Rise of Dictators HitlerMussoliniJapan. Great Depression The cost of World War One was devastating The cost of World War One was devastating –About $180

Rise of DictatorsRise of Dictators

HitlerHitler

MussoliniMussolini

JapanJapan

Great DepressionGreat Depression

The cost of World War One was The cost of World War One was devastatingdevastating– About $180 billion was spent on the About $180 billion was spent on the

warwar– About $150 billion was spent on About $150 billion was spent on

rebuildingrebuilding Most countries had never had Most countries had never had

experienced this type of massive experienced this type of massive spending ever in historyspending ever in history


Many nations needed to look to Many nations needed to look to capitalistic nations for money to capitalistic nations for money to rebuild or to pay off debtsrebuild or to pay off debts

Britain which had once been the Britain which had once been the financial center of the world was now financial center of the world was now basically brokebasically broke

The United States now became the The United States now became the financial center-The United States financial center-The United States now began to loan money to Europe now began to loan money to Europe


Many countries Many countries relied on loans relied on loans and credit from and credit from the United Statesthe United States

This was evident This was evident in loans like the in loans like the Dawes PlanDawes Plan


Dawes Plan-1923Dawes Plan-1923– The Dawes Plan was used to The Dawes Plan was used to

help Germany get out of it’s help Germany get out of it’s inflationary state in 1923inflationary state in 1923

– The United States gives The United States gives Germany a 200 million Germany a 200 million dollar loandollar loan

– Germany is also given a Germany is also given a realistic time frame to the realistic time frame to the debtsdebts

– The German economy The German economy recoversrecovers

– German factories begin German factories begin producing goods at the producing goods at the same rate as before the warsame rate as before the war

– People invest in German People invest in German factories and goodsfactories and goods

– Germany recoversGermany recovers– HOWEVER-Germany still HOWEVER-Germany still

needed to pay back the 200 needed to pay back the 200 million in loansmillion in loans


Two countries that heavily relied on Two countries that heavily relied on the credit and loans of the United the credit and loans of the United States were France and GermanyStates were France and Germany

France had a large debt due to France had a large debt due to loaning Russia large sums of money loaning Russia large sums of money during the warduring the war– The Bolsheviks refused to pay France The Bolsheviks refused to pay France

the loaned money saying that they the loaned money saying that they were not responsible for the loanswere not responsible for the loans


GermanyGermany– In the Treaty of In the Treaty of

Versailles Germany Versailles Germany had to bore the had to bore the burden of paying the burden of paying the reparations for the reparations for the war-especially to war-especially to FranceFrance

– Germany looked to Germany looked to U.S. credit to pay it’s U.S. credit to pay it’s debts (Like paying one debts (Like paying one credit card debt with credit card debt with another credit card)another credit card)


Germany gets credit fromThe U.S. to pay debts

To France

France takes thepayments from Germany

backed by U.S. credit

France rebuilds its economy based on German

payments of U.S. credit

From 1924 to 1929everything worked well

U.S. and Europeaneconomies grew

However everythingwas based on credit

(we are good for the moneyidea)

In 1929everything fell apart

the loans would never be repaid


In October 1929 In October 1929 the U.S. stock the U.S. stock market also based market also based on credit crashedon credit crashed

American banks American banks stopped extending stopped extending credit-especially credit-especially high risk high risk European nations-European nations-like Francelike France


The effect was that the U.S. and Europe The effect was that the U.S. and Europe ran out of moneyran out of money

The U.S. and Germany were hit the The U.S. and Germany were hit the hardesthardest– In each country 1/3 of the workforce was In each country 1/3 of the workforce was

unemployedunemployed– In each country the dominate political party In each country the dominate political party

was rejected was rejected U.S.-Republicans were outU.S.-Republicans were out Germany-Conservative Democratic Republic were Germany-Conservative Democratic Republic were

outout


While the world had seen While the world had seen depressions and recessions in the depressions and recessions in the past what made the Great past what made the Great Depression unprecedented was Depression unprecedented was its durationits duration– Most countries only recovered after Most countries only recovered after

a decade with the start of World a decade with the start of World War Two productionWar Two production


Economic hardship lead to radical Economic hardship lead to radical political changes in Europepolitical changes in Europe

Countries like Germany and Italy did Countries like Germany and Italy did not have a long tradition of not have a long tradition of democratic traditions-They had more democratic traditions-They had more experience with monarchiesexperience with monarchies

People wanted a government to solve People wanted a government to solve their economic problems-No matter their economic problems-No matter what type of government it was!what type of government it was!

