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Cellular Biology - Answers Exam Review – Dec.2011

Review the following topics

Modified True/FalseIndicate whether the sentence or statement is true or false. If false, change the identified word or phrase to make the sentence or statement true.

__F__ 1. Animals store carbohydrates as starch. ____glycogen________________

__T__ 2. Enzymes speed up chemical reactions. ____________________

__T__ 3. The attachment of the substrate to the enzyme’s active site creates the enzyme-substrate complex.

____________________

__T__ 4. The active site is the location where a substrate binds to an enzyme. ____________________

__F__ 5. The overall process of aerobic respiration produces thirty molecules of ATP. _____36_______________

__F__ 6. Anaerobic respiration can produce ATP even if glucose is not present. _____oxygen_______________

Multiple ChoiceIdentify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

__a__ 1. What statement about saturated fatty acids is correct?a. they contain only single bonds c. they are liquids at room temperatureb. they contain triple bonds d. they contain several double bonds

__b__ 2. The building block (monomer) of proteins isa. Glucose c. Glycerol + 3 fatty acid chainsb. Amino acids d. nucleotides

__b_ 3. Of the 20 amino acids found in the human body, how many are considered essential?a. 2 c. 12b. 8 d. 0

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Cell theory, types of cells, microscopesPlant and Animal Cells, parts and their functionsUsing a Microscope, microscope parts and functionsParts of the Cell Membrane, fluid Mosaic ModelMovement of Particles Through the Cell MembraneDiffusion, osmosis, 3 types of solutions, factors affecting passive transportCarbohydratesLipidsProteinsEnzymes, Factors Affecting Enzyme ActivityCellular Respiration (aerobic and anaerobic )


__c__ 4. In brewing, baking, and winemaking, the enzymes found in yeast cells convert glucose to a. Carbon dioxide and water c. alcohol and carbon dioxideb. Lactic acid d. pyruvate

__b__ 5. ATP stands fora. adenine triglyceride phosphotase c. adenosine tetraphosphateb. adenosine triphosphate d. additional temperature promoter

__a__ 6. Which of the following is the correct equation for aerobic cellular respiration?a. C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O+ 36 ATPb. 2 C3H6O3 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O+ 34 ATPc. C6H12O6 2 C3H6O3

d. C6H12O6 2 C2H5OH + 2 CO2

__b__ 7. Which of the following is the correct equation for glycolysis?a. C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O+ 36 ATPb. C6H12O6 2 C3H6O3

c. 2 C3H6O3 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O+ 34 ATPd. C6H12O6 2 C2H5OH + 2 CO2

_ a___ 8. From one glucose molecule, how many molecules of ATP are created during lactic acid fermentation?a. 2 c. 36b. 34 d. 0

9. The movement of solutes across a cell membrane from an area of low concentration to high concentration is called

(a) Passive Transport(b) Active transport(c) Brownian motion(d) Diffusion(e) Osmosis

10. If a cell is placed in a hypertonic environment,(a) There is a higher concentration of water outside the cell than inside the cell(b) There will be a net movement of water into the cell causing it to swell(c) There is a higher concentration of water inside the cell than outside the cell(d) The concentrations of water inside and outside the cell are equal(e) (a) and (b)

11. If skittles are placed in a beaker of water, the food colouring will disperse until all of the water becomes coloured. This is the result of

(a) Active transport(b) Diffusion(c) Osmosis(d) Facilitated diffusion(e) None of the above

12. The site of protein synthesis in the cell

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a. Ribosomesb. Mitochondrionc. Vacuolesd. Lysosomese. Microtubules

13. Carbohydrates are polymers of . . . (a) glucose(b) amino acids(c) lipids(d) nucleotides(e) starch

14. What is osmosis?(a) a type of reverse diffusion(b) the movement of particles through a semi-permeable membrane(c) the movement of water through a semi-permeable membrane(d) the movement of any substance through a selectively permeable membrane(e) the movement of water particles without need for a membrane

15. Most body cells are continually being replaced as they wear out. The organelle responsible for breaking down worn-out cells is the

(a) cell membrane(b) vacuole(c) vesicle(d) endoplasmic reticulum(e) lysosome

16. A plant vacuole serves as a storage space for(a) water(b) sugars(c) minerals(d) waste(e) all of the above

17. Which of the following statements about the cell membrane is correct?(a) Both ends of the phospholipid are hydrophilic.(b) Both ends of the phospholipid are hydrophobic.(c) There is one type of protein embedded in the bilayer.(d) A variety of proteins are embedded in the bilayer.(e) None of these statements is correct.

