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RIS-M-2314

QUALITY OF THE RADIOGRAPHIC IMAGE IN

PAPER RADIOGRAPHY

J.C. Domanus and H.M. El Fouly

Abstract. The quality of the radiographic image was investigated

by the use of standard ISO wire Image Quality Indicators and

ASTH Penetrameters. 10, 20, and 30 mm thick welds on alumunium

and steel plates were radiographed using X-ray machines with vol

tages from 35 to 300 kV. Agfa-Gevaert Structurix IC paper with

Structurix IC screens Type II as well as Kodak Industrex 600 and

620 and Rapid 700 paper with Fl and F2 screens were used through

out the investigation. The results reached for radiographic paper

were compared with those for a fast X-ray film (Kodak Industrex D ) .

The results of the investigation were presented at the Inter

national Conference Joining of Netals JOM-1 in Elsinore, Denmark

(9-12.8.1981) and at the Second European Conference on Non

destructive Testing in Vienna (14-16.9.1981).The texts of both

papers are reproduced in this report. *

INIS-descriptors; COMPARITIVE EVALUATIONS? IMAGES; INDUSTRIAL

RADIOGRAPHY; INSPECTION; PAPER; PHOTOGRAPHIC FILMS; QUALITY CON

TROL; WELDED JOINTS; X-RAY RADIOGRAPHY.

UDC 6?0.179.15 : 537.531

September 1981

Ris National Laboratory, DK 4000 Roskilde, Denmark

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CONTENTS

Pag

RADIOGRAPHIC PAPER FOR THE QUALITY CONTROL OF

JOINT STRUCTURES 5

1. Introduction 5

2.Radiographic paper 6

3. Intensifying screens 6

4.Radiographic material used for comparison 7

5. Quality of the radiographic image 8

6. Applications of paper radiography 8

7.

Conclusions 10

References 11

ISO WIRE IQI'S VS. ASTM PENETRAMETERS IN PAPER

RADIOGRAPHY 13

1. Introduction 13

2.

Experimental set-up 14

3. Image quality indicators and penetrameters 14

4.Radiographic image quality 14

4.1. Aluminium 16

4.2. Steel 17

5. Conclusions 18

References 21

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Tht

ELSIItlE.Deaasrt

AafMtt . -12 .1 IS1 1 1 C 7

RADIOGRAPHIC PAPER FOR TIE QUALITY CONTROL OF JCOTT STRLr7JR3

J.C. Dcmanus and M.H. El Fcuiy

Nuclear Department

Elsinore Shipbuilding ami Engineering Co.. Ltd.*)

QK-aOOO Helsinges*. Denmark

* Ra diatio n Science Department

National Center for Research

and

Radiation Technology**}

Cairo, Egypt

Synopsis:Thepossibility ofusing radiographic paper

insteadofX-ray film in theradiographic quality con

trol ofmetal-joined structures aredescussed. Advan

tages

of

this technique

are

presented: lower material,

equipment, andlabor costs, shorter exposureandpro

cessing tines,andeasier radiation protection. Results

ofaninvestigationofradiographic image quality, per

formed on different brands ofradiographic paperand

compared with that of fast X-ray film, aregivenfor

inspecting aluminium andsteel Joints. They verify that

radiographic paper provides adequate quality formany

applications of radiographic control of metal joint

structures.

Two

examples

are

given

o f

such applications

taken from nuclear technology: nuclear fuelandirradi

ation cans.

I. Introduction

Itiscarmen practice to use radiography for the quality controlof

joint structures.Forthat purpose X-ray filmsarecommonly used.To

get radiographs

of a

high quality fine grain films are required which

needarelatively long exposuresdue to theslow speedofsuch fiL-3.

The processingofX-ray films requiresawet procedure which connected

with thenecessary dryingof the wetfilms givesarattier long pro

cessing time. X-ray machines used

for

radiography

are

al3c rather

expensive, especially when fine grain X-ray films areused, which

require relatively higher kilovcltages, creating inturn, mere diffi

cult radiation protection prcfclems.Due tothat X-ray film radiography

isarather time consumingandexpensive control tool.