Reasons for DictatorsReasons for Dictators

The depression in Europe gave The depression in Europe gave rise to the dictators in Spain, Italy rise to the dictators in Spain, Italy and Germany.and Germany.

People lost hope in democracies People lost hope in democracies and wanted a strong leader to and wanted a strong leader to correct the problems.correct the problems.

Strong leaders promised solutions Strong leaders promised solutions to the problems in their countries.to the problems in their countries.

Mussolini’s ItalyMussolini’s Italy

FascismFascism

A political movement A political movement that promotesthat promotes– Extremely Right-wingExtremely Right-wing– Extreme NationalismExtreme Nationalism

Often based on racismOften based on racism– ImperialismImperialism– Dictatorial governmentDictatorial government– Denial of individual Denial of individual

rightsrights– One party systemOne party system

The main idea of The main idea of Fascism isFascism isDestroy the will of the Destroy the will of the

individual in favor of individual in favor of the peoplethe people

FascismFascism

Fascism

StrongMilitary

Use of Censorship

&Propaganda

ExtremeNationalism

Use ofViolence and

Terror

Blind LoyaltyTo the leader

State controlledeconomy

FascismFascism

Fascism differs from Stalin’s Fascism differs from Stalin’s totalitarian government in that Stalin totalitarian government in that Stalin was seen as a extreme left-wingwas seen as a extreme left-wing– Stalin sought to destroy the traditional Stalin sought to destroy the traditional

institutions- i.e.-churchinstitutions- i.e.-church– Stalin further sought to destroy the class Stalin further sought to destroy the class

systemsystem Mussolini and the Fascist with their extreme Mussolini and the Fascist with their extreme

form of nationalism sought to build up the class form of nationalism sought to build up the class system in Italysystem in Italy

The Rise of MussoliniThe Rise of Mussolini

Italy after World War IItaly after World War I– The Treaty of Versailles The Treaty of Versailles

gave away land that had gave away land that had been promised to Italy been promised to Italy by Britain and France.by Britain and France.

– Italy’s economy was Italy’s economy was slowslow

Men could not find Men could not find workwork

Trade was slowTrade was slow Taxes were high (pay Taxes were high (pay

for the war)for the war) Workers went on strikeWorkers went on strike

MussoliniMussolini

In 1919 Mussolini created the National In 1919 Mussolini created the National Fascist PartyFascist Party

Party squads known as Blackshirts were Party squads known as Blackshirts were paid to fight with the socialist and paid to fight with the socialist and communistcommunist

The destruction of the socialist and The destruction of the socialist and communist parties lead to the support of communist parties lead to the support of the factory owners and the land ownersthe factory owners and the land owners

With this support Mussolini and his party With this support Mussolini and his party members were elected to the Italian members were elected to the Italian ParliamentParliament


Benito MussoliniBenito Mussolini– Mussolini took Mussolini took

advantage of the advantage of the unrest and unrest and economic economic problems in Italy problems in Italy to force King to force King Victor Emmanuel Victor Emmanuel III to appoint him III to appoint him to a key cabinet to a key cabinet postpost


Mussolini used Mussolini used his Blackshirts to his Blackshirts to march on Rome march on Rome and the King and the King gave into gave into Mussolini and Mussolini and appointed him appointed him prime Minsterprime Minster


By 1922 the Fascist By 1922 the Fascist and Mussolini were and Mussolini were in power.in power.– They used violence They used violence

and terror to win and terror to win elections.elections.

Once in power Mussolini Once in power Mussolini endedended– Free electionsFree elections– Free speechFree speech– Free PressFree Press


By 1926 Mussolini By 1926 Mussolini had killed off many of had killed off many of his political his political opponentsopponents

Democracy was Democracy was ended in Italy-ended in Italy-Mussolini was now Mussolini was now the totalitarian the totalitarian dictator of Italy dictator of Italy

Italy now turned to a Italy now turned to a policy of expansionpolicy of expansion

Class QuestionClass Question

In some countries Fascism was In some countries Fascism was regarded as a possible regarded as a possible alternative to democratic and alternative to democratic and parliamentary governmentparliamentary government

WhyWhy

Hitler’s GermanyHitler’s Germany


Without the Great Depression Without the Great Depression there is no Hitlerthere is no Hitler