Matching

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Match each item related to carbohydrates to the correct statement listed below.a. Monosaccharide d. Glycogenb. Disaccharide e. Starchc. polysaccharide f. cellulose

_a___ 1. simplest carbohydrate, consisting of a single sugar _e___ 2. A molecule that stores energy in plants._b___ 3. two monosaccharides linked together

_d__ 4. A molecule that stores energy in animals_c__ 5. A long chain consisting of many monosaccharides_f___ 6. A molecule that gives plant cell walls their rigidity.

Match each item related to lipids to the correct statement listed below.a. Unsaturated fats d. Glycerol + 3 fatty acid chainsb. Saturated fats e. Monounsaturated c. Trans fats f. polyunsaturated

_e___ 1. lipid molecules containing only one carbon–carbon double bond in their fatty acid chains_b___ 2. Solids at room temperature, found in animals_f__ 3. Lipid molecules that contain many carbon-carbon double in their fatty acid chains_d__ 4. The building blocks of lipids_a___ 5. Liquids at room temperature, found in plants_c___ 6. Unsaturated fats that have been chemically modified to become saturated (i.e. margarine)

Match each item related to enzymes to the correct statement below.a. substrate d. Catalystb. active site e. reactantsc. enzyme-substrate complex f. products

_e___ 1. starting materials of a chemical reaction_c___ 2. enzyme with its substrate attached to the active site_a___ 3. the molecule an enzyme acts on in a chemical reaction_f___ 4. the results of a chemical reaction_b___ 5. location where the substrate binds to the enzyme_d___ 6. speeds up a chemical reaction

Match these terms related to cellular respiration with the correct statement below.4


a. Aerobic cellular respiration d. lactic acid fermentationb. pyruvate e. Alcohol fermentationc. ATP

__a__ 1. uses oxygen to produce ATP__b__ 2. end product of glycolysis__e__ 3. glucose is converted to alcohol, carbon dioxide, and ATP__d_ 4. occurs during strenuous exercise when blood oxygen levels are low__c_ 5. source of chemical energy in the cell

Tables

Complete the following table describing the indicators used to test for food molecules.

Name of Indicator Molecule Tested For Colour Change Observed

Biuret’s Reagent protein Blue → purpleIodine Starch Light brown → black

Benedict’s Reagent Glucose Blue → dark orange(after heating)

Sudan (III) Oil or Lipids Light red → bright orange

Complete this following chart describing the three types of microscopes.

Type of Microscope Magnification Resolution *-size of clear objects

Type of Picture

a) compound light microscope 400X 200 nm apart 2D

Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) b) 5,000,000

0.2 nm apart- the distance between atoms!!

c) 2D

Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)

300,000X 10 nm apartd) 3D

Bonus: How many nanometres in a meter? 1,000,000,000

Diagrams

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1. Complete the following table. [8 Marks]

Type of Molecule Sketch or Diagram Function in the body

Fat(triglyceride)

WarmthCushions/protects internal organsLong term energy storage

Amino acid Building block of proteins

Glucose(monosaccharide)

Building block of carbohydrates

Unsaturated fatProvides long term energy storage in plants

2. Label the parts and indicate the functions of each part in the diagram below.6


Number Name of Part Function1

chromatinContains genetic material that directs all of the activities of the cell.

2nucleus

Surrounds the chromosomes and protects them from the environment inside the cell.

3ribosomes

Site of protein synthesis (they help to make proteins)

4mitochondria

Site of cellular respiration. This is where glucose is broken down to release energy that the cell can use.

5Cell membrane

Controls what enters and exits the cell.

6Cytoplasm

Cushions/protects cell organelles. Provides the correct environment for cellular reactions to occur.

7Endoplasmic reticulum

Helps to transport materials throughout the cell.

