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Revolutions
Europe, America, Industrial, Socialist
The Industrial Revolution
Industrial Revolution• Was it a “Revolution”• CausesCauses• Population GrowthPopulation Growth
– Dependable food supplies & disease resistance
• What did this allow?• Larger families…
– Leads to a large (child) labor force
• Agricultural RevolutionAgricultural Revolution• Potato – New Crops• Enclosure Movement – landowners and tenants
– Br and E. Eu (Not in places like France; Why?)– Landless farmers move to cities
Industrial Revolution CausesCauses Cont’d
• Changes in TradeChanges in Trade• Improvements in Transportation:
– Road– Railroads– Canals– Shipping– STEAM POWER!!!
• Cottage Industries– Offseason
• InventionsInventions– Steam Power, Spinning Jenny, Seed Drill, Eli Whitney
(IP/CG)
Enlightened Thought• What did the philosophes promote?
– General and specific
• Free thinking • Liberty • Rights that people had but were restricted• Locke promoted…• Liberty, property, and the right to rebel• Rousseau• The Social Contract – people have a deal with the government and if violated
they need to change it• Were all writers/thinkers of the Enlightenment anti-monarch?• Enlightened despots• How could this (Enlightened thinkers like L and R) be viewed as revolutionary?
Issues in America
• How is America affected by the Enlightenment?• What were the issues that colonists had a
problem with?• Taxes• Quartering Acts• Liberties restricted• Thomas Paine Common Sense
– Denounces British rule and calls for independence
• Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness…
Issues in France• How is France affected by the American Revolution? • What were the issues that citizens had a problem with?• Unfair representation• War Taxes• Crop failures – “Let them eat cake…?”• Declaration of the Rights of Man – Jeffersonian influence• Liberty, property, security, and freedom from oppression”
• July 14, 1789• National Convention – New Assembly of French Republic
• Jacobins vs Members of “the Mountain”(Girondists)– Radical vs Conservative Middle Class – Robespierre
Napoleon Bonaparte• General of the French Revolution
– Became ruler in 1799 – Consul of the French Republic
• Created form of govt. known as Popular Authoritarianism • Emperor of the French Empire (crowns himself )
– 1804
• France becomes most powerful force on mainland• Why don’t they dominate Britain? (big deal later)• Navy…• Eventually controlled most or all of Western and Central mainland of Europe• Eastward Expansion• Napoleon’s force of 600k defeated and returns with 30k• Elba, 100 Days/Waterloo, St. Helena/dead
End of the Napoleonic Empire
• Russians feel they are responsible for the defeat of Napoleon
• The monarch in Russia was Alexander I– (@ beginning of the 19th century)
• Defeated Napoleon with winter and slash and burn
• Russians trying to shut out enlightenment ideas that came with France
•
Congress of Vienna Oct. 1814 – June 1815
• Age of Metternich – Austrian foreign Minister
• French Monarchy reestablished with original borders and some lands redistributed to “victors”– Louis XVIII – Louis XVI’s brother ruled as a
constitutional monarch– Austria, Russia, Prussia (UK, “France”)
• Originally Russia was to get all of the Duchy of Warsaw(Poland) and Prussia was to get all of Saxony
– They get most of Poland and 40% of Saxony
• “Global” mvmt for democratic reform– US and GB
Congress of Vienna Oct. 1814 – June 1815
• C of V becomes a souring point for French• Urban Workers revolt in 1848 and elect Louis
Napoleon– Nephew of NB
• Rules as elected president for 3 yrs and then as Emperor Napoleon III
• STIFLES NATIONALISM AND DEMOCRACY– Sets stage for future issues
Congress of Vienna
• New Nations that emerge• Germany – 300 states of HRE consolidated into
39– Became a loose German Confederation lead by Pr
and Au
• Papal States Restored (Italy)• During the C of V, Napoleon returns to France
– Why is he not stopped– Treaty of Paris
• Never renounced his emperor title
19th Century Russia• Russia absolute and conservative
– similar to France– people becoming unhappy
• no rights• feudal obligation (severe serfdom)• Heavily taxed• Heavily enslaved
– Agrarian like France
• Intelligentsia – these are the middle class people who will have the enlightened ideas to be
progressive (but not necessarily western)
• Alexander I – starts off liberal but changes to conservative– He feels that he is owed the most for pushing Napoleon back
Congress of Vienna
• Following the defeat of Napoleon
• Russia has always wanted land of the Black sea because it is a frost free port
• The people in these areas are Slavic as are the Russian and they see themselves as their protectors
• Russia gets what they want
Russia after Vienna• Nicolas I – comes to power– Opposed by military and they lead the Decembrist Revolt
• What does the monarchy do?– More control– Censorship, no meetings,
• Alexander II – Realizes that Russia has fallen behind and everyone else is industrializing(1850)
• England was forced to search for an alternate fuel supply• However, Russians have plenty of timber
• W. Europe is industrial and Eastern is not industrialized, not much railroads, etc.– Russia offers foreign investment
• Sergei Witte pushes for this
– Industrialization was fed by a working class that was made of former peasants who worked the land
• Alexander II: 1861 frees the Serfs and industrializes (happens simultaneously)
Russian Industrialism• Who were the movers of the
rise of European Industrialism?