Yes or no-Why or why notYes or no-Why or why not

The Rise of HitlerThe Rise of Hitler

Germany after World War IGermany after World War I – The Kaiser stepped downThe Kaiser stepped down– A democratic A democratic

government called the government called the Weimar Republic took Weimar Republic took overover

– Leader of this Leader of this government was Paul government was Paul HindenburgHindenburg

– The Weimar Rep. was The Weimar Rep. was weakweak

– Inflation caused a major Inflation caused a major economic problemeconomic problem

– People were poorPeople were poor

Wiemar RepublicWiemar Republic

Wiemar RepublicWiemar Republic– As soldiers returned home from World As soldiers returned home from World

War One many were upset over the War One many were upset over the harsh conditions of the Treaty of harsh conditions of the Treaty of VersaillesVersailles

– Workers and soldiers began to form Workers and soldiers began to form councils in cities like Berlin to discuss councils in cities like Berlin to discuss the current state of Germanythe current state of Germany

– Out of these councils grew political Out of these councils grew political groupsgroups


Germany was also experiencing an Germany was also experiencing an economic crisiseconomic crisis

$33 billion dollars in war reparations$33 billion dollars in war reparations The collapse of the once prosperous The collapse of the once prosperous

German economyGerman economy Many looked to a strong conservative Many looked to a strong conservative

democratic republic-The Wiemar democratic republic-The Wiemar RepublicRepublic


The Wiemar The Wiemar Republic Republic – Paul von Paul von

Hindenberg a Hindenberg a German war hero German war hero became president became president of the governmentof the government

However However Hindenberg was not Hindenberg was not a good choice for a a good choice for a leader-He was not in leader-He was not in favor of the republicfavor of the republic


The new republic faced a serious economic The new republic faced a serious economic problemsproblems

The Wiemar Republic to meet the economic The Wiemar Republic to meet the economic problems began printing money causing severe problems began printing money causing severe inflationinflation

There was a time of prosperity in Germany from There was a time of prosperity in Germany from about 1925-1929 when there was an easing of about 1925-1929 when there was an easing of the debt payments and Germany was able to the debt payments and Germany was able to borrow money from the U.S. to repay debts-This borrow money from the U.S. to repay debts-This was to be short livedwas to be short lived

Finally the Wiemar Republic was seen as the Finally the Wiemar Republic was seen as the government that had signed the Treaty of government that had signed the Treaty of VersaillesVersailles

Germany and The Germany and The Great DepressionGreat Depression The loss of World War One after The loss of World War One after

coming close to winningcoming close to winning The inflation of 1923 which had wiped The inflation of 1923 which had wiped

out the savings of most middle class out the savings of most middle class German familiesGerman families

Finally the Great Depression of 1929 Finally the Great Depression of 1929 caused more misery and caused more misery and unemployment than in any other unemployment than in any other country in the worldcountry in the world

Some in Germany had enough with Some in Germany had enough with democracydemocracy


Germany needed a Germany needed a leader who could leader who could fix the economic fix the economic problems and problems and restore pride in restore pride in Germany.Germany.

Adolf Hitler and Adolf Hitler and the Nazi party the Nazi party promised to fix promised to fix Germany.Germany.


In 1921 Hitler becomes In 1921 Hitler becomes head of the German head of the German Workers Party (GWP)Workers Party (GWP)

The GWP later becomes The GWP later becomes the National Socialist the National Socialist German Workers (Nazi)German Workers (Nazi)

In 1933 Hitler was In 1933 Hitler was named Chancellor of named Chancellor of Germany.Germany.

By 1934 Hitler was By 1934 Hitler was dictator of Germanydictator of Germany

German Workers PartyGerman Workers PartyStart of the Nazi PartyStart of the Nazi Party In 1919, Anton Drexler, Gottfried Feder In 1919, Anton Drexler, Gottfried Feder

and Dietrich Eckart formed the German and Dietrich Eckart formed the German Worker's Party (GPW) in Munich. Worker's Party (GPW) in Munich.

The German Workers Party was upset over The German Workers Party was upset over Germany being blamed for World War One.Germany being blamed for World War One.

The party also blamed the Wiemar The party also blamed the Wiemar Government and the Jews for Germany Government and the Jews for Germany accepting defeat.accepting defeat.

The party also focused on creating a pure The party also focused on creating a pure blood Germany free of all non Germans blood Germany free of all non Germans like the Jews and the Poles.like the Jews and the Poles.