There are,however, possibilities to make X-ray radiography

cheaper

and

faster

if

instead

of

X-ray film radiographic pacer

w i n

be used. The use of it presents thefollowing advantages: lower

material cost (thepaper is 3 to 4 mescheaper than thefiLtw,

) Work performed under contract with Rise National Laboratory.

*5Fellowship holier at Ri3 National Laboratory under theUnited

Nations International Atomic Energy Agency Technical As3i3tar.ce

Program.

l-

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shorter exposure and processing tines, lighter and less expensive X-

ray machines and easier radiation protection problems (as lower kilo-

voltages for paper radiography are

required).

The use of radiographic

paper for the quality control of Joint structures will be possible

only then, when paper radiography will assure adequate quality cf the

radiographic image. This has been investigated on aluninium and steel

Joints and is reported below.

II.Radiographic paper

For radiographic papers a stabilization processing is used, which

can in short be described in the following way. This is a method cf

producing radiographs on paper much faster than is possible by con-

vantional develop-stop-fix-wash processing. Exposed paper processed

t, stabilization makes quality, ready-to-use radiographs available in

seconds. These stabilized radiographs are net permanent because the

chemical reactions within the emulsion have been stopped only tempo

rarily. They will, however, last long enough to serve a number of

practical purposes. In fact, stabilized radiographs often remain un

changed for many months if they are no- xposed to strong light, high

temperature, or excessive humidity.

Stabilization processing is a machine operation in which radio

graphs on paper are processed in about 10 seconds and leave the pro

cesser in a slightly damp condition. They dry completely in a few

minutes.

The main differences between stabilization processing and

ordinary radiographic processing are in the speed of activaticn

(development) and in the method of treating the unexposed lightsen-

3itive silver halide left in the emulsion after development. In con

ventional processing, the unused 3ilver halide is dissolved by the

fixer and any traces of soluble silver salts left after fixing are

removed by subsequent washing. The rsulting radiographs are stable fcr

long periods. In stabilization processing, however, the silver halide

is converted to compounds which are only temporarily stable and the

radiographs have a limited keeping time. However, stabilized radio

graphs can be made permanent by fixing and washing after they have

served their initial purpose.

In papers designed for stabilization processing, developing

agents are incorporated in the paper emulsion. Development is achieved

by applying an alkaline activator to the emulsion surface. The sta

bilizer is then applied to neutralise the activator and to convert any

remaining silver haiide to relatively stable, colorless compounds.

Figure 1, en the next page, shews a schematic diagram cf a paper

processor. Further derails about the radiographic paper can be found in

[i].

III.

Intensifying screens

Because of the rather low response of radiographic paper to direct

X-rays it must be used with fluorescent intensifying screens with

-2-

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which it shows a relatively higjt speed. One can profit by this his?.

speed in two different ways: f ir st , the erasu re ti e s can be conside

rably stxitaittd while keeping the saae kiicvoltage as for en X-ray

f i le [2]- and second, to keep the exposure (atadn) constant and lower

the kUcwoltaee [3].

The first solution will undoubtedly lower the quality of the

radiographic ioas due to the use of fluorescent intensifying screen.

whereas in the second the radiographic contrast of the object to be

radiographed w il l increase (due tc the lower kilov oltag e in use)

the overall ojueity of the radiograph will be Maintained.

A c t *

S t a b i l l u r

Fig.

1.

Schematic diagram

of a

paper processor.

IV. Radiographic material used for comparison

The following brandscf theradicgrphic paper were used: Agfa-

Gevaert StructurlxICpaper withIC IIintensifying screensandKodak

600,

620 and 700

paper with

Fl and F2

intensifying screens.

The

IC,

60C and 620paper brands were processed inprocessersof thetype

shewnon Fig.1,whereasthe 700paperwashand processed inregular

X-ray film processing tanks (development

45 s,

fixing

3

min, washing

10 min, drying10min).

