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OH Species Papers:
Source Type Surface Species/Gas Mixure
Notes Applications Citation
Microplasmas created by laser pulses
Water on one side and air, argon, or nitrogen on the other
OH and NH for longer exposure times. H-alpa and H-beta as well as atomic oxygen for shorter times.
LIB spectroscopy was used to identify species
Ablation on the surface of any body of standing liquid — where no additional sample-preparation is required.
Adamson, M., et al. "Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy at a water/gas interface: A study of bath gas-dependent molecular species." Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy 62.12 (2007): 1348-1360.
“Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy at a water/gas interface: A study of bath gas-dependent molecular species” – Adamson, M 2007Confined and Unconfined Argon Plasma Jet
No surface Ar+, ArH+, H2O
+, H+
(H2O), H+
(H2O)2, O+, OH+, NO+, Ar+ , N+, NO+
Power was varied between 20 and 50 W. A microwave power generator of 2.45 GHz was employed.
Treatments of biomass using plasma were investigated
Amorim, J., M. A. Ridenti, and V. Guerra. "Experimental and theoretical study of atmospheric-pressure argon microplasma jets." Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 57.7 (2015): 074001.
“Experimental and theoretical study of atmospheric-pressure argon microplasma jets” – Amorim, J, 2015He/O2 Cold Plasma Microjet
Distilled water
Hydroxyl radicals
Greater than 99% inactivation of S. aureus in water was observed
Treatment of water for pathogens that are resistant to other types of disenfentants, like UV rays
Bai, Na, et al. "Inactivation of Staphylococcus aureus in water by a cold, He/O2 atmospheric pressure plasma microjet." Plasma Processes and Polymers 8.5 (2011): 424-431.
“Inactivation of Staphylococcus aureus in Water by a Cold, He/O2 Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Microjet” – Bai, N, 2013
REVIEW Barekzi, Nazir, and Mounir Laroussi. "Effects of low temperature plasmas on cancer cells." Plasma
Processes and Polymers 10.12 (2013): 1039-1050.
“Effects of Low Temperature Plasmas on Cancer Cells” – Barekzi, N, 2013Argon with 1% Nitrogen
Iron sheets covered with a layer of Fe2O3
NO and CN radicals
Nitrogen is used because it gives the substrate an afterglow that allows them to use OES
Cleaning metal surfaces
Belmonte, T., J. M. Thiebaut, and D. Mezerette. "Role of active species in surface cleaning by an Ar-N2 atmospheric pressure post-discharge." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 35.16 (2002): 1919.
“Role of active species in surface cleaning by an Ar-N2atmospheric pressure post-discharge” – Belmonte, T, 2002
Open air APPJ as well as a hot gas flow
Polyamide 6 OH and NOx depending on the frequency.
Different frequencies caused different radicals to form. At 25 kHz, the yellow afterglow showed signs of NO2 formation.Interesing Paper
An economically important process for bonding technologies
Ben Salem, Dhia, et al. "Amorphization and Polymorphism Modification of Polyamide‐6 Films via Open‐Air Non‐Equilibrium Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jet Treatment." Plasma Processes and Polymers 11.10 (2014): 961-973.
“Amorphization and Polymorphism Modification of Polyamide-6 Films via Open-Air Non-Equilibrium Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jet Treatment” – Ben Salem, D, 2014DBD Polypropylen
e sheetO, OH, and O3
O and OH cause short term changes. O3 accumulates over time. A combination of gas flow and a moving polymer sheet is used to customize the flux of species.
More customization of surface properties in industry
Bhoj, Ananth N., and Mark J. Kushner. "Continuous processing of polymers in repetitively pulsed atmospheric pressure discharges with moving surfaces and gas flow." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 40.22 (2007): 6953.
“Continuous processing of polymers in repetitively pulsed atmospheric pressure discharges with moving surfaces and gas flow”- Bhoj, AN, 2007DBD Polypropylen
e sheetO2+, O, OH, and O3
Discusses a computational model of the plasma/surface interactions in humid air
Uses in the textile and biomedical fields
Bhoj, Ananth N., and Mark J. Kushner. "Repetitively pulsed atmospheric pressure discharge treatment of rough polymer surfaces: I. Humid air discharges." Plasma sources science and technology 17.3 (2008): 035024.
“Repetitively pulsed atmospheric pressure discharge treatment of rough polymer surfaces: I. Humid air discharges”- Bhoj, AN, 2008DBD Polypropylen
eNHx and O containing groups (OH, O, O3)
The results of a discharge in a He/NH3/H2O mixture is compared with a He/O2/H2O mixture.
Biomedical applications such as the immobilization of biomolecules.