NSDAP/Nazi PartyNSDAP/Nazi Party

In April, 1920, Hitler pushes for a name In April, 1920, Hitler pushes for a name change of the party.change of the party.

They call themselves the National They call themselves the National Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP). Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP). NAZINAZI

While Hitler hated socialist ideas, While Hitler hated socialist ideas, socialism was a popular political socialism was a popular political philosophy in Germany after the First philosophy in Germany after the First World War and appealed to many people.World War and appealed to many people.

By 1921 Hitler pushes for and gets control By 1921 Hitler pushes for and gets control of the partyof the party

Party IdealsParty Ideals

In February 1920, the NSDAP published its In February 1920, the NSDAP published its first program which became known as the first program which became known as the Twenty-Five Points. Twenty-Five Points.

In the program the party refused to accept the In the program the party refused to accept the terms of the Versailles Treaty and called for terms of the Versailles Treaty and called for the reunification of all German people. the reunification of all German people.

To reinforce their ideas on nationalism, equal To reinforce their ideas on nationalism, equal rights were only to be given to German rights were only to be given to German citizens.citizens.

Foreigners and aliens would be denied these Foreigners and aliens would be denied these rights.rights.

Beginning of the Nazi Beginning of the Nazi PartyParty

NSDAP/Nazi PartyNSDAP/Nazi Party

He created his own He created his own personal army of storm personal army of storm troopers, the troopers, the Sturmbabteilung or SA. Sturmbabteilung or SA.

The group wore brown The group wore brown uniforms, the same uniforms, the same color as the victorious color as the victorious British army, hence the British army, hence the nickname nickname “Brownshirts.” “Brownshirts.”

Beer Hall PutschBeer Hall Putsch

Adolph Hitler endorsed the fall of the Weimar Adolph Hitler endorsed the fall of the Weimar Republic, and declared at a public rally on Republic, and declared at a public rally on October 30, 1923 that he was prepared to October 30, 1923 that he was prepared to march on Berlin to rid the government of the march on Berlin to rid the government of the Communists and the Jews. Communists and the Jews.

On November 8, 1923, Hitler held a rally at a On November 8, 1923, Hitler held a rally at a Munich beer hall and proclaimed a revolution. Munich beer hall and proclaimed a revolution.

The following day, he led 2,000 armed The following day, he led 2,000 armed "brown-shirts" in an attempt to take over the "brown-shirts" in an attempt to take over the Bavarian government.Bavarian government.


On November 8, Hitler led his army to a On November 8, Hitler led his army to a beer hall in Bavaria where local government beer hall in Bavaria where local government leaders were holding a meeting. leaders were holding a meeting.

The Nazis quickly captured the politicians The Nazis quickly captured the politicians and Hitler put himself in charge. and Hitler put himself in charge.

The group then marched on the former The group then marched on the former Bavarian War Ministry building when the Bavarian War Ministry building when the police opened fire. police opened fire.

During the riot the man beside Hitler was During the riot the man beside Hitler was killed as he pulled his leader to the ground.killed as he pulled his leader to the ground.


The failure of the Beer Hall Putsch brought The failure of the Beer Hall Putsch brought the obscure Hitler his first national publicity. the obscure Hitler his first national publicity.

Hitler was arrested and, after a 24-day trial, Hitler was arrested and, after a 24-day trial, sentenced to five years in Landsberg fortress sentenced to five years in Landsberg fortress a country-club type prisons where white-a country-club type prisons where white-collar criminals were sent. collar criminals were sent.

Hitler received a steady stream of visitors Hitler received a steady stream of visitors and presents and was treated more like he and presents and was treated more like he was on a picnic outing than serving as an was on a picnic outing than serving as an inmate.inmate.


The failure of the “Beer Hall The failure of the “Beer Hall Putsch” taught Hitler valuable Putsch” taught Hitler valuable lessons of power.lessons of power.– not to get into any more battles with not to get into any more battles with

an enemy that was larger and better an enemy that was larger and better armed. armed.

– his best chance to gain power would his best chance to gain power would be through the use of votes rather be through the use of votes rather than bullets. than bullets.

Mein KampfMein Kampf

Hitler served only nine months of his five-Hitler served only nine months of his five-year term. year term.

While in prison, he wrote the first volume of While in prison, he wrote the first volume of Mein Kampf. Mein Kampf.

It was partly an autobiographical book It was partly an autobiographical book although filled with although filled with – glorified inaccuracies glorified inaccuracies – self-serving half-truths self-serving half-truths – which detailed his views on the future of the which detailed his views on the future of the

German people.German people.