To compare thequality of theradiographic image enpaper with

that

on

X-ray film

the

Kodak Industrex

D

(high speed)

was

used

througout theinvestigation. It wasused with0.05 + 0.10 mmthick

lead intensifying screens forkilcvcltages exceeding 50 kV.Further

details about

the

comparison between paper

and

film radiography

tan

be foundin[4],

-3-

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V. Quality of the radiographic image

Tb verif y the usefulness of the radiographic paper the qua lity

of the radiographic image obtain ed on paper was tes te d and compared

tilth that o f X-ray f i l . Standard image qu ality indic ators were

utilised for that purpose.

IX Mire KJTs were used to assess the quality of radiographs

taken at di ffe re nt vo lta ges of 10 . 20 and X am thic k aluminium and

st ee l pi *t es . The Al pl at es were radiographed at vo lta ges f ro s 35 t s

SO kV, st ee l pl at es were radiographed at 125 to 300 kV. In e l l in

stan ces radiographic qua lity or ZX or b ett er could be reached, which

was in aeny i ns tan ces worse than tha t reached wit h the high speed D

fila>. Throughout the investigation two types of X-ray aachines were

used: a c onstan t po ten tia l 5-50 kV machine with a b er yl liu a window

X-ray tu be, and above 50 kV two si ng le tank, eel f- re ct if ie d aachines

(50-180 kV and 100-300 kV).

The results of the image quality investigation can be summarized

as follow s: For aluminium welds (on pla te s up to X an thick ) b est

qu alit y can be reached when using the s o ft X-ray technique (b eryllium

window X-ray tube). For a 10 tea Al plate a wire 101 percent image

qu alit y of 1.25* could b e reached for most paper brands when usin g 35

to 40 KV. whereas the Kodak Inou strex D fil m showed a IX qu al ity V

the same region. For a 20 me Al pl at e a 1% se n si ti v it y could be

reached fo r most of the paper-screen combinations a t 40 to 45 kV,

whereas the D film could give a 0.8ft sen si ti vi ty . Fin ally , for a X

ran Al plate a 0.67% sensitivity can be reached for paper at 45 to X

kV and a 0.53ft s en si ti vi ty for the 0 fi lm .

For st ee l welds kil ov olt ag es above 125 kV had to be used and con

secutively no such good qualities were possible as with the soft

X-rays (below X kV). Nev erthele ss, al so here paper radiographs of

good quality could be produced. A

2

wire ICI quality can be reached

with most of the paper-screen combinations at 125 to 175 kV. With the

0 film at 125 kV a quality of 1.25ft i s po ssi ble . For a 20 mms tee l

plate a quality of 1.25ft can be reached for paper at I X to 175 kV,

whereas the D film i s only sli gt hl y be tter (1.0ft). F ina lly, at X m

of s te e l the paper shows a good qu al ity of 1.33X and the D film 1.07%

at kilovoltagss between 175 and 225 kV.

Table 1 gives the res ults o f the image quality inve stiga tion ,

where best results reached for different paper brands and the D film

are shown.

VI. Applications of paper radiography

From the de scrip tion of the prop ertie s of the radiographic paper

given above it appears that one will use radiographic paper in the

followin g ins tan ces : i f the exposure time has to be shorten con

sid era bly , i f i t i s necessary to obtain radiographs ready for

assessment in a very short time, i f the case of proce ssing and cf

evaluating the results cf radiography is of primary importance, if

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F ig . 2 . Paper radiograph o f a 1.5 an Al wsM . taken at S kV.

VIZ. GcncluB&ona

IT . diffe ren t uiterreeion el [f ] ans national C

7

. a. t ] standards

r a i| i i i a m ara given regarding thereUaBBhic quality lawala. They

ara d if fs m t fb r di ffe re nt radiographic tschniques. According to the

O V M f f and I X /* . L If l 6 f b r

-ray

radiography two classes of X-ray

aora sensitive technique, this corresponds to ma tue elaaaas given

in DJJI 54 U1 0Q . The rup ih nir fb r class B given in ISO 250 []

requires s 2ft wire S S q ua lity fb r s 10amweld, a 1.291 fb r 2C asj ane

a 1.07% fb r X am. According to m e 0 0 t sta ns sU ma raojdraasnet

fb r clas s A and I are m e fbUc Min g: fb r 10 am - 3.2 and 2-CSV. ft r X

an - 2.0 and 1.29ft and fbr X

m

- 1-67 and 1-07 *. the general

re i i i l r nr of the MtO/tSm {7. \ is that "the qual i ty level for

radiography shall be as lease

W .