Bhoj, Ananth N., and Mark J. Kushner. "Repetitively pulsed atmospheric pressure discharge treatment of rough polymer surfaces: II. Treatment of micro-beads in He/NH3/H2O and He/O2/H2O mixtures." Plasma Sources Science and Technology 17.3 (2008): 035025.
“Repetitively pulsed atmospheric pressure discharge treatment of rough polymer surfaces: II. Treatment of micro-beads in He/NH3 /H2 O and He/O2 /H2 O mixtures” – Bhoj, AN, 2008DBD Glass OH
Ambient gas was: Ar, Ar mixed with N2, and Ar mixed with O2
Increased frequency caused an increased WCA. Adding O2 and N2 to Ar did not improve treatment.
The surface treatment of glass panels for the electronic industry in order to improve the surface wettability
Blajan, Marius, Akira Umeda, and Kazuo Shimizu. "Surface treatment of glass by microplasma." Industry Applications, IEEE Transactions on 49.2 (2013): 714-720.
“Surface treatment of glass by microplasma” – Blajan, M, 2013DBD N/A OH, NO
Ambient gas was: Ar, N2/Ar, O2/Ar
N2 SPS showed up mostly towards the anode. A high concentration of Ar allowed for a better glow-like performance from
Plasma surface treatments as well as using emission spectroscopy to diagnose species
Blajan, Marius, and Kazuo Shimizu. "Spatial Distribution of Light Emission in Microplasma under 100 µm Gaps." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics51.8S1 (2012):
the plasma 08HC03.
“Spatial Distribution of Light Emission in Microplasma under 100 µm Gaps.” – Blajan, M, 2012Discharge with liquid cathode and a metal anode
Distilled water and electrolyte solutions
OH and N2 The conductivity played a role in the cathode/anode voltage drop. The plasma was very filamentary
Environmental applications. Liquid cathodes allow for large volume plasmas at atmospheric pressure
Bruggeman, Peter, et al. "Characteristics of atmospheric pressure air discharges with a liquid cathode and a metal anode." Plasma Sources Science and Technology 17.2 (2008): 025012.
“Characteristics of atmospheric pressure air discharges with a liquid cathode and a metal anode” – Bruggeman, 2008APPJ Dry and wet
biomassSinglet Oxygen, NO2, HNO2 and OH
The strongest effects are obtained when the samples are treated in the air–water plasma afterglow due to the increased plasma reactivity.
The production of cellulosic ethanol from sugarcane biomass
Bundaleska, N., et al. "Air–water ‘tornado’-type microwave plasmas applied for sugarcane biomass treatment." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 47.5 (2014): 055201.
“Air–water 'tornado'-type microwave plasmas applied for sugarcane biomass treatment” – Bundaleska, N, 2014He/H202 plasma jet
Surface Tissue
OH OH radicals have a dominant role in surface tissue removal
Electrosurgical procedures with plasma reduces the tissue char that normally occurs
Choi, Myeong Yeol, et al. "Plasma Jet Irradiation of Tissue Surfaces: Study of Dominant Pathways For Plasma Chemical Tissue Removal." Plasma Science, IEEE Transactions on 41.4 (2013): 907-914.
“Plasma Jet Irradiation of Tissue Surfaces: Study of Dominant Pathways For Plasma Chemical Tissue Removal” – Choi, MY, 2013DBD in air, helium, and argon
Polyester and Polypropylene films
Atmoic Oxygen, OH and UV photons/ions
All scenarios show increase in hydrophilicity. In air the reaction is quick, but in argon and helium cross-linking causes a
Use of polymer films with an increased surface energy.
De Geyter, Nathalie, et al. "Treatment of polymer films with a dielectric barrier discharge in air, helium and argon at medium pressure." Surface and Coatings Technology 201.16
slower reaction (2007): 7066-7075.
“Treatment of polymer films with a dielectric barrier discharge in air, helium and argon at medium pressure” – De Geyter, N, 2007APPJ in Argon and argon/water mixtures
Poly-ε-Caprolactone
OH An decrease in WCA is observed. The highest polymer modification effieciency is achieved in the water vapor mixture due to a high concentration of OH radicals.
To make tissue replacements more hydrophilic to lead to higher cell attachment, spreading, and proliferation
De Geyter, Nathalie, et al. "Surface Modification of Poly-ε-Caprolactone with an Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jet." Plasma Chemistry and Plasma Processing33.1 (2013): 165-175.
“Surface Modification of Poly-ε-Caprolactone with an Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jet” - De Geyter, N, 2013APPJ in water vapor
SiC OH Water vapor plasma allowed for a smoother surface with only atomic level roughness
Dry polishing of SiC surfaces which can be used as semiconductors.
