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RESPONSE TO INTERVENTION(RTI):WHAT IS IT AND WHY IS IT IMPORTANT?
Yuri Kashima
School Psychology Doctoral Student
Indiana [email protected]
Outline of Today’s Talk
1. What is RTI?2. Why is it Important?3. How is RTI different (or the same) from
what’s been done in schools?4. School Counselors’ Roles in RTI5. Let’s see what RTI looks like!
1. The “Triangle”2. Videos
Academic Behavioral
3. Discussion on RTI
Some Facts:
By the 4th grade, 2 hours of specialized daily instruction is required to make the same gain that would have resulted from only 30 minutes of daily instruction if begun when the child was in Kindergarten.
National Institute of Health, 1999
Some Facts:
Evidence shows that children who do not read by third grade often fail to catch up and are more likely to drop out of school,
use drugs, or go to prison. So many nonreaders wind up in jail that Arizona
officials have found they can use the rate of illiteracy to help calculate future prison
needs.
Stephen D. Krashen
Some Facts:
Students drop out of school for variety of reasons, but low reading scores are a major predictor. Students in the bottom quartile of
achievement (that’s 6 million in the nation) are 20 times more likely to drop out of school than
those in the top quartile. Approximately 1.2 million students who enter ninth grade each year fail to graduate from high school with their peers four years later. That's
7,000 students lost each school day.
Alliance for Excellent Education
So… What can we do?
Provide students a solid curriculum in core areas such as reading and math
Provide students with differentiated instruction (not one size fits most)
Target students who are struggling to read-- early on
Use research-backed interventions to assist students who need additional supports
What is RTI?
“Data-driven systemic method for identifying and responding to the needs of students who demonstrate academic and behavioral difficulties” (Brown-Chidsey & Steege, 2005).
Let’s break it down…
What is RTI? (cont.)
Data-driven Systemic Identifying and responding to students’
academic and behavioral needs
What is RTI? (cont.)
Purpose:
Look at academic and behavioral needs through a preventative lens/approach Uses universal prevention Uses data-based intervention strategies
Martinez, Nellis, & Prendergast, 2006
Why is it Important?
RTI…
Targets over-identification of minority students in special education
= Addresses Disproportionality issues in Special Education
Hosp, 2008
Why is it Important? (cont.)
RTI is a school-wide approach that is applicable to everyone Not just for struggling students Not just for high-achieving students Not just for non-English Language Learners
How is RTI Different?
No longer the “wait to fail” approach to education
Old Approach Kids were ‘tested’ to see if they qualify for Special Ed.
services without strong curriculum-based data– discrepancy model
New Approach No more discrepancy model for Special Ed. Placement Screening for academic difficulties using curriculum-
based assessments
How is it Different? (cont.)
How did students qualify for special education in the past?
Discrepancy model: Difference between IQ score and Achievement score
Some ambiguous cut-score (differs by state), then qualify for services
This is problematic and inaccurate…
Martinez, Nellis, & Prendergast, 2006
How is RTI Different? (cont.)
How do students qualify for special education currently?
IDEA (Special Education laws– Individuals with Disabilities Education Act) reauthorization in 2006 says local education agencies can use a student’s response to scientific, research-based interventions to determine eligibility, instead of the discrepancy model!
This is RTI!
RTI: Key Players on the RTI Team
Principal Assistant Principal Teachers– General, Special Ed., Specialists Parents/guardians SLP Occupational Therapist School Counselor School Psychologist Interventionist School Social Worker Student
International Reading Association, 2006
School Counselors’ Roles in RTI
Provide individual and group counseling Offer large-group guidance Provide consultation Advocate for students Promote systemic change Are involved in developing and evaluating
prevention programs in the school setting
This is a PERFECT fit for RTI!
American School Counselor Association, 2005
School Counselors’ Roles in RTI (cont.)American School Counselor
Association Position Statement (ASCA, 2008)
School counselors as stakeholders in the development and implementation of the RTI process. Implementation of a data-driven,
comprehensive school counseling program designed to improve student achievement and behavior.
School Counselors’ Roles in RTI (cont.)
Provide all students with a standards-based guidance curriculum to address universal academic, career and personal/social development
Identify struggling students by analyzing academic/behavioral data
Collaborate on RTI design, implementation, and research-based intervention strategies that are implemented by school staff
Evaluate academic/behavioral progress, revise as-necessary (progress monitor)
Advocate for equitable education for all students
The “Triangle”
Often described as a tiered intervention approach:
Adapted from OSEP Center on Positive Behavioral Interventions & Supports
Three-Tiered Model
Tier 1 A good core curriculum Approx. 80% of all students’ needs are met
via Tier 1 intervention To make sure this is true, universal
screening of all students needs to be done a few times every school year (Benchmark data using Curriculum Based Measurements)
Three-Tiered Model (cont.)
Tier 2 Of the remaining 20% of students not
‘reached’ by Tier 1 intervention (students who are not ‘responding to Tier 1 interventions’), approx. 15% will respond with Tier 2 interventions
More specialized/targeted Small group Frequent progress monitoring (CBM’s)
Three-Tiered Model (cont.)
Tier 3 The remaining 5% of students who do not
respond to Tier 1 or Tier 2 interventions receive Tier 3 support
Even more specified/individualized One-on-one Even more frequent progress monitoring
(CBM’s)
Video Time! (Part 2)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=40mYbGuVR70&feature=related
Now an example:
http://www.pbis.org/swpbs_videos/alcott_mid.aspx