------... 7,. " '-, '.J'r,

\ o. . U''). ve.c- ''-iC;PE. . j C'-. 91 t 9 &-

92

The Kacchapa-jataka, a spurious tale found in on of the manuscripts tht Ken usedL 1s ic!uded as an appendix to his edition of Aryaura's JataKamdZo.. Akira Yuyama published a comprehensive study of this j ataka in 1983.4 Here, he gives two Sanskrit versions of the Kacchapa-jataka viz. critical and scientific editions of the text pr inted by Kern

'and referred to above and that printed by Emile Senart in the second volume of his edition of the Mahavastu-.4vadana. These are accompanied by the Chinese text of a translation of the Kacchapa-jataka made in the sixth century, which bas been included in the Taisho edition of the Chinese Tr1pitaka. Yuyama gives Q German translation of this version, the Indian origin of which is said to be lost.

Aryasura's JatakamaZa was translated into English by J.S. Speyer and published by the Pali Text Society in 1895.5 There has been an Indian reprint of this translation,S while the text of the Jatakamala, also in the Devanagarl script, was printed in tbe Buddhist Sanskrit Texts series issued by tbe Mithila Research Institute at Darbhanga.7 Marie Musaeus-Higgins mde use of Speyer's translation which had earlier been published in a Dutch magazine and rewrote thirty of the stories in simple English to make them popular. She published these in Colombo in 1914, illustrating some of them with photographs of the carvings of the Boro btidur temple in Java, sent to her by Major van Erp, who had been deputed by the Dutch

4. Yuyama , Akira. Kaeehapa-Jataka. Eine Erzalung von der SehiZdkrote und dem Kranzwinder. Studia Philologica Buddhica. Occasional Paper Series V. Tokyo. The International Institute for Buddhist Studies (1983).

5. SpeIer, S. The Jatakamala or Garland of Birth stories by APya Sura. Translated from the Sanskrit. The Sacred Books of the Buddhists. vol. I. London (1895).

6. 1st Indian edition. Delhi. Motilal Banarsidass (1971). - - - - /-

7. Vaidya, P.L. ed. Jataka-mala by APya Sura. Buddhist Sanskrit Texts No. 21. Darbhanga. The Mithila Institute of Post-graduate Studies and Research in Sanskrit Learning. (1959).

93

gover,nment to resto re this temple.8 A re-designed edition of Biggins ' work was published in Colombo recently.9- Here) the Borobudur photographs are not giVen ,

. but l:i,.ne drawings

by the S!:i Lankan artist, Stanley Kirinde,illustrate some of the jatakas. The publication of a new translation of

Aryasura's Jatakamala in 1986 under the title: The Marve-._ lous Companion has also been announced.9a Aryasura's JatakamaZa received the attention of Russian scholars as early as the late nineteenth century. One ot S. Oldenburg's major works was on Buddhist legends , where his aim was to provide a survey of Indian literature related to Buddhist legends (in Sanskrit, Prakrits and Pali). He publis hed the first part ot his work as his M.A. thesis at St.

. .

Petersburg in 1894. A special section of this publication was de voted to a study ot Aryasurats Jatakamala.

The work on the JatakamaZa, begun by Oldenburg, was continued by other Russian scholars. In the 1920s academician A. Baranniko v began to trans la te this text into Russian, and later on, his pupil O. Vo lkova completed the work. In 1962, a Russ i an translation of the JatakamaZa appeared.10

- ,-An Italian rendering of some ot the Aryasura stories was, published in Torino n 1983.11

8. Musaeus-Higgins, Marie. Jatakamala or A Garland of Birth Stories. Colombo: Pri nted at the Boys' InQustrial Home Press, We l l awatte (1914).

- - -

9. Musaeus-Higgins, Marie. JatakamaZ.a. Il l ustrated by Stanley Kirinde. First re-designed ed ition . Colombo, Lake House Bookshop (1984).

9a. Brill's Weekly No. 1567. Issued by E.J. Brill. Leiden. Koln. April 3. 1987, p.5.

10. Bongard-Levin, G. and Vigasin, A. Tlw Image of India. The Study of Ancient Indian Civ1lisation in the U.S.S.R. MosCow. Pro gress Publishers (1984) p. 111-112.

11. Gnol i, R. Testi Buddhisti in Sanscrito. Torino (19&3). The stories translated are Jatakamaa Nrs. 14, 24, 28, 30 and 31.

- ,

94

ArYUra's Jatakc:rnUi74 re ce ived the attention of ri Lankan Buddhist scholars too at t he beginning of this century. Two Buddhist monks, Venerable Telwatte AryawaJPa and Venera-

. , - - -ble Telwatte Amaraw8J!lsa published a part of the Jatakamala as the first ofa series of Buddhist Sanskrit texts in. 1908 12 -/ ' This work, pr'inted at the Saddharmaprakasa Press at Alutgama,13 contained the s tories upto, and a half of Visvantara-jataka.

