Revolutionary Era

Unit 3 (1754-1800)British imperial attempts to reassert control over its colonies and the colonial reaction to these attempts

produced a new American republic, along with struggles over the new nation’s social, political, and

economic identity.

Empires at WarEmpires at War► King William’s War (1689-1697)King William’s War (1689-1697)

Launched an expedition to Launched an expedition to gain Quebec, but failedgain Quebec, but failed

Indians burned British Indians burned British settlements along the frontiersettlements along the frontier

► Queen Anne’s War (1702-1713)Queen Anne’s War (1702-1713) Tried unsuccessfully to gain Tried unsuccessfully to gain

Quebec from France; gained Quebec from France; gained Nova Scotia from FranceNova Scotia from France

► King George’s War (1744-1748)King George’s War (1744-1748) New Englanders captured New Englanders captured

Louisbourg, a major French Louisbourg, a major French fort, but had to give it back in fort, but had to give it back in peace negotiationspeace negotiations

French and Indian War (1754-French and Indian War (1754-1763)1763)

► England vs. France Col. George

Washington – Fort Duquesne and Fort Necessity

Most Natives allied with French

William Pitt – British PM

Increased British troop activity in America

Colonists contributed to effort

French and Indian War (1754-French and Indian War (1754-1763)1763)

► Albany Plan of Union Albany Plan of Union (1754)(1754) Proposed by Proposed by

Benjamin FranklinBenjamin Franklin Wanted to set up an Wanted to set up an

intercolonial intercolonial government, system government, system of recruiting troops, of recruiting troops, and collecting and collecting colonial taxes for colonial taxes for common defensecommon defense

Plan never took Plan never took effect – each colony effect – each colony did not want to did not want to concede control to concede control to anotheranother

French and Indian War (1754-French and Indian War (1754-1763)1763)

►Treaty of Paris 1763British victory

►Acquisition of French Canada and land east of Mississippi

►France kicked out of continental North America (left with Haiti)

Effects of French and Indian Effects of French and Indian WarWar

► Immediate Effects Britain becomes the dominant naval power in the world Colonists are no longer under threat of attack from the

Spanish/French and their Indian allies Increased British war debt

►72M pounds (1755)►129M pounds (1764)

British believed more control necessary► British View

Low opinion of colonial military capabilities Believed colonists were unable or unwilling to defend their

own frontier► Colonial View

Proud of their record in the Wars for Empire Unimpressed with British troops or their leadership

Salutary Neglect/Benign Salutary Neglect/Benign NeglectNeglect

► British absenteeism Distance between England and America Political turmoil and relative peace

►English Civil War (1642-1651)►Glorious Revolution (1688)

► Colonies virtually on their own Developed unique economies based on region Economic growth

►Colonial GNP was 25 million pounds ($2.25 billion)►1/3 of the Great Britain’s GNP►GDP per capita was highest in the world by 1775

Self-government Proud British loyalists High life expectancy and literacy rates

Britain Exerts More ControlBritain Exerts More Control►Navigation Acts strengthenedNavigation Acts strengthened

Increased concept of mercantilismIncreased concept of mercantilism Vice-admiralty courtsVice-admiralty courts

►Merchant courts, juryless, “corrupt judges”Merchant courts, juryless, “corrupt judges”

Board of TradeBoard of Trade►Develop mercantilist policies over coloniesDevelop mercantilist policies over colonies

►Molasses Act (1733)Molasses Act (1733) Tax on non-British import of sugarTax on non-British import of sugar

Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763)Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763)►Extensive Native

alliance to deter colonists from spreading westward onto their land

►Angry because the British did not offer “gifts” as the French had done

►Destroyed forts from New York to Virginia

Proclamation of 1763Proclamation of 1763► ProposalProposal

Colonists could not settle Colonists could not settle west of the Appalachian west of the Appalachian MountainsMountains

► PurposePurpose To stabilize the western To stabilize the western

frontier/avoid Indian frontier/avoid Indian conflictsconflicts

► Colonial ReactionColonial Reaction Denial of land made them Denial of land made them

angry – wanted to reap angry – wanted to reap the benefits from hard-the benefits from hard-won landwon land

Ignored mandateIgnored mandate

Preliminary Rebellions►Paxton Boys (1764)

Pennsylvania Scots-Irish upset with Quaker government and toleration of natives

Massacred Susquehannock

►Regulators (1764-1771) NC frontiersmen

upset with eastern corruption

British Prime MinistersBritish Prime Ministers

Robert Walpole1721-1742

George Grenville1763-1765

William Pitt1766-1768

Frederick North1770-1782

Encouraged unrestricteddevelopment of colonies

Believed coloniesshould foot thebill for wars anddefense

Enforced Parliament’s power but defended colonies and desire for representation

Supported taxationof the colonies andran Parliamentduring Revolution

Charles TownshendChancellor of Exchequer1766-1767

Timeline of Parliamentary Acts► Sugar Act of 1764

Revenue tax► Quartering Act of 1765► Stamp Act of 1765

First direct tax► Declaratory Act of 1766

Parliament’s right to tax whatsoever

► Townshend Acts of 1767 Pay royal colonial

officials Writs of assistance

► Tea Act of 1773 Support British East India

Company► “Intolerable Acts”

Coercive Acts of 1774►Massachusetts

Government Act (royal appointments)

►Port Act (Boston closed)►Administration of Justice

Act (trial of royal officials moved)

Quebec Act of 1774►Appointed government;

Catholicism recognized► Prohibitory Act of 1775

Colonies in open rebellion

Parliamentary ActsThe Sugar Act (1764)