Deng, Hui, et al. "Damage-free dry polishing of 4H-SiC combined with atmospheric-pressure water vapor plasma oxidation." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 50.8S1 (2011): 08JG05.
“Damage-Free Dry Polishing of 4H-SiC Combined with Atmospheric-Pressure Water Vapor Plasma Oxidation” – Deng, H, 2011APPJ in ambient air
N/A OH An argon plasma is used and the temperature/electron density is studied
Possible large scale biomedical applications.
Deng, Xiaolong, et al. "Absolute and relative emission spectroscopy study of 3 cm wide planar radio frequency atmospheric pressure bio-plasma source."Applied Physics Letters 107.5 (2015): 053702.
“Absolute and relative emission spectroscopy study of 3 cm wide planar radio frequency atmospheric pressure bio-plasma source” – Deng, X, 2015Corona discharge through a grounded mesh. Plasma generated in O2, N2, Ar, and He mixtures
Bacteria on the surface of agarose gel
OH For best results in inactivation occurred in an oxygen and water containing mixture
For use in inactivation of bacteria- biomedical applications
Dobrynin, Danil, et al. "Inactivation of bacteria using dc corona discharge: role of ions and humidity." New journal of physics 13.10 (2011): 103033.
“Inactivation of bacteria using dc corona discharge: role of ions and humidity” – Dobrynin, D, 2011APPJ He-O2 plasma in air
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
OH WCA were studied to determine the effects on the polymer
Changing the surface energy of polymers for commercial application
Donegan, Mick, Vladimir Milosavljević, and Denis P. Dowling. "Activation of PET using an RF atmospheric plasma system." Plasma Chemistry and Plasma Processing 33.5 (2013): 941-957.
“Activation of PET Using an RF Atmospheric Plasma System” – Donegan, M, 2013Hollowneedle-plate DBD
Polyethylene OH and O atoms
Does not focus on surface treatment. Found a plume length of 3 cm for an Argon flow rate of 3.5-6.1 ml/min. Highest concentration of O was in the middle.
Atmospheric pressure plasmas can improve the wettability of plastics for industry.
Dong, Lifang, et al. "Diagnostics and Application of an Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Generated With a Hollowneedle-Plate Dielectric Barrier Discharge."Plasma Science, IEEE Transactions on 40.6 (2012): 1701-1706.
“Diagnostics and Application of an Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Generated With a Hollowneedle-Plate Dielectric Barrier Discharge” – Dong, LF, 2012DBD in ambient air
Glass OH and CH3
This paper uses WCA, surface resistance, and wet flashover voltage tests to determine the modifications to the surface.
Use in material surface modification in industry, specifically changing wettability
Zhi, Fang, et al. "Improving hydrophobicity of glass surface using dielectric barrier discharge treatment in atmospheric air." Plasma Science and Technology 9.5 (2007): 582.
“Improving Hydrophobicity of Glass Surface Using Dielectric Barrier Discharge Treatment in Atmospheric Air” – Fang, Z, 2007Planar microelectrode arrays (MEA)
N/A OH The paper finds that operating at a few hundred volts just below or at atmospheric pressure minimizes cost
Pollution control and surface modification
Gericke, K-H., C. Geßner, and P. Scheffler. "Microstructure electrodes as a means of creating uniform discharges at atmospheric pressure." Vacuum 65.3 (2002): 291-297.
“Microstructure electrodes as a means of creating uniform discharges at atmospheric pressure” – Gericke, KH, 2002Gliding Arc Discharge (GAD) in humid air
Carbon Steel OH mostly, also H2O2
Treatment times are varied and the steel is immersed in a corrosive NaCl
Corrosion inhibition
Ghali, Noureddine, et al. "Corrosion inhibition of carbon steel in 0.5 M NaCl aqueous solution by humid air plasma
solution after treatment. A 60 minute treatment leads to 75% corrosion protection
treatment." The European Physical Journal Applied Physics 61.03 (2013): 30801.
“Corrosion inhibition of carbon steel in 0.5 M NaCl aqueous solution by humid air plasma treatment” – Ghali, N, 2013Plasma needle glow discharge
S. mutans bacteria on a surface of agar
OH and O The effect of gas flow rate on bacterial disinfection is studied. As flow rate increases, the treatment moves from a solid circle to a ring
Disinfection of bacteria using these atmospheric pressure plasmas
Goree, J., Bin Liu, and David Drake. "Gas flow dependence for plasma-needle disinfection of S. mutans bacteria." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 39.16 (2006): 3479.