'. .' - , - -It is also on re cord that Batukanatha Sastri published Ii selec-tion of e leve n jatakas from the collectio alon with a Fika . (sub-commentary) under the title UddJzrtajatakamala.14 These two publications were made use of by Venerable Ananda Maitreys Sthavira in bringing out his edition of the full text,of Arya'ura's work in 1950.15 This edition, where the text is

'printed in the Sinhala script , was published by the Oriental Studies Society in Colombo. In the introduction to his edition, Venerable Maitreya says that some of the verses of the Jatakama74 are found in the D?J:armapradipika, while many stanzas "in the Hatthavanagalla-viha1'avamsa show the influence of those of Arya,ura.16 Dhanmapradipika is a Sinhala classic of the twelfth century, written by GUrulugomin,17 while the Hatthavanagalviharavsa18 is a Pali work written during the reign

12. Ananda-Maitreya Sthavira, B. ed. Jatakamara. Colombo (1950) Introduction. p. 1.

13. This in:tormation is :trom the Author Card Catal ogue o:t " ' the Peradeniya Universty Library. The date of publi -cation given here tor fasciculus I is 1907. The publication itself app ears to have been lost.

14. Ananda-Maitreya Sthavira , B. op.cit. introd. p. l. 15. See note 12 above. 16. Ananda-Maitreya Sthavira., B. op.eit. 'Ind. p. l. 17. Godakumbura, C.E. SinhaZese Literature. Colombo (1955)

p. 50.

18. Godak:uabura, C. E. ed. HatthavanagallavihCtravalJlsa, London. Pali Text Socie ty (1956).

[ ... cz

95

of King Parakramabahu II, whose period of rule is placed in the thirteenth centu ry .1 9 An appendix in Venerable Maitreya's publication gives the text of stanzas in the PaZi iata7

96

_ I projet to tdy all the source material relevt to Aryasurats JatakamaLa viz. manus c ripts not used by K&rn the Tibetan translation. and three known commentaries, has been in progress since 1985.25 This work, carried out by Michael Hahn, his students and colleagues, has as its ul timate aim a revised version ot the Sanskrit text . As part of this

'project Peter Khoroche's listing ,of vari ant readings on Kern's text, based on two old manuscripts, which be places in the 11th and 12th century A.D., was ready for publicat ion in August 1986, and has been published this year in Bonn as Volume 12 of the series Indica et Tibetica under the title: - f- - - -Towards a New. Edition of lft>yaS7).2-?a 's_Jatakpnl. Ratna Basu, who comp le ted her edi tiol1 of the . Jatakamalat'lka26 . as part of her Ph.D. dissertation in mid-1986, was expected to edit the JatakamaZapanjika by Viryasia, which is available only in its Tibetan trans lat ion , while it is anticipated that Tiss a Rajapatirana of the Australian National Universit y will complete his edition olthe Tibet an version of t he Jatakamala in 1987. It may be mentioned inter aZia that a so-called . Chinese pseudo-translation of Aryasura'sJatakamala was discussed by John Brough in 1964.27

- , -The most recent cliscussion on Aryasura 's date, viz . . - 1- - . -that in Carol Meadows' introduction to Aryasura's Parta-samasa, favours assigning it to the 4th century A.D. 28

25.

26.

27.

28.

Private communication by Michael Hahn in letters dated: August 9th 1985, June 6th 1986, August 21st,1986, JUly 6th 1987.

A manuscript of a Jatakamatika dated 1724, covering - . the first 15jatakas, has been discussed by Peter Khoroche in South Asian Studies I . London ( 1 985) p. 63-66.

- ,-Brough, J. 'The Chine se Pseudo-Translation of Arya-sura's Jatakamalat Asia Major. N. S. 11. London (1964) p. 27-53.

- 1- Meadows. Carol. r Arya-Sura ' s COI7f'{?endium f the _ Periectt-ons: Text, trans lat ion and analysis of the Paramitasamasa. (Indica e t Tlbetica 8) Bonn (1986) p. 4.

H Ii? $ L ,

97

The popular ity of Aryaura's iatakamala is attested not only by textual studies made of it) bt_also !h availability of illustrations of .its stories. The' Jatakamala was the source of a nber of representations amoni the

_wall-p!int

ings of Ajanta. The relationship between Aryaura's Jataka-- - J. _ . :na'la and ' the Aj8lf't a fres coe s I and inscriptions from the text found in some of the caves formed the theme of a paper read by Heinrich LUders to the GOttingen Royal Society as early as l3thDecember 1902.29 This paper was printed the same year,30 while an English translation of it by J. Burgess was published the following lear.31 Dieter Schlingloff has shown interest in the Jatakamala representations at Ajanta in the recent past.32 Discussing a battle-painting depicted tn cave 17 at - ,

.Ajta, Schlingloff identified the scene as being from Sakra-jatakt;!. and t!ted that the painting shows more conform!ty to the Jatakamala account of the story than to the PaZi Jataka in matters of de!ai l . 33 The jtaka illustrations found in cave 16 at Ajta formed the theme of Schlingloff's contribution to the :felicitation volume presented to Ernst Waldsch-midt on his eightieth birthday.34 Here he discusses the

29. The Indian Antiq1f!1T'Y' August, 1903. p. 326. 30.

31.

