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Rights-of-Way
Pesticide Applicator Training Rights-of-Way & Noxious Weeds
Equipment and Calibration
Robert E. WolfExtension Specialist Application
TechnologyBiological and Agricultural Engineering
Dept.
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Changes in the Application Industry!
Historically inefficient process Increased cost of chemicals Rates are changing (< an ounce/acre) More pest specific products (foliar) Biotechnology and GMO’s – Roundup Ready, Bt’s More sophisticated equipment (electronics) $$$ Environmental impact (water and air)
• Easy to measure!• Drift!!!
Variable rates Site-specific
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Equipment cost today?How much do these machines cost?
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Equipment cost today?
How much do these machines cost?
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Application is Important: Many complaints to chemical company
representatives involve improper application of chemicals.• Improper mixing procedures• Travel speed errors• Uniformity of coverage• Incorrect quantities added to the tank• Particle drift• Selection and maintenance of nozzles
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Application Equipment:Two basic types of
application systems:
• Liquid (sprayers)
• Granular
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Application Equipment
Manual Sprayers
• Compressed air
• Knapsack
Spray Management Valve
CF Valve
Easy Spray Valve
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Power Hydraulic
Sprayer
• Low-pressure
• High pressure
Application Equipment
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Rights-of-Way Noxious Weed Control
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Automated SystemsInjectionMultiple position
nozzlesMultiple chemicals
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Sprayer Components: Tanks (contamination issues) Pump, Strainers, Agitation Pressure gauge Hoses, Flow control assemblies Electronics: monitors-
computers- controllers (GPS/GIS)
Distribution system Nozzles!!!!!!!!!
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Types of Pumps:
Roller PumpCentrifugal PumpDiaphragm PumpPiston PumpPeristaltic Pump
(Squeeze or hose pump – chemical injection)
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Plumbing Diagram
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Plumbing Diagram:
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Spray Characteristics are Important to Understand:
Demonstrates Turbo Flat vs TurboDrop-5 MPH Wind
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NOZZLE TYPES:
FLAT SPRAY
• Extended Range Flat-Fan
• Turbo Flat-Fan
• Drift Reduction Flat-Fan
• Turbo Flood
• Off center Flat-Fan
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Others:
• Boomless
• Handgun with disk & core or adjustable nozzle
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Nozzles are important because:
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1. Control the Amount applied:
Nozzle Flow Rate is affected by:
Orifice size Pressure Solution
characteristics
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Rated Pressure =40 psi for most nozzle types10 psi for turbo flood nozzles
Nomenclature:
Stainless Steel Insert Orifice
Trade Name
Fan angle and flow rate-orifice size
Extended Range
VisiFlo Color Coding
(S,H,P,K,SS)
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MATERIALS AND WEAR
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Brass
Zytel
Stainless
Kematal
Hard Stainless
Thermoplastic
11.4
7.5
6.1
2.1
1.2
0.4
Percent increase in nozzle flow rateFlat-fan spray nozzles after 40 hour test
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2. Set up for Uniformity
Goal is to put the material on evenly from nozzle to nozzle, end of boom to end of boom, and across the entire field.
20-inch spacing requires 17-19” above target for 50-60% overlap.
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3. Will determine coverage: Need knowledge of the product being
used.• Systemic• Contact
What is the target?• Soil• Grass• Broadleaf (smooth, hairy, waxy)• Leaf orientation – time of day
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4. Will affect drift:
Movement of spray particles off-target.
Creating smaller spray drops will result in increased drift.
Is it Coverage vs Drift?
What is the answer?
$64,000 Question?
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Why Interest in Drift? Spotty pest control Wasted chemicals Off-target damage More high value specialty crops Urban sprawl and..... Less tolerant neighbors Litigious Society More wind?? (Timing) Environmental impact
• Water and Air Quality Public more aware of pesticide
concerns! (Negative) (Perceptions) Result-higher costs-$$$
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Technical Aspects of Spray Drift
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Definition of Drift
Movement of spray particles and vapors off-target causing less effective control and possible injury to susceptible vegetation, wildlife, and people.
Adapted from National Coalition on Drift Minimization 1997 as adopted from the AAPCO Pesticide Drift Enforcement Policy - March 1991
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Types of Drift
Vapor Drift - associated with volatilization (gas, fumes)
Particle Drift - movement of spray particles during or after the spray application
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Factors Affecting DriftSpray Characteristics
chemical formulation drop size evaporation
Equipment & Application nozzle type nozzle size nozzle pressure height of release
Weather air movement (direction and
velocity) temperature and humidity air stability/inversions topography
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Wind Direction Wind direction is very important
• Know the location of sensitive areas - consider safe buffer zones.
• Do not spray at any wind speed if it is blowing towards sensitive areas - all nozzles can drift.
• Spray when breeze is gentle, steady, and blowing away from sensitive areas.
• “Dead calm” conditions are never recommended.
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Name Features Cost*
Dwyer Floating Ball 15.50
Wind Wizard Mechanical 39.50
Turbo Meter Wind speed - knots, feet/min, meters/sec, mph 135.00
Kestrel 1000 Maximum, average, current wind speed- knots, feet/min, meters/sec, mph
89.00
Kestrel 2000 Maximum, average, current wind speed, temp, wind chill- knots, feet/min, meters/sec,
mph
119.00
Kestrel 3000 All wind speed features plus temp, wind chill, dew point, heat index, relative humidity
159.00
Plastimo Iris 50** Compass 89.00
Wind Meters and Compass
*Prices for Wind Meters taken from Gempler’s 2002 Master Catalog**Plastimo Airguide Inc., 1110 Lake Cook Road, Buffalo Grove, IL 60089(708-215-7888)
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Under normal conditions air tends to rise and mix with the air above. Droplets will disperse and will usually not cause problems.
