Research Article Surveillance of Aedes aegypti (L ...downloads.hindawi.com/archive/2014/951015.pdf · Mumbai the capital of Maharashtra states is the second mostpopulatedcityinIndia.Itislocatedtowardswestsideof

Research ArticleSurveillance of Aedes aegypti (L) Mosquitoes inMumbai International Seaport (India) to MonitorPotential Global Health Risks

Kaushal Kumar1 Abhay Kumar Sharma1 Manas Sarkar1

Arun Chauhan1 and Rajeev Sharma2

1 Centre forMedical Entomology ampVectorManagement National Centre for Disease Control 22 ShamNathMarg Delhi 110054 India2 Global Disease Detection Indian Centre National Centre for Disease Control 22 Sham Nath Marg Delhi 110054 India

Correspondence should be addressed to Abhay Kumar Sharma drabhayncdcgmailcom

Received 13 February 2014 Revised 13 May 2014 Accepted 4 June 2014 Published 29 June 2014

Academic Editor Jose A Martinez-Ibarra

Copyright copy 2014 Kaushal Kumar et alThis is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution Licensewhich permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited

Aedes mosquitoes are highly invasive and can survive almost any climatic conditions They transmit a number of major worldrsquosdeadly diseases Therefore a study was undertaken during December 2010 to evaluate the entomo-epidemiological risk of Aedesmosquito borne diseases (VBD) in Mumbai international seaport areas to minimize potential global health risks and preventintroduction of new VBD in India Surveys were undertaken in operational and residential areas of Mumbai Port Trust (MPT)All the entomological indices were found to be above the critical level prescribed for seaports by International Health RegulationsAct 2005The operational areas where large goods are handled from cargo ships were found to bemore prone tomosquito breedingcomparing to residential areas High insecticide tolerance ofAedes aegypti population against temephos and fenthion fromMumbaiport area is reported for the first time A careful and regular invigilation of the international seaports to prevent building up of vectordensity of denguechikungunya and yellow fever is recommended

1 Introduction

Aedes is a genus of mosquitoes originally found in tropicaland subtropical zones It is considered highly invasive innature and can carry a variety of pathogens that can be trans-mitted to humans The species Aedes aegypti L and Aedesalbopictus (Skuse) are the primary vectors of concern world-wide Ae aegypti mosquito is the main vector that transmitsthe viruses that cause dengue It is also known to transmitfilarial infections of Wuchereria bancrofti and Dirofilariaimmitis and avian parasite Plasmodium gallinaceum [1] Aealbopictus is primarily a forest species that has becomeadapted to rural suburban and urban human environmentsThese species commonly transmit dengue virus (DENV)around the globe an estimated 50ndash100 million new denguefever infections occur each year causing sim500000 cases ofdengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and gt20000 deaths [2ndash5]It can also transmit yellow fever chikungunya and ross riverviruses

The incidences of vector-borne diseases are increasingalarmingly due tomany factors including uncontrolled urbandevelopments that support breeding of vector mosquitoesWorld Health Organization (WHO) in 2010 stratified thecurrent situation of dengueDHF in India under category Awhich means a major public health problem leading cause ofhospitalization and death among children In India NationalVector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP)reported 28055 dengue cases in 2010 from 31 out of 35 statesin India (highest ever in a year) [6] In 2013 a total of 22092dengue cases and 74 deaths were reported form the country(of which 23 deaths were from Maharashtra only) [6] InMaharashtra state sporadic cases of dengue were reported in1973 1983 and 2000 Morbidity in Barsi Maharashtra (1973)was about 375 Recently the cases of Chikungunya arereported from villages Mungi Balamtakli and Madhi (dis-trict Ahamadnagar)Malegaon city (districtNashik) and all 8districts of Marathwada region and in Vidharbh region 7 dis-tricts Akola Washim Buldhana Yeotmal Nagpur Wardha

Hindawi Publishing CorporationJournal of InsectsVolume 2014 Article ID 951015 5 pageshttpdxdoiorg1011552014951015