32.

33.

34.

r" , - 1- -Luders, R. 'Arya-Sura's Jatakamala und die Fresken von Ajanta.lvachrichten von deY"KEnir.Z. Gese llsohaft . , del' Wissenscliaften zu GO'ttingen, Phil. -hiat., Kl. (1902) p. 758-762 (= Philolog,ica Indica, GOttinge' (1938)p .73-77) ..

- , 1- - - - -'Arya.,.Sura1s Jatakamala and the Frescoes of,.Aja:qra'. p. 326-329 in The Indian Antiquary. August (1903).

- -Sch1lngloff, D. 'Jatakamala-Darstellungen in Ajfa, WienerZeitscnrift fUr die Kunde SUdasiens, Band. XVI (197) p. 55-65. Schlingloff J D. t A Battle-Painting in Aja. (p. 196-203) in Indowgen-Tagung ( 1971) ad. Herbert,.: Uartel and Volker Moell-er. Wiesbaden t Franz Steiner Verlag GMBH. (1973) p. 201.

Schlinglo:!f, D. t Die Jataka-Darstellungen in Hb111e 16 vonAja;t (p. 455-478) in Beitrage zur Indie nfors chung. Ernst Waldschmidt zum 80 Gebu:rtstag geUJidmet. Berlin . Museum fUr I p.dische Kunst (1977).

98

VartaJiipotaka, Vyagh.ri. Mah-iga, Vi svan tara , B1:sa, Kumbha, . Maitribala and Hasti j takas from Aryura t s Jatakamala, .

which are illustrated in this cave. Scenes from the Mahi?ajataka are found in cave 11 as well,35 while the Maitl'ibala;/ataka is depicted in caves 1 and 2 a1so.36 The Maitribala epresentation in cave 1 was identified by Schlinglo! fhimself in a paper on 'Two Paintings in Cave 1 at AJaltla1, te scond ainting iscused being ne re!aed to a 'agakumara' story. The Kianti-jata)w of J atakamala_is illustrat,ed in cave 2'at Ajanta,38 and so is the Hamsa-jataka.39 " . It

_ An_1!lustration of te Maitribala-jataka of Aryaaura's Jatakamala, which as noted earlier was not

_traced in the Pali

'tradi tion, has been identified among the jatakas p ainted on the walls of the vestibule of a shrine at the medieval capital of Polonnaruva in Sri Lanka.40 Mistermed 'DemaZa-Ma-Seya' according to H.C.P. Bell,41 the shrine was anCiently called

35.

36.

37.

38.

39.

40.

41.

ibid. p. 461. ibid. p. 469 note 42.

Schlingloff, Dieter. 'Zwei alereien in Bohle I von Ajanta'. (p. 912-917) in Zeitschr1:ft del' Deutsche n Morgenlandiscn Gesellschaft. Supplement III, 2. XIX. Deutscher Orientalistentag. Vortrage. ed. Wolfgang Voigt. Wiesbadan. 1977.

Schling1off, Dieter, 'Dar Konig mit dam Schwert ' (p. 57-70) in Wiener Zeitschrift fUr d-ie Kunde Sudasiens. Band XXI (1977) p. 59. .

,

Schling1off, Dieter, 'Zwei Anatiden-Geschichten im alten Indien' (p. 369-397) in Zeitsch:r>lft der Deutschen Morgen landischen Gesellschaft. Band 127, Heft 2. Wiesbaden. (1977) p. 376-380.

Bell, H.C.P. Report 1909.

ibid. p. 9.

Archaeological SUT'vey of Cey'lon. Annual Colombo (1914) p. 36 and Plate D . .

99

'Tiv&Dka-patima-gharar, and the paintings on its walls4 dating from the reign of Parakramabahu I (1153-1186 A.D.) or the de cades immediately following, 'prove , in the wo rds of Sena rat Paranavltana, "that the clssical tradition of Indian painting, represented at Ajanta and Bagh, was kept .. ,live in Ceylon after it had lo st its vitali!y in India itself. tt42 The 0ther stories, be,sides Maitribal.a, that Be ll identified among the wall paintings in the shrine at Polonn.ruva are the Vessantara, Asankal. Sasa, Tu.rylfla, Vidu.rapar;4itaJ ,Guttiw, quZ.lapadum, Mugapakkha, Sama, Ma!:!asudal!..-_ sana, Kusa and Maha-Ummagga Jatakas. Of these the Jatakama-la contains the Vessantara d Sasa j atakas.43 It will be a .atter of interest to find out whether the illustrations of 'these stori es at the TivaDka-patima-ghara conform more to the JataLa accunt than to te Pali, as was seen in the case of the Sakra-jataka at Ajal!a. Plates giving line drawings of the frescoes at the shrine appended to Bell's report44 , will be of use to any art-historian interested in this matter.