Mein KampfMein Kampf

In In Mein KampfMein Kampf, Hitler laid out his views on , Hitler laid out his views on the centrality of Aryan purity to historical the centrality of Aryan purity to historical progressprogress– The mortal danger posed by world Jewry and The mortal danger posed by world Jewry and

international communism, international communism, – The necessity of rebuilding German power, and The necessity of rebuilding German power, and

the importance of expanding Germany’s borders the importance of expanding Germany’s borders to provide the living space, to provide the living space, LebensraumLebensraum, the , the German people require. German people require.

Hitler did not conceal his intentions; they Hitler did not conceal his intentions; they were in black and white for anyone to read. were in black and white for anyone to read.

However very few in or outside Germany However very few in or outside Germany actually read the bookactually read the book..

Hitler Political Rise to Hitler Political Rise to Power Power Hitler was released from prison on December 20, Hitler was released from prison on December 20,

1924, after serving just over a year of his 1924, after serving just over a year of his sentence. The Germany of 1924 was dramatically sentence. The Germany of 1924 was dramatically different from the Germany of 1923. different from the Germany of 1923.

The economic policies of the German The economic policies of the German government had proved successful. government had proved successful.

Inflation had been brought under control and the Inflation had been brought under control and the economy began to improve. economy began to improve.

The German people gradually gained a new faith The German people gradually gained a new faith in their democratic system and began to find the in their democratic system and began to find the extremist solutions proposed by people such as extremist solutions proposed by people such as Hitler unattractive.Hitler unattractive.

Rise to PowerRise to Power

Using the Great Depression and the Using the Great Depression and the economic problems of Germany as a economic problems of Germany as a platform Hitler was able to increase platform Hitler was able to increase control the Nazi’s had in parliamentcontrol the Nazi’s had in parliament

In September 1930, the Nazi Party In September 1930, the Nazi Party increased its number of increased its number of representatives in parliament from 14 representatives in parliament from 14 to 107. Hitler was now the leader of to 107. Hitler was now the leader of the second largest party in Germany. the second largest party in Germany.

1933 Elections1933 Elections

Although Hitler had the support of certain Although Hitler had the support of certain sections of the German population he sections of the German population he never gained an elected majority. never gained an elected majority.

The best the Nazis could do in a election The best the Nazis could do in a election was 37.3 per cent of the vote they gained was 37.3 per cent of the vote they gained in July 1932. in July 1932.

When Hitler became chancellor in January When Hitler became chancellor in January 1933, the Nazis only had a third of the 1933, the Nazis only had a third of the seats in the Reichstag.seats in the Reichstag.

Hitler declared that there would be new Hitler declared that there would be new elections held in a monthelections held in a month

Reichstag FireReichstag Fire


Before the elections were held the Before the elections were held the Reichstag building was burned Reichstag building was burned down.down.

The Nazis claimed that the The Nazis claimed that the communist set fire to the Reichstag communist set fire to the Reichstag to destroy the German government.to destroy the German government.

Marinus van der Lubbe from Holland Marinus van der Lubbe from Holland who was a communist was found on who was a communist was found on the property.the property.


Lubbe was found at Lubbe was found at the Reichstag after the Reichstag after the fire.the fire.

Lubbe was tortured Lubbe was tortured and confessed to the and confessed to the fire.fire.

Lubbe was executed Lubbe was executed Jan. 10Jan. 10thth 1934. 1934.

It is believed today It is believed today that the Nazis actually that the Nazis actually started the fire and started the fire and used Lubbe as a used Lubbe as a scapegoatscapegoat..

1933 Elections1933 Elections

After the fire it was agreed that Hitler After the fire it was agreed that Hitler should take dictatorial power to should take dictatorial power to ensure the safety of the government.ensure the safety of the government.

Many communist leaders were Many communist leaders were arrested and either executed or placed arrested and either executed or placed in concentration camps.in concentration camps.

The elections were held on March 5The elections were held on March 5thth 1933 however the Nazis only gained 1933 however the Nazis only gained 43% of the vote.43% of the vote.

Enabling BillEnabling Bill

Hitler persuaded Hitler persuaded President President Hindenburg to Hindenburg to sign an sign an emergency decree emergency decree authorizing Hitler authorizing Hitler to suspend all civil to suspend all civil rights and arrest rights and arrest and execute any and execute any suspicious person. suspicious person.