• Russia's Problem• No middle class• Government promoted• Russian Railroad – Nicholas
I– 1825 – 1855
• Industrial Revolution required the promotion of …
• Education and independent thinking
• However, most people were • SERFS
• Why were the tsars so afraid?• Threat of political instability• Spread of Western Ideas• What is the significance of
1861?• Emancipation of serfs• Creates an urban work force• Encourages rapid
industrialization• Beginning of western capital
inflow which strengthens the country
Feeding the Monsters
• Now that European countries have become industrial giants waiting to grow, how is the world effected?
• India, Indonesia, AFRICA
Rise of Socialism• Promoted by…• Karl Marx (1848)• Rejected utopian theories• Urged an attack on private property in the name of
equality• Promotes control by whom?• The state• Encourages the end of exploitation under capitalism• Bourgeoisie – Factory Managers• Proletariat – Workers• “Classless society”
Effects
• Mechanization• Mass Production
– Division of Labor
• Inventions• Environmental
Change• Pollution• Affordability
• What were working conditions like?
• Long Hours• Unskilled/Mundane• Who worked there?• Women in factories and servants• Children – beaten, long hours• What is the effect of this?
US Imperialism
Internal Imperialism?
• What is the difference between expansionism and imperialism?
• Expansionism – the drive by settlers out of a need for more land
• Imperialism – the search for new: – raw materials – markets – colonization is a side-effect
• Was the domination of what became the US imperialism or expansionism?
Louisiana Purchase• How they got it…
• Louisiana Territory purchased from France
• How was it to be governed?– By Locals or by the US Government?
• It became an imperial holding
Mexican American War• 1846 – 1848• US sent soldiers to area between Mexico
and Republic of Texas (recently annexed)• Provokes war• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo• US gets SW US and California• Mexico gets between $15 – 18 million• Different views of further progression
– Some argued to take over the rest of Mexico to further Manifest Destiny
– Some argued to stop the imperial expansion that had slavery undertones
Asian Relation
• What type of relation does Japan and China have with Western nations?
• They are isolationists.
• Trade is only allowed with outsiders in Canton(China) or Nagasaki(Japan)
Reasons/Effects for US Imperialism• REASONS
• Racism– People needed to be “civilized”
• Need for foreign markets• The need for a “Frontier”
– Once the US was formed, they needed a new area to explore to maintain the American spirit
• EFFECT• US now has an adversarial relationship with
many European Countries– Spain (Cuba, Philippines, Caribbean), Colombia,
Britain
Commodore Matthew Perry• Proponent of modernizing the US Navy
– Called the “Father of the Steam Navy”
• Visit One – 1852 – 1853• Meets with Tokugawa Shogunate Representative• Presents letter demanding opening of additional
ports– Japanese technology was inferior– He leaves
• Visit Two: 1854 The Convention of Kanagawa• Twice as many ships and leaves believing that it
has been accepted
Imperialism in Africa
Imperialism Defined
The policy of extending a nation's nation's authorityauthority by territorial acquisition or by the establishment of economic and political hegemony over other nations.