Jatakamala carvings from Borobudur were referred to earlier in relation to Hig1ns' publication. In 1897, Oldenburg, who studied plates of jataka representations at Borobudur published in 1874 , 45 thought that he found i the bas-reliefs ' of the temple a series of illustrations of jatakas arranged approximately in the orde r followed in Aryaura's iatak.alrlala.46 Tbese reliefs are in the first balustrade of thi s famous monu-!lent. 4.7 '

42. CEYLON: Paintings From Temple, Shrine and Rock. Preface. W.O. Archer . Introduction.S. Paranavitana. Unesco World Art Series. Published by the New York Gaphic Society (1957) p. 25.

43. Dell, H.C.P. op.cit. p. 32-38 . Asanka Jataka has no parallel in the Jataaz.a, as rongly indicated by Bell.

44. Plat es A - P. 45. Leemans, C. Br-Boudour dans l'iZe de Java. Leide(1874). 46. Oldenburg, Sergj Fedorovi . 'Notes on Buddhi st Art'.

Tranalated from the Rus s ian by Leo Wiener. (p. 183-201) in the Journa of the rican OrientaZ Society. vol. 18. (1897) p. 196-200. - -

47. Fontein, Jan. 'Not es on the Jatakas and Avadanas of (contd.)

.,.

100

Representations of, stories of Aryara' s ,iatakamaZa have been noted' ill twelve ot the thirteen Tibetan' i taS:! (painted scrolls) kept at the City Art Museum of St. Louis in the United States:48 '

Authors of JatakamaZa collections are referred to in a verse inSomendra's preface to the AVadanakaZpaZata of emeridra;who is s aid to have lived in the eleventh century , 'i A .. D.49 Tlle verse' in question is as tollows:

acaryagopadattadyair avaJanakramojjhitah - , , -uccityocita vihita gadyadyvirnkha, / ekamqrganusari-wa7;t paraJ?1 gamhiryakalz vistirTjavar1J

101

In 1904, F.W. Thomas described the Jatakamaza of Haribha}!a as a collection of thirty-five stories, basing is information on the translation of the'work included in the Tanjur section of the Tibetan Tripitaka. Thomas did not subject the JatakamaZa itself to a detiled examination , but presented the facts re corded concerning the author, and appended the commencement of the book, the titles of the stories, and the colophons together with a provisional t r ansl_tion of these . _Te colophon of his Jatakamala describes Haribha. as an aearya and a prince, learned in grammar and the word of the Buddha, and also apoet, " the moon of later poets", who, experiencing distress in Kashmir, "through the fault of mischief-makers'" cast away his life in the Eimalayas.

,At the commencement of the work, Haribhaa says that he undertook the composition "being skilled in the tame of the liv:es of the Bodhisattva" and desiring his own advtntage, a fter stating_mdest}.l that "with the string at. Jataka COMposed by tb acarya SUra others are without power to follow on an equall ty. ,,52 .

In recent times, Haribhata's Jatakamala has received the attention of Michael Hahn, who published the Tibetan version, accompanied by notes, of the Dardat'a-/ataka, which has a parallel in the Daddara-/ataka (Pali Jataka Nr. 304) and t!!e Sugata-/ataka which is parallel to the Udaya-/ataka (Pa7.,i Jataka Nr. 458), in 1971;5he Ti be tan version and a German translation of th Adap6anrii/

102

of which the Pali parallel is the Sama-jGtaka (PaZi Jataka Nt 540) in 1976;55 the revised verson of" the Tibetan Dardar'aj !t aka and its German transiat ion in 1979; 56 and the Udaya-j ELtaka in 1980.56a

Hahn'spublica ioD of 1977 etitled_HQhappa and Gopadatta: . Two Authors -z-n thP suceelis1-on C2f _ Aryasura : On the rediscovery Of parts of their JatakamaZas is a noteworthy contribution to Sanskrit Jatakamag studies.57 POinting out that he was unaware of the existence of the Sanskrit original of stories trom the Haribhapta/a-J;akainala until about three years. btore its publication, ere he identified eleven storie s from it, with the help ot the Tibetan translation, in two collec-tiOD! o t_Buddhist birth-stories, nine of the being ,!n te Avadanasarasamuccaya and all eleven in the Jatakamalavadanasutra. The nine_legends found in the Avadnaaraamuccaya are the Badaradvipa, Saria, caru1:rop!:.abhal.. Rupyavati, Mrga, Hastin, Candra, Hariamrga and Mayura jatakas, a very brief outline of which aepeed in print in 1972, in an article entitled the 'Avadanasarasamuccaya' .5S The two additional stor!es :round i the iatakamaZavadanasv.t1:'G are the Si'JIfJ and Skya8imha jatakas. However, Hahn argues that the SaasTha jka,the thirty-ti!thnarrattve in the HaribhaP!ajataka mala, which deals with the lite of the Buddha, may be a later addition and not the work of Haribhaa. Hahn printed Sanskrit text ot one of te stories he identitie,d, the 0asajataka, as a supplement to his stUdy on Haribhaya and

55.

