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RESEARCH METHODOLGY-EDU 702. INSTRUMENTATION II (Interview, Checklist & Observation) Syed Khairul Hisham (2009 ) Siti Fairuz binti Hamid (2009152243) Nur Shaminah Mustafa Kamalu (2009957497). INTERVIEWS. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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RESEARCH METHODOLGY-EDU 702
INSTRUMENTATION II(Interview, Checklist & Observation)
Syed Khairul Hisham (2009 )
Siti Fairuz binti Hamid(2009152243)
Nur Shaminah Mustafa Kamalu(2009957497)
INTERVIEWSInterview is an interchangeable of views between two or more people on a topic of mutual interest (Kvale, 1996)Enable participants ( either interviewers or interviewee ) to discuss their interpretations of the world in which they live, and to express how they regard situation from the point of viewAlso known as careful asking of relevant questionUsed by qualitative researchers to collect data
• Important way for a researchers to check the accuracy of – to verify or refute – the impressions he or she has gained through observation
• Purpose of interviewing -To find out what is in their mind-Evaluate or assess a person in some respect-To test or develop hypothesis-To gather data-To sample respondent’s opinions
Concepts of interview (Kitwood, 1977)
• a) Pure information transferask questions in an acceptable manner, respondents are sincere, accuracy may be obtained (vice versa)
• b) has biasNeed to be controlled and recognized
• c) encounter necessarily sharing many of the feature of everyday life Theory of everyday life is needed, include role – playing, stereotype, perception and understanding
• Types of interviews – Structured semi- structured informal retrospective
Structured interviewContent and procedures are organized in advanceSequence are determined by scheduleUnstructured interview-open situation, flexibility and freedom-content, sequence and wording determined by
interviewer- Often best conducted toward the end of a study
• Informal interviewsMuch less formal than structured or semi-structuredResemble casual conversations, pursuing the interests of both the researchers and the respondent in returnmost common type of interviewsTo find out what people think and how the views of one individual compare with those of anotherMost difficult of all interviews as wellIssue of ethicsMust create environment of trust, cooperation and mutual respectPlanning and asking good questions
• Retrospectivecan be structured, semi structured or informaltries to get respondents to recall and then reconstruct from memory something that has happened in the pastleast likely to provide accurate & reliable dataKey- Actor Interview
• Key informants – people that are informed about their history and culture of their group
• Knowledgeable individual and may provide detailed information about a group’s past and contemporary happenings and relationship
• Researchers need to seek and establish a bond of trust with them
Interview versus questionnairesconsiderations interview questionnaire
expense To interviewers Postage and printing
Opportunities for response extensive limited
asking extensive limited
probing possible difficult
Number of respondents can be reached
limited No limit
Overall reliability Limited fair
Rate of return good poor
• Informal conversational interviewtypes Characteristics Strength weaknesses
Informal conversational
Questions emerge from immediate context and asked naturally
Increase salience and relevancy, interviews can be matched
Different information collected, data analyze difficult
Interview guide Topics specific, interviewers decide sequence and wording
Systematic, logical and fair
Important data may left out, certain question may be interpreted and answered differently
Open – ended interview
Exact word are determined in advance, same questions to interviewee
Same answer for questions, data can be comparable, reduces bias
No flexibility, certain question may limit natural and relevance
Fixed response/Closed interview
Questions and responses categories are determined in advance and fixed
Data analyses are simple , easy comparison
Experiences and feelings must be fit, maybe impersonal and irrelevant
Interview approach• One on one interview
Most time consuming costly approachOnly one participant at a timeideal for interviewing participants who are not hesitant to speak, articulate and can share ideas comfortably
• Focus group interviewsinterviewer ask a questions in group to think about a series of questionscomment of an issue where everyone can listen to an opinion
• Telephone interviewsDue to barriers, geographical locationInclude adapter for phone recording
• Electronic mail interviewsUsing mail by sending mail to interviewee
Types of interview questions
• Background ( demographic)
• Knowledge questions ( beliefs, attitudes )
• Experience
• Opinion
• Feeling questions
• Sensory questions
Steps in interviewing• Identify the interviewee• Determine type of interview• Record the interview• Take briefs notes• Locate a nice environment for interview• Obtain consent from interviewee• Plan but flexible• Use probe• Courteous and professionals
Interviewing behaviour• Respect the culture of the group being studied• Respect the individual being interviewed• Be natural• Develop an appropriate rapport• Ask same questions in different ways• Ask the interviewee to repeat an answer if in
doubt• Control the flow of communication• Avoid leading questions ( open ended )• Don’t interrupt• Do not ask yes or no questions
Recording interview datatape recordertaking notesvideo tapemicrophoneMail programs for email interviewing
Ethics of an interview• Researchers need to protect the anonymity of
the interviewee• Reduced risk to participants• Data are responsibility confidential• Respect the respondents to participate or
withdraw• Protect participants from harm, mental
discomfort• Provides participants with information about
nature of study
Conclusion Advantages Disadvantages
Flexible expensive
Personal perspective is provided. Meaning and feelings can be provided
Time consuming
Dialogue for clarification manipulation by respondent
Greater depth of information
Must have ability to interpret data
CHECKLISTSCHECKLISTS
Performance Checklists
• One of the most frequently used of all measuring instruments
• Consist of a list of behaviors that make up a certain type of performance
• Use to determine whether an individual behaves in a certain way when asked to complete a particular task.