► Purpose Increased regulation of

colonial trade Raise revenue for war

debt►Lowered tax rate

Sugar, spices, lumber Vice-admiralty courts

► Colonial Reaction Colonial merchants and

shippers Boycotts

► Repealed in 1766

Parliamentary ActsStamp Act (1765)

► Purpose First direct tax Generate revenue for

troops in America

► Colonial Reaction “No taxation without

representation.” - James Otis

Stamp Act Congress Sons and Daughters of

Liberty Committees of

Correspondence

Parliamentary ActsTownshend Acts (1767)

► Purpose Raise revenue for

administration of colonies Glass, tea, paper, lead,

paint

► Colonial Reaction Letters from a Farmer in

Pennsylvania - John Dickinson

► “If they may be legally deprived… of the privilege of legislation, why may they not, with equal reason, be deprived of every other privilege? Or why may not every colony be treated in the same manner, when any of them shall dare to deny their assent to any impositions that shall be directed?”

Engraving by Paul Revere, 1768

Boston Massacre (1770)

Parliamentary ActsTea Act (1773)

► Purpose Support British

East India Company

► Reaction Boston Tea

Party

The EnlightenmentThe EnlightenmentThe Age of ReasonThe Age of Reason

► 1650-18001650-1800► Laws of Nature applied to Laws of Nature applied to

societysociety► RationalismRationalism

““Dare to know! Have the Dare to know! Have the courage to use your own courage to use your own reason!” – Immanuel Kantreason!” – Immanuel Kant

► LiberalismLiberalism► DeismDeism

““The Clockmaker”The Clockmaker” Absent of human affairsAbsent of human affairs

The EnlightenmentThe EnlightenmentJohn LockeJohn Locke

► Second Treatise on GovernmentSecond Treatise on Government ““The state of nature has a law of nature to govern The state of nature has a law of nature to govern

it, which obliges every one: and reason, which is it, which obliges every one: and reason, which is that law, teaches all mankind … that, being all that law, teaches all mankind … that, being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty, or possessions”another in his life, health, liberty, or possessions”

““Men being, as has been said, by nature, all free, Men being, as has been said, by nature, all free, equal, and independent, no one can be put out of equal, and independent, no one can be put out of this estate, and subjected to the political power of this estate, and subjected to the political power of another, without his own consent.”another, without his own consent.”

““Whensoever therefore the legislative shall Whensoever therefore the legislative shall transgress this fundamental rule of society; and transgress this fundamental rule of society; and either by ambition, fear, folly or corruption, either by ambition, fear, folly or corruption, endeavour to grasp themselves, or put into the endeavour to grasp themselves, or put into the hands of any other, an absolute power over the hands of any other, an absolute power over the lives, liberties, and estates of the people; by this lives, liberties, and estates of the people; by this breach of trust they forfeit the power the people breach of trust they forfeit the power the people had put into their hands for quite contrary ends, and had put into their hands for quite contrary ends, and it devolves to the people, who have a right to it devolves to the people, who have a right to resume their original liberty, and, by the resume their original liberty, and, by the establishment of a new legislative, (such as they establishment of a new legislative, (such as they shall think fit) provide for their own safety and shall think fit) provide for their own safety and security, which is the end for which they are in security, which is the end for which they are in society.”society.”

The EnlightenmentThe EnlightenmentAdam SmithAdam Smith

► An Inquiry into the Nature An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the and Causes of the Wealth Wealth of Nationsof Nations

► Laissez-faireLaissez-faire Free tradeFree trade

► ““the invisible hand”the invisible hand”► Three LawsThree Laws

More production from self-More production from self-interestinterest

Economic competitionEconomic competition Supply and demandSupply and demand

The EnlightenmentThe EnlightenmentThe PhilosophesThe Philosophes

► VoltaireVoltaire CandideCandide

► Baron de MontesquieuBaron de Montesquieu Spirit of the LawsSpirit of the Laws

► Separation of powersSeparation of powers► Checks and balancesChecks and balances

► Jean-Jacques RousseauJean-Jacques Rousseau The Social ContractThe Social Contract

► ““the general will”the general will”

► Mary WollstonecraftMary Wollstonecraft

Voltaire

Mary Wollstonecraft

Parliamentary Acts“Intolerable” Acts (1774)

► Purpose Boston Port Act Quartering Act Administration of Justice

Act Massachusetts

Government Act Quebec Act

► Colonial Reaction Suffolk Resolves First Continental Congress

Tar and FeatheringBostonians paying the exciseman

Which Side Are You On?Which Side Are You On?

► Fought and died in wars Fought and died in wars with Natives and with Natives and European enemiesEuropean enemies

► Risk life and health in a Risk life and health in a new environmentnew environment

► Proud and loyal English Proud and loyal English subjects entitled to rightssubjects entitled to rights

► Developed economies Developed economies which benefit the Empirewhich benefit the Empire

► Familiar with life in Familiar with life in colonies more so than in colonies more so than in EnglandEngland

► God-given libertyGod-given liberty

► Provide protection from Provide protection from Natives and EuropeansNatives and Europeans

► Benefit exceptionally Benefit exceptionally well from success of well from success of British Empire with British Empire with little contributionlittle contribution

► Abide by the rule of lawAbide by the rule of law► Colonists as second-Colonists as second-

class citizensclass citizens► ““virtual representation”virtual representation”► Britons pay 2-3 times Britons pay 2-3 times

taxes than coloniststaxes than colonists

Colonies British Empire/Parliament

Lexington and Concord Lexington and Concord (April 19, 1775)(April 19, 1775)

► Organization of Organization of militia (Minutemen) militia (Minutemen) compels Governor compels Governor Gage to send 700 Gage to send 700 British soldiers to British soldiers to arrest rebel leaders arrest rebel leaders and confiscate armsand confiscate arms