56.

56a.

57.

58.

Hahn, Michael, 'Die Haribhafajatakamala (II). Syuaj ataka,' Wiener Zeitschrift fiJ:r. die Kunde Band XX. (1976) p. 37-74.

Das SUdasiens.

Hahn, Michael. 'Die Haribhatajatakala (III) Das Dardara-Jataka, ' Wiener Zeitf("iWift j11r die Kunde SUdaaiens. Band XXIII ( 1979) p. 75-1 t>8.

I

Die- HaribhattajatakamazO. (IV) Das Udayajataka .. ' Wiener Zeitsehrift'jUr die Kunde SUdasiens. Band XXIV (1980) p. 99-12'S.

Hahn, Michael. 'Haribhatta and Gopadatta,' studia phiw-' . . wgica Buddhica. Occasional Paper Series 1. TOkyo, The Reiyukai Library (1977) ,39 p. Bandurukande, Ratna. 'The AvadanasarasaDluccaya, , Studies in Indo-Asian Art and CuZtU1:'e. vol. I. ed. Perala (contd.)

1 0 3

Gopad at t a , as an examp le to i l lus trate Har i bha a ' S s,t y l e , 5 9 w!'!i le he and Konrad K l aus_publ ihd a s tudy of the Mrga- . jataka o f t he Hcribha-tta,jataka:mala, , c ont ain ing both t he Sanskr i t and Tibe t an t e xt s and a t r ans l at ion into Germn J in 1 98 3 . 60

.

The date o f Har i bh a ! a also re ce j.ved Hahn ' s cons iderat ion . His cont ri but ion to the Ludwig Al sdorf Fe l i c i t at ion Volume , pub l i s hed in 1 98 1 , d e a l t w i t h t hi s prob lem . 6 1 He re be at t empted to e s t abl ish an upper l im i t tor the date of Har ibhat t a , t he twe l f t h century , in wh ich his iatakamaZa ' . . . was t r ans l at e d into T i be t an , b e i n g t hat whi ch could be sug-ge s ted unt i l recent l y . In thi s conne c t io n , Hahn d r aws attent ion to a re cent pub!i c at i on o f D ie t e r Schl inglo f f on the l e gend o f King Pr abhas a and h i s e lephant , whi ch i s a l so t he ope ning st ory o f Har ibhat t a ' s iatakc:mala . A par a l l e l ve r s ion . . . of the legend l i s ted by Schl i nglo f f i s that in the Chine se co l le c t ion c al led Hs ien-yu- ching , ' The Sutra o f the W i se Man and t he Foo l ' . Hahn po int s out t hat t he Chine s e ver s ion cont ai ns a number of charact e r i s t i c e p i sodes whi ch are ava i l ab l e . o n l y i n Har ibhat t a ' s t ext and nowhe re e l ee , in add i t i on , . , to a se r ies o f s ix s t anzas , s eemi ngly quo ted mote or les s ve;r:-bat im . Hahn ' s conc lus ion based on thi s d at a i s that the comp i lers of Hs ien-yU- ching borrowed from Haribhatt a . The .. . uppe r limi t o f Haribha a ' s d a t e could t hen be determine q by the d at e of t he comp i l at ion of HS ien-yu-ch ing , which according to the o lde s t c at a l o gue of the Chine se Trip i'! aka took place in t he year 455 A . D . Furthe r , t aking into account

. 59 .

60 .

6 1 .

Ratnam New De lhi . I nternat ional Ac ademy of Ind i an Cul t ure . 1 972 . p . 79-89 .

Hahn , M i c h ae l , T ,J Har lbhat t a and Gopad at t a ' . op . cit . . . , p . 31-39 .

Hah n , Mi chae l and Klaus , Konrad . ' Das Mr gaj at aka ' -

_ - t

(Haribhappajatakamala XI) . S tudi e , Texte , G1o'S s ar . I nd i c a e t T i be t ic a 3 . Bonn ( 1983 ) . Hahn , M . 1 Das Datum de s Har ibhat a ' (p . 107-120 ) in Studien zum Jainismus una Buddhismus . Gedenkschrift fUr Ludwig A lsdorf. ed . Kl aus Bruhn and, A lb recht We zler . ( A l t - und Ne u - I nd i sche S t udi en e rausgegeben vom Seminar fur Ku l t ur und Ge sch i chte I nd ians an der Un ive r s i tat Hamburg 2 3 ) W i e s b aden ( 1 981 ) .