“Gas flow dependence for plasma-needle disinfection of S. mutans bacteria” – Goree, J, 2006Plasma needle discharge
Water OH is focused on, also NO
A 22 kHz and 15 W plasma source with Ar gas flow is used. This is to prevent too much heat or electrical shock.
Biomedical applications, especially using hydroxyls to kill cells
Hong, Y. J., et al. "Measurement of hydroxyl radical density generated from the atmospheric pressure bioplasma jet." Journal of Instrumentation 7.03 (2012): C03046.
“Measurement of hydroxyl radical density generated from the atmospheric pressure bioplasma jet” – Hong, YJ, 2012Nozzleless Microwave Plasma Source (MPS)
N/A OH Nitrogen gas was used to generate the plasma. They also introduced a swirling N2 gas flow to prevent the quartz tube from heating up. The source was stable for a variety of gases.
Studied the usefulness of this new type of MPS
Hrycak, B., M. Jasiński, and J. Mizeraczyk. "Spectroscopic characterization of nitrogen plasma generated by waveguide-supplied coaxial-line-based nozzleless microwave source." Journal of Physics: Conference Series. Vol. 406. No. 1. IOP Publishing, 2012.
“Spectroscopic characterization of nitrogen plasma generated by waveguide-supplied coaxial-line-based nozzleless microwave source” – Hrycak, B, 2012DBD Methylene
blue solution in water
OH+, O3, N2O+, NO, H2O+
The degradation of the solution is studied based on differend pH levels. The degradation is higher in acidic
Treatment of water containing the methylene blue solution
Huang, Fangmin, et al. "Analysis of the degradation mechanism of methylene blue by atmospheric pressure dielectric barrier discharge
solutions. plasma." Chemical Engineering Journal 162.1 (2010): 250-256.
“Analysis of the degradation mechanism of methylene blue by atmospheric pressure dielectric barrier discharge plasma” – Huang, FM, 2010Needle point DBD (varying number of needles)
Methylene blue solution in water
OH, O3, H2O2
OH radicals produced by the interaction between high-energy electrons and water vapor are attributed to the decomposition of methylene blue. Different gas flows are used (N2-O2 vs Ar-O2 mixtures). Ar-O2 has a high rate of decomposition
Water treatment with methylene blue in it
Ikoma, Shin, Kohki Satoh, and Hidenori Itoh. "Decomposition of methylene blue in an aqueous solution using a pulsed-discharge plasma at atmospheric pressure." IEEJ Transactions on Fundamentals and Materials 129 (2009): 237-244.
“Decomposition of Methylene Blue in an Aqueous Solution Using a Pulsed-Discharge Plasma at Atmospheric Pressure” – Ikoma, S, 2012A nozzle anode and a 1% NaCl solution cathode with Helium gas flow
N/A OH The OH radicals were found near the NaCl solution cathode. This suggests the formation of OH radicals from the solution
Characterizing this plasma source in terms of what radicals it creates
Ishigame, Hiroaki, Shusuke Nishiyama, and Koichi Sasaki. "Spatial distribution of OH radical density in atmospheric-pressure dc helium glow plasma in contact with electrolyte solution." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 54.1S (2015): 01AF02.
“Spatial distribution of OH radical density in atmospheric-pressure dc helium glow plasma in contact with electrolyte solution” – Ishigame, H, 2015
Jung, Heesoo, et al. "Enhanced inactivation of bacterial spores by atmospheric pressure plasma with catalyst TiO 2." Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 93.3
(2010): 212-216.“Enhanced inactivation of bacterial spores by atmospheric pressure plasma with catalyst TiO2” – Jung, H, 2010
Atomic oxygen species:
Source Type Surface Species Notes: Application Citation
Photoelectron spectroscopy
low-density
polyethylene (LDPE) surfaces
Ar, O(2) Measurements of the surface roughness and of the oxygen surface concentration suggested the competition of two processes playing a role on the surface hydrophilicity and occurring during the post-discharge treatment: the etching and the activation of the surface.
Food packaging
Abou Rich, S et al 2014
Low-density polyethylene films treated by an atmospheric Ar-O-2 post-discharge: functionalization, etching, degradation and partial recovery of the native wettability state
laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS
Bulk water sample Air, atomic oxygen, Argon, Nitrogen gas
Plasma temperatures were measured in each of the three bath gasses as a function of laser pulse energy and gate delay time.