► William Dawes and William Dawes and Paul ReverePaul Revere

► 8 Minutemen die and 8 Minutemen die and 1 Redcoat wounded 1 Redcoat wounded at Lexingtonat Lexington

► ““Shot heard ‘round Shot heard ‘round the world” at the world” at ConcordConcord

(about from FIU to South Beach)

Second Continental CongressSecond Continental Congress► Delegates from 13 colonies

begin meeting in May of 1775► Battles of Breed’s Hill and

Bunker Hill (June 1775)► Olive Branch Petition (July 1775)► Proclamation of Rebellion

(August 1775)► Prohibitory Act (December

1775)► Continental Army and George

Washington► State Constitutions► Virginia Declaration of Rights

(May 1776)► Declaration of Independence

(July 1776)►“Too Late to Apologize”

Thomas Paine’s Thomas Paine’s Common Sense Common Sense (January (January 1776)1776)

► ““But Britain is the parent country, say some. Then the more shame upon her conduct. Even But Britain is the parent country, say some. Then the more shame upon her conduct. Even brutes do not devour their young, nor savages make war upon their families; wherefore the brutes do not devour their young, nor savages make war upon their families; wherefore the assertion, if true, turns to her reproach; but it happens not to be true, or only partly so and the assertion, if true, turns to her reproach; but it happens not to be true, or only partly so and the phrase PARENT or MOTHER COUNTRY hath been jesuitically adopted by the king and his phrase PARENT or MOTHER COUNTRY hath been jesuitically adopted by the king and his parasites, with a low papistical design of gaining an unfair bias on the credulous weakness of parasites, with a low papistical design of gaining an unfair bias on the credulous weakness of our minds. Europe, and not England, is the parent country of America. This new world hath our minds. Europe, and not England, is the parent country of America. This new world hath been the asylum for the persecuted lovers of civil and religious liberty from EVERY PART of been the asylum for the persecuted lovers of civil and religious liberty from EVERY PART of Europe. Hither have they fled, not from the tender embraces of the mother, but from the Europe. Hither have they fled, not from the tender embraces of the mother, but from the cruelty of the monster; and it is so far true of England, that the same tyranny which drove the cruelty of the monster; and it is so far true of England, that the same tyranny which drove the first emigrants from home, pursues their descendants still.”first emigrants from home, pursues their descendants still.”

► ““As to government matters, it is not in the power of Britain to do this continent justice: The As to government matters, it is not in the power of Britain to do this continent justice: The business of it will soon be too weighty, and intricate, to be managed with any tolerable degree business of it will soon be too weighty, and intricate, to be managed with any tolerable degree of convenience, by a power so distant from us, and so very ignorant of us; for if they cannot of convenience, by a power so distant from us, and so very ignorant of us; for if they cannot conquer us, they cannot govern us. To be always running three or four thousand miles with a conquer us, they cannot govern us. To be always running three or four thousand miles with a tale or a petition, waiting four or five months for an answer, which when obtained requires five tale or a petition, waiting four or five months for an answer, which when obtained requires five or six more to explain it in, will in a few years be looked upon as folly and childishness--There or six more to explain it in, will in a few years be looked upon as folly and childishness--There was a time when it was proper, and there is a proper time for it to cease. Small islands not was a time when it was proper, and there is a proper time for it to cease. Small islands not capable of protecting themselves, are the proper objects for kingdoms to take under their capable of protecting themselves, are the proper objects for kingdoms to take under their care; but there is something very absurd, in supposing a continent to be perpetually governed care; but there is something very absurd, in supposing a continent to be perpetually governed by an island. In no instance hath nature made the satellite larger than its primary planet, and by an island. In no instance hath nature made the satellite larger than its primary planet, and as England and America, with respect to each other, reverses the common order of nature, it as England and America, with respect to each other, reverses the common order of nature, it is evident they belong to different systems; England to Europe, America to itself. “is evident they belong to different systems; England to Europe, America to itself. “

► ““Europe is too thickly planted with kingdoms to be long at peace, and whenever a war breaks Europe is too thickly planted with kingdoms to be long at peace, and whenever a war breaks out between England and any foreign power, the trade of America goes to ruin, BECAUSE OF out between England and any foreign power, the trade of America goes to ruin, BECAUSE OF HER CONNECTION WITH ENGLAND. The next war may not turn out like the last, and should it HER CONNECTION WITH ENGLAND. The next war may not turn out like the last, and should it not, the advocates for reconciliation now, will be wishing for separation then, because, not, the advocates for reconciliation now, will be wishing for separation then, because, neutrality in that case, would be a safer convoy than a man of war. Every thing that is right or neutrality in that case, would be a safer convoy than a man of war. Every thing that is right or natural pleads for separation. The blood of the slain, the weeping voice of nature cries, 'TIS natural pleads for separation. The blood of the slain, the weeping voice of nature cries, 'TIS TIME TO PART. Even the distance at which the Almighty hath placed England and America, is a TIME TO PART. Even the distance at which the Almighty hath placed England and America, is a strong and natural proof, that the authority of the one, over the other, was never the design of strong and natural proof, that the authority of the one, over the other, was never the design of Heaven. The time likewise at which the continent was discovered, adds weight to the Heaven. The time likewise at which the continent was discovered, adds weight to the argument, and the manner in which it was peopled increases the force of it. The reformation argument, and the manner in which it was peopled increases the force of it. The reformation was preceded by the discovery of America, as if the Almighty graciously meant to open a was preceded by the discovery of America, as if the Almighty graciously meant to open a sanctuary to the Persecuted in future years, when home should afford neither friendship nor sanctuary to the Persecuted in future years, when home should afford neither friendship nor safety. “safety. “

Declaration of Independence Declaration of Independence (1776)(1776)

► Applies laws of NatureApplies laws of Nature► People’s right to People’s right to

revolutionrevolution ““self-evident”self-evident” ““all men are created equal”all men are created equal” Endowed…with certain Endowed…with certain

unalienable rights…life, unalienable rights…life, liberty, pursuit of liberty, pursuit of happiness”happiness”

► List of grievances against List of grievances against the British Empire, the British Empire, specifically toward George specifically toward George IIIIII

► WHAT’S WRONG WITH WHAT’S WRONG WITH THIS PICTURE IN REGARDS THIS PICTURE IN REGARDS TO AMERICAN SOCIETY?TO AMERICAN SOCIETY?