3. Use the following cell membrane diagram to complete the table below.

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Name of Structure Function

a

Carbohydrate chain helps cells recognize other cellshelps cells attach to other cells

b

Integral protein(protein channel)

Transports small charged molecules into or out of the cell

c

Cholesterolmolecules

Cholesterol molecules wedge themselves in between the phospholipids. This prevents the phospholipids from getting too close together or from moving too far apart. Therefore, they help to maintain the fluid consistency of the cell membrane.

dPhospholipid bilayer The phospholipid bilayer helps to create a semi-permeable

membrane that only allows certain molecules to enter and exit the cell.

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a

d

c

b


4. Label the indicated parts of the microscope. [5]1. body tube2. rotating nosepiece 3. low power objective lens4. medium power objective lens5. high power objective lens 6. stage clips7. diaphragm8. light source9. eyepiece/ocular lens10. arm11. stage12. coarse adjustment knob13. fine adjustment knob14. base

5. The cells below are in three different solutions. Review the images and answer the questions below. Beaker A Beaker B Beaker C

A: _____isotonic___ B: _hypertonic______ C: _hypotonic _____

(a) In the space below each beaker, identify each solution as hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic.

(b) Explain what has happened to the cells in beaker B?

Water is leaving the cells causing them to shrink.

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Short Answer

1.Describe three differences between saturated and unsaturated fats.

Saturated fats – found in animals, solids at room temperature, contain only single bonds between the carbon atoms on the fatty acid chains

Unsaturated fats – found in plants, liquids at room temperature, contain one or more double bonds between the carbon atoms of the fatty acid chains

2.What are essential amino acids? How many amino acids are considered essential?

Essential amino acids are amino acids that the body cannot make and must be obtained through your diet. Eight of the twenty amino acids are essential.

3.How does the presence of an enzyme affect the rate (speed) of a chemical reaction? Explain why.

Enzymes speed up chemical reactions. They do this by helping a reaction proceed without taking part in the reaction. For example, an enzyme may help to break apart a substrate to form products.

4. What are the two types of fermentation? Give the overall equation for each.

Lactic Acid Fermentation1 glucose → 2 pyruvate +2 ATP→2 lactate

Alcohol Fermentation1 glucose → 2 pyruvate +2 ATP→2 carbon dioxide + 2 ethanol

5. What are two similarities and two differences between facilitated diffusion and osmosis?

Similarities – both are types of passive transport, both involve the movement of substances from a high concentration to a low concentration

Differences – Facilitated diffusion is the movement of particles across a cell membrane. Osmosis is the movement of water across a cell membrane. Facilitated diffusion requires a membrane protein to move particles across the cell membrane. Osmosis does not require any membrane proteins. Water can simply move through the phospholipid bilayer.

6. How is the rate of diffusion affected by a decrease in the concentration gradient?

A decrease in the concentration gradient causes a decrease in the rate of diffusion (diffusion slows down)

7. Describe one similarity and two differences between facilitated diffusion and active transport.

Similarity – both are methods of movement across the cell membrane, both involve membrane proteinsDifferences – Facilitated diffusion is a type of passive transport. Therefore, it does not require energy; however, active transport does require energy. Facilitated diffusion involves the movement of particles from high to low concentration. Active transport is the movement of particles from low to high concentration.

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8. a) What is the key difference between aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration?

Aerobic cellular respiration – requires oxygen to break down glucoseAnaerobic cellular respiration – does not require oxygen to break down glucose

b) Which form is more suited to large organisms such as humans, cows, and fish? Which form is adequate for single-celled organisms such as yeast cells and bacteria? Explain.

Aerobic cellular respiration is more suited for large organisms because it releases more energy from each molecule of glucose (36 ATP). Anaerobic cellular respiration is more suited for smaller organisms because it releases less energy from each molecule of glucose (2 ATP).

9. State three differences between plant and animal cells. (3 Marks)

Plant cells have cell walls and chloroplasts. Animal cells do not have these.Animal cells have lysosomes and plant cells do not.Plant cells have one very large vacuoles. Animal cells have many smaller vacuoles.

10. Complete the following three statements that make up cell theory.

a) All living things are ____made up of one or more cells___________.

b) Cells are the basic _____structural______ and _____functional____ units of life.

c) All cells come from _____pre-existing cells____ .

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Review the following topics - Wikispacesrosedale11collegebiology.wikispaces.com/file/view... · Web viewHow does the presence of an enzyme affect the rate ... of passive transport,