Molecular spectroscopy
M. Adamson et al 2007
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy at a water/gas interface: A study of
bath gas-dependent molecular species
TIGRES
Plasma-BLASTER MEF equipment
polyimide Oxygen, nitrogen radicals
atmospheric pressure
plasma-treated polyimide to polyimide adhesive bonds
show much stronger strength compared to
Aviation and space application
Akram, M et al 2015
atmospheric
plasma-treated polyimide to titanium adhesive bond
strength
Effect of Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Modification on Polyimide and Adhesive Joining with Titanium
Atmospheric pressure plasma treament
polyphenylquinoxaline (PPQ) foils
Ar, He ●The peeling values for Ann1-foils treated using O2- or Ar-gas
were found to be higher than those of their counterparts
● For a short treating time of 6 s, increasing the plasma power
resulted in a noticable decrease in the peeling values for Ar-
He-treated Ann1- and Ann2-foils
Bonding technology
Anagreh, N et al 2014
Adhesion Behavior of Different Annealed Polyphenylquinoxaline Foils Treated Using Low Pressure Plasma
chemical vapor deposition
fluorinated silica glass
Helium, oxygen
The glasscoating deposited from pure TEOFS precursor had the lowest surfaceroughness, porosity or void space, and refractive index.
Optical coating, semiconductor industries
Barankin, MD et al 2010
Properties of fluorinated silica glass deposited at low temperature by atmospheric plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition
photoelectron
vulcanized ethylene propylene diene
Argon, oxygen
●Reported improvement of adhesion strength of the
Food packaging
Basak, GC, et al 2011
spectroscopy
polymethylene Ar/O2 plasma modified vulcanized EPDM rubber co-cured withnatural rubber
● During the plasmatreatment, the rubber surface is bombarded by ions, electronsand UV irradiation causing surface rougher as compared tothe untreated rubber.
Surface modification of argon/oxygen plasma treated vulcanized ethylene propylene diene polymethylene surfaces for improved adhesion with natural rubber
DBD, APPJ Isolated and cellular DNA
Reactive Oxygen and nitrogen species
●review emphasized the importance of understanding the underlying mechanisms regardingplasma-induced damage to DNA
● A summary of the APP effects observed on isolated and cellular DNA is shown
Biomedical applications
Arjunan, KP et al 2015
Effects of Atmospheric Pressure Plasmas on Isolated and Cellular DNA-A Review
RF atmospheric plasma torch
polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE)
Ar, O(2) ●for pure Ar plasma treatments thereare no significant changes in the morphology of the surface
●The addition of oxygen to the Arplasma seems to increase the formation of volatile species,which leads to a
Biocompatibility applications
Carbone, EAD et al 2010
roughening of the surface
How to increase the hydrophobicity of PTFE surfaces using an r.f. atmospheric-pressure plasma torch
Air-plasma torch
Anticoagulated whole-blood samples
Atomic oxygen
●plasma torch can rapidly clot blood
●It is attributed to the activation ofplatelets by the atomic oxygen in the plasma effluent of thetorch
Biomedical applications
Chen, CY et al 2010
Blood Clotting by Low-Temperature Air Plasma
Singlet Delta Oxygen species:
Singlet Delta Oxygen Radicals
Source Type Surface Species Notes: Application Citation
Micro Hollow Cathode Discharge (MHCD)
Organic compounds
Singlet oxygen
●MHCD used asa plasma cathode to generate a stable discharge of largervolume, between the MHCD and a third positively biasedelectrode placed some distance away.
Decontamination, sterilization
Puech, V, et al 2008
Microplasmas: physics and application to the production of singlet oxygen O-2(a(1)Delta(g))
three-electrode microcathode sustained
He, O(2), NO mixtures
●The results of two-dimensional modelling of a radio-frequency
Biological applications
Sousa JS et al 2008
discharge (MCSD)
dielectric barrier discharge (RF DBD) in a hydrogen-oxygen stoichiometric mixture under atmospheric pressure are presented
O(2)(a(1)Delta(g)) production at atmospheric pressure by microdischarge
micro-cathode sustained discharges
He, No, O(2)
●results show that O2(a1Δg) number densities higherthan 1016 cm−3 can be obtained at atmospheric pressureand transported over some tens of cm for helium flowsin the range 2000–30 000 sccm.
Removal of air pollutants, medicine, laser excitation
Sousa, JS et al 2009
Atmospheric pressure generation of O-2(a(1)Delta(g)) by microplasmas
APPJ, RF discharge
Helium, oxygen
● report absolute SDO density measurementsin the effluent of two different APPJs● oppositetrends have been observed for the gas flow dependence.Whereas the SDO density increases with gas flow inthe kHz plasma, it decreases in the rf discharge.