2 Journal of Insects

and Chandrapur [7] Mumbai too had recorded 116 4161008 and 250 dengue cases in 2010 2011 2012 and 2013respectively [8] Moreover India shares sea routeconnectionwith majority of yellow fever (YF) endemic countries Thisraises more concern in India to control Aedes mosquitobreeding in seaport areas to prevent any introduction of YFvirus in the country As per International Health RegulationsAct 2005 [9] all the international airportsseaports groundcrossings and peripheral areas up to 400 meters should bekept free from Aedes mosquito breeding or indices shouldbe kept less than one to eliminate the chance of spreadingdisease or vectors to any part of the world Therefore in viewof the endemic situation in Maharashtra and as a membercountry of WHO an entomo-epidemiological survey wasundertaken to know the present scenario of entomologicalindices presence of DENV in Aedes mosquitoes insecticidesusceptibility status and so forth in and aroundMumbai portarea to assess potential global health risks

2 Materials and Methods

21 Study Area Present entomological surveillance wasundertaken in and around the Mumbai seaport in December2010 Mumbai the capital of Maharashtra states is the secondmost populated city in India It is located towards west side ofthe Indian seacoast at 18∘581015840Nand 72∘501015840 EMumbai weathernever gets ldquocoldrdquo since there is no real winter in the place Infact when the minimum temperature goes below 15∘C it isconsidered ldquochillyrdquo Most of the year the weather is hot andhumid throughout the day and night In December humidityis low and the day highs hover around 320∘C and nightsdo not fall below 18∘C Mumbai seaport has been theprincipal gateway to India and playing a pivotal role in thecommercial shipping and connectionswith themajor cities ofdifferent countries Statutory autonomous corporationknown as Mumbai Port Trust administrates Mumbai portMPT is amajor historical port established in 1873This port isfully integrated multipurpose port handling container drybulk liquid bulk and break bulk cargos During the presentinvestigation mosquito survey was undertaken in andaround the seaport areas covering a perimeter of 500maround operational areas of Mumbai seaport that includesthree docks Indira Dock Victoria Dock and Princersquos Dockwhich comprises the administrative block canteen sheds andso forthAedes surveywas also carried out into two residentialcolonies Parichya colony and Carnac Bunder colony Non-residential Butcher Island situated at a distance of 5 Km fromseashore was also included in this study Butcher Island hasbeen included as premises under operational area for dataanalysis In seaport baygon and pyrethrum are being used forspraying against adult and temephos granules for larvae asvector control measures

22 Entomological Surveillance Entomological surveillanceof Aedesmosquito has been standardized on different indicesbased on the simple determination of presence or absence ofAedes larvae either in each container or somewhat in eachhouse [10 11] The house index (HI percentage of houses

positive for larvae) container index (CI percentage of con-tainers positive for larvae) Breteau index (BI number ofpositive containers per 100 houses) and Premises Index werecalculated All nonhermetically closed containers containingany volume of water were considered as potential breedingsites All water-holding containers were examined Either thenametype of the containers (namely tire cooler fire extin-guisher bucket etc) or construction materials (namelycement tank earthen pots and plastic container) classifiedthe breeding sitesThe number of surveyed premises housespositive containers (with Aedes pupae or larvae) and houseswith ge1 positive container has been recorded in the study

23 Detection of DengueVirus (DENV) inMosquitoes Larvaeand adults were collected from theMPT areas and brought tothe Centre for Medical Entomology and Vector Management(National Centre for Disease Control Delhi) for detection ofDENV inside mosquitoes by antigen-capture enzyme linkedimmunosorbent assay (ELISA) followed by the protocoldescribed by Gajanana [12] Wild caught adult mosquitoesand adults reared from larvae were tested separately Sex wisepool of 3ndash10 unfedAe aegyptimosquitoes were prepared andtested to see the presence of DENV Mono-4 clonalantibody(MAb) D14G2 (1 1000) as capture antibody (broadly reac-tive against four serotypes of DENV) and Mab-peroxidaseconjugate MAb 6B6C-1 as detector antibody (1 2000) wereused The ELISA plate contained known DENV infectedsuckling mouse brain homogenate as positive control andthe homogenate of uninfected adult Ae aegypti as negativecontrols Mean [plusmn4 standard deviation (SD)] optical density(OD) of the normal laboratory reared mosquito pools (nega-tive control) was taken as threshold level and any divergenceof OD of the tested mosquito population that crosses thisthreshold level is considered as positive for DENV infection