What do you think will happen as a result?
Africa
• Pre-1800’s – “the Dark Continent”, bc little was known about it.
• Europe had just left the Industrial Revolution– The most prolific age of development the world had
ever known.
• What does a nation need to industrialize? • Raw materials• Africa was an untapped resource
Stanley and Livingstone
• Africa was almost completely uncharted all the way into the 1860s.
• This all changed with the famous explorers Stanley and Livingstone– Charted much of Central
Africa, including the extensive river systems of central Africa.
• What would these rivers provide?
Berlin Conference
• Europeans scrambled to get a part of Africa• 1885, 14 nations meet in Berlin to divide Africa.
– 1914 – 90% of Africa controlled by European nations• Political boundaries were created in Africa for the 1st time
• An international prohibition of the slave trade was signed.
• What do think happened?• What do you think the Europeans were hoping to
gain?
Africa Divided! Which areas offer the best strategic locations? Why?
North Africa
• The French– Settled in Algeria– Also conquered Tunisia and established rights in Morocco.
• Britain– Egypt became a British protectorate after they suppressed a
revolt led by Egyptian nationalists in 1882.– The Sudan highly contested (both France and England wanted
it) • Almost resulted in war but France backed down
– After British recognized French control in Morocco.
• Why is Egypt so important? • Suez Canal connected the Red and Med. Seas
West Africa
• West Africa– Almost entirely dominated by either British or French
influence– African forces were no match against the well trained
armies of the Europeans– Liberia retained its independence, because of its
close ties to the U.S. (settled by free African Americans)
• Also Sierra Leone (& Ethiopia)
Central Africa
• Central Africa– Dominated by King Leopold II of Belgium
• Very brutal – Rest of the world spoke out against the his actions
• Stanley was used to chart and set up routes for raw materials along the Congo River
East Africa
• East Africa– Most was dominated by the British, Germans and
Italians– King of Ethiopia led a well trained army against the
Italians and humiliated them• No other European nation attacked them again during the
Age of Imperialism
• Italians never forgot the humiliating loss, and went back in the 1930’s with modern weapons, including biological, and killed 100s of thousands of people.
Southern Africa
• Southern Africa• 3 forces clashed for control of the region.
– 1)The Afrikaners- (also called Boers) Dutch settlers who left Holland in the 1600’s and called Cape Colony their home.
– 2) the British, who had acquired Cape Colony during the Napoleonic Wars, established the laws and were resented by the Afrikaners, because the British outlawed slavery
– 3) The Zulu, a tribe of African warriors who were trying to establish an empire of their own.
• Zulu had victory initially under the leadership of Shaka, but were eventually destroyed by superior British forces.
• 1899 – Boers and Brits fight Anglo-Boer War– (3 years) and eventually won by the British, who would then take control of
the region.
Effects of Imperialism
• Africa’s resources were depleted• European’s established schools that
taught European customs– Many African traditions declined.
• Africa deep in debt• Never taught how to function in the
modern world and never recovered.
Chapter 25
Independence of Latin America
Revolutions in US & France set example that successful revolution
possible
• External causes of political change in Latin America
• American Revolution provided a model • French Revolution provided revolutionary
ideology• Slave rebellion of St. Domingue –
provided local slave led success model• Spain, Portugal, French Conflict –
clouds colonial focus
• Who is the primary force pushing early revolution movements?
• Creoles• Where does Toussaint l’Overture bring about
change? • Haiti/Saint Domingue• Who has a longer lasting impact in early Mexican
revolution, Father Miguel Hidlago or Augustin de Iturbide?
• Hidalgo pushed early but eventually lost support• Iturbide – sent to put down revolt but actually continues it
(becomes emperor of Mexico)• Problem: Still a monarchy not meeting needs of people
South America – Venezuela/Colombia
• Who is the famous creole for pushing independence in Venezuela? Simon Bolivar (Creole)
• Gran Colombia was South Americas version of what? United States
BRAZIL
• Who led the violent Independence movement in Brazil that ended up with actual independence from Portugal?
