Retrieval From Brain Memory

8/12/2019 Retrieval From Brain Memory

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RETRIEVAL

RETRIEVAL FROM SHORT-TERM MEMORY

RETRIEVAL FROM LONG-TERM MEMORY


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RETRIEVAL FROM

SHORT-TERM MEMORY

PARALLEL PROCESSING vs. SERIAL PROCESSING

EXHAUSTIVE PROCESSING vs. SELF-TERMINATING

PROCESSING


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Saul Sternberg (1966)o Wondered whether items are retrieved all at

once (parallel processing) or sequentially (serialprocessing)

RETRIEVAL FROM SHORT-TERM

MEMORY


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?Memorize the following list of numbers:

Was 8 on the list?

6, 3, 8, 2, 7, 5


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MEMORY

Parallel Processingo refers to the simultaneous handling of multiple

operations.o As applied to short-term memory, the items

stored in short-term memory would be retrievedall at once, not one at a time.

o Response time should be the same, regardless ofthe size of the positive set. This is because allcomparisons would be done at once.


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MEMORY

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

RESPONSET

IM

E

I T E M S O N T H E L I S T

PARALLEL PROCESSING


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MEMORY

Serial Processingo refers to operations being done one after

another. In other words, on the digit recall task,the digits would be retrieved in succession, ratherthan all at once.


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MEMORY

SERIAL PROCESSING

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

I T E M S O N T H E L I S T

RESPONSET

IM

E


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MEMORY

Exhaustive Serial ProcessingoAll positive responses would take the

same amount of time, regardless of theserial position of positive test probe.

o In other words, finding any digit would

take same amount of time and the

location of the digit would not matter.


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MEMORY

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

RESPONSET

IM

E

POSITION OF DIGITS ON THE LIST

EXHAUSTIVE SERIAL PROCESSING


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MEMORY

Self-Terminating Serial Processingo Implies that the participant would check

the test digit against only those digitsneeded to make a response.


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MEMORY

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

POSITION OF DIGITS ON THE LIST

RESPONSE

TIM

E

SELF-TERMINATING SERIAL PROCESSING


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RETRIEVAL FROM

LONG-TERM MEMORY


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PROCESSES OF

FORGETTING AND

MEMORY DISTORTION

INTERFERENCE THEORY vs. DECAY THEORY


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PROCESSES OF FORGETTING AND

MEMORY DISTORTION

Interference Theory

- Refers to the view that forgetting

occurs because recall of certainwords interferes with recall of otherwords.


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MEMORY DISTORTION


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oRetroactive interference(or retroactive

inhibition)

is caused by activity occurring afterwe

learn something but beforewe are askedto recall that thing.

It interferes with our ability to remember

information we learned previously.


MEMORY DISTORTION


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oProactive interference

occurs when the interfering material

occurs before, rather than after, learning

of the to-be-remembered material.

Proactive as well as retroactive

interference may play a role in short-term

memory. Thus, retroactive interference

appears to be important, but not the only

factor.


MEMORY DISTORTION


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?

Say the following list of words once to yourself, andthen, immediately thereafter, try to recall all the

words, in any order, without looking back at them:

Table, cloud, book, tree, shirt, cat, light, bench, chalk,flower, watch, bat, rug, soap, pillow


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oSerial-position curve

represents the probability of recall of a

given word, given its serial position (order

of presentation) in a list. Recalling ofwords is bestfor items at and near the endof the list, second bestfor items near thebeginning of the list andpoorestfor items in

the middle of the list.

A typical serial-position curve is shown in

Figure 6.3.


MEMORY DISTORTION

O E E O O E I A


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MEMORY DISTORTION



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The primacy effect refers to superiorrecall of words at and near thebeginning of a list.

The recency effect refers to superiorrecall of words at and near the endof a list.


MEMORY DISTORTION



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Decay Theoryo Asserts that information is forgotten because

of the gradual disappearance, rather than

displacement, of the memory trace.

o Thus, decay theory views the original piece ofinformation as gradually disappearing unless

something is done to keep it intact. This viewcontrasts with interference theory, justdiscussed, in which one or more pieces ofinformation block recall of another.


MEMORY DISTORTION

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Retrieval From Brain Memory