24 Insecticide Susceptibility Assays Larvae were collectedand brought to the laboratory to determine the susceptibilitystatus Multiple concentration tests were conducted in orderto establish baseline data of susceptibility and resistanceGroups of 25 third and early fourth instar larvae of F1were tested with different concentrations of temephos (dose0012mgL) and fenthion (dose 0025mgL) in 250mL ofwater with control having no insecticide solution but withacetone Each bioassay tested a minimum of six concentra-tions with at least three replicates per concentration [13]Larval mortality was recorded after 24 hours and lethalconcentration (LC) values were calculated using dosage-mortality regression probit analysis [14]

25 Statistical Analysis Kolmogorov-Smirnov (with Dallal-Wilkinson-Lilliefor 119875 value) DrsquoAgostino and Pearson Omni-bus and Shapiro-Wilk normality test have been performed tosee whether the data follows a Gaussian distribution Appro-priate statistical tests was implemented to calculated the cor-responding 119875 values Larval survey data of different breedingsites based on the nametype of the containers (namely tirecooler fire extinguisher bucket etc) construction materials(namely tin cement tank clay pots and plastic container)

Journal of Insects 3

Table1En

tomologicalindicesa

toperatio

naland

resid

entia

lareas

ofMum

baiseapo

rtarea

durin

gDecem

ber2

010

Locality

Prem

ises

Type

ofcontainers

Non

resid

entia

lop

erationalarea(

MPT

)Plastic

Cem

ented

Fire

extin

guish

erbu

cket

Coo

ler

Earthenpo

tsTire

Other

Total

Con

tainer

index

SP

PIS

PS

PS

PS

PS

PS

PS

PS

PIndira

Dock

1008

8014

013

057

250

00

00

00

084

252976

VictoriaDock

0504

800

010

031

30

00

00

00

041

30732

PrincersquosDock

0501

204

09

036

10

00

00

00

049

10204

ButcherIsla

nd06

0000

20

70

00

00

00

40

00

130

0000

Total

2613

5020

039

0124

290

00

04

00

0187

291550

Resid

entia

lareas

HI

CIBreteauindex

Paric

hyac

olon

y30

051667

363

00

00

11

31

00

11

416

1250

1667

Carnak

Bund

ercolony

2904

1379

775

00

00

80

10

30

00

895

0561

1724

Total

113

80

00

09

14

13

01

1130

11Grand

total

133

839

0124

299

14

17

01

1317

40SsearchedP

positiveP

Iprem

isesind

exH

Iho

useind

exC

Icontainerind

ex


Table 2 Probability distribution showing positive mosquito (larvae) breeding among different types of containers at Mumbai seaport areaduring December 2010

Plastic Cemented Fire extinguisher bucket Cooler Earthen pot Tire Other TotalOperational area (MPT)

Indira Dock 0 0 44 0 0 0 0 30Victoria 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 7DockPrincersquos 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 2DockTotal 0 0 23 0 0 0 0 16

Residential areasParichya 8 0 0 100 33 0 100 15colonyCarnak 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 6BundercolonyTotal 7 0 0 11 25 0 100 8

Grand total 6 0 23 11 25 0 100 13

Table 3 Insecticide susceptibility status of Ae aegyptimosquitoes collected fromMumbai seaport area during December 2010

Insecticides LC50 95 CI LC90 95 CI Chi2 (DF) Slope Slope ldquo119905rdquo (DF)

Temephos 0029 0017ndash0049 0107 0062ndash0189 13983 (3) 227 7069 (3)119875 = 00029 119875 = 00058

Fenthion 0018 0011ndash0032 0043 0025ndash0076 15755 (3) 344 472 (3)119875 = 00013 119875 = 0018

DF degree of freedom LC lethal concentration CI confidence interval

was analyzed Plain vanilla probabilistic and chi-square fre-quency tests to judge the significance of chance of gettingpositive containers (ie containers contain single Aedeslarvae) in different areas were applied For all areas differententomological indices (namely HI CI BI andor PremisesIndex) were calculated

3 Results

31 Entomological Surveillance In operational areas of MPTout of the total 26 premises 13 were found positive for Aeaegypti breeding giving an overall premises index of 50withhigh CI in Indira Dock (2976) however no breeding inButcher Island could be found at this time (Table 1)