104

+e t i requ1 red . :!.or . the:...d i s s!!!iat ion of t he work , Hahn Sys that the . Haribhattajatakamala. cannot have been compoSd l a.tr than t he t i r s t decades o f the ;5th century A . D . Hahn o.dduces corroborat ive e v i dence in support ot this date , viz . t he p l acement o f Har ibhat t a in the Jat aka s e c t ion ot the

.

r . bet an Tanj ur , wh i c h 1 s t hought to be a chronological place --, -mcnt . Here , Haribhat t a i s p l aced atter Ary asura , confirmed

. '. . . . - , - . . b'j Haribba a ' s own reference to Ary as u;l"a as noted earlier , but . fore the Buddh i s t poet and gr ammar i an , C andragom1n . . The d ate s ugge s t e d :fo r Aryaura i s t be 4 t h century A . D . , 62 whil e C andr agomi n ' B produc t i ve per iod was between the ye aB 425 and 475 .A . D . , according to a previous s t udy o f Hahn . 6

" . ; padat!a.L re ferred to as an acarya , i s the only autho r

o .t a Jatakamalaj who se name i s me nt ioned in t he verse from t ile 'preface to t he AvadO.nakalpalata, quo ted e ar l ie r in thi s f a.per . One_work defi n i t e l y known t o be h i s , and a f a i r n umbe r o f j at ak a compos i t ions t entat ive ly at t r ibuted to him h elve been s t ud ied in rcent !iB . That a fragment ary manus CT1pt ot Gopadatt a ' s Jatakamala was purchased . in Nep al around I g33 has be en ' report e d by Gui s eppe Tucci

. in i 8 cont r ibution

t o the Kor i z W inte rni t z Fe l ic i t at i on Volume . 4 Tuc ci s ays t hat , according to t s co lophon , the work cons i sted of thee t holls.and and three hundred_anthas . Gop adat t a is refe rred to s sthaviva Gopadatta and acarya Gopadat t a i n this colopho n , wbicb also ment ions one o f the t ale s that the manuscript c ontained , v i z . t he vrq.JUi4hyaJaYCIVadana . Re grettably th'is manuscr ipt cannot be tr aced .

A 'manuscript o f the S anskr i t t ext o f a story c a l led tbe S aptak7W.vadand , whe re t he name o:t the author .i s ment ioned (lS Gopadatt a , i s tound in the Bibliothque Nat ion_le in Par i s . 65

' 2 . See no te 28 above .

b3 . Hahn , Michae l . Caagomins Lokanandanataka (As iatische . r schungen Band 39) . Wie sbaden , Otto Harra sowitz ( 1974)

p . 7 .

'4 . ucci , Guiseppe . ' Animadve r s ione s I ndic ae . ' Festscft MOriz Winternitz 1 8 6 3 -1 9 3 3 . Herausge geben von Otto Stein un,d Wilhelm Gampert . Le ipz i g . Otto Harras sowit z . ( 1 933)

. p . 245 , 246 . .

(,5 ; F i l l ioz at , J . Catalogue du Fonds SanscPit , Fasc . 1 . Paris . (194 1 ) Nr . 142 . "

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The Tibe t an ve r s ion o f t h i s s t o ry found i n the T an j ur se c t i on of the T i be t an T r i p i t aka along with a German t r an s l a t ion was pre s e nted as a doc t o r a l tbes i s by Lobsang Dargyay in 1974 . 66 Thi s was pub l i s hed i n V i e nna i n 1978 . 67 arglaY . Eo int s out that t h i s Tibe t a..l v e r s i o n o f t h e SaptakwnarikG7)adana i s based on t he S anskri t t e xt cont a i ne d in the P ar i s manuscr ipt and s ays that he d i d no ei t .!he a6krit t ext or i t s adapt at ion found in the Asok.avadan:xma la in v i !w o t t h tact that Michae l Hahn was edit ing t hem . H ahn announced t h at he had prepared an ed i t ion o f the6anSkri t text of t he Saptakvikavadana as e ar l y as 1977 .

I n the s ame ye ar Hahn tentat ive y a t t r ibuted fourteen Buddhis t l e gends wr i t t e n in t he Campu s t y l e t o Gop adat t a and pr inte d an index locoru o f t be se ) po i n t ing out t he i r locat io n i n anonymo us col l e c t i o ns of Buddh i s t b i r t h- s tor ie s , not ab ly the iata"kamaZ;rt-'adanasutra and the ilvadanasarGsamuccq,ya . Te le gends l is ted he!:e are..:. Suprhasa, l}ipancaa, sarthavaha . Sarvarztdarjo, inanavqti , Kap1-svara , Megha , MatrPo?ahas tin , Nqga" S'oan , M(USal'1ananda , B7w.valL{bdhaka , Maitrakanyaka and Ajatasatru . T he l a s t two o f the se l e gends had al re ady been pub l i s he d at t he time H ahn wrote . The s imi l ar i ty be twe e n three o t the l ege nds from the l i s t , wh i c h Hahn had st udied in det a i l .... i t h Gop ad at t a ' s Saptakwnarn

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- / -

the S ans krit text o f the Kapisvarajataka along with phi lo-logical comment ary and an int roduct ion , where he gives a de t ailed analys i s ot 'the story . De ai ing with the l i fe ot the Bodh i s at tva , born as a king o f monkeys , who leave s h i s troop - , t o t ake care o f h i s o l d , bl ind mothe , the Kapisara legend given here has i t s paral l e l in t he Culanandiyajataka (Nr . 222 ) o f the Pali iataka co llect ion . 70