• No one, Pedro I declared independence
• Almost every colony of the new World was a republic except for Mexico and Brazil
Struggles in Latin America
• As a result of early revolutions, was there increased social injustice or status quo?
• Social injustices still rampant (rich got richer, lower class still neglected)
• Possibly because revolutions carried out by creoles
• Most attempts at consolidation failed• Why were they trying to consolidate? That was
the model they saw as successful
Centralists vs Federalists
• Differences among leaders about the forms of republican government.
• Centralists – Strong governments with/ broad power (more colonial)
• Federalists – Favor authority to regional governments (More like US)
• Describe the level of satisfaction with newly forged governments. – VERY LITTLE
• The intent of the Monroe Doctrine was to eliminate whose influence in LA?– Aimed at keeping European countries out of LA
Why did Britain support the Monroe Doctrine?
• Needed the materials and the market
Economic boom Post-1870
• Increasing demand in industrializing Europe stimulated Latin American economic growth.
• Political alliances forged to influence governments (at expense of peasants/working class)
• The developing commerce drew foreign investors.
• What was the problem with increased foreign investment in Latin America?
• $$ useful but key industries under foreign control (government influence)
MEXICO
• People still dissatisfied– Financially weak (target for others)
• Mexican American War• What happened as a result of the Treaty of
Guadalupe Hidalgo?• US gets ½ of Mexican territory (5% of population)• Attempt to refocus Mexican politics
• La Reforma (laws and constitution)• French influence/attempt at control (Maximillian von Habsburg)
• Eventually Juarez back to power (Zapotec)– Dies– Followed by Porfirio Diaz governs over a period of stability
Argentina
• Struggle like Mexico (Centralism vs Federalism)– Government eventually compromises to become the
Argentine Republic
• What were some of the key exports for Argentina?
• Foreign trade increases, leads to prosperity– (wool, hides, beef)
• Population triples• Strong sense of national unity
Brazilian Empire
• Smooth transfer of power– hid tension beneath the surface– Not much had changed
• Power passed from Pedro I to Pedro II (boy at the time)– Decades of instability ensued
• What was the new crop in Brazil that proved to be key to increased financial strength?– Coffee became a key crop (1880: 60% of exports) =
increased slavery• 1888 = Slavery abolished in Brazil
Brazilian Empire (cont’d)
• Why did it take so long to abolish slavery in Brazil?
• Slavery was the lifeblood of production• Continued to modernize and change• Dom Pedro II becomes better ruler “of the
people”• New political movement (positivism) push for
a more republican government– Pushes to be more “civilized”
The Plight of Women
• Gained little despite participating– Expected to be wives, mothers (couldn’t vote or hold office)
• Lower class women – more “power” but still not much
• What was the avenue through which women gained some rights?– EDUCATION – Area of improvement– Rise of education system created opportunities for women, As
teachers, they needed education• EDUCATION = Enlightenment = push for change
• Also push for restructuring of classes– Merchants become more important
Economic boom and Foreign Investment post 1870
• Increased demand in industrializing Europe for Latin American goods = economic growth
• Political alliances = influence – (neglected peasants & working class)
• Export fuels expansion– Provides resources for imports of
manufactured goods and local development projects.
Foreign Investment
• Foreign investors: – Germany, United States, Britain, French
• Key industries under foreign control (influenced policies of governments)
• Where were “swallows” (golondrinas) from?– Large amounts of people coming from Europe
(many Italians to Brazil[[swallows] and Argentina)
Who is the “Big Brother” in Latin America?
• US IMPERIALISM– Spanish-American War of 1898
• Brings US into Latin American affairs.
• US already invested in Cuba – (also direct involvement in the Caribbean)
• Cuba – American economic dependent,
• Puerto Rico– annexed
• Panama – US backs revolution in Panama and gained exclusive rights over the canal which they built
• US IS ASSUMING THE ROLE OF “BIG BROTHER” IN LATIN AMERICA
Ms. Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley HS Chappaqua,
NY
The Ottoman Empire Expands
Topkapi Palace Model
The Actual Topkapi Palace
Topkapi Harem
It’s Good to Be the Sultan!