Normal Temperature Profile
Altitude
Cooler
Warmer
Temperature decreases with height
Increasing Temperature
Inversions
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Under these conditionsthe temperature increases as you move upward. This prevents air from mixing with the air above it. This causes small suspended droplets to form a concentrated cloud which can move in unpredictable directions.
Temperature Inversion
Altitude
Temperature increases with height
Warm Air
Cool Air
Increasing Temperature
Temperature Inversions
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Recognizing Inversions
Under clear to partly cloudy skies and light winds, a surface inversion can form as the sun sets.
Under these conditions, a surface inversion will continue into the morning until the sun begins to heat the ground.
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Cloud of 5-25 u oil droplets generated under unstable conditions
105 foot temperature monitoring tower
8’ 41°F
16’ 41°F
32’ 40°F
64’ 40°F
105’ 38°F
8’ 33°F16’ 36°F32’ 37°F64’ 38°F
105’ 38°F
.5 mph wind
2.5 mph wind
Shallow surface inversionSTABLE conditions up to 64’ NEUTRAL conditions at 105’
Cloud is dispersing
Courtesy – George Ramsay, Dupont
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Precautions for Inversions Surface inversions are common . Be especially careful near sunset and
an hour or so after sunrise, unless…
• There is low heavy cloud cover
• The wind speed is greater than 5-6 mph at ground level
• 5 degree temp rise after sun-up
Use of a smoke bomb or smoke
generator is recommended to
identify inversion conditions.
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Calibration!!!!
Ensuring that the spray output is what it is supposed to be!
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Calculations
GPA=
5940
#$!@&%!#$!@&%!
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Calibration/Nozzle Selection
What is the first step? Use label to select the
• application volume• product rate
Choose an appropriate travel speed Effective width of application
• nozzle spacing Calculate GPM – Flow rate per nozzle Select the correct size of nozzle!
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Sprayer Calibration
Variables
1. Nozzle flow rate (GPM)
2. Ground speed (MPH)
3. Effective sprayed width (W)-inches or
swath width (SW) - feet
4. Application rate (GPA)
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NOZZLE SELECTION
1. Nozzle flow rate (GPM) - affected by:
density, orifice size, and pressure
To double the flow rate the pressure
(psi) must increase____________ times!4
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NOZZLE SELECTION
2. Ground speed (MPH) -
Doubling the ground speed
reduces the application rate (GPA)
by _________!1/2
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NOZZLE SELECTION
3. Effective sprayed width (inches - W) or
(swath width in feet - SW)
Doubling the effective sprayed width per
nozzle decreases the application rate
(GPA) by _________!
1/2
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Calculations
GPA=
5940
Ok, now I remember!Ok, now I
remember!
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Application Rate Equation
GPAGPM X 5940
MPH X W
Equation # 1
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Application Rate Equation
GPAGPM X 495
MPH X SW
Equation # 1
(5940/12” = 495)
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5940 or 495 = a constant to convert gallons per minute, miles per hour, and feet to
gallons per acre
Where:
GPA = ______________________
GPM = ______________________
MPH = ______________________
SW = ______________________
gallons per acre
gallons per minute
miles per hour
swath width - feet
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Measuring Ground Speed
Ground Speed - Miles Per Hour (MPH)
Where traveling 88 ft. in 60 seconds = 1 MPH
Doubling the ground speed reduces
the output by 1/2.
Speed(MPH)Distance(ft) x 60
Time(seconds) x 88
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Flow rate equation
GPMGPA x MPH x SW(ft)
495
GPMGPA x MPH x W in
( )
5940
or
(5940/12” = 495)
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Electronics/Rate Controllers How does your
system work when speed changes?
Is it pressure based? What is the effect of
going slower? What is the effect of
going faster?
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Hand Sprayer Calibration
Spraying to the point of runoff
product added to each gal. or 100 gal. uniform coverage-dripping from leaves time and gallons per tree/1000 sq. ft.
“Dilute”
Technique important!!
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Calibration ProcedureSteps:
• Mark off a calibration course of 1000 sq. ft.
• Accurately measure the time required to spray the calibration course using a proper technique. Remember only record the amount of time the gun is actually spraying.
• Measure the flow rate from the gun. Using the time recorded in step 2, spray into a calibrated container for that same length of time.
• Amount in the container represents the application rate per 1000 sq. ft.
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Example:
It took 50 seconds for an applicator to spray the 1000 sq. ft. calibration course. The amount of spray collected from the gun in the 50 seconds was 1.4 gallons.
Hand Spray Guns: cont.
The application rate for this example is:
1.4 gallons per 1000 sq. ft.or
61 gallons per acre (43.56 x 1.4)
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Example Reference Graph
Cumulative Volume Fraction
0.1 0.5 0.9
Drop S
ize (microns) 0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
very fine/ fine fine/mediummedium/ coarsecoarse/ very coarsevery coarse/ extremely coarse
VF
F
M
CVC
XC
New Label language-EPA Reviewing Public Comments
Match the crop protection product to the target
Adhere to label guidelines based on an industry standard • ASAE S-572
Buffer Zones or No Spray Zones
Maximize Efficacy Minimize Drift
EPA Requested Changes Coming!!!!
Example Reference Graph
Cumulative Volume Fraction
0.1 0.5 0.9
Dro
p S
ize
(mic
rons
)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
very fine/ fine fine/mediummedium/ coarsecoarse/ very coarsevery coarse/ extremely coarse
VF
F
M
CVC
XC
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