After the elections Hitler and the Nazis After the elections Hitler and the Nazis needed to find a way to take power.needed to find a way to take power.

Hitler used his dictatorial powers to Hitler used his dictatorial powers to start eliminating members of the start eliminating members of the communist and socialist parties.communist and socialist parties.

The many communist and socialist The many communist and socialist members of the Reichstag were either members of the Reichstag were either eliminated or removed from their eliminated or removed from their positions.positions.


When the vote came up in the When the vote came up in the Reichstag granting Hitler full Reichstag granting Hitler full dictatorial power few were left to dictatorial power few were left to vote against the bill.vote against the bill.

Hitler was now dictator and free Hitler was now dictator and free to eliminate any who opposed to eliminate any who opposed him.him.

Nazi Book Burning Nazi Book Burning May 10May 10thth 1933 1933


Why would the Nazis want to Why would the Nazis want to burn books?burn books?

What is the danger in What is the danger in burning/banning books?burning/banning books?


HitlerHitler– Creates a new Creates a new

Germany called Germany called the Third Reich.the Third Reich.


HitlerHitler– Turns Germany into a Turns Germany into a

totalitarian state.totalitarian state.– Creates a one party Creates a one party

system (Nazi Party)system (Nazi Party)– Ends civil rightsEnds civil rights– Murders many of his Murders many of his

political enemies.political enemies.– Uses force and terror Uses force and terror

to enforce his rule.to enforce his rule.– Uses propaganda, art Uses propaganda, art

and education to and education to promote him and the promote him and the Nazi party.Nazi party.


HitlerHitler– Puts businesses Puts businesses

under government under government control.control.

– Starts public works Starts public works programs which programs which employs many employs many people.people.

– Rebuilds the Rebuilds the military.military.

– Raises the standard Raises the standard of living.of living.


Hitler instituted programs against Hitler instituted programs against Jews to restrict their lives in an Jews to restrict their lives in an attempt to drive them from attempt to drive them from Germany.Germany.

Many did not care about Hitler’s Many did not care about Hitler’s policies many were just happy being policies many were just happy being employed and having a renewed employed and having a renewed sense of military and nationalistic sense of military and nationalistic pride. pride.

Hitler and MussoliniHitler and Mussolini

Positives:Positives:– Both Hitler and Both Hitler and

Mussolini improved Mussolini improved the economic the economic conditions of their conditions of their nations.nations.

– Both restored order Both restored order to their countries.to their countries.

– Both brought back Both brought back nationalistic pride.nationalistic pride.

Negatives:Negatives:– Many lost Many lost

individual rights.individual rights.– Many were Many were

driven out of the driven out of the countries or countries or murdered.murdered.

The Rise of Japanese The Rise of Japanese MilitarismMilitarism The Japanese The Japanese

began a program began a program of militarism in of militarism in the 1930’sthe 1930’s– Japan wanted to Japan wanted to

restore its restore its greatnessgreatness

– Get rid of western Get rid of western influenceinfluence

– Gain foreign landsGain foreign lands

The Rise of Japanese The Rise of Japanese MilitarismMilitarism In 1931 Japan In 1931 Japan

attacks Manchuria.attacks Manchuria. Japan withdraws Japan withdraws

from the League of from the League of Nations.Nations.

An increase in An increase in loyalty to the loyalty to the emperor.emperor.

Japan attempts to Japan attempts to imperialize China.imperialize China.

World War TwoWorld War Two

The CausesThe Causes

World War TwoWorld War Two

In the 1930’s Germany, Italy and Japan In the 1930’s Germany, Italy and Japan wanted to build new empires.wanted to build new empires.

All three became aggressive in taking over All three became aggressive in taking over land.land.

The League of Nations was weak and The League of Nations was weak and could not stop this aggressive imperialism.could not stop this aggressive imperialism.

Western nations were trying to recover Western nations were trying to recover from a depression and at first paid little from a depression and at first paid little attention to Italy, Germany or Japan.attention to Italy, Germany or Japan.

Western nations did not want war.Western nations did not want war.

After World War OneAfter World War One

Several attempts were made Several attempts were made after World War One to stop after World War One to stop aggression and warfare in the aggression and warfare in the worldworld– League of NationsLeague of Nations (1921)(1921)– Washington Naval Conference Washington Naval Conference

(1921)(1921)– Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)

League of NationsLeague of Nations

The The League of NationsLeague of Nations was an was an international organization founded after international organization founded after the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. the Paris Peace Conference of 1919.

