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PRACTICAL ROADMAP RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Mrs. A. Jovanović

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Page 1: Respiratory system roadmap.pptx [Repaired] - Loginanatomical-sciences.health.wits.ac.za/roadmaps/Respiratory system... · DIVISION OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM CONDUCTING PORTION Nasal

PRACTICAL ROADMAPRESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Mrs. A. Jovanović

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DIVISION OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

CONDUCTING PORTION

Nasal cavities • Oral cavity• Nasopharynx• Oropharynx• Larynx Trachea Paired bronchi Bronchioles Terminal bronchioles

RESPIRATORY PORTION

Respiratory bronchioles Alveolar ducts Alveolar sacs Alveoli

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CONDUCTING PORTION OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

• Slide 67 The nasal cavities and air sinuses

Olfactory mucosaRespiratory mucosa

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THE NASAL CAVITY AND AIR SINUSES

Olfactorymucosa

Respiratorymucosa

Air sinus

Nasal cavity

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OLFACTORY and RESPIRATORY MUCOSA

Nasal cavity

Olfa

ctory

mucosa

Bonespicule

Respiratorymucosa

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OLFACTORY MUCOSAOlfactory gland duct “piercing” trough the basement membrane and olfactory epithelium

Olfa

ctory

epith

elium

Lamina 

prop

riaMuscularis

mucosa

Olfactory glands (encircled in black)

Blood vessels

Indistinct basement membrane

Olfactorynerve

Smooth 

muscle

Bonespicule

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OLFACTORY EPITHELIUMPseudostratified ciliated epithelium with four cell types and indistinct basement membrane

Olfa

ctory ep

ithelium

Indistinct basement membrane

Olfactory cells (bipolar neuron) with vesicular nuclei Sustentacular‐supporting cells nuclei

Cilia

Basal cells nuclei

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RESPIRATORY MUCOSARe

spira

tory

epith

elium

Lamina propria

Muscularis

mucosa

Bonespicule

Blood vessels

Distinct basement membrane

Mucous‐serous glands in the lamina propria

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RESPIRATORY EPITHELIUMPseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with five cell types and distinct basement 

membrane

Respira

tory epithelium

Distinct basement membrane

Goblet cells

Columnar cell with apical cilia Note: Small granule cells and brush cells cannot be distinguished in the routine H&Epreparation and require a special staining.Only their basophilic nuclei can be seen atthe different levels of this epithelium

Basal cells nuclei

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Respiratory system

Conducting portion

Trachea

Bronchus

Bronchiole

Terminal bronchiole

Respiratory portion

Respiratory bronchiole

Alveolar ducts

Alveolar sack

Alveoli

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CONDUCTING PORTION

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TRACHEA

• Slide 32 Trachea and OesophagusRespiratory mucosa:

Respiratory epithelium ‐ pseudostratified ciliated  columnar with goblet cells 

Lamina propria – cellular, loose connective tissueMuscularis mucosa (absent)

Submucosa: Dense irregular connective tissue ‐ C shaped hyaline cartilage ring and mucous ‐ serous glands

Muscularis ExternaAdventitia

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Tracheal lumen

Hyaline cartilage

Trachealis muscle

Respiratory epithelium

Submucosa

Lamina propria

Adventitia

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TRACHEAL MUCOSA AND SUBMUCOSA

SubmucosaMucosa

Respiratory epithelium Lamina propria

Hyaline cartilage

Mucous serous glands

Perichondrium

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TRACHEAL MUCOSA AND SUBMUCOSAThe region where two ends of the hyaline cartilage ring meet

Hyaline cartilage

Trachealis muscle

Mucous serous glands

Respiratory epithelium Lamina propriaPerichondrium

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TRACHEALIS MUSCLE AND ELASTIC SHEETSThe region where two ends of the hyaline cartilage ring meet 

Note: Wavy elastic fibers are staining very darkly between eosinophilic collagen fibers

Hyaline cartilageTrachealis muscle

Elastic sheets

Perichondrium

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Lymphatic tissue associated with respiratory system

Note: Nodular and diffuse lymphatic tissue and associated lymphatic vessels are  constantly present in both lamina propria and submucosa

Nodular lymphatic tissue

Lymphatic vessels

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INTRAPULMONARY BRONCHUS

• Slide 97 Hilus of lung Intrapulmonary bronchus Bronchiole Transitional bronchiole Respiratory bronchiole

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INTRAPULMONARY BRONCHUS

Respiratory mucosa:Respiratory epitheliumLamina propriaMuscularis mucosa ‐ present

SubmucosaMuscularis ExternaAdventitia

Same as in trachea

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INTRAPULMONARY BRONCHUS

Mucosa

Submucosa

Hyaline cartilage

plates in the submucosa

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BRONCHIAL MUCOSA AND SUBMUCOSARespiratory epithelium Lamina propria