• If a particular behavior is present, the researcher places a check mark on the list.
R.F. Jack & E.W. Norman (2010)
Self-Checklist
• Is a list of several characteristics or activities presented to the subjects of study.
• The subjects will mark the checklist themselves in which they have engaged.
• Usually use by the researcher that wants subjects to diagnose their own performances.
Creating a Reliable Checklist
Advantages
Disadvantages
• Limited response to the questions• They never have enough categories to include
every event you observe (Saphier, 1993).• There is usually no place to record supporting
evidence f for your claims because the limited space (Saphier, 1993) .
Observation
• process of recording the behavioral patterns of people, objects, and occurrences without questioning or communicating with them.(Burney & White,2004)
• an act of recognizing and noting a fact or occurrence often involving measurement with instruments.(Merriam Webster online dictionary)
The degree of observation:
Participant observation
-the researcher participate in the setting they are observing.-divided into 2:A-overt observationB-covert observation
Overt observation-identity of the researcher is known to the participants
Covert observation-do no reveal the identity as a researcher.
Nonparticipant observation
• -researcher do not participate in the activity; “sit on the sidelines” and watch.
• -shows that he/she is an interested observer who is conducting a research.
Naturalistic observation
• observing individuals in their natural setting
• The researcher do not manipulate any of the variables.
• Records as things naturally occur.
• Subjects may not realise that they are being studied
Variations in approaches to Observation
A single observation of limited Multiple observations; long-termduration (e.g., 30 minutes). duration (e.g., months, even years).
Narrow focus: Only a single Broad focus: Holistic view of the activity orelement or characteristic is observed. characteristic being observed and all of
its elements is sought.
The purpose of the The purpose of the No explanation is False explanations areobservation is fully explained observation is given to any of the given; participants are
to all involved. explained to some of participants. deceived about thethe participants. purpose of the
observation.
Full-participant Partial Onlooker;observation participation observer is an outsider
Participants know Some but not Participants do not knowthat observations are being all of the that observations are beingmade and they know who is participants made or that there is
making them. know the observer. someone observing them.
Role of the Observer
How the Observer Is Portrayed to Others
How the Purpose of the Observation Is Portrayed to Others
Duration of the Observations
Focus of the Observations
Simulations
• Observation done by creating a situation and ask subjects to act out; role play.
• Two types of role-playing• a)individual role-playing• b)team role-playing
• Researcher tells what to do, BUT not how to do it.
Observer Effect
Impact due to the presence of the observer and impact on a study being done.
Effect of observer:a-arouse curiosity of the people being observeb-behaviour of those being observe influence
by the researcher’s purpose.
Observer bias Referred to as the possibility that certain
characteristics or ideas of observers may be bias with what they are actually observing.
Biasness happens due to past experience which in turn affect how we see the world.
How to reduce observe bias?i-study the subjective factors objectively.ii-collect data from a variety of perspective, using variety
of formats.Iii-work in teams in order to check own observations
against another’s
Coding observational data
• Coding scheme-a set of categories that an observer uses to record the frequency of an individual’s or group’s behaviour.
• An observer still must choose what to observe, even with a fixed coding scheme.
• Data are coded into categories that emerge as the analysis proceeds
Observational tools
• Field notes
• Video recorder-permits the researcher to repeatedly review the behaviour of an individual or group.
• Voice recorder
Advantages of Observation
– Validity - which is measuring what we set out to
measure-If behavior or events are clearly defined,then we have valid observation
No problem with respondents’ misunderstanding or misreporting
Direct observation of consumers
Disadvantages of Observation
– Can only observe physical actions, physical characteristics, etc.
• CANNOT observe intentions, motivations• CANNOT draw any conclusions about anything other
than the physical actions or events
– Not all actions can be observed