The League's goals included;The League's goals included;– Disarmament Disarmament – preventing war through collective securitypreventing war through collective security– settling disputes between countries through settling disputes between countries through

negotiation negotiation – improving global welfare improving global welfare

League of NationsLeague of Nations

The League lacked an The League lacked an armed force of its own armed force of its own and so depended on the and so depended on the great powers to enforce great powers to enforce its resolutions and its resolutions and these countries they these countries they were often very were often very reluctant to do. reluctant to do.

The League ultimately The League ultimately proved incapable of proved incapable of preventing aggression preventing aggression by the Germany, Japan, by the Germany, Japan, and Italy in the 1930s and Italy in the 1930s

Washington Naval Washington Naval ConferenceConference The The Washington Naval ConferenceWashington Naval Conference

was a diplomatic conference, called by was a diplomatic conference, called by the administration of President Harding the administration of President Harding and held in Washington D.C. from 1921-and held in Washington D.C. from 1921-1922 1922

Conducted outside the boundaries of the Conducted outside the boundaries of the League of Nations, it was attended by League of Nations, it was attended by nine nations having interests in the nine nations having interests in the Pacific Ocean.Pacific Ocean.

It was the first disarmament conference It was the first disarmament conference in history in history

Washington Naval Washington Naval ConferenceConference The primary objective of the The primary objective of the

conference was to inhibit conference was to inhibit Japanese naval expansion in the Japanese naval expansion in the west Pacific. west Pacific.

Their secondary objectives were Their secondary objectives were intended to ultimately limit intended to ultimately limit Japanese and British aggressionJapanese and British aggression

Kellogg-Briand PactKellogg-Briand Pact

An agreement, signed Aug. 27, 1928, An agreement, signed Aug. 27, 1928, condemning “recourse to war for the condemning “recourse to war for the solution of international controversies.” solution of international controversies.”

It is more properly known as the Pact It is more properly known as the Pact of Paris. of Paris.

Aristide Aristide Briand, foreign minister of , foreign minister of France proposed to the U.S. France proposed to the U.S. government a treaty outlawing war government a treaty outlawing war between the two countries. between the two countries.

Kellogg-BriandKellogg-Briand

The Pact of Paris was signed by 15 The Pact of Paris was signed by 15 nations—Australia, Belgium, Canada, nations—Australia, Belgium, Canada, Czechoslovakia, France, Germany, Great Czechoslovakia, France, Germany, Great Britain, India, the Irish Free State, Italy, Britain, India, the Irish Free State, Italy, Japan, New Zealand, Poland, South Japan, New Zealand, Poland, South Africa, and the United States.Africa, and the United States.

The parties agreed that settlement of all The parties agreed that settlement of all conflicts, no matter of what origin or conflicts, no matter of what origin or nature, should be sought only by nature, should be sought only by peaceful means and that war was to be peaceful means and that war was to be renounced as an instrument of national renounced as an instrument of national policy. policy.

Kellogg-BriandKellogg-Briand

Although 62 nations ultimately ratified Although 62 nations ultimately ratified the pact it failed to provide measures of the pact it failed to provide measures of enforcement. enforcement.

The pact proved to be meaningless, The pact proved to be meaningless, especially with the practice of waging especially with the practice of waging undeclared wars in the 1930s (the undeclared wars in the 1930s (the Japanese invasion of Manchuria in Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1931, the Italian invasion of Ethiopia in 1931, the Italian invasion of Ethiopia in 1935, and the German occupation of 1935, and the German occupation of Austria in 1938). Austria in 1938).

Italy Italy

In 1935 Italy invaded In 1935 Italy invaded Ethiopia looking for new Ethiopia looking for new land.land.

The Ethiopians had The Ethiopians had outdated weapons and could outdated weapons and could not stop the Italian Army.not stop the Italian Army.

The Emperor of Ethiopia The Emperor of Ethiopia Haile Selassie appealed to Haile Selassie appealed to the League of Nations for the League of Nations for help.help.

The League could do little The League could do little but try to ban the sale of but try to ban the sale of weapons to Italy. Not all weapons to Italy. Not all countries agreed to the ban.countries agreed to the ban.

JapanJapan

In 1931 Japan In 1931 Japan invades invades Manchuria. Manchuria. When the League When the League of Nations of Nations condemns the condemns the act Japan act Japan withdraws from withdraws from the League.the League.

JapanJapan

In 1937 Japan invades In 1937 Japan invades mainland China.mainland China.

