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Research Skills for Dissertations: 2015
Sue Bird Bodleian Subject Librarian Geography
The digital architecture facilitating research & study
Oxford Libraries Information
Platform
Literature & Data Search Engines e-Journals
e-Books
On-line data bases
Subscription
Dbases
Data Portals
(expanding)
Course Information Management
Research Skills Tool Kits
Science
Blogs
Science & Ideas Media
PodOxfo
rd
Networking, Communication &
Living
Data Visualisation
Tools
You & Your Devices (and WiFi connection –
Eduroam, OWL)
Cloud
computing
Note: commercial products cited merely represent commonly
used services rather than endorsements
Data Mining &
workflow tools
Policies & Guidelines
SoGE Intranet
Cloud
computing
OUCS
Personal
Page
Data & File Sharing
OxFile
Oxford
iTunes U
Reference Management Tools
This session
How to cite sources correctly & therefore avoid
plagiarism
How to use Reference Management Software
SOLO & OXLIP+
Reference works
Google Scholar v. Bibliographic Databases
Searching Techniques & Keeping up to date
Dissertation Techniques
Avoiding Plagiarism
"...You must always indicate to the examiners when you have drawn on the work of others; other people's original ideas and methods should be clearly distinguished from your own, and other people's words, illustrations, diagrams etc. should be clearly indicated regardless of whether they are copied exactly, paraphrased, or adapted... ...The University reserves the right to use software applications to screen any individual's submitted work for matches either to published sources or to other submitted work. Any such matches respectively might indicate either plagiarism or collusion...
...Although the use of electronic resources by students in their academic work is encouraged, you should remember that the regulations on plagiarism apply to on-line material and other digital material just as much as to printed material..."
Section 9.5 Proctors' and Assessor's Memorandum
https://intranet.ouce.ox.ac.uk/undergraduate/fhs/plagiarism.html
Good academic practice
So follow the citation principles and practices in
place in your subject area, develop a rigorous
approach to academic referencing, and avoid
inadvertent plagiarism.
Be uniform in your referencing system:-
Probably use the Harvard system as suggested
on the School’s web-site – but whatever you do
use – just be consistent
https://intranet.ouce.ox.ac.uk/undergraduate/fhs/dissertation/referencing.html
Citing your references
Just a few of the more common points
An article in an online journal which also exists in print should be cited in the same way as print.
To cite something which only exists electronically, e.g. a web site, follow special rules which include the date viewed.
A specific quote must include the page reference in the citation. (This also applies to tables & diagrams you have taken directly from another source.)
Using quotations
• A specific quote must include the page reference
in the in text citation.
• They must also be enclosed by quotation marks.
• If you don’t then TURNITIN software will ping it
back as plagiarism, even if you have given the full
reference.
• THAT means straight to the Proctors – a whole
load of hassle and a £50 fine!!!
https://intranet.ouce.ox.ac.uk/undergraduate/fhs/dissertation/preparation.html
TURNITIN
Your Bibliographies
• Not just your dissertation
• Don’t forget your Extended Essays
• If you are asked for a specific style – USE it
e.g. Biogeography Option asks for bibliography to
be formatted according to the style of the ‘Journal of
Biogeography’ (2013 Finals no-one followed this so
marks deducted)
• How to find a particular style?
Citation practice
A large number of manuals are available to give
guidance and sound practice.
1:Doing a literature review / Chris Hart (London, 1998) [H 62 HAR ]
2:Manual for writers / Kate Turabian (7th ed. Chicago, 2007) [LB 2369 TUR ]
3:Communicating in geography & the environmental sciences / Ian Hay (3rd ed. Oxford, 2006) [G 70 HAY ]
4:Cite them right /Pears & Shields (2013 ed.) [LB 2369 PEA]
5: Complete guide to referencing & avoiding plagiarism / Neville (2nd ed. 2010) – available on-line via E.B.L.
What’s the point of reference
managers?
• Staying organised
• Collect information about everything you’ve read in one place.
1
• Saving time
• Speed up adding citations and creating bibliographies in documents.
2
References / Bibliography
Organize your research and manage your database of references
Import references from many different data sources including direct from databases like Scopus or Web of Science, or library catalogues like SOLO.
Store links to documents – pdf’s, images, etc.
Include citations while you write your paper and format them in a particular style at the touch of a button
Software available
• Many different packages are available
• The principles are the same but the details are
different
• Variations in price and features
Reference Management Systems
• RefWorks - web based – access your records anywhere
- free to members of university – even after you leave
• EndNote - works without web access – but software
needs to be installed on own machine – charge of c£95
from IT Services Shop
• EndNote on the Web - free to members of university, but
has limited feature set – designed to be used alongside
desktop version
• Zotero, Mendeley, ColWiz, Papers - free software for
reference management
About RefWorks
• University subscription
• Online – accessible from anywhere
• Plugin allows adding references to
your Word documents
LibGuide : Reference Management
R.T.Tally is actually the translator of this item
Right-click on this
RefGrab-It
bookmarklet link
RefWorks Overview
Dropdown menus Search
your
references
Brief view of
references in
your collection
Folders list Quick function buttons
E-Journals
I didn't check for the hard copy
- so used to getting online access!