Biomedical applications
Sousa, JS et al 2011
Cold atmospheric pressure plasma jets as sources of singlet delta oxygen forbiomedical applications
microcathode sustained discharges (MCSDs)
electrodes He, O(2), NO
●Evidence has beenaccumulated which strongly indicates that O2 is ableto oxidize cellular DNA● experiments showed thatO2 and O3 are able to oxidize DNA causingconsiderable damage such as double-strand breaks and baseoxidation.
potential application for the pumpingof the chemical oxygen–iodine laser (COIL)●biomedical applications
Sousa, JS et al 2013
Arrays of microplasmas for the controlled production of tunable high fluxes of reactive oxygen species at atmospheric pressure
Sustained electric discharge
electrode SDO •significant amounts of hydrocarbons can be oxidized by low-temperature plasma chemical reactions before ignition is achieved
•the pulser-sustainer discharge was used to generate singlet oxygen in an electric discharge excited oxygen-iodine laser.
aerospace applications
Igor V. Adamovich et al (2008)
Repetitively Pulsed Nonequilibrium Plasmas for Magnetohydrodynamic Flow Control and Plasma-Assisted Combustion
chemical vapour deposition
silicon dioxide
Oxygen, argon
•Describes the effects of APP on
Biomedical applications
Arjunan, KP et al (2015)
isolated and cellular DNA in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Effects of Atmospheric Pressure Plasmas on Isolated and Cellular DNA-A Review
APPJpolyphenolics
AR feed gas
•The selected flavonoids are ideal target compounds due to their antioxidant activity protecting cells against the damaging effects of reactive oxygen species
Processed food industry
Grzegorzewski, F et at (2009)
Plasma-oxidative Degradation of Polyphenolics - Influence of Non-thermal Gas Discharges with Respect to Fresh Produce Processing
He, O2 •Reactive oxygen species directs interaction with superficial cells•Another role is triggering of a secondary chemistry that propagates the plasma treatment to regions away from the plasma-surface interface
Plasma medicine
Liu, DX et al (2015)
He+O-2+H2O plasmas as a source of reactive oxygen species
APPJ electrode fixed helium-oxygen feed gas mixture (He+ 0.5% O-
•model suggests that the reactive species predominantly formed in the afterglow are major ROS O-2(D-1) and O-
Biomedical applications
Murakami, T et al (2014)
2) 3 (of the order of 10(15) cm(-3)) and rather minor hydrogen-and nitrogen-based reactive species OH, H2O2, HNO3 and NO2/NO3
Afterglow chemistry of atmospheric-pressure helium–oxygen plasmas with humid air impurity
atmospheric pressure radio frequency discharge (APRFD)
Double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWCNTs)
He/H2 •The top CNT layer was severely damaged, showing a large D-band peak in the Raman spectrum•Atmospheric pressure plasma treatment of CNTs is more beneficial than liquid phase and low-pressure plasma processing because treatment readily introduces C[BOND]H groups while the vertical alignment is preserved.
applications of CNTs such as biosensors, photovoltaics, and energy storage devices.
Nozaki, T et al (2012)
Plasma-Induced Damage and Surface Functionalization of Double-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Using Atmospheric Pressure RF Discharge
Non-equilibrium atmospheric pressure plasma (NEAPP)
biomolecules OH ●Direct exposure to rat liver in saline produced immunohistochemical evidence of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal- and acrolein-modified proteins.
Biomedical applications
Ozaki I, et al 2014
Direct exposure of non-equilibrium atmospheric pressure plasma confers simultaneous oxidative and ultraviolet modifications in biomolecules
DBD Nitrogen ●additional process supplyingthe inter-electrode
plasma display panels and biological decontaminatio
E Panousis et al 2007
space with charges appears to playan important role on the discharge transition to theaforementioned steady-state regime
n to flowcontrol and surface treatment
Numerical modelling of an atmospheric pressure dielectric barrier discharge in nitrogen: electrical and kinetic description
photo-triggered discharge
hydroxyl, oxygen
●deals with the kineticsof some molecules (propene, propane, acetaldehyde, acetone),chosen as examples to gain insight into the decompositionmechanisms of OMs in nitrogen or in nitrogen/oxygen mixtureplasmas
treatment of pollutants
S Pasquiers,et al 2013
Kinetics of organic molecules in pulsed plasmas of nitrogen or N-2/O-2 mixtures at near atmospheric pressure
chemical oxygen-iodine laser (COIL) d
He, O2, Delta Oxygen
●found that yields ofO2s (delta) increase linearly with O2 specific energy depositionup to a saturation regime at 5–8 eV per molecule beforedecreasing again as O2 dissociation begins to dominate thekinetics.