Topkapi “Fruit Room”
Topkapi’s GreatCraftsmenship
The Decline of the Empire: 18c
Greek War for Independence: 1821-1832
Crimean War: 1854-1856
The “Sick Man of Europe”!
The Ottoman Empire in 1914
Sultan Abdul Hamid II: 1876-1909
The Last Ottoman Emperor!
The Young Turks Revolt: 1908
The Committee of Union and Progress (CUP).
Mehmet Talaat
Grand Vizier,
1917-1918
Enver Pasha Minister of War
Ottoman Commander- in-Chief
The Young Turks Program
Pushed for reforms basic democratic rights:
freedom of speech.
freedom of assembly.
freedom of the press.
Problem of nationalism within (heterogeneous empire).
Two Armed CampsCentral PowersCentral Powers::Central PowersCentral Powers::Allied PowersAllied Powers::Allied PowersAllied Powers::
World War I Alliances: 1914-1918
Europeans Carve Up the Ottoman Empire After WW1
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1881-1938) Republican People’s Party Goals:
republicanism (National Assembly).
nationalism (“Turkification”).
populism (for the benefit of the people).
statism (state-controlled economy).
secularism (free from religious control).
reformism.
1924 abolished the caliphate.
Atatürk’s Reforms1. “Turkify” the Islamic faith
Translate the Qur’an into Turkish.
Secular education.
Ministry of Religious Affairs abolished.
Sharia courts closed newsecular courts.
2. Western-style clothing Forbid the wearing of the fez
Western-style men’s suits.
Attacked the veiling of women.
Atatürk’s Reforms
3. Language Reform: Roman alphabet replaced
theArabic script.
Literacy in new alphabet required for government positions.
4. State Socialism: State banks established to
finance government-controlled businesses.
5. Adoption of a Surname.
The Qing Dynasty1644 - 1911
Ben Needle
Kell High School
Marietta, GA
Who Were the Qing?• Manchu people (not Han)
– Qing - meaning pure
• Semi-nomadic people• Highly organized military force• Able to take over due to disorder of Ming Dynasty
– Weakened by weak central government and others corrupting dynasty
• 1st 40 years were spent waging war against Ming Loyalists – Loyalists forced to what becomes Taiwan
• Population quadruples under Qing Dynasty to 420,000,000• Economy based upon money
– Specifically silver (from Europeans via Americas)– Creates a silver glut
• Prompts British importation of opium which played a key role in 19 th century
• Unified tribes (by Nurhaci 1616 – 1626) against Ming
Qing Rule• Established strict laws regarding travel and marriage• No Chinese/Manchu marriage• Chinese not permitted to go to Manchuria• Heavily Confucian and interested in increasing size of Qing
Empire• Kept practice of emphasis on Confucianism for government
advancement– Tried to make sure those people are also Manchu
• Civil Service Examination – Explanation• Scholar-gentry handle the day-to-day operations• Both Ming and Qing Dynasties returned to a more traditional
China (away from Yuan)
Women of the Qing
• Females were seen as a financial burden– They could not take exams – Moved out once married
• Society was heavily patriarchal
• Still practiced foot binding
Future Predictions
• How is Qing China different than other parts of the world?
• Do you think this will be an issue for China?
• What do you think will happen?5
The Opium Wars
Dispute between Great Britain and China
Growth of Opium Trade
• Europeans bought silk, tea, porcelain, and spices from China
• Chinese would only trade goods for silver
• Drain on European finances
Opium Trade
• Opium manufactured in China since 15th century for medical purposes
• Opium then mixed with tobacco so it could be smoked
• Dutch were first to begin trade of opium• English soon followed• Chinese government banned smoking and
trade of opium in 1729 due to health and social issues
English East India Company
• Held monopoly on production and export of opium in India
• Peasant cultivators often coerced and paid in advance for cultivation of poppies
• Sold in Calcutta for a profit of 400%
East India Company
• Buy tea on credit in Canton
• Sell opium at auctions in Calcutta, India
• Then it was smuggled into China through India and Bengal
• 1797 began direct trade of opium into China
• Chinese government had hard time controlling trade in South
Napier Affair
• Lord Napier tried to circumvent the Canton Trade laws to reinstitute East India’s monopoly
• Governor of Macao closed trade with Britain September 2, 1834
• British resumed trade under old restrictions
First Opium War 1834 - 1843
• 1838 Chinese instituted death penalty for native traffickers of opium
• March 1839 – new commissioner to control opium trade – Lin Zexu
• Lin imposed embargo on Britain unless they permanently ended the trade
First Opium War
• March 27, 1839 – British Superintendent of Trade – Charles Elliot demanded all British subjects turn over opium to him
• Opium amounting to a year’s worth of trade was given to Commissioner Lin
• Trade resumed with Britain and no drugs were smuggled
First Opium War
• Lin demanded British merchants to sign a bond promising not to deal opium under penalty of death
• Lin disposed of the opium – dissolving it in the ocean
• Did not realize the impact of this action!