Among residential colonies Parichya colony showedhigher HI and CI (167 and 125 resp) than Carnak Bun-der colony where BI (1724) was relatively high (Table 1) Themost of the breeding was detected in fire extinguisher bucketkept in the different sheds along with other containersVarious breeding containers searches were tires coolerstin containers cement tanks earthen pots fire extinguisherbucket and others Distribution of mosquito breeding in dif-ferent containers in nonresidential operational areas of MPTand two residential colonies adjacent to the seaport are shownin Table 1 Among these different containers fire extinguisherbucket shows only breeding sites in operational areas with

overall probability of 23 whereas in residential areas cool-ers earthen pots and other containers (mainly disposableplastic cups and glass) showmaximum potential for breedingbased on plain vanilla probability model (Table 2) No othergenus of mosquito larvae was found during the surveillance

32 Detection of Dengue Virus (DENV) inMosquitoes A totalof 331Ae aegyptimosquitoes (99males and 232 females) weretested for DENV infection out of which 250 samples werereared from larvae collected from MPT and the rest wereadult caught wild mosquitoes However all samples werefound negative for DENV

33 Insecticide Susceptibility Assays Results of insecticidesusceptibility assays are presented in Table 3 Baseline assayshows that LC90 (0107) against temephos is quite higher thanthe WHO recommended diagnostic dose Overall popula-tion was found to have high tolerance against both temephosand fenthion

34 Statistical Analysis Chi-square frequency test was usedto understand whether any statistical dependency is presentamong breeding positivity in two types of areas (ie opera-tional and residential) surveyed Here we found that oper-ational areas of MPT are more prone to mosquito breedingcomparing to residential areas (Chi-square statistics = 299


degree of freedom = 6 alpha level = 005 and 1205942 = 126 Chi-square statistics gt 1205942) We further analyzed that there is nosignificant dependency between types of positive containerfor breeding in two residential colonies (Chi-square statis-tics = 30 degree of freedom = 4 alpha level = 005 and120594

2

= 95 Chi-square statistics lt 1205942)

4 Discussion

Vector borne diseases are on the rise in last few years withepidemics reported in many countries In the present studyit was assessed how different types of containers contributeto the breeding of Ae aegypti and how all this knowledgemay help in establishing better control strategy forAe aegyptimosquitoes inMPT as well as other seaports in India Duringinvestigation it was observed that MPT having limitedinfrastructural facilities and inadequate trained workforce tocontrol the mosquitoes may be one of the factors for estab-lishment and expansion of Aedes mosquito vectors in peakseasons

During our survey the highest percentage of positive con-tainers for larvae has been shown in fire extinguisher bucketsin operational areas (Table 1) Interestingly these positivecontainers (fire extinguisher buckets) are emergency instru-ment and technically it should always be filled with waterHowever the stored water should be changed regularlyUnfortunately our findings revealed that the poor manage-ment of these buckets is the main cause for mosquito breed-ing It is worth noting that in some areas we found that 100of surveyed containers are positive for mosquito breeding

We could not detect any mosquito sample positive withDENV but this was perhaps due to the low viral load in themonth of December (nonpeak season) However we foundthat all the entomological indices are above the critical levelas prescribed in International Health Regulations (2005) [9]The earlier studies conducted in seaport in India also showedhigh entomological indices and even during the dry months[15 16] Therefore it is quite clear that seaport authoritiesneed to give more attention to implementing InternationalHealth Regulations (2005) to counter the mosquito-breedingproblem Mosquito breeding surrounding seaport andorinternational border is not just a simple local health problemor biting nuisance it is a serious threat to global health secu-rity Thus a careful invigilation of the international airportsand seaports by the trained scientistsvector control person-nel is recommend to prevent breeding and unwanted exportof vector species and identify any accidental andor delib-erate import of alien arthropod vectors as biosecurity andquarantinemeasures to prevent potential international healthrisks Moreover future research priorities should includeregular surveillance of arthropod vectors as well as molec-ular diagnostics of diseases identification of vectors andphylogenetic origin of the vector strains in seaport areas Arapid action team of trained scientist and health workersequipped with conventional and modern scientific instru-mentations and suitable vector control tools would be able tocounter vector breeding during any epidemics and outbreakssituation