Reading of the Declaration of Independence

America vs. Great BritainAmerica vs. Great Britain► American American

Advantages/TacticsAdvantages/Tactics Militia’s guerilla tacticsMilitia’s guerilla tactics Familiar with the territory Familiar with the territory

and environmentand environment Prolong the warProlong the war Hope for support from Hope for support from

Britain’s enemies (France, Britain’s enemies (France, Spain)Spain)

► American DisadvantagesAmerican Disadvantages No well-trained regular No well-trained regular

army or officersarmy or officers Insufficient funds and Insufficient funds and

suppliessupplies Small support among Small support among

population (1/3 loyalists, 1/3 population (1/3 loyalists, 1/3 neutral, slaves)neutral, slaves)

► British Advantages/TacticsBritish Advantages/Tactics 11 million Britons to 11 million Britons to

America’s 2.5 million (1/3 America’s 2.5 million (1/3 slaves or loyalists)slaves or loyalists)

World’s largest navyWorld’s largest navy Disciplined and experienced Disciplined and experienced

armyarmy Support from Loyalists, Support from Loyalists,

Natives, and slavesNatives, and slaves Entrenched forts and Entrenched forts and

garrisons in Americagarrisons in America► British DisadvantagesBritish Disadvantages

War debt and war fatigueWar debt and war fatigue American privateers (pirates) American privateers (pirates)

hounded British shipshounded British ships Unpopular home supportUnpopular home support Spread thin around the worldSpread thin around the world

Patriots, Loyalists, NeutralsPatriots, Loyalists, Neutrals► Patriots (aka Whigs) Patriots (aka Whigs)

Supported independence, but Supported independence, but may disagree on course of may disagree on course of action (war, petition, boycott, action (war, petition, boycott, etc.)etc.)

Advocated independence based Advocated independence based on rhetoric and education on on rhetoric and education on rights and libertiesrights and liberties

► Loyalists (aka Tories)Loyalists (aka Tories) Loyalty to the CrownLoyalty to the Crown Agreed about excess taxes, but Agreed about excess taxes, but

against separationagainst separation Fear of a possible American Fear of a possible American

victoryvictory Recent British immigrantsRecent British immigrants

► Some neutral due to Some neutral due to ignorance, apathy, or ignorance, apathy, or economic reasonseconomic reasons

The WarThe War► In the NorthIn the North

Boston and New York under Boston and New York under British control and conquestBritish control and conquest

Battles of Trenton (1776) and Battles of Trenton (1776) and Princeton (1777)Princeton (1777)

Battle of Saratoga (Oct Battle of Saratoga (Oct 1777)1777)

Valley Forge (Winter 1777-78)Valley Forge (Winter 1777-78)

► In the SouthIn the South Lord Cornwalis’s strategyLord Cornwalis’s strategy Battle of Camden (1780)Battle of Camden (1780) Battle of Cowpens (1781)Battle of Cowpens (1781) Battle of Yorktown (1781)Battle of Yorktown (1781)

Valley ForgeValley Forge

Battle of Yorktown (1781)Battle of Yorktown (1781)

Treaty of Paris (1783)Treaty of Paris (1783)► John Adams, Benjamin John Adams, Benjamin

Franklin, John JayFranklin, John Jay► British recognition of British recognition of

USAUSA► USA granted all lands USA granted all lands

east of the Mississippieast of the Mississippi► Natives left out of the Natives left out of the

treatytreaty► States applying own States applying own

interests led to British interests led to British remaining in remaining in Northwest fortsNorthwest forts

► Brand new and bigger Brand new and bigger nation… What now?nation… What now?

Treaty of Paris by Benjamin West

A “Revolutionary” SocietyA “Revolutionary” Society► Liberalism and egalitarianismLiberalism and egalitarianism

Civil rights and private propertyCivil rights and private property► Republicanism and the Republicanism and the

common goodcommon good Representative governmentRepresentative government

► Merits over Merits over Inheritance/HeredityInheritance/Heredity

► More and more self-More and more self-made men participate in made men participate in political leadershippolitical leadership

► Despite a new Despite a new perception, the small perception, the small upper class retained its upper class retained its status as owners of status as owners of most of America’s most of America’s wealthwealth

Women of the RevolutionWomen of the Revolution► Upper-class women Upper-class women

promoted cause promoted cause through through correspondencecorrespondence

► Participated against Participated against Stamp Act and Stamp Act and Townshend ActsTownshend Acts

► Spinning beesSpinning bees

► Ran households and Ran households and estates during estates during husband’s absencehusband’s absence

► Formed campaigns to Formed campaigns to promote war and fundspromote war and funds

► Abigail AdamsAbigail Adams “…“…Remember the Ladies.”Remember the Ladies.”