The anavati-jataka was s t udie d by Gerhard Ehlers . a pup i l of Hahn , and submitted as a M . A . thes i s to the Ph il ippsUniversi t y in_Marburg in 1980 . 7 1 This cont a i ns the S anskr'it text of the j at aka and a , German translat ion o t it . The intro duc t ion cont ains a comp ar i son t th legend with a paral l e l ver s ion o t i! !ound i n t he Samadhiajasutra, a n impo r t ant work o f early Mahayana Buddh i sm . The j at aka , the opening s t anza of which s t at e s that "even women can exce l men on account of the ir dist inct 1 v e behaviour" , 72 r e l ates the story o f a yo'ung woman , who gave her own fle sh and b lood to cure an illne s s of a s i ck monk .

Konr ad Klaus , also a pup i l of Michae l Hahn , s tud ied the Maitrakanyakavad(zna as the subject of his M . A . the s i s I which again was pre sented to the Phi l ipps Universit y at Karburg in

70 . - I -Hahn , Michae l . I Gopadat t a I S Kap isvarajataka . t JOUPna"l

of th Nepa"l Re8eQPa Cente No . 4 ( Humani tie s ) . Wiesaden ( 1980 ) . p . 133-159 .

71 . Ehle rs , Gerhard . Das J'lianavati-jataka aus del' iatakamaiQ des Gopadatta . . Nach dre ! Manskr!pten herausgegebe n , komment iert , mit dem Samadhirajasutra de s G i lgit Manuskr ipt s vergl ichen und ins Deutsche Uberset zt . E ingere1cht ala schr i f t l iche Haus arbe it zur Magiste rPrUfung 1m Fach Indische Philolog ie Fachbere ich I I (AuBereuropais che Sp rachen und Kul turen) der Phil ippsUniversitt in Marburg . Marburg(Lahn (11 Jul i , 1980 ) 9 p . , (Typescript ) .

72 . yoitq 'pi . . . . . . . pratipattiviiefena puruan atieate .

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1980 . 7 3 A re vi sed ve rs ion o f th i s was pub l i shed in 1983 . 74 Here , t he Sanskr i t t ext of t he le gend is accompanied by a German trans lat ion and an introduct ion , where , after a tho rough and de t ai led examinat ion ot t he l e ge nd , Kl aus come s to the conc lus ion t hat h i s f lndi ngs do not nece s s ar i l y prove B!hn ' s s urmise tat Gop ad at t a composed t he Maitrakanyakavadana . Thi s avadana re l ate s t he story of Ma i t r akanyaka , a young man who k i cked his mo tber when she t r ied to prevent him froln fo llowing the call of the s e a .

- I . -A s tudy o f the Ajatasatrvavadana wa s pub l i shed by Hahn in 1981 . Here , he gave . the S ans kr it text ot the s tory , pre ceded by an introduc t ion which g ive s a s t ructur al analys i s o f i t . The legend deals w i t h a n impor t ant event in t he l ife - / o f King Aj at asatr o f Magadha , a contempor ary of the Buddha , viz . the repent ance for the murder o f h i s father , King B imb i -- - ;>0- '" , " ' .. s!ra , an_e vent descr ibed in the Samannaphalas.utta o f the Dighanikaya . 75

.

I have been studying :f i ve of the le gends attr ibuted to Gopadat t a dur ing t he past few ye ars and have from t ime to t ime given a paraphrase o f t he ir content 76 or ab strac t s and related informat ion pertaining to them : the Rsipanaka J 77

73 .

74.

75 .

76 .

Ks , Konrad . Das Maitrakanyakavadana (Nr . 38 de s Divyavaaana) . E inle.i tung , Ed i t i on , deut sche Ubersetzung . Oem Fachbere ich I I ('AuBere uropai sche Sprachen und Kul t uren) der Phi l ipps Unive r s it at Marbur g l s schr i f t l iche Haus arbe it zur Mag ister -Prufung 1m Fach I nd i sche Phi lo logie e ingere icht . Marbtir g/Lahn . 2 8 ; Ju l i 1980 . 105' p .- . Klaus , Konrad . Das MaitrakanyakCtvacfina (Divycl1xzdcma ' 3 8 ) . Bonn ( 198 3 ) I ndic a et T ibe t icn . Band 2 .

- / -Hahn , Michae l . ' A j atas atrvavadana - A Gop adat t a Story :from Tibet . I X " P. Jcr!Jaswa i Corrmemorat'i.on Vo lume . Patna ( 198 1 ) . p . 242-276 .

Handurukande , Ratna . ' Buddh i s t Tale s from S anskr i t Source s . ' Reto ld . Buddh i s t Pu b l icat ion So c ie t y , Kandy . S r i Lanka ( 1 981 ) . Sodhi Leave s . Nd . B . 88 . 28 p .