Conflict of Interests

The authors do not have any conflict of interests

References

[1] R C Russell C E Webb and N Davies ldquoAedes aegypti (L)and Aedes polynesiensis marks (Diptera Culicidae) in MooreaFrench Polynesia a study of adult population structures andpathogen (Wuchereria bancrofti and Dirofilaria immitis) infec-tion rates to indicate regional and seasonal epidemiological riskfor dengue andfilariasisrdquo Journal ofMedical Entomology vol 42no 6 pp 1045ndash1056 2005

[2] D J Gubler ldquoHuman arbovirus infectionsworldwiderdquoAnnals ofthe New York Academy of Sciences vol 951 pp 13ndash24 2001

[3] D J Gubler ldquoEpidemic denguedengue hemorrhagic fever as apublic health social and economic problem in the 21st centuryrdquoTrends in Microbiology vol 10 no 2 pp 100ndash103 2002

[4] D J Gubler ldquoThe changing epidemiology of yellow fever anddengue 1900 to 2003 full circlerdquo Comparative ImmunologyMicrobiology and Infectious Diseases vol 27 no 5 pp 319ndash3302004

[5] S Bhatt PWGethingO J Brady et al ldquoThe global distributionand burden of denguerdquo Nature vol 496 no 7446 pp 504ndash5072013

[6] ldquoNational Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVB-DCP)rdquo 2012 httpnvbdcpgovinden-cdhtml

[7] The Public Health Department Government of Maharashtrahttpwwwmaha-arogyagovindiseasesinfoDenguedefaulthtm

[8] S D Roy ldquoVirulent dengue strain at work 250 cases alreadyreported in Mumbairdquo 2013 httptimesofindiaindiatimescomcitymumbaiVirulent-dengue-strain-at-work-25020cases-already-reported-in-Mumbaiarticleshow20937248cms

[9] WHO International Health Regulations 2005 World HealthOrganization 2nd edition 2008 httpwwwwhointcsrihrIHR 2005 enpdf

[10] WTun-Lin BHKayA Barnes and S Forsyth ldquoCritical exam-ination of Aedes aegypti indices correlations with abundancerdquoTheAmerican Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene vol 54no 5 pp 543ndash547 1996

[11] D A Focks A Review of Entomological Sampling Methodsand Indicators for Dengue Vectors World Health OrganizationGeneva Switzerland 2003

[12] A Gajanana R Rajendran V Thenmozhi P P Samuel T FTsai and R Reuben ldquoComparative evaluation of bioassay andELISA for detection of Japanese encephalitis virus in field col-lected mosquitosrdquo The Southeast Asian Journal of TropicalMedicine and Public Health vol 26 no 1 pp 91ndash97 1995

[13] World Health Organization ldquoInstructions for determining thesusceptibility or resistance of mosquito larvae to insecticidesrdquoTech Rep WHOVBC81807 1981

[14] D J Finney Probit Analysis Cambridge University PressCambridge UK 3rd edition 1971

[15] K S Gill S K Sharma R Katyal and K Kumar ldquoAedes aegyptisurvey of Chennai seaportairport Indiardquo Dengue Bulletin vol24 pp 121ndash123 2000

[16] S N Sharma S Kumar B P Das et al ldquoEntomological indicesof Aedes aegypti at some international airports and seaports ofsouthern Indiamdasha reportrdquo Journal of Communicable Diseasesvol 37 no 3 pp 173ndash181 2005

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

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Zoology


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BioinformaticsAdvances in

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Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Nucleic AcidsJournal of

Volume 2014

Stem CellsInternational



Enzyme Research



Microbiology


and Chandrapur [7] Mumbai too had recorded 116 4161008 and 250 dengue cases in 2010 2011 2012 and 2013respectively [8] Moreover India shares sea routeconnectionwith majority of yellow fever (YF) endemic countries Thisraises more concern in India to control Aedes mosquitobreeding in seaport areas to prevent any introduction of YFvirus in the country As per International Health RegulationsAct 2005 [9] all the international airportsseaports groundcrossings and peripheral areas up to 400 meters should bekept free from Aedes mosquito breeding or indices shouldbe kept less than one to eliminate the chance of spreadingdisease or vectors to any part of the world Therefore in viewof the endemic situation in Maharashtra and as a membercountry of WHO an entomo-epidemiological survey wasundertaken to know the present scenario of entomologicalindices presence of DENV in Aedes mosquitoes insecticidesusceptibility status and so forth in and aroundMumbai portarea to assess potential global health risks