Blacks and Slaves During the Blacks and Slaves During the RevolutionRevolution

► Lord Dunmore’s Lord Dunmore’s Proclamation (1775)Proclamation (1775)

► Limited Limited participation in participation in Continental ArmyContinental Army

► Slavery as Slavery as “necessary evil”“necessary evil”

► Northern states and Northern states and abolitionabolition

► Limited civil rightsLimited civil rights

Natives of the RevolutionNatives of the Revolution

►Half of the population from 1754 to Half of the population from 1754 to 1783 wiped out1783 wiped out

►New land acquisitions led to increased New land acquisitions led to increased hostilitieshostilities

►Adapted lifestyle by incorporating Adapted lifestyle by incorporating European goodsEuropean goods

►Appealed to Congress on recognizing Appealed to Congress on recognizing territories; little to no supportterritories; little to no support

CONSTITUTIONACONSTITUTIONAL PERIODL PERIOD

A New Form of Government?A New Form of Government?► States drafted new States drafted new

constitutionsconstitutions Defined citizens’ rightsDefined citizens’ rights Conservative state Conservative state

constitutionsconstitutions► Bicameral legislatures and Bicameral legislatures and

strong governorsstrong governors► Property requirements for Property requirements for

votingvoting► i.e. Massachusetts, New i.e. Massachusetts, New

York, VirginiaYork, Virginia Liberal state Liberal state

constitutionsconstitutions► Unicameral legislatures Unicameral legislatures

and weak governorsand weak governors► Universal manhood Universal manhood

suffragesuffrage► i.e. New Jersey, New i.e. New Jersey, New

Hampshire Hampshire

► Republicanism vs. Republicanism vs. democracydemocracy Republicanism Republicanism

preferred landed preferred landed elites, power in the elites, power in the hands of a few; hands of a few; common goodcommon good

Democracy Democracy synonymous with synonymous with “mob rule” and “mob rule” and development of development of corrupt factions; corrupt factions; individual libertiesindividual liberties

Debate on who may Debate on who may votevote

► Whites? Property Whites? Property owners? All males? owners? All males? Women? Christians?Women? Christians?

Articles of ConfederationArticles of Confederation► Each state retains its Each state retains its

“sovereignty, freedom, “sovereignty, freedom, and independence”and independence”

► Unicameral legislature Unicameral legislature and weak national and weak national governmentgovernment No executive or judicial No executive or judicial

systemsystem Could not regulate Could not regulate

interstate commerceinterstate commerce Limited taxationLimited taxation

► Voting and RatificationVoting and Ratification Each state received one Each state received one

votevote No new tax or No new tax or

amendments without amendments without unanimous consentunanimous consent

The Good: Northwest TerritoryThe Good: Northwest Territory► Land Ordinance of 1785Land Ordinance of 1785

36-square-mile township36-square-mile township Each township divided into 36 Each township divided into 36

sections of 640 acres eachsections of 640 acres each► $1 each acre$1 each acre

Sections set aside for school Sections set aside for school and churchand church

Some land set aside as source Some land set aside as source of federal revenueof federal revenue

► Northwest Ordinance of 1787Northwest Ordinance of 1787 Forbade slavery north of Ohio Forbade slavery north of Ohio

RiverRiver Admitting statesAdmitting states

► Appoint territorial officialsAppoint territorial officials► Once 5,000 adult males Once 5,000 adult males

settled then vote on settled then vote on temporary constitution and temporary constitution and legislaturelegislature

► When population at 60,000, When population at 60,000, residents approve state residents approve state constitutionconstitution

Angered NativesAngered Natives► Hoped for British supportHoped for British support► Deals with the SpanishDeals with the Spanish

The Bad: Problems with the The Bad: Problems with the ArticlesArticles

The Ugly: Shays’s Rebellion (1786-The Ugly: Shays’s Rebellion (1786-1787)1787)

► Tensions riseTensions rise Jay-Gardoqui TreatyJay-Gardoqui Treaty

► Spain’s rights to Spain’s rights to Mississippi RiverMississippi River

New England’s New England’s depressiondepression

Mercantilist policiesMercantilist policies Foreign Foreign

manufacturing manufacturing competitioncompetition

States States refusing/unable to refusing/unable to pay debtspay debts

Weak defensesWeak defenses

► Massachusetts farmers in serious Massachusetts farmers in serious debtdebt Held meetings protesting “tyrannical Held meetings protesting “tyrannical

Mass. government”Mass. government”

► Daniel Shays led 2,000 men to Daniel Shays led 2,000 men to shut down western courts to shut down western courts to avoid foreclosuresavoid foreclosures

► Virtual civil war in Massachusetts Virtual civil war in Massachusetts led to Annapolis Conventionled to Annapolis Convention

Toward a ConstitutionToward a Constitution► Annapolis Convention (1786)Annapolis Convention (1786)

After a meeting run by Washington, delegates from five states After a meeting run by Washington, delegates from five states meet in Maryland to discuss interstate commercemeet in Maryland to discuss interstate commerce

Decide to reform Articles with other delegatesDecide to reform Articles with other delegates► Constitutional Convention at PhiladelphiaConstitutional Convention at Philadelphia

All states but Rhode IslandAll states but Rhode Island Held in secrecyHeld in secrecy Common nationalist viewpointCommon nationalist viewpoint Reform Articles or devise new government altogether?Reform Articles or devise new government altogether?