Muscularis mucosa

Submucosa

Perichondrium

Hyaline cartilage

Glands

Mucosa

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BRONCHIOLE

• Slide 97 Hilus of lungBronchioleRespiratory mucosa:

Respiratory epithelium – Epithelium varies from pseudostratified ciliated columnar in the proximal part of the bronchiole to ciliated columnar more distally

Lamina propria ‐ Loose connective tissue

Muscularis mucosa – Circular band of smooth muscle surrounding the circumference of the bronchiole

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BRONCHIOLERespiratory epithelium

Lamina propria

Muscularis mucosaMucosa

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BRONCHIOLAR MUCOSARespiratory epithelium

Lamina propria

Muscularis mucosa

Goblet cell

Cilia

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TERMINAL BRONCHIOLE

• Slide 97 Hilus of lungTerminal bronchioleRespiratory mucosa:

Respiratory epithelium – simple cuboidal ciliated epithelium with Clara cells

Lamina propria – loose connective tissue

Muscularis mucosa ‐ smooth muscle band

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B ‐ Bronchiole; TB ‐Terminal Bronchiole; RB ‐ Respiratory bronchiole; AD – Alveolar duct; AS ‐ Alveolar sac; A ‐ Alveolus

BTB

RB

ADRB

AS

A

http://medcell.med.yale.edu/histology/respiratory_system_lab.php

TRANSITION BETWEEN STRUCTURES IN  RESPIRATORY TREE

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Sometimes the transition is not seen but only a cross sections of the individual structures which are the part of the respiratory tree. TB – Transitional bronchiole

TB

Blood vessel

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RESPIRATORY PORTION

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RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLE

• Slide 98 LungRespiratory mucosa:

Respiratory epithelium – simple cuboidal ciliated epithelium with dominant Clara cells

Lamina propria – loose connective tissue

Muscularis mucosa – thin smooth muscle band

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RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLE

http://www.studyblue.com/

Clara cells

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ALVEOLAR DUCTS and ALVEOLAR SACKS

• Slide 98 LungRespiratory mucosa:

Respiratory epithelium ‐ simple squamous epithelium

Lamina propria – scarce loose connective tissue

Muscularis mucosa – individual smooth muscle cells

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ALVEOLAR DUCTS and ALVEOLAR SACKS

Alveolar duct

Alveolar sac

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Smooth muscle “knob”

Alveolar duct

Alveolus

Interalveolar septum

Note: Alveolus – singular,Alveoli ‐ plural

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ALVEOLI

• Slide 98 LungRespiratory mucosa:

Respiratory epithelium  ‐ simple squamous epithelium

Lamina propria ‐ scarce loose connective tissue

Muscularis mucosa  ‐ few smooth muscle cells

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Alveolus

Pneumocyte type I

Pneumocyte type II

Blood vessel

Endothelium

Connective tissue

Interalveolar septum

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INTERALVEOLAR SEPTUM – SEPTAL WALLSite of a blood air barrier

• Slide 98 LungConstituents of the interalveolar septum:

Pneumocyte type  I (squamous cell)Pneumocyte type II (cuboidal cell)Connective tissue (cells and fibres)Occasional smooth muscle fibreBlood vessels (lined by endothelium)Dust cells (macrophages)

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INTERALVEOLAR SEPTUM

Capillaries with red blood cells in a single file.

Type I Pneumocytes squamous epithelialcells lining the alveolus

Type II Pneumocytes cuboidal cells in the angles between adjacent alveoli

Alveolar Macrophages  Dust cells

Endothelial cell

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BL

lb

bab

A

BL

En

En

Alb

Blood vessel

Blood vessel

Alveolar lumen

Pneumocyte type II

Pneumocyte type II

Lamellar body

Lamellar body

Blood air barrierBasal lamina

Endothelium

Endothelium

Basal lamina

Multinucleated macrophage – Dust cell

Nucleus

Lamellar body

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BLOOD AIR BARRIER (EMG)

Constituents of the blood air barrier:

Thin layer of surfactantPneumocyte type I Fused basal laminaeEndothelial cell

Page 40: Respiratory system roadmap.pptx [Repaired] - Loginanatomical-sciences.health.wits.ac.za/roadmaps/Respiratory system... · DIVISION OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM CONDUCTING PORTION Nasal

ps

ps

Ebab

bab

ly

dv

ps – pseudopodia; ly – lysosomes; dv – digestion vacuole   

Blood air barrier

Blood air barrier

Blood air barrier

Erythrocyte

Pneumocyte type I

Pneumocyte type I

Alveolar lumen

Alveolar lumen

Capillary lumen

Dust cell