First Opium War
• British merchants and government regarded this as destruction of private property
• Responded by sending warships, soldiers, and the British India Army into China June 1840
• Had superior military force – attacked coastal cities, defeated Qing forces easily
End of the War
• British took Canton and sailed up the Yangtze River
• Took Tax Barges, cut revenue of imperial court of Beijing
• 1842 Qing sued for peace
• Ended with Treaty of Nanjing
Treaty of Nanjing
• Referred to as the Unequal Treaties – accepted 1843
• China – Ceded Hong Kong to the British– Opened ports to British – Canton, Amoy,
Fuzhou, Ningbo, Shanghai
Treaty of Nanjing
• Great Britain received– 21 million ounces of silver– Fixed tariffs– Extraterritoriality for British citizens on
Chinese soil– Most favored nation status– Allowed missionaries into interior of China– Allowed British merchants sphere of influence
in and around British ports
Treaty of Nanjing
• Unresolved Issues– Status of opium trade with China– Equivalent American treaty forbade opium
trade with China– However, both Americans and British were
subject only to the legal trade of their consuls
Second Opium War 1856 - 1860
• Also known as Arrow War
• Followed incident when Chinese bordered British registered, Chinese owned ship – the Arrow
• Crew was accused of piracy and smuggling– Were arrested
Second Opium War
• British claimed ship was flying British flag and was protected under the Treaty of Nanjing
• War delayed by Taiping Rebellion and Indian Mutiny
• British attacked Guangzhou one year later
• Aided by allies of United States, Russia, and France
Second Opium War
• Treaty of Tientsin was created in July 1858 – was not ratified by China until 2 years later
• Hostilities broke out in 1859 when China refused the establishment of British Embassy in Beijing
• Fighting erupted in Hong Kong and Beijing– British burned the Summer and Old Summer
Palace and looted the city
Treaty of Tientsin• 1860 ratified the treaty at the Convention of Peking
• Br, Fr, Rus and US have rights to station in Beijing (a closed city at the time)
• Ten more Chinese ports to be opened • Foreigners gain right to travel interior of China
– Purpose: Travel, trade or missionary activities
• China was to pay foreigners for losses • Legalized the import of Opium
• PowerPoint adapted from http://www.ceas.ku.edu/uploads/The%20Opium%20Wars.ppt
OH NO! Karl’s got the lamp shade on his head
again!
Changes in RUSSIAChanges in RUSSIA
Rumblings of Revolution• 1825 – Decembrist uprising
– Western oriented army officers– Put down by Nicholas I
• Results– Political repression– Censorship– Russia avoids the Revolution “fever”
• Crimean War – Russia loses signaling to Alexander II that society must change– Russia attacks Ottomans
• France and Britain join Ottomans– Displays Western industrial power
• A reforming Russia is a struggling Russia– As a result of serfs
Russian Reform Era
• Education increases rapidly– State sponsored
• Military modernizes– Adopts practices of other countries
• Women get an education (some) • Trans-Siberian Railroad
– Stimulates Russia coal and iron industries
• 1900 – 4th in world production of steel– 2nd in world in refinement of petroleum
• The Russian economy was now more competitive in the world market
Assassination!!
• As a result of the changes and turmoil, Alexander II is assassinated(bomb) in 1881.