2 Materials and Methods

21 Study Area Present entomological surveillance wasundertaken in and around the Mumbai seaport in December2010 Mumbai the capital of Maharashtra states is the secondmost populated city in India It is located towards west side ofthe Indian seacoast at 18∘581015840Nand 72∘501015840 EMumbai weathernever gets ldquocoldrdquo since there is no real winter in the place Infact when the minimum temperature goes below 15∘C it isconsidered ldquochillyrdquo Most of the year the weather is hot andhumid throughout the day and night In December humidityis low and the day highs hover around 320∘C and nightsdo not fall below 18∘C Mumbai seaport has been theprincipal gateway to India and playing a pivotal role in thecommercial shipping and connectionswith themajor cities ofdifferent countries Statutory autonomous corporationknown as Mumbai Port Trust administrates Mumbai portMPT is amajor historical port established in 1873This port isfully integrated multipurpose port handling container drybulk liquid bulk and break bulk cargos During the presentinvestigation mosquito survey was undertaken in andaround the seaport areas covering a perimeter of 500maround operational areas of Mumbai seaport that includesthree docks Indira Dock Victoria Dock and Princersquos Dockwhich comprises the administrative block canteen sheds andso forthAedes surveywas also carried out into two residentialcolonies Parichya colony and Carnac Bunder colony Non-residential Butcher Island situated at a distance of 5 Km fromseashore was also included in this study Butcher Island hasbeen included as premises under operational area for dataanalysis In seaport baygon and pyrethrum are being used forspraying against adult and temephos granules for larvae asvector control measures

22 Entomological Surveillance Entomological surveillanceof Aedesmosquito has been standardized on different indicesbased on the simple determination of presence or absence ofAedes larvae either in each container or somewhat in eachhouse [10 11] The house index (HI percentage of houses

positive for larvae) container index (CI percentage of con-tainers positive for larvae) Breteau index (BI number ofpositive containers per 100 houses) and Premises Index werecalculated All nonhermetically closed containers containingany volume of water were considered as potential breedingsites All water-holding containers were examined Either thenametype of the containers (namely tire cooler fire extin-guisher bucket etc) or construction materials (namelycement tank earthen pots and plastic container) classifiedthe breeding sitesThe number of surveyed premises housespositive containers (with Aedes pupae or larvae) and houseswith ge1 positive container has been recorded in the study

23 Detection of DengueVirus (DENV) inMosquitoes Larvaeand adults were collected from theMPT areas and brought tothe Centre for Medical Entomology and Vector Management(National Centre for Disease Control Delhi) for detection ofDENV inside mosquitoes by antigen-capture enzyme linkedimmunosorbent assay (ELISA) followed by the protocoldescribed by Gajanana [12] Wild caught adult mosquitoesand adults reared from larvae were tested separately Sex wisepool of 3ndash10 unfedAe aegyptimosquitoes were prepared andtested to see the presence of DENV Mono-4 clonalantibody(MAb) D14G2 (1 1000) as capture antibody (broadly reac-tive against four serotypes of DENV) and Mab-peroxidaseconjugate MAb 6B6C-1 as detector antibody (1 2000) wereused The ELISA plate contained known DENV infectedsuckling mouse brain homogenate as positive control andthe homogenate of uninfected adult Ae aegypti as negativecontrols Mean [plusmn4 standard deviation (SD)] optical density(OD) of the normal laboratory reared mosquito pools (nega-tive control) was taken as threshold level and any divergenceof OD of the tested mosquito population that crosses thisthreshold level is considered as positive for DENV infection

24 Insecticide Susceptibility Assays Larvae were collectedand brought to the laboratory to determine the susceptibilitystatus Multiple concentration tests were conducted in orderto establish baseline data of susceptibility and resistanceGroups of 25 third and early fourth instar larvae of F1were tested with different concentrations of temephos (dose0012mgL) and fenthion (dose 0025mgL) in 250mL ofwater with control having no insecticide solution but withacetone Each bioassay tested a minimum of six concentra-tions with at least three replicates per concentration [13]Larval mortality was recorded after 24 hours and lethalconcentration (LC) values were calculated using dosage-mortality regression probit analysis [14]