I f one M il l ccapars the above esnticned ra if ili a n e w ith the

results rssched in the uieeam investigation and a

UBL

in Table

1 , one w i l l cons to the eenciuslen m at the radiographic paper can

e et the r eq ui iaja uu set out bom in the ISO as we ll as m e D2-:

standards for class B (sore sensitiv technique) for aluajnlua wel^s

up to X as thick and fo r stee l welds up to X as . I f , however, only

m e class A (general technique) i s required men even a t X ae sf

steel the radiographic papar can aset the above raquiroaents. A :x

the AMSX/AS1M gen eral rsquirs sent about a t leas t

2

qual i ty leve l , i t

has also bean proved (by the use of the ASM pam tranets rs) th at th is

requiraaent can be est by the radiographic paper bom for Al and Ft

up to X a.

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IIIJ.C.

mm lasere =te. m. *ia*m 1*77.

"2

?-A. Ruauie: Lai poattn iiit K t u t U d ia

Sm I* entroi

^ M

je incs n e a t , jua i tcar ic a t tans i fi -

t induatriftUai d U aiwftanatii*. raat Ouiiftwj

' W i l tfert D no utt iffc. K ed*. if * , p. iCC.

C2T PJi. R ault : LA tse ht ia* rattajrajffcojtaL '**

* * M Cbnfcranc* ifenslal* ur las Stoats san

i f f . pap. X I .

M J.C. D H M and C. Muaalam: GBaajriaan ef * -r w f i l andi

ractaarajny. * H lttl . Ajril IfTl.

[5] J.C. O M M nd P.A. fcault: Industrial ajplicattcni of

jraahic aaaa*. ifcwrfalpiuftwt. a (1 *0 ) Mr. 3. U W 17 .

0 1 1 .3 .0 . 250. laOimiEajH y of ualda an vturtng eanditiana for

fUsa. UtiUsatton of i w M n M patterns of iaaja ** l i sy

indicators (I.9.I.) l t n . 0 t . 0 1 .

C7l MBI/JISSI EK-77. standard n u n m i era ctic* for

Gil MBX/ASBf EKJ-77. Standard a n ted fcr csneraL iint * a l i t y of

CI SOI 5 III. Zsr*tbnwpfr*i Ptiifvarfaivsn. PruAfff von

wtroinduraan astaLLiaenar MKfestffa ait

stranian. Jtuftahs* von Ourc^Btianiunaaiiidtrri

http://ltn.0t.01/http://ltn.0t.01/

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SECOND EUROPEAN CONFERENCE ON

NON-DESTRUCTIVE-TESTING

VIENNA

14. -

16. September 1981

B-6

ISO DRAHTSTEGE GEGEN ASTM PENETRAMETER

IN DER PAPIERRADIOGRAPHIE

ISOWIREIQI'S VS. ASTM PENETRAMETERS

IN PAPER RADIOGRAPHY

ISO INDICATEURS D'IMAGE A FIL S CONTRE ASTM PENETRAMETRES

DANS LA RADIOGRAPHIE SUR PAPIER

J.C.

DOMANUS and H .M. El F ouly

ls in o r e S h ip b u i ld in g & En g in e e r in g Co. L td . , De nma rk ')

N ati on al Centre f or Researc h It Ra diat ion Technology , E gyp t ' )

Beim Vergleich der verschiedenen Eigenschaften des radiographischen

Papiers nit hochempfindlichen Rontgenfilm wurde dieBildgute von Al und

Fe Schweissnahten (1 0, 20 und 30 on dick) mit H ilfe der ISO Drahtstege

und ASTM Penetrometer un ter sucht. Die Bildgiite erreich t mit beide

Methoden wurde verglichen.

While comparing dif fe re nt pr op ert ies of radiographic paper with high

speed X-ray f ilm , image qu ali ty of Al and Fe welds (10 , 20 and 30 mm

thic k) was contro lled by the use of ISO wire image qu alit y ind icat ors

and ASTM penetram eters. Radiographic s e n s it iv i t ie s reached by both

methods were compared.