• Industrialism continues but so does trouble
Factors of the 1905 Revolution
• Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov
• Embraces Marxist philosophy
• Supported by Bolsheviks
• Working Class in Russia unhappy
• Defeat in the Russo-Japanese war– THE LAST STRAW!
Revolution of 1905
• People protesting about unfair Russian Policies
• Protesting Russo-Japanese War• Put down by the Czar (Nicholas II)• 3,228 disturbances required military
intervention• Land-holders suffered around 29 million
rubles worth of damage.
Outcome of the 1905 Revolution
• Granted basic civil rights• Allowed the formation of political parties• Move toward universal suffrage• Established the Duma as the central legislative
body.• The Czar did not want to sign but realized he had
no choice– Claimed he felt 'sick with shame at this betrayal of the
dynasty‘
• Some people were happy while others were disgusted. Riots rose and were broken up quickly
Russian Revolutions
• The February Revolution of 1917• Displaced Czar Nicholas II of Russia
– He was the final czar
• Attempt to establish a liberal government – The Provisional Government (Feb – October)
• The October Revolution• Bolshevik party(Lenin led)
– Coup to overthrow the Provisional Government
• Revolution in the name of the Soviets– Soviets – workers council
• Most occurs in Moscow but also in rural areas– Peasants seized and redistributed land.
Russian Revolution
• Lenin (1917 – 1924)
• NEP – permits some economic freedoms– Improved food and peasant life
• USSR
• Lenin’s death = Power struggle
Japanese Imperialism
Tokugawa Japan
• independent country
• closed country
Gunboat Diplomacy - 1853• Matthew Perry
• open trade ports
• strategic location
• no mistreatment of sailors
1854 Treaty of Kanagawa• turning point in Japanese history
• established treaty ports
• established consulates
• by 1860, rights extended to Britain, Russia, France and the Netherlands
Civil War• Shoguns, Samurai Shoguns, Samurai - keep old ways
• RoyalistsRoyalists - return emperor to power
Meiji Restoration• ““Enlightened Rule”Enlightened Rule”• 1868 - 19121868 - 1912• Shogunate out, emperor backShogunate out, emperor back• social, political, economic revolutionsocial, political, economic revolution• Transforms Japan into a world powerTransforms Japan into a world power• "National Wealth and Military Strength" "National Wealth and Military Strength" • Military reformed (samurai now taxed)Military reformed (samurai now taxed)
– Some “eliminated” and others enjoyed a new role Some “eliminated” and others enjoyed a new role in lifein life
• They were, after all, better educated and qualifiedThey were, after all, better educated and qualified
Economic/Industrial Changes...• ““catch up with the west”catch up with the west”
• missions to find “the best”missions to find “the best”
• by 1900 - foundations in place by 1900 - foundations in place for light industry, heavy industry for light industry, heavy industry and transportationand transportation
Social changes....• no social classes
• compulsory education
Political Changes...
• draft instituted
• centralized gov’t
• constitution
• Diet - legislative assembly
Japan became an imperialist power in the
1890’s as industrialization created new needs:
• new food sources
• new markets
• new resources/raw materials
Sino-Japanese War1894 - 1895
• Korea claimed by China
• Japan wanted privileges
• escalation to war
• Japan defeated China
• 2nd SJ War 1937 - 45
Treaty of Shimonoseki
• China recognized Korean independence
• Territories to Japan– Formosa(Taiwan), Pescadores, Liaotung
Peninsula
• Indemnity - $150 million to Japan
• Chinese Army lacked unity and modernity
Conflicts with the West
• Russia wanted Liaotung Peninsula for Trans-Siberian Railroad
• Joint request for Japanese withdrawal
• Result - Japan angry/determined to regain influence
Russo-Japanese War –1904 - 5
over rights to Liaotung Peninsulaover rights to Liaotung Peninsula
Russia backed by France, GermanyRussia backed by France, Germany
Japanese victoryJapanese victory
1st time that an Asian nation defeated 1st time that an Asian nation defeated a European powera European power
Established Japan as a power to be Established Japan as a power to be dealt with in the Far Eastdealt with in the Far East