The Chinese army The Chinese army outnumbers the Japanese outnumbers the Japanese however the Japanese have however the Japanese have better weapons.better weapons.

Japan overruns China and Japan overruns China and sets up a puppet sets up a puppet government in Nanjing.government in Nanjing.

The Japanese are so brutal The Japanese are so brutal to the Chinese at Nanjing to the Chinese at Nanjing that the Japanese control that the Japanese control over Nanjing is called the over Nanjing is called the “rape of Nanjing”“rape of Nanjing”

GermanyGermany

Hitler glorifies Hitler glorifies war as a way of war as a way of restoring restoring national pride to national pride to Germany. Germany. (Militarism).(Militarism).

GermanyGermany

Hitler begins a policy Hitler begins a policy of German land of German land expansion later expansion later known as known as lebensraum or “living lebensraum or “living space”space”..

Hitler rebuilds the Hitler rebuilds the German Army a German Army a direct violation of the direct violation of the Treaty of Versailles.Treaty of Versailles.

GermanyGermany

In 1936 Hitler In 1936 Hitler moves troops into moves troops into the Rhineland on the Rhineland on the boarder of the boarder of France. A direct France. A direct violation of the violation of the Treaty of Versailles.Treaty of Versailles.

GermanyGermany

In March 1938 Hitler In March 1938 Hitler moves troops into moves troops into Austria creating an Austria creating an AnschlussAnschluss or union or union between Austria and between Austria and Germany.Germany.

A direct violation of the A direct violation of the Treaty of Versailles.Treaty of Versailles.

Britain and France Britain and France ignore the pledge to ignore the pledge to help Austria.help Austria.

GermanyGermany

In September 1938 In September 1938 Hitler demanded the Hitler demanded the western part of western part of Czechoslovakia known Czechoslovakia known as the Sudetenland as the Sudetenland become part of become part of Germany.Germany.

Hitler claimed that 3 Hitler claimed that 3 million German million German speaking people lived speaking people lived there and should be there and should be German territory.German territory.

AppeasementAppeasement

The Czech Government refused The Czech Government refused to give the Sudetenland to Hitler.to give the Sudetenland to Hitler.

The Czech’s had an alliance with The Czech’s had an alliance with France and asked France for France and asked France for help.help.

Britain and France began to Britain and France began to prepare for war.prepare for war.

Appeasement/The Munich Appeasement/The Munich ConferenceConference

To avoid warMussolini sets up

a meeting between

France, Britain,Italy and Germany

The Czechs are notinvited

The meetingcalled the Munich

Conference is held

Sept. 29, 1938

British Prime MinisterChamberlain

tries topreserve peace

On Sept. 30, 1938Hitler takes

over the Sudetenland

Chamberlaingives intoHitler’s

demands

Hitler agrees to respect

Czechoslovakia'snew boarders.War is avoid.

March 1939German troops take over the

rest ofCzechoslovakia.

Nazi/Soviet Nazi/Soviet Nonaggression PactNonaggression Pact France and Britain France and Britain

asked the Soviet asked the Soviet Union to help stop Union to help stop German aggression.German aggression.

The democracies of The democracies of France and Britain France and Britain and the Communist and the Communist of the Soviet Union of the Soviet Union did not trust each did not trust each other.other.

Nazi/Soviet Nazi/Soviet Nonaggression PactNonaggression Pact Hitler also began talks Hitler also began talks

with the Soviet Union.with the Soviet Union. On August 23, 1939 On August 23, 1939

Germany and the Germany and the Soviet Union agreed Soviet Union agreed not to attack each not to attack each other.other.

Now only France and Now only France and Britain could stop Britain could stop Hitler.Hitler.

Hitler was also clear to Hitler was also clear to invade Poland.invade Poland.

The Invasion of PolandThe Invasion of Poland

In April 1939 Hitler In April 1939 Hitler demanded the upper demanded the upper western part of western part of Poland be returned Poland be returned to Germany.to Germany.

France and Britain France and Britain refused.refused.

On Sept. 1, 1939 On Sept. 1, 1939 Hitler invaded Hitler invaded Poland and started Poland and started World War Two.World War Two.

Axis PowersAxis Powers

Germany, Italy Germany, Italy and Japan and Japan formed the Axis formed the Axis Powers.Powers.

Documents

Rise of Dictators HitlerMussoliniJapan. Great Depression The cost of World War One was devastating The cost of World War One was devastating –About $180