Slide 1

Title: IDENTIFICATION OF RISK FACTORS OF DIABETES IN DISRTICT RAWALPINDI

Group membersAREEBA ZULNASH 13-ARID-2147IQRA ARSHAD 13-ARID-2161SANIA TABASUM 13-ARID-2176AROOSA GUL 13-ARID-2148

Introduction.Diabetes is a chronic disease that occurs either when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or when the body cannot effectively use the insulin it produces (World Health Organization)

Cont...Diabetes is a disease rapidly increasing throughout the world today.It is referred to as the worlds modern epidemic. Diabetes is the fifth leading cause of death in the world. There were 171 million people suffering from diabetes worldwide in 2000. They are expecting this number to be doubled by year 2050 with 366 million diagnosed people. (WHO).

Cont...Types of diabetes:Diabetes mellitus type1:The Type 1 diabetes is caused by the lack of insulin, which is necessary to regulate the blood sugarType 2 Diabetes:noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)oradult-onset diabetesGestational Diabetes: It occurs during pregnancy.

Cont...Diabetes in world According to the International Diabetes Federation285 million people across the world are suffering from diabetes by the year 2030, the figure is expected to reach 438.4 million an increase of nearly 54 per cent.Cont...Diabetes in Pakistan It is estimated that Pakistan is become 7thlargest country in terms of Diabetes population and it will be 4thlargest by the year 2030. It is an alarming figure. Diabetes is the cause of 88,000 deaths per day - Men: 35,615 - Women: 52,397 Pakistan is having very little quota for health budget. 24$ per person cost of diabetes in Pakistan

Cont... Risk factors of diabetesHeart disease and strokeESRD (End stage kidney disease) Leg amputationsBlindness:

Cont...Objectives of the study are To study the relationship between: diabetic and demographic factors such as age, height, weight, family history. diabetes and chronicle diseases such as heart diseases, kidney diseases, blood pressure. diabetes and counter medication methods (such as vitamins, iron supplements, others).diabetes and dental problems.diabetes and depression.To study the effect of healthy diet on diabetic patients.

Literature ReviewAnnis et al. (2005) concluded that family history of diabetes was shown to be a significant predictor of diabetes.Graham et al. (1995) concluded that the excess risk for diabetes with even modest and typical adult weight gain is substantial.Golay and Ybarra (2005) explained the link between obesity and type 2 diabetes

Cont...Olendzki et al. (2006) concluded that a diabetic can quickly complicate his or her condition without consuming the appropriate levels of proteins and sugar on a regular basis . Epstain and Sowers (1992) explained that diabetes mellitus and hypertension are common diseases that coexist at a greater frequency than chance alone would predict. Kahleova et al. (2014) concluded that eating only breakfast and lunch reduced body weight, HFC, fasting plasma glucose, C-peptide and glucagon, and increased OGIS, Cont...Sheri (2010) concluded exercise plays a major role in the prevention and control of insulin resistance, prediabetes , gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) , type 2 diabetes, and diabetes-related health complications. Lee (2005) concluded that the onset of diabetes is characterized by metabolic and hemodynamic disturbances that increase vascular permeability, raise systemic blood pressure, and alter the regulation of intracapillary pressure.

Cont... We have drawn following variables from reviewing literature so far.Demographic factorsFamily historyCholesterol levelBlood pressureHeart, kidney, joint, dental, eye sight problemsBlood pressuredepression Eating habbitsPysical activitiesUsage of counter medications .

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Risk factor of diabetesVariables and symtomsExamplesKidney problemHeart diseaseBlood pressure

Sampling techniqueN=500Target populationCase control studyChi square

Cont...Chi-Square DistributionThe Chi-square distribution was discovered by Friedrich Robert Helmert (1843-1917) in 1876 but forgotten until Karl Pearson rediscovered it in 1900.This distribution is used extensively in applied statistics. AttributesResults.

Cont...General Procedure for testing hypothesisFormulate the null and alternative hypothesis asHo: the two attributes of classification are not associated.H1: the two attributes of classification are associated.Choose a significance level . The commonly used level are at =0.05, 0.01.The test-statistic to used is

Determine P-ValueIf P-Value , then reject Ho, otherwise accept Ho

Results and discussionsChi-square Analysis:

Procedure for testing the association between diabetes and age factor:Null and alternative hypothesis:Ho: There is no association between diabetes and age factor.H1: There is an association between diabetes and age factor.Level of significance: = 0.05

Computation:Table 2: Chi-Square Tests

=1.722E2a with 5 degree of freedom and p-value = 0.00ValueDfAsymp. Sig. (2-sided)Pearson Chi-Square1.722E2a5.000Likelihood Ratio190.0505.000Linear-by-Linear Association158.7321.000N of Valid Cases500Conclusion: As P-value =0.00 is less than = 0.05, so we reject our null hypothesis and conclude that there is association between diabetes and age factor

Procedure for testing the association between diabetes and family history:Null and alternative hypothesis:Ho: There is no association between diabetes and family history.H1: There is an association between diabetes and family history.Level of significance: = 0.05

Computation:Table 3: Chi-Square Tests

ValueDfAsymp. Sig. (2-sided)Exact Sig. (2-sided)Exact Sig. (1-sided)Pearson Chi-Square2.527a1.112Continuity Correctionb2.2421.134Likelihood Ratio2.5221.112Fisher's Exact Test.117.067Linear-by-Linear Association2.5221.112N of Valid Casesb500Conclusion:As P-value =0.112 is greater than = 0.05, so we reject our null hypothesis and conclude that there is no association between diabetes and family history.

Summary and ConclusionsThis research study was planned to study the risk factors of diabetes. The data of 200 patients and 300 of healthy people was collected from the citizens of Rawalpindi for this purpose. The structured questionnaire contained the questions regarding all the variables.

Cont... Our study showed association of diabetes with following factors. that increasing age marital status Gender obesity cholesterol level depressionDentaleye, kidney, heart, joint, blood pressure, frequent urination problem.Cont...Diabetes is not significantly associated with following factors positive family historyexhaustive work

Cont... Finally it is concluded that by controlling Cholesterol levelDepressionBlood pressureBy taking proper medications, healthy diet and exercise we can reduce the risk of diabetes.

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