Dans la comparaison des d if fe r n ts qu ali t s du papier radiographique

avec c e ll e s du film , la qu ali t d' image des soudures sur plaques en

Al et Fe (1 0, 20 et 30 mm pa is) et ai t compare a l'a id e des in dic a-

teu rs d'imag e fi l s ISO et penetrametres ASTM. L es qu al it s d'image

obtenus par les deux methodes furent compares.

1.

INTRODUCTION

The pro per ties of the radiographic paper and i t s ap plic atio ns i n indu

s tr ia l radiography have been extens ively investig ated at Ris before,

and the results were published in Q., 2, 3]. In those investigations

the qu alit y of the radiographic image on radiographic film and paper

was compared by the u se of wire IQI's (for Al and Fe pl at es ) [ l , 2,

3 ] ,

by Al ste p wedges (fo r U/Al nuclear fuel p la te s) [1 , 2, 3] by

sp ecia l made hole in dicat ors (for U/Al .loc ks , from which fuel pla tes

are the reaf ter ro lle d down) QL, 2,

S\

and by stepped specimens (for

reinforced composites) fl , 2,

3,

47. Also ar ti fi ci al and natural

defects were used for that purpose 3J. While evaluating radiographic

paper qu ali ty for ap pli cat ion s in the US Air Force, MIL-Standard 453

penetrameters were used by H olloway and Eohlen [ 5 ] . The MIL pen etra

meters are the same as describ ed in the ANSI/A3TM E 142-77 standard

C6j.

As a direct comparison of radiographic image quality for the radio

graphic paper tes ted by the ISO wire 101* s [7] and the penetrameters

could not be found in the current literature it was decided to perform

such a comparison using 10 , 20 and 30 mm welds on aluminium and steel

plates. Results of this comparison are described below.

Work performed under contract with Ris National Laboratory.

*) Fellowship holderatRis National Laboratory undertheUnited

Nations International Atomic Technical Assistance Program.

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2.

DPERSEfTAL SET-UP

The radiographic quality was investigated using weldsonaluminium and

steel plates (10,20 and 30 itmthick).Cneach plateasuitable wire

Id's

and

penetrameters were placed.The radiographs were then assessed

by three observers

and

only smallest wires

and

holes seen

by all the

three observers .were taken into consideration.

The plates were radiographed usingaconstant potential 50 kV(with

beryllium window X-ray tube)and a 180self ectified, unit-tank X-ray

machines.For thefirst voltages from 35 to 50 kVwere used whereas

the later

was

operated between

50 and I X kV.

Similar steel plates

were radiographed

by a

300

kV

self ectified, unit-tank machine

at

vol

tages from

125 to

300

kV.

Following brands cf radiographic paper andfluorescent intensifying

screens were used: Kodak Industrex 600 and 620 aswellasRapid70C

paper (allwith Fl and F2 screens)andAgfa-Gev r? StructurixIC

paper withICtypeIIscreen. For comparison with X-ray film the Kodak

Industrex

0

film

w as

used.

For

kilovoltages

up to 50 kV (the 50 kV

machine)

it

was used without intensifying screens whereas

for

voltages

above5C kV (the ISO and 300 kVmachines) lead 0.05+0.10mmscreens

were used.The 50 kVmachinehad a 0.5 mmfocus whereasthe 180 and

300kVmachineshad 2.3 and 4.0 mnfoci.Allexposures were madeat

ImFFO.

3 . IMAGE CUALJTV BCICATCRS AM) PBTRAMETZRS

The relative merits

and

disadvantages

of

use

of the

ISO wire IQI's

and

the ASTM penetrameterscan besummarized asfollows:T hewire IQI's

are mere universal

in

use,

a s for

practically

all

thicknesses

cf the

examined object thesameset ofthree IOI'scan beused.Ife.g.the

DIN

54 109

IOI's are used, containing

16

different wires, grouped into

.three set3 (1/7, 6/12,

1 0 / 1 6 ) ,

then therange of wire diameters

strecnes from

0.1 to 3.2 mn .

