Review from last class. Higher order conditioning Overshadowing
(Stimulus Features) Blocking & Latent Inhibition (Prior
Experience) Slide 2 Higher Order Conditioning Need to maintain 1 st
order conditioning Tone-Food Note that Light is still never
directly paired with food! first-order CS tone (CS1)food (US)
second-order CS Light (CS2) Phase 1: Tone Food Phase 2: Light Tone
But what would happen to the Tone? - Extinction! Tone Food Slide 3
Overshadowing (Stimulus Features) A more salient stimulus will
interfere with learning about less salient stimuli e.g. compound
stimuli Loud noise & dim light food Light not learned about
Slide 4 Blocking (Prior Experience) Novel stimuli presented in
compound with an existing CS will not be learned about CS must be
informative (i.e. add new information) Light wont be learned about
Slide 5 Latent Inhibition (Prior Experience) Pre-exposure to a CS
makes it harder to condition Learn first that CS does not signal US
Phase 1: Buzzer No Food Phase 2: Buzzer Food Regular Classical
Conditioning: Buzzer Food MORE TRIALS! Slide 6 Pavlovian
(Classical) Applications Slide 7 Slide 8 Conditioned Suppression
Conditional Response (CR) involves suppress behaviour that would
otherwise be performed 1) Train rat to press bar for food 2)
Classical Conditioning: Pair light with shock Scared rats freeze
i.e. when shock is coming, the rat will freeze While the rat is
frozen with fear, it will NOT be pushing the bar After
conditioning, the rat should freeze in response to the light (CR)
Compare the amount of bar pressing when light is off and when light
is on Slide 9 Conditioned Emotional Response Emotional reactions
Learned Classical conditioning Slide 10 Little Albert Watson &
Rayner (1920) Hard line behaviourist Nature vs Nurture Fear
previously thought to be: Innate Faulty reasoning Initial studies
showed that infants NOT afraid of many innately frightening stimuli
E.g. snakes, fire, rats Conditioned fear Slide 11 Methodology
Albert (11 months old) Present rat observe No initial fear Present
rat bang metal bar (loud noise) UR = startle Present rat Albert
cries, avoids CR Present other furry objects generalization Slide
12 Terminology US = noise UR = startle response/fear CS = rat CR =
fear/avoidance Slide 13 Conclusions Fear response produced through
classical conditioning Watson suggests fear, hate, love
conditionable Slide 14 Albert Issues Sample size Replication
Generalization to other objects Slide 15 Prejudice Prejudice
related to hate and fear Hate and fear conditionable Staats &
Staats (1958) Paired positive, negative, neutral words with
nationalities Subjects rate nationalities Ratings correspond with
conditioning Slide 16 In real life Where do these associations come
from? Political speeches Media coverage Negative images, words,
impressions paired with identifiable group Slide 17 Counter
Conditioning Mary Cover Jones (1924) Eliminate phobia via classical
conditioning Peter feared rabbits Peter eats snack (US) present
rabbit (CS) Associate positive US with CS Slide 18 Systematic
Desensitization A type of Counter-conditioning Also Aversion
therapy Relaxation techniques Gradual introduction of phobic
stimulus Imagination up to real situation Slide 19 Flooding Flood
patient with exposure to fear-inducing stimulus Not
counter-conditioning Kind of like habituation but not discreet
trials! Slide 20 Slide 21 First-Order C.C. in Ads Product
(initially neutral --> CS) Pair with stimulus that elicits
positive emotion (US) Consumer sees product, has positive CR Slide
22 Example Sausages US = funny situation UR = happiness CS = brand
CR = happiness, amusement, positive emotion Slide 23 Example Slide
24 Second-Order C.C. Use previously conditioned celebrity,
situation, etc. CS 1 & US Now, pair brand (CS 2 ) with CS 1
Slide 25 Example Sprint Peyton Manning = CS 1 Positive feeling = CR
Attractive, successful, lifestyle = US Positive feeling = UR Sprint
mobility = CS 2 Assumption: buy phone, be rich, popular, laser
rocket arm Slide 26 Example Japander.com Brad Pitt and 503 Jeans
Brad Pitt Pitt (CS 1 ), leading man, celebrity, rich, pretty =
desirable (US), 503s (CS 2 ) Performance-void Slide 27 Problems
Celebs dont always maintain status Tom Cruise spoof Michael Jackson
Slide 28 Slide 29 Paraphilia Incorrect love Fetishism, masochism,
pedophilia, etc. More common in males Freud: unconscious forces
Classical conditioning: association formed Slide 30 Example:
Masochism Generally, CS is previously neutral But, a US, by pairing
with another strong US, can become a CS Pavlov: shock (CS) for food
(US) Masochism: pain (CS) for sexual pleasure (US) Slide 31 Counter
Conditioning Pair undesired CS with strongly aversive US (e.g.,
nausea) Aversion therapy Awareness not necessary for conditioning
Slide 32 Treatment Very difficult with some types of paraphilia
Pedophilia, rape? Evolutionary Psychology Male attraction to
youthfulness Desire for dominance and power Slide 33 Slide 34
Typically Long-delay or trace conditioning US is food poisoning,
illness, etc. UR is nausea induced pain CS is novel food/flavour CR
is avoidance, nausea Violation of contiguity? Slide 35
Explanations? Sensitization Aftertaste Biological preparedness
Taste aversion a special case Slide 36 Biological Preparedness in
Taste-Aversion Garcia & Koelling (1966) Slide 37 Explanation
Biological predisposition Taste and nausea Audiovisual and shock
Must know about CS-US relationship before predicting nature of CR
Certain stimuli more easily associated than others Slide 38 Slide
39 Allergic Reaction Release of histamines Bodys immune response to
allergens Not all allergic responses biological Can be learned
Slide 40 Examples Patient sneezes when presented artificial rose
Allergies to pets; sometimes not as bad if dont know if pets are in
house Slide 41 Russell et al. (1984) Expose guinea pigs to BSA
Becomes allergen (US for histamine release) Pair BSA with odour of
fish or sulphur (CSs) Expose guinea pigs to odours and get
increased histamines (CR) in bloodstream Preparatory value of
classical conditioning