25 Statistical Analysis Kolmogorov-Smirnov (with Dallal-Wilkinson-Lilliefor 119875 value) DrsquoAgostino and Pearson Omni-bus and Shapiro-Wilk normality test have been performed tosee whether the data follows a Gaussian distribution Appro-priate statistical tests was implemented to calculated the cor-responding 119875 values Larval survey data of different breedingsites based on the nametype of the containers (namely tirecooler fire extinguisher bucket etc) construction materials(namely tin cement tank clay pots and plastic container)


Table1En

tomologicalindicesa

toperatio

naland

resid

entia

lareas

ofMum

baiseapo

rtarea

durin

gDecem

ber2

010

Locality

Prem

ises

Type

ofcontainers

Non

resid

entia

lop

erationalarea(

MPT

)Plastic

Cem

ented

Fire

extin

guish

erbu

cket

Coo

ler

Earthenpo

tsTire

Other

Total

Con

tainer

index

SP

PIS

PS

PS

PS

PS

PS

PS

PS

PIndira

Dock

1008

8014

013

057

250

00

00

00

084

252976

VictoriaDock

0504

800

010

031

30

00

00

00

041

30732

PrincersquosDock

0501

204

09

036

10

00

00

00

049

10204

ButcherIsla

nd06

0000

20

70

00

00

00

40

00

130

0000

Total

2613

5020

039

0124

290

00

04

00

0187

291550

Resid

entia

lareas

HI

CIBreteauindex

Paric

hyac

olon

y30

051667

363

00

00

11

31

00

11

416

1250

1667

Carnak

Bund

ercolony

2904

1379

775

00

00

80

10

30

00

895

0561

1724

Total

113

80

00

09

14

13

01

1130

11Grand

total

133

839

0124

299

14

17

01

1317

40SsearchedP

positiveP

Iprem

isesind

exH

Iho

useind

exC

Icontainerind

ex






Grand total 6 0 23 11 25 0 100 13







3 Results









2


4 Discussion






References
























Volume 2014

Zoology






















Advances in

Virolog y



Volume 2014




Enzyme Research



Microbiology


Table1En

tomologicalindicesa

toperatio

naland

resid

entia

lareas

ofMum

baiseapo

rtarea

durin

gDecem

ber2

010

Locality

Prem

ises

Type

ofcontainers

Non

resid

entia

lop

erationalarea(

MPT

)Plastic

Cem

ented

Fire

extin

guish

erbu

cket

Coo

ler

Earthenpo

tsTire

Other

Total

Con

tainer

index

SP

PIS

PS

PS

PS

PS

PS

PS

PS

PIndira

Dock

1008

8014

013

057

250

00

00

00

084

252976

VictoriaDock

0504

800

010

031

30

00

00

00

041

30732

PrincersquosDock

0501

204

09

036

10

00

00

00

049

10204

ButcherIsla

nd06

0000

20

70

00

00

00

40

00

130

0000

Total

2613

5020

039

0124

290

00

04

00

0187

291550

Resid

entia

lareas

HI

CIBreteauindex

Paric

hyac

olon

y30

051667

363

00

00

11

31

00

11

416

1250

1667

Carnak

Bund

ercolony

2904

1379

775

00

00

80

10

30

00

895

0561

1724

Total

113

80

00

09

14

13

01

1130

11Grand

total

133

839

0124

299

14

17

01

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Grand total 6 0 23 11 25 0 100 13







3 Results









2


4 Discussion






References
























Volume 2014

Zoology






















Advances in

Virolog y



Volume 2014




Enzyme Research



Microbiology






Grand total 6 0 23 11 25 0 100 13







3 Results









2


4 Discussion






References
























Volume 2014

Zoology






















Advances in

Virolog y



Volume 2014




Enzyme Research



Microbiology



2


4 Discussion






References
























Volume 2014

Zoology






















Advances in

Virolog y



Volume 2014




Enzyme Research



Microbiology








Volume 2014

Zoology






















Advances in

Virolog y



Volume 2014




Enzyme Research



Microbiology

Documents

Research Article Surveillance of Aedes aegypti (L ...downloads.hindawi.com/archive/2014/951015.pdf · Mumbai the capital of Maharashtra states is the second mostpopulatedcityinIndia.Itislocatedtowardswestsideof