Industrial applications
Stafford, DS et al 2004
O-2((1)Delta) production in He/O-2 mixtures in flowing low pressure plasmas
NOx Species:
Source type Surface Species Notes applicationCitation:Inductively Coupled plasma- 500W–13.56 MHz
Agar plates contaminated with B. atrophaeus
NO and NO2
Three operating conditions were examined with varying distances and flow rate. The condition with closest distance and highest flow rate caused the highest deactivation of the bacterial species. Used FTIR spectroscopy to examined concentration of NO and NO2 (ppm)
Decontamination of bacteria in biomedical field
D. Barbieri et al. - 2015- Investigation of the antimicrobial activity at safe levels for eukaryotic cellsRF plasma 27.12 MHz and system powerP = 20 W
Polyethylene strips contaminated with 25 μL of a usedilutionsuspension of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli,or B. atrophaeus spores,
NO and NO2; OH
VU and UVU treatments are less effective than that of the direct plasma treatment. Different bacterial species were all affected by the direct plasma treatment due to species reacting with surfaces
Decontamination of surfaces. Applicable in the bio-medical field
Brandenburg et al.- 2009 Antimicrobial Effects of UV and VUV Radiation of Non thermal Plasma JetsDBD Bacteria Agar plates RNS
species, OH species
NO generation is caused by direct impact of electrons not at 1600Kelvins. High nitrogen concentration was the most effective in disinfecting bacteria
Surface decontamination
Ferrel et al. – 2015- Studies of air, water, and ethanol vapor atmospheric pressure plasmasNonthermal atmospheric pressure Plasma with Voltage of 2000 V and current of 30 mA
Bacteria on Pig Skin RNS, ROS Decontamination of Bacteria on pig skin. Direct application of plasma inactivated bacterial cells by 10^6 on agar plates and 10^3 on porcine skin. Production of oxidative stress by ROS and RNS on bacteria cells. Modification of skin roughness was discovered by treatment
Bacterial decontamination. Surface modification
Heller et al – 2011- Inactivation of bacterial opportunistic skin pathogens by non thermal DC-operated
afterglow atmospheric plasma
Nonthermal quenched atmospheric pressure
Species of H. alvei was concentrated and treated with the plasma
H2O2, NOo HNO2 and HNO3
Examination of gildarc technology in microbial decontaminationNOo is oxidized to HNO2 and HNO3. HNO3 was discovered in the experiment. Ph of H. alvei suspensions fell from 6.1 to 3.6
Bacterial inactivation
Youbi et al. -2007- Evidence of Temporal Postdischarge Decontamination of Bacteria byGliding Electric Discharge ApplicationNonequilibrium Air plasma, Surface micro discharge (SMD) plasma 6kv, 36kHz, 10W, power density of .5W/cm^2, Temperature between 26.2 to 34.1 oC
B. Cereus on agar on pitri dishes
NO and OH
NO contributes to cell injury and cell apoptosis when exposed to high concentraitons. NO contributes to inhibitin lipid peroxidation and protein oxidationProduction of HNO3 was observed.Diagram of [OH] and [NO] vs time is noteworthy
Bacterial inhibition
Liao et al – 2014- Inactivation Effect of Surface Micro discharge Plasma on Bacillus cereusDC driven transient spark discharge 200MHZ NOT PLASMA
E.Coli on agar plates NOx, and H2O2
In addition to decrease in pH of solution bacteria was in. Diagram of Nitrite and Nitrate and hydrogen peroxide concentrations measured water and PB (Na2HPO4/KH2PO4 buffer) solutions worth looking at.Treatment led to the acidification and the production of nitrites, nitrates, peroxides, and peroxynitrites in the liquid.At lowered pH, nitrites were quickly oxidized to nitrates which led to strong bactericidal effect.
Bacterial deactivation
Machala et al – 2013- Formation of ROS and RNS in Water Electro-Sprayed through Transient Spark Discharge in Air and their Bactericidal EffectsCold Atmospheric
E. Coli cells on 96 well plate
NO and NOx
Bactericidal effect of Cap is related to combination of
Bacteria disinfection
Plasma 1kHz and .02 W/cm^2
oxidative and nitrosative effects. NONOate works well with hydrogen peroxide
Boxhammer et al- 2012- Bactericidal action of cold atmospheric plasma in solutionDBD, 7.5 W, .75 kV and 80 mA
Fungal cells NO, OH, single delta oxygen
Fungal deactivation effect. Spore germination effect decreases as treatment time increases. In addition, examined the effects of plasma treatment on tomato plants
Anti-Fungal treatment
Panngom et al. – 2014 Non-Thermal Plasma Treatment Diminishes Fungal Viability and Up-Regulates Resistance Genes in a Plant HostAPPJ 900MHz and 2.5 W
Acceleration of blood coagulation
OH, NO and O
Quantifying of relative species and application in blood coagulation. Blood coagulation was increased compared to natural blood coagulation
Plasma Medicine
Choi Jun et al. – 2010- 900-MHz Nonthermal Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jet for Biomedical Applications *Could not access PDF fileAPP, 500kHZ, 30W
Rat Skin with burn NO Using plasma irradiation to cure burns. NO species were caused by atmospheric affluent air which has no cause on increased healing of burn on rat.