This means that

e.g. for

objects with

thicknesses from

10 to 320 mm a

1

radiographic sensitivity car.

be

checked.

Cn the

contrary, with

the

ASTM penetrameters

fcr

each thicx-

nasatf theobject under controlaseparateset cfthree penetrameters

is required inprinciple (astheir thiciciesses shallbe I, 2 and 4 %

oftheobject thickress).TheASTM penetrameters presentanadvantage

when thepenetrameter sensitivity iscalculated. Hereforeach pene-

trareter constant values ofsensitivityare set by itsconstant per

cent thickness andconstant relaticno f itshole diameters tothis

thickness.

On the

contrary

the ISO

wire IQI's will give different

101

sensitivities fcr thesame visible wire, depending cn thethickness

of

the

examined object.

The

differences between

the ISO ans

ASTM

sy

stemscan betest illustratedby thefollowing exarple takenfcr IC,

20

and 3C mm

thick plates,

as

used thrcughcut this investigation.

4.

RAT.:0GPAFH1C IMAGE QUALITY

As mentioned before a d ir ec t comparison was Tade of radiogra phic irag e

qu ali ty obtain ed by the use of the ISO wire I d ' s and the ASTM pen e

t r a n t *r3 fc r v ariou s brands of radiographic paper and a high speed

X-ray f i lm . The re su lt s ther eof are presented in the follow ing si x

diagrams.

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I P late

1 t h i c k

n e s s

t

1U

SO

3 0

Percent IQ1 se n si ti v i t y (by the ISO method).

Minimum vi si b le DIN wire diam eter on a p la te of t mm

Wire No.

1 1 ? I 3 1 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 1 9 | 10 1 11

Wire diam eter - mm

3 . 2 0

lb

10.67

2 . 5 0

;?.5

U.33

2.00

2 0

10

b.67

1.60

16

a

5 . 3 3

1.25

12.5

b.2ft

4 .17

1.00

10.0

5

3 . 3 3

0 . 0 0

8 . 0

4

2 .67

0 . 6 3

6 . 3

3 .15

2 .10

0 . 5 0

5 . 0

2 . 5

1.67

0 . 4 0

4 . 0

2 .0

1.33

0 . 3 2

3 . 2

1.6

1.07

12

0 . 2 5

2 . 5

1.25

0 . 8 3

13

0 . 2 0

2 . 0

1.0

0 .67

14 | 15 | 16

0 .16

1.60

0 .8

0 . 5 3

0 .125

1.25

0 .63

0 .42

o ino

i.no

0 . 5 0

0 . 3 3

fc IO r-

u * ro

(J> O 00

* . *>

1 1 1

it 3 5

t

2

8

i

3

rv>

2

0

i

3

M

1

4

1

4 -

1

4

1

3

-

N> t->

b Vi

1 1

S J3

* IIS

T -C,

U r- O* J n

j i 3

E

v

e

n

p

n

r

r

n

e

s

n

-

t

v

y

A

r-

1

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- 16 -

Fig . l . Image qu alit y for 10 mm Al.

4 . 1 .

AluTiniun

For

the

thinnest

Al

plate

(10

mm) wire

IQI

sensitivities

are

always

better

for the

high speed film than

for

paper. Only

one

paper/screen

combination (620/F2) could once

(at 35 kV)

give

the

same results

1%)as thefilm.Thefilm isalso less sensitivetothe voltagein

crease than paper.The 1%sensitivity reached with the wireIQIcould

nevertereached with theASTM penetrametar, which 3hcwed thetest

level

of 2-lT

(1.40) both for

D

film

and the

7CC/FI paper ccn*irati:n.

Nevertheless, the 20sensitivity caneasily bereached forfilmor

pacer bothfor thewireIQI aswellas theASTM ?enetrareter3ifcor

rect (Low) kilovoltageischosen.