“I had just googled the article rather than using
SOLO, so that was the issue & why I’d been
asked to login, or use Athens or pay a fee”
Newspapers
Electronic newspapers
• Some are freely available. Alphabetic list on
OxLIP+
• Best source for the “Text Only” of huge range of
newspapers and magazines is Nexis UK. Goes
back approximately 10 yrs in most cases and is
very current i.e. today’s daily news items
Newspapers
Electronic newspapers
• Factiva - from Dow Jones & Reuters Company
• Business news & challenges, market trends & info.
• 14,000 + sources inc. local & global newspapers,
newswires, trade journals, newsletters, etc.
• Archive back to 1969 - 28 languages from 159
countries
• Dun & Bradstreet company profiles, Reuters
Fundamentals, etc.
Legal Resources
Jurisdictions, topics, cases etc.
• Lexis Library
• WestLaw – both UK & US editions
• But there are a lot more
(if necessary ask the Law Library for help)
Bodleian Maps
Catalogues The main map catalogue is a physical card
catalogue in the Map Room, containing records of
all of the sheet maps in the collection, together with
most of the atlases. The general arrangement is by
map scale, but records for maps dated before 1851
and all atlases are arranged chronologically
Currently in the process of digitising our
physical catalogue and deploying it on SOLO.
(c.5000 post-1850 sheet maps & atlases published
after 1988)
Illustrations
Interesting new resource now available
Glass Lantern Slides from Oxford collections
Historic Environment Image Resource (HEIR)
Naples c. 1890 Vesuvius Railway early C20th Vesuvius 1923
Dissertation Techniques
Use SOLO or OxLIP+ to access
Reference tools
Abstracting and Indexing services
Reference Sources
General reference tools
CREDO Reference : Reference works incl.
Dictionaries, encyclopaedias etc
International Encyclopedia of Human Geography
Dictionaries. OED; Oxford Reference On-line
E-books
Reference books Blackwell Reference Online
SAGE Reference Online
SAGE Research Methods Online
Text books EBL (officially) the E-Book Library
Oxford Scholarship Online
Ebrary Academic Complete
NetLibrary now hosted by EBSCOhost Ebook Collection
Subject searching
SOLO and Oxford e-journals cover Oxford
holdings only by title
Better to use specialist indexes covering the
world’s literature to find articles
Access via OxLIP+
Use inter-library loan for items not held in
Oxford and not online
Bibliographic Databases
Excellent for locating journal articles, book
chapters & book reviews (NB. References only,)
General or specific subject coverage
Different interfaces but similar functionality
Not tied to library holdings
Frequently will provide a link to full text
So what about Google?
• Is it just a search engine?
• Is it a publisher?
• or merely a platform, an intermediary?
• A content kleptomaniac and parasite (- in Rupert
Murdoch's famous characterisation )
• Or a stunning, hydra-headed incarnation of the zeitgeist?
• Is it a stunningly resourceful and ingenious servant?
• or is it on the way to becoming our master?
Popham, P. (29/09/2012) The Independent, p. 20
Or indeed Google Scholar
• Let’s modify our algorithm so it excludes non-scholarly
material (how do we define that?)
• Let’s look at citations so when one article we index
cites another one we index, we can move it higher up
the relevance ranking
But let’s not allow:
• creation of sets / or combining of searches
• controlled vocabularies
• info on what is included & what is not / indication of
update frequency
Databases vs. Search engines
• Contents are indexed by subject specialists
• Subject headings
• Limiting functions e.g. publication types, language
Allow you to
• View Search history
• Combine searches
• Mark and sort results
• Print/save/email/export
• Save searches
• Set up alerts
• Searches done by
automated “web
crawlers”
• No thesaurus / subject
headings – just free
text searching
• No limiting functions
• Usually none of these!
Bibliographic Databases
Abstracting and Indexing Services
Vast range.
SCOPUS (includes GEOBASE)
OVID SP
ProQuest
Web of Science
Search Strategies
• Boolean logic
• Truncation
• Wild cards
• Synonyms
• Which language are you using?
Boolean connectors
• AND – combines terms to restrict results
• OR – useful for covering synonyms
• NOT – excludes unwanted areas of research
• Use Boolean operators
– AND – narrows down
– OR – broadens out
– NOT – excludes
• Use brackets to group
operations
• “Global warming” OR “climate
change”
• “(glaci* PRE/5 retreat*)” AND
• (“Global warming” OR
“climate change”)
Amazonia Biodiversity
Biodiversity
AND Amazonia
Renewable Energy Supply
Energy
Supply
NOT Renewable
Travertine Tufa
Travertine
OR Tufa
Improving Searching –
Boolean Operators
SCOPUS
• THE bibliographic database for
Geography, Earth and
Environmental Sciences
SCOPUS
Abstract & citation database containing peer-reviewed research literature.
22,000 titles from more than 5,000 international publishers.
Now starting to include more book material
55 million records:
29 million records back to 1995 (of which 84% include
references).
21 million records pre-1996 which go back as far as 1823.
6.5 million conference papers from proceedings & journals.