Plasma medicine
Hirata et al.-2013-Healing burns using atmospheric pressure plasma irradiationAPPJ- 1-5kV, 1.5 MHZ
Treatment of Bacterial Species developed on macroscopic colonies
NO, OH NO species were not found in here. OH species produced were able to disinfect bacteria
Medical Treatment of pathogenic bacteria
G. Daeschlein et al.-2010-Antibacterial Activity of an Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jet Against Relevant Wound Pathogens in vitro on a Simulated Wound EnvironmentCAP- 8kHZ,8kV HePG2 Cells(human
hepatocellular carcinoma cell)
NO No direct examination of Nitric Oxide species, Examined biology mechanism that lead to cell death( Bcl-2 expression is blocked which decreases cell viability along with up regulation of BAX protein which causes cell death)
Medical Treatment of cancer cells
Yan et al-2010-On the Mechanism of Plasma Inducing Cell Apoptosis
Cold Atmospheric
feline calicivirus Argon, RNS, ROS
Production of H2O2 has no effect on virucidal effect. Caused by ROS
Human norovirus killing. Ready to eat
gaseous plasma(CGP)13.56 MHz Rf Power of 20kHZ
and RNS, which is produced by addition of O2. Addition of H2O2 decreased virucidal effect
food application.
Aboubakr et al - 2015-Virucidal Effect of Cold Atmospheric Gaseous Plasma on FelineRF plasma 1.7 Watts, 13.56 kHz
P. aeruginosa (bacteria) on agar plate
NO, O3 H2O2 had a significant effect on the bacterial cell apoptosis while RNS had little production and no effect at high concentrations
Bacterial Deactivation
Boekema et al-2013-Antibacterial plasma at safe levels forCAP jet, 5.5kv, 10kHz
Gelatin-PolyVinylalcohol (PVA)- phosphate buffered saline With use of bovine serum albumin(BSA) protein
He-H2O2, NO2-, OH-( RONS and ROS )
Use of BSA produces Peroxides as species.RONS and ROS species. Oxidation of serum proteins could provide a therapeutic shielding response in tissue where a sustained, low flux of RONS into cells
Increased RONS species delivery in cell.
Gaur et al-2015Combined effect of protein and oxygen on reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in the plasma treatment of tissueusing a plasma pretreatmentequipment (Plasmatreat GmbH, Germany)
Air, N2, and Ar
Water angle of surface is calculated.Water contact angleThe changesin the wettability, the surface free energy, the surface chemicalcomposition, and the surface roughness due to the APP exposurewith three gas sources were in the following order: N2gas > air > Ar gas.
Surface Treatment with surface free energy and wettability
Gotoh et al-2012-Surface modification of PET films by atmospheric pressure
RF plasma, 30W –followed Brandenburg et al 2007
Endospores B. Subtilis
N2, OH, Atomic Oxygen
Variated different concentrations of O2 and N2 as variable. ROS species displayed the highest inactivation of spores. While RNS combined with ROS had the second highest inactivation
Deactivation of spores and bacteria
Hertwig et al 2015- Impact of surface structure and feed gas composition on bacillus subtilisAPPJ- 27.12 MHz 30W
Bacillus spores O2, N2, Argon(ca
Applied Variation of O2 and N2 concentration in feed gas to
Bacterial Deactivation
followed Brandenburg et al 2009
rrier) produce comparable results. Gas with O2 and N2 showed better deactivation than O2 aloneExplains for ROS species and RNS species working together in mechanism for deactivationUV light also played a role in deactivation of B subtilis spore“If the UV intensity is high enough spore inactivationis dominated by action of UV photons, in the absence of UV, the inactivationis controlled by the action of reactive and metastable species.”
Reineke et al 2015- The impact of different process gas compositions on the inactivation effect of an atmospheric pressure plasma jet on Bacillus sporesAr/N2 plasma Easy and Eco-friendly method to
improve electrochemical performance of lithium batteries by doping N3_ ions intoO2_ sites through Ar/N2 plasma irradiation at atmospheric pressure.Showed comparisons in performance between treated LTO and control LTO (Spinel lithium titanate)
Fabrication and surface modification
C. Lan et al- 2015-One-step argon-nitrogen binary plasma jet irradiation of Li4Ti5O12 for stable high-rate
