A Schneider Z Liu L Zhou andWWang ldquoClimate response to rapid urban growth evidence ofa human-induced precipitation deficitrdquo Journal of Climate vol20 no 10 pp 2299ndash2306 2007

[33] Y-Z Cao SWang G Zhang J Luo and S Lu ldquoChemical char-acteristics of wet precipitation at an urban site of GuangzhouSouth ChinardquoAtmospheric Research vol 94 no 3 pp 462ndash4692009

[34] J J Feddema KW Oleson G B Bonan et al ldquoThe importanceof land-cover change in simulating future climatesrdquo Science vol310 no 5754 pp 1674ndash1678 2005

[35] X Deng J Huang S Rozelle and E Uchida ldquoGrowth popula-tion and industrialization and urban land expansion of ChinardquoJournal of Urban Economics vol 63 no 1 pp 96ndash115 2008

[36] X Deng and X Bai ldquoSustainable urbanization in WesternChinardquo Environment vol 56 no 3 pp 12ndash24 2014

[37] C Gu L Hu X Zhang X Wang and J Guo ldquoClimatechange and urbanization in the Yangtze River Deltardquo HabitatInternational vol 35 no 4 pp 544ndash552 2011

[38] Q Wang D Riemann S Vogt and R Glaser ldquoImpacts of landcover changes on climate trends in Jiangxi province ChinardquoInternational Journal of Biometeorology vol 58 no 5 pp 645ndash660 2014

[39] M Li J Wu and X Deng ldquoIdentifying drivers of land usechange in China a spatial multinomial logit model analysisrdquoLand Economics vol 89 no 4 pp 632ndash654 2013

[40] Z H Li X Z Deng J K Huang and R R Zhang ldquoCriticalstudies on integrating land-use induced effects on climateregulation services into impact assessment for human well-beingrdquo Advances in Meteorology vol 2013 Article ID 83125014 pages 2013

[41] T Takada A Miyamoto and S F Hasegawa ldquoDerivation of ayearly transition probability matrix for land-use dynamics andits applicationsrdquo Landscape Ecology vol 25 no 4 pp 561ndash5722010

[42] Y Lin A Liu E Ma X Li and Q Shi ldquoImpacts of future urbanexpansion on regional climate in the Northeast megalopolisUSArdquo Advances in Meteorology vol 2013 Article ID 362925 10pages 2013

[43] R A Pielke Sr G Marland R A Betts et al ldquoThe influence ofland-use change and landscape dynamics on the climate systemRelevance to climate-change policy beyond the radiative effectof greenhouse gasesrdquo Philosophical Transactions of the RoyalSociety A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences vol360 no 1797 pp 1705ndash1719 2002

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

ClimatologyJournal of

EcologyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

EarthquakesJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Applied ampEnvironmentalSoil Science

Volume 2014

Mining

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Geophysics

OceanographyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of Computational Environmental SciencesHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal ofPetroleum Engineering

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

GeochemistryHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Atmospheric SciencesInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

OceanographyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Advances in

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

MineralogyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

MeteorologyAdvances in

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Paleontology JournalHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Geological ResearchJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Geology Advances in

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

ClimatologyJournal of

EcologyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

EarthquakesJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Applied ampEnvironmentalSoil Science

Volume 2014

Mining

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Geophysics

OceanographyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of Computational Environmental SciencesHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal ofPetroleum Engineering

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

GeochemistryHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Atmospheric SciencesInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

OceanographyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Advances in

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

MineralogyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

MeteorologyAdvances in

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Paleontology JournalHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Geological ResearchJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Geology Advances in