Bibliographic Searching
Search Tip : 1
– Important to remember that although each database
covers thousands of journal titles no single database
is ever comprehensive.
– If you are having difficulty finding material on a topic
use the keywords you find in any relevant reference
and search again.
Synonyms & Language
• Topic = Retreat of the Arctic sea ice
• Search:
• A) Arctic sea ice retreat
• B) “Arctic sea ice retreat”
• C) (“global warming” OR “climate change”) AND
( arctic OR polar OR greenland) AND ice
• Context : “glacial retreat” OR glacier melt / decay
Bibliographic Databases
ProQuest
• IBSS: International Bibliography of the Social Sciences
• Sustainability Science Abstracts
• Worldwide Political Science Abstracts
• PAIS International – government & other ‘grey’ literature
• EconLit
• Environmental Sciences & Pollution Management
Bibliographic Databases
OVIDSP
• CAB Abstracts – natural resources
• Forest Science - biogeography
• GeoRef – physical geography & geology
• Zoological Abstracts (1864-2009 only)
Bibliographic Databases
Web of Science/Knowledge :
Core COllection
– Includes Science, Social Science & Arts and Humanities Citation Indexes
– Citation indexes can be used in the same way as any other abstracting and indexing service. Their extra facility is the option to search the bibliographies of any articles- a citation search. Academics use the citation index to find out who has cited their work.
Bibliographic Searching
Search Tip : 2
Take time to explore the various databases & platforms available.
Some will be more useful to you than others.
• Scopus
• OvidSP
• ProQuest
• Web of Knowledge
Bibliographic Searching
Search Tip : 3
Boolean Logical Operators AND, OR, NOT
Proximity operators
Adj (literally adjacent); Near(same sentence); With(same
field)
Field descriptors: AU(author); TI(title); AB (abstract);
SO(source or reference); DE (general descriptor) etc are
likely to be specific to each database and won’t operate in
‘cross searches’
Combining searches: #1 and #2
Other tricks:
Use symbols for wildcards and truncation
? or $ for a single character
globali?ation / globali$ation (is it an ‘s’ or a ‘z’)
* for truncation or variant spellings
govern* for governance, governmentality, etc
use quotation marks for searching for phrases e.g. “resource management”
Bibliographic Searching
Search Tip : 4
• Consider subject synonyms & British and US spellings.
• Apply truncation, usually * to find plurals/alternative word endings and ? to replace a single character.
• Expand search by following hypertext links esp subject headings
• Use tagging facilities within database to mark articles for printing, emailing, downloading or exporting.
• Authors names: Check the online help for formats. Use the database index to find different forms of author’s name, otherwise truncate first initial.
Bibliographic Databases
Search :- Impact of La Nina and oceanic circulation on climate
change (2014-15 only)
Scopus = 45 articles
ProQuest = 33 articles (22 not found by Scopus)
Ovid = 27 after de-duplication (adds another 11 to the total)
Web of Science = 46 articles (a further 19 unique items)
RefWorks de-duplication = 97 !!
Bibliographic Searching
Three ways to keep up to date:
• Saving and rerunning searches – you save a search and run it
again in the future.
• E-mail alerts / RSS feeds:–
– Specify a search to be repeated and the results emailed to you at
chosen intervals or on a continuous basis
– Select your favourite journal(s) & the database will tell you when
the next issue of a journal is available.
• Citation Alert – you will receive an email every time a particular
article is cited in another WoS or Scopus indexed article.
Dissertation Techniques
Apart from Bibliographic Electronic Resources there are some factual databases available
via OxLIP+ e.g.:-
• World development indicators,
• EIU Country Reports,
• Demographic Yearbook etc.
If they are CD-ROM based they may require you to download software
GUIDE to RESOURCES
http://libguides.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/geography
Further assistance:
This presentation available via WebLearn & on-line
http://www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/science/training/training-presentations
More courses available: http://www.oucs.ox.ac.uk/itlp/
Other presentations: http://ox.libguides.com/workshops
Guidance for references:
https://intranet.ouce.ox.ac.uk/undergraduate/fhs/dissertation/
referencing.html
Dissertation Techniques
Your feedback is greatly appreciated
Please complete a short survey @
https://www.surveymonkey.com/s/GNKM3YR
Appendix
• Results from Google Scholar
• Record for : “Sensitivity of different
convection schemes …” in
a) Scopus & b) OVID
• Record for : “Strong sensitivity of Pine
Island ice-shelf melting …” in
a) Scopus & b) Web of Science
Databases (Scopus or Web of
Science) enable you to:
• Refine results overview to find the main journals, disciplines and authors that publish in your
area of interest.
• Click on the cited by and reference links to track research trends and make connections.
• Find out who is citing you or your supervisor, and how many citations an article or an author
has received.
• Use Author Identifier to automatically match an author’s published research including the h-
index
• Use Journal Analyzer to provide quick insight into specific journal performance
• Analyze citations for a particular journal issue, volume or year.
• Use this information to complete grant or other applications quickly and easily.
• Use Alerts, RSS and HTML feeds to help you stay up-to-date
• Data export via bibiliographic managers such as RefWorks, EndNote and BibTeX