► The DelegatesThe Delegates 55 total delegates; all white males55 total delegates; all white males Mostly wealthy, middle-aged, professional (especially lawyers or Mostly wealthy, middle-aged, professional (especially lawyers or

politicians)politicians) 19 delegates owned slaves19 delegates owned slaves George Washington, Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, Benjamin George Washington, Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, Benjamin

FranklinFranklin

Representation?Representation?► Virginia PlanVirginia Plan

Strong central Strong central governmentgovernment

Virtually total legislative Virtually total legislative control over the statescontrol over the states

Bicameral legislatureBicameral legislature► Proportional Proportional

representation to each representation to each states population in both states population in both houseshouses

► Lower house directly Lower house directly electedelected

► Lower house elected Lower house elected upper house with input upper house with input from state legislaturesfrom state legislatures

► Both houses chose Both houses chose executive and judicialexecutive and judicial

► New Jersey PlanNew Jersey Plan Unicameral Unicameral

legislaturelegislature Each state with an Each state with an

equal voteequal vote Proposes executive Proposes executive

and judicial branchesand judicial branches

Great CompromiseGreat Compromise►Bicameral legislatureBicameral legislature

Lower house (House of Representatives)Lower house (House of Representatives)►Proportional representationProportional representation►Directly electedDirectly elected

Upper house (Senate)Upper house (Senate)►Equal representation of 2 senators eachEqual representation of 2 senators each►Elected by state legislaturesElected by state legislatures

►NOTE: Virginia and New Jersey Plans NOTE: Virginia and New Jersey Plans allowed for Congress to:allowed for Congress to: pass revenue bills pass revenue bills regulate commerce regulate commerce supremacy over statessupremacy over states

Structure of National Structure of National GovernmentGovernment

►Separation of PowersSeparation of Powers Article I - Congress (Legislative Branch)Article I - Congress (Legislative Branch)

►House of RepresentativesHouse of Representatives►SenateSenate

Article II – President/Agencies (Executive Article II – President/Agencies (Executive Branch)Branch)

Article III - Supreme Court (Judicial Branch)Article III - Supreme Court (Judicial Branch)

►Checks and BalancesChecks and Balances►FederalismFederalism

Division of powers between national Division of powers between national government and statesgovernment and states

A Stronger National A Stronger National GovernmentGovernment

Articles ProblemsArticles Problems

► No power to taxNo power to tax► No power to regulate No power to regulate

interstate and foreign interstate and foreign commercecommerce

► No executive branchNo executive branch► No judicial branchNo judicial branch► Amendments need Amendments need

unanimous consentunanimous consent► Supermajority to pass Supermajority to pass

lawslaws

Constitution SolutionConstitution Solution

► Lay and collect taxesLay and collect taxes► Interstate and foreign Interstate and foreign

commerce clausecommerce clause No export taxesNo export taxes

► PresidentPresident Electoral CollegeElectoral College 4 year terms4 year terms

► U.S. Supreme CourtU.S. Supreme Court► Article V – AmendmentsArticle V – Amendments

2/3 of both houses of Congress2/3 of both houses of Congress ¾ of state legislatures¾ of state legislatures

► Presentment ClausePresentment Clause Simple majority by both Simple majority by both

houseshouses President’s signaturePresident’s signature

Slavery and the Slavery and the ConstitutionConstitution

►Southern states requested slave Southern states requested slave populations counted for more populations counted for more representationrepresentation Majority of U.S. population lived in the Majority of U.S. population lived in the

NorthNorth Northern states noted hypocrisyNorthern states noted hypocrisy

►Three-Fifths CompromiseThree-Fifths Compromise Each slave counted as 3/5ths a personEach slave counted as 3/5ths a person Fugitive Slave ClauseFugitive Slave Clause Importation of slaves banned by 1808Importation of slaves banned by 1808

RatificationRatification► Created: September 17, 1787Created: September 17, 1787► Ratified: June 21, 1788Ratified: June 21, 1788► ““I confess that there are several parts of this I confess that there are several parts of this

Constitution which I do not at present approve, but I Constitution which I do not at present approve, but I am not sure I shall never approve them…I doubt too am not sure I shall never approve them…I doubt too whether any other Convention we can obtain may whether any other Convention we can obtain may be able to make a better Constitution. For when you be able to make a better Constitution. For when you assemble a number of men to have the advantage assemble a number of men to have the advantage of their joint wisdom, you inevitably assemble with of their joint wisdom, you inevitably assemble with those men, all their prejudices, their passions, their those men, all their prejudices, their passions, their errors of opinion, their local interests, and their errors of opinion, their local interests, and their selfish views. From such an Assembly can a perfect selfish views. From such an Assembly can a perfect production be expected? It therefore astonishes me, production be expected? It therefore astonishes me, Sir, to find this system approaching so near to Sir, to find this system approaching so near to perfection as it does; and I think it will astonish our perfection as it does; and I think it will astonish our enemies, who are waiting with confidence to hear enemies, who are waiting with confidence to hear that our councils are confounded like those of the that our councils are confounded like those of the Builders of Babel; and that our States are on the Builders of Babel; and that our States are on the point of separation, only to meet hereafter for the point of separation, only to meet hereafter for the purpose of cutting one another's throats. Thus I purpose of cutting one another's throats. Thus I consent, Sir, to this Constitution because I expect no consent, Sir, to this Constitution because I expect no better, and because I am not sure, that it is not the better, and because I am not sure, that it is not the best.“ – Benjamin Franklin, September 17, 1787best.“ – Benjamin Franklin, September 17, 1787

► "I have often looked at that behind the president "I have often looked at that behind the president without being able to tell whether it was rising or without being able to tell whether it was rising or setting. But now I... know that it is a rising...sun.“ – setting. But now I... know that it is a rising...sun.“ – Benjamin FranklinBenjamin Franklin

► First Ten AmendmentsFirst Ten Amendments► First AmendmentFirst Amendment

Establishment ClauseEstablishment Clause Free Exercise ClauseFree Exercise Clause Speech, Press, Speech, Press,