77 . Handurukande , R at nn . ' ipanc aka- j at aka ' Studies in IndoAsian Art and C7). ltu...we . vo l . 6 . e d . Lokesh Chandra . New D lhi ( 1980 ) . p . 111 -122 .

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S arthavaha, 78 Sa:r-vamdada, 79 MatSG'flananda80 and Bhavalubdhaka

5 tori e s . I n 1983 , I pre s ented the Sanskr it text of the s tories accompanied' bOy an Engl i sh trans lat ion . 8 1 In the i ntroduc t ion to t h i s publ icat i on , I analysed the styl ist i c d,evices used in the s tor ie s I fo cus s i ng my attent ion part icul arly on the que st ion of authorship . As me nt ioned earl ie r , Hahn as s i gned these f i ve l e gends , to gether with nine othe rs , io Gop ad at t a , bas ing hi8 argument s on the fo l lowing criter i a : vi c i n i t y o f s tori e s within c o l lect ions , homogeneous use o f

lYIet re s , s imi l ar format a t the be ginning and end of each story , ', dent i c al or s imi l ar phr aseo logy and styl i s t i c uniformity . 1 tested each o f t he s e argumet s , _comparing t he five s tories ith Gopadat t a ' s Saptakumari kavadana . The conclus io n I Qr r i ved at was that the t ext ual and s t y l is t i c fe ature s of the five s tor i es in ques t ion lend support to Hahn ' s hypothes is , ut that a more definite conc lus ion should await a thorough lexico - st at i s t i cal anal ys i s and a comparat ive study of all

{he l e gends at t ributed to Gopadat t a . However , this ' l iterary det e c t i ve wo rk ' , as one rev iewer ' o f my publ ic at ion apt ly put It , 82 may become re duudant , if the fragment ary manuscript of the Gopadattajatakan1aa, acquired by Tucc i in Nepal in 1933 , La found and made avai l able for s tudy .

18 .

79 .

80 .

81 .

82 .

Handurukande , Rat na . ' A Merchant Story . ' The Sri Lanka Journa of the Humanities . Unive r s i t y of Perade niya ( 1 980 ) Vol . VI . no s . 1 and 2 . , 'p . 48-56 .

Handurukande , Ratn a . ' Sarvamdad a , The Al l - g iver , ' Buddhist studie s (Bukkyo Kenyu) vol . X . Edited by the I nternat ional Buddhi s t As soc i at ion , Hamamat su , Japan ( 1981) .

Handurukande , Ratna . t Mat s ar anandavad ana , , Buletin of the Schoo l of Orie nta and African studie s , Univer sity of London . vo l . XLI V ( 1981 ) p . 349-35 1 .

Handrukande , Rat na . 'Five Buddhist Legen4s i the Campu sty le . From a co eetion named Avadandsarasamuccaya. ' Edited and t r ans l ated (with an introduct ion) . Bonn ( 1984) I ndica et Tibe t ic a 4 .

Pe ter Khoroche , Journal of the Royal As iatic Soo iety of Gre at Britain and I reland . (1986) No , 1 . London ( 1986 ) p . 147 .

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The uppe r l im i t o f Gopadatt a ' s dat e i s the eleventh century , t he dat e of Kemendra ' s Avadanakalpa lata, where Gopadat t a ' s name i s ment i oned in a verse in the pre f ac e , quoted earl ier in thi s paper . That Gop ad at t a l i t e r a l l borrowed a large pro se pas s age from Haribhat a ' s Prabhas a story tor i s own ve r s ion of t he s ame le gend has beeu p o i nt -

o ed out by Hahn re cent ly . 83 Thi s wi l l set t he lower l imit to the f i r s t decades of the f i f t h century A . D . , the date suggested for Har ibhat t a ' s iatakamala, as noted e arlier .

The {atakamaZas d i s c u s s e d above are tho se compo sed ia the ' Campu ' s t yle , t hat i s , ( as mentione d be fore ) a mixture of ornate ve re and prose . The se apart , there are many col lec t ions o f j a t ak as in S anskr i t l it e rature , composed mainly

I - - - -i !he s Zoka met r e . Called avadanla usual ly , and jataka-" mala some t imes , they are vers i f ied adap t at ions of o lder works .

One o f thee , t he Mahajjatakamala, cont a ining f i fty chapters , edi ted by M ichae l Hahn , has been publ i shed recent ly . 84 I n the introduc t i on to this pub l i cat.ion , Hahn makes a br i e f survey o f studies pert aining to other col lections of th i s genre . The se studies are few , whi l e manuscr ipt s not yet s t udied are many . Br inging out crit i c al e d i t ions o f these wil l be o f import ance tor the s tdy of Indian liter ature in general , and Buddhist narr at ive l iterature in part icular .

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83 . Hahn , Michae l . p . 120 .

! Das Datum de s Har ibhat t a , I op : eit . , .

84 . Hahn , Michae l . ' Der Gro s se Legendenkranz . Mahaj j at akamala , ' Wiesb adenJ O t to Har ras sowit z ( 1985 ) . As i a t i s che For schungen . Band 88 .