Assembly, PetitionAssembly, Petition► Fourth AmendmentFourth Amendment

Searches and SeizuresSearches and Seizures► Fifth AmendmentFifth Amendment

Due ProcessDue Process► Sixth AmendmentSixth Amendment

Speedy and fair trialSpeedy and fair trial CounselCounsel

► Tenth AmendmentTenth Amendment Reserved powers of the Reserved powers of the

statesstates

Bill of Rights Rap

George Washington (1789-George Washington (1789-1797)1797)

► Washington unanimously electedWashington unanimously elected John Adams as VPJohn Adams as VP

► The CabinetThe Cabinet Secretary of State Thomas JeffersonSecretary of State Thomas Jefferson Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Secretary of the Treasury Alexander

HamiltonHamilton Secretary of War Henry KnoxSecretary of War Henry Knox Attorney General Edmund RandolphAttorney General Edmund Randolph

► Judiciary Act of 1789Judiciary Act of 1789 Established lower federal courtsEstablished lower federal courts

► Federal district court in each stateFederal district court in each state Attorney GeneralAttorney General

► Whiskey Rebellion (1794)Whiskey Rebellion (1794)► Foreign PolicyForeign Policy

French RevolutionFrench Revolution Jay Treaty and Pinckney TreatyJay Treaty and Pinckney Treaty

► Farewell AddressFarewell Address

Hamilton’s Economic PlansHamilton’s Economic Plans► Reports on the Public Reports on the Public

CreditCredit Debt ProblemsDebt Problems

► $75M debt between $75M debt between national government and national government and states governmentstates government

► Worthless national Worthless national currencycurrency

► Little to no foreign creditLittle to no foreign credit The Debt PlanThe Debt Plan

► Federal government Federal government assumes national and assumes national and state debtsstate debts

► Report on a National BankReport on a National Bank Manage revenues, Manage revenues,

currency, and debtcurrency, and debt Private institutionPrivate institution ““necessary and proper”necessary and proper”

► Sources of RevenueSources of Revenue TariffsTariffs Excise taxesExcise taxes

► Report on ManufacturesReport on Manufactures Protective tariffsProtective tariffs Promotion of domestic Promotion of domestic

industriesindustries

► Opposition to Hamilton’s Opposition to Hamilton’s Debt and Bank PlansDebt and Bank Plans Thomas Jefferson and Thomas Jefferson and

James MadisonJames Madison UnconstitutionalUnconstitutional Mostly British financial Mostly British financial

investmentsinvestments Undermine state Undermine state

governments and state governments and state banksbanks

Favors bankers, Favors bankers, merchants, merchants, speculators, business, speculators, business, northern commercial northern commercial interestsinterests

Weakens farmers, Weakens farmers, western settlers, western settlers, southern agrarian southern agrarian interestsinterests

► CompromiseCompromise ““Dinner Table Bargain”Dinner Table Bargain” Approval of Assumption Approval of Assumption

Plan and National BankPlan and National Bank National capital in the National capital in the

SouthSouth► Washington, D.C.Washington, D.C.

John Adams John Adams DebateDebate

Whiskey Rebellion Whiskey Rebellion (1791-1794)(1791-1794)► Excise tax on domestic Excise tax on domestic

whiskeywhiskey► Western Pennsylvanian Western Pennsylvanian

farmers attacked federal farmers attacked federal tax collectorstax collectors

► Washington and Washington and Hamilton led federal Hamilton led federal troops and quashed the troops and quashed the rebelsrebels► Asserted federal authority Asserted federal authority

over lawlessnessover lawlessness► Public could denounce and Public could denounce and

protest lawsprotest laws► Thomas Jefferson and Thomas Jefferson and

OppositionOpposition► Overuse of federal militaryOveruse of federal military► Jefferson caters to western Jefferson caters to western

farmersfarmers

Washington’s Foreign PolicyWashington’s Foreign Policy► EuropeEurope

French RevolutionFrench Revolution► Citizen Genet (1793)Citizen Genet (1793)► Proclamation of Neutrality (1793)Proclamation of Neutrality (1793)► John AdamsJohn Adams Neutrality Neutrality

Jay’s Treaty (1796)Jay’s Treaty (1796)► Most-favored trade status to BritainMost-favored trade status to Britain► Removed British from Northwest fortsRemoved British from Northwest forts► Did not end British impressment of U.S. Did not end British impressment of U.S.

sailorssailors

Pinckney’s Treaty (1796)Pinckney’s Treaty (1796)► Established boundaries with SpainEstablished boundaries with Spain► Unrestricted trade access on the Unrestricted trade access on the

Mississippi RiverMississippi River

► NativesNatives Treaty of Greenville (1795)Treaty of Greenville (1795)

► Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794)Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794)► Formal recognition/cession of Northwest Formal recognition/cession of Northwest

Territory by NativesTerritory by Natives

Washington’s Precedents

► Two terms► “Mr. President”► Cabinet► Neutrality► Special

Relationship with Great Britain

► Farewell Address

Washington’s FarewellWashington’s Farewell► Washington’s Farewell AddressWashington’s Farewell Address

Retired after two termsRetired after two terms Preserve treaties and avoid alliances**Preserve treaties and avoid alliances** Condemned political parties and partisan conflicts*Condemned political parties and partisan conflicts* Warned of sectionalism and to preserve unityWarned of sectionalism and to preserve unity Religion and morality and diffusion of knowledge (education)Religion and morality and diffusion of knowledge (education)

First Political Party System (1789-1824)

► FederalistsFederalists National policiesNational policies Strong central governmentStrong central government Loose constructionistsLoose constructionists Commerce and Commerce and

manufacturingmanufacturing UrbanUrban The rich, the well-born, the The rich, the well-born, the

able; merchants, bankersable; merchants, bankers Pro-BritishPro-British

► Anti-French revolutionAnti-French revolution NortheastNortheast

► Democratic-Democratic-RepublicansRepublicans States rightsStates rights Strong local/state Strong local/state

governmentsgovernments Strict constructionistsStrict constructionists AgriculturalAgricultural RuralRural Small farmers, plantation Small farmers, plantation

owners, artisansowners, artisans Anti-BritishAnti-British

► Pro-French RevolutionPro-French Revolution West and SouthWest and South

Alexander Hamilton Thomas Jefferson

Jefferson-Hamilton Rap

Election of 1796

Adams and the XYZ AffairAdams and the XYZ Affair

►French seizure of French seizure of American shipsAmerican ships

►American American delegation to delegation to FranceFrance John MarshallJohn Marshall Elbridge GerryElbridge Gerry Charles PinckneyCharles Pinckney

►TalleyrandTalleyrand►Quasi War (1797-Quasi War (1797-

1798)1798)

“The Paris Monster”, 1797

Adams and the Alien and Sedition Acts

► ParametersParameters Deport or jail foreign Deport or jail foreign

citizens believed as threatscitizens believed as threats Expel foreign residents if Expel foreign residents if

considered dangerousconsidered dangerous Increase residency Increase residency

requirementrequirement Criticism of government Criticism of government

prohibitedprohibited► Ulterior motiveUlterior motive► Democratic-Republican Democratic-Republican

ReactionReaction Kentucky and Virginia Kentucky and Virginia

ResolutionsResolutions► Thomas Jefferson and Thomas Jefferson and

James MadisonJames Madison► Theory of nullificationTheory of nullification

Matthew Lyon (D-R) and Roger Griswold (F)

Revolution of 1800Revolution of 1800

Campaign Ad

An American SocietyAn American Society

► In the past, most families produced for In the past, most families produced for personal consumptionpersonal consumption

► In the new nation, families attempted to In the new nation, families attempted to meet new demands and focused on meet new demands and focused on production with old and new marketsproduction with old and new markets

►New class of entrepreneurs and New class of entrepreneurs and investorsinvestors

►Split between manufacturers (Hamilton) Split between manufacturers (Hamilton) and farmers (Jefferson)and farmers (Jefferson)

Women in the New RepublicWomen in the New Republic

► Limited political Limited political and property rightsand property rights

► Increased marital Increased marital rightsrights

► ““Republican Republican motherhood”motherhood” Raise virtuous Raise virtuous

citizenscitizens Increased Increased

educational educational opportunitiesopportunities

Blacks and Slaves in the New Republic

► Excerpt from Declaration of Independence by Thomas Jefferson (1776)

► We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.

► Excerpt from Benjamin Banneker’s address to Thomas Jefferson (1792)

► …Sir, how pitiable is it to reflect, that although you were so fully convinced of the benevolence of the Father of Mankind, and of his equal and impartial distribution of these rights and privileges, which he hath conferred upon them, that you should at the same time counteract his mercies, in detaining by fraud and violence so numerous a part of my brethren, under groaning captivity and cruel oppression, that you should at the same time be found guilty of that most criminal act, which you professedly detested in others, with respect to yourselves.

Percentage of Free Blacks of Percentage of Free Blacks of Total Black Population (1800)Total Black Population (1800)

► Massachusetts - 100%Massachusetts - 100% 7,378 Free Blacks7,378 Free Blacks

► Vermont - 100%Vermont - 100% 557 Free Blacks557 Free Blacks

► New Hampshire - 99%New Hampshire - 99% 855 Free Blacks855 Free Blacks

► Rhode Island - 90%Rhode Island - 90% 3,304 Free Blacks3,304 Free Blacks

► Pennsylvania - 89%Pennsylvania - 89% 14,564 Free Blacks14,564 Free Blacks

► Connecticut - 85%Connecticut - 85% 5,300 Free Blacks5,300 Free Blacks

► Delaware - 57%Delaware - 57% 8,268 Free Blacks8,268 Free Blacks

► New York - 33%New York - 33% 10,374 Free Blacks10,374 Free Blacks

► New Jersey - 26%New Jersey - 26% 4,402 Free Blacks4,402 Free Blacks

► Maryland - 16%Maryland - 16% 19,587 Free Blacks19,587 Free Blacks

► Virginia - 6%Virginia - 6% 20,124 Free Blacks20,124 Free Blacks

► North Carolina - 5%North Carolina - 5% 7,043 Free Blacks7,043 Free Blacks

► South Carolina - 2%South Carolina - 2% 3,185 Free Blacks3,185 Free Blacks

► Georgia - 2%Georgia - 2% 1,019 Free Blacks1,019 Free Blacks

► Kentucky - 2%Kentucky - 2% 741 Free Blacks741 Free Blacks

► Tennessee - 2%Tennessee - 2% 309 Free Blacks309 Free Blacks

► United States - 11%United States - 11% 108,395 Free Blacks108,395 Free Blacks

Total U.S. Population:5.3 million

Total Black Population:1 million

Natives in New RepublicNatives in New Republic

►Populations and lands severely depleted Populations and lands severely depleted due to famine, disease, and encroachment due to famine, disease, and encroachment by white settlersby white settlers

►Taken advantage by white traders due to Taken advantage by white traders due to unfamiliarity to American economic systemunfamiliarity to American economic system

► Indian Trade and Intercourse Acts (1790-Indian Trade and Intercourse Acts (1790-1796)1796) Protect against illegal land seizures and abusesProtect against illegal land seizures and abuses ““civilization” programscivilization” programs