For the 20 rnnplate equally good results couldbeobtained 'forthe

D filmandIC/ICIIpacer combination fcr wire IQI'3 'butatsligh-'iy

different vol -g*s: ~5Cand 45 kVrespectively). Also

te n

thepresent

ASTM sensitiv*/ wasworse than that reached with ISC' wires, although

the2-IT level (1.4%) ccuid be reached forseveral paper/reen

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- 17 -

kV

:S0

iQt

O

I 'C I

600

ZQrrwi Al

620

700

ASTM

ptfWtra -

Nr.

%

iCII

F1

j c m

F2 I P1 I F2 i Fl

F2

CM l l ii l iF n i i i ll l H L i i i^ B i ^ i i r B l 'O i i i B l J ^ i i l B a ^ i i lE ' j l L jy :

f l l l i l l .

LM

Fig.2.Image qualityfor 20 mmAl.

combinations.

AtX nm the Dfilm wasbyone wire better thananypaper/screen com

bination

at any

kilovoltage. Also here

the 2-lT

level (1.4%) could

be reachedforseveral paper/screen combinations.

In generalthe 2-2Tlevel (2)caneasilybereachedforallAlplates

and paper/screen combinations. Thisisalso truefor the2 wire sen

sitivity.

The ASTM penetrameter sensitivity

was

also investigated

for a

larger

rangeof Althictaesses (3.18to88.90 mm) withaconstant potential

X-ray machine (45 to 160 KV) byHollcway and issutmarily reported

in [7J, whereas [8] gives full details.

4.2. Steel

FortneinvestigationofsteelaseLfrectified X-ray machine was used.

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- 13 -

70

tr-,

yililiiyiiiii iii

| . T T

;

^ f

l -JT

Fig.3.linage qualityfor X ion Al.

At 10

am

only the

D

film could give

the

1.25ftwire sensitivity, where

as

the 2-2T

penetraneter level (2 )could

be

reached with several

paper/screen combinationsatdifferent kilcvoltage.Itcould, however,

notbereachedenthe0film.

At-20 mm the0.3* wire sensitivity cculdbereachedat I X hVboth

f?r

'ha D

film

as

well

as the

700/F2 paper.

The

same was true

fcr th*

2-17 level (1.4ft),whereas

the 2-2T

level

(2%)

cculd

be

reached

by

almostallpaper/screen combinations.

AtX aw the Dfilm showsthebest wire sensitivir/(I.(77ft),whereas

equal penetrameter2-ITlevel (I.**) canberead-ad bcthfor thefilm

and paper.

Unfortunately, no such comparative investigation cf radiographic

quality fcr paper

and

steel cculd

be

fcund

in

the literature.

5. CCgCLU5IC?g

*niie ccqparing

:ne

results

of

radiographic inage quality investig

ations performed with

the ISC

wire ICI's

and

AS7M perstraneters

Che

following conclusions

can be

irawn:

1)

The

ASTM penetrametr level

l-l?

(0.7S) cculd never

be

reached,

neither withthefilm hor withthepaper.

2)The 1-2TIr/el (1.0JS) cculdbe:nly exceptionally reachedandcr.ly

ii r the Dfilm (JC sinAi at 50 /).

3)In most instances reachingthe 2-1?level (l.-%)ispossible both

for filmandpaper.

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-

19 -

i

3

kV

T25

15C

175

200

225

250

275

300

ISO

IQI

N t

nrr

m m

F>

600

620

700

S KH

aeati ICH I Fl | F2 1 F1 I F2

ASTM

psnctro-

mttir

ltvl

4

F o r t h e

t i v i t y

F i g . 4 . I m a g e q u a l i t y f o r 1 0mmF e .

s a m e f i l a i

or

p a p e r b r a n d t h e a b s o l u t e w i r e p e r c e n t s e n s i-

a L w a y s b e t t e r t h a n t h a t f s r t n e p e n e t r a m e t e r .

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- 20

Fig. 5. Image quality for 20 mm Fe.

5) This mean thar it is easier to detect a wire of the same diameter

as a hole in a penetrameter. This difference is more visible for

the paper than film.

6) From the above investigation no definitive conclusion can be drawn

about the superiority of any brand of the radiographic paper.

7) The same is true when one compares the use of the Kodak Fl and F2

screens with different brar.d3 of the Kodak paper.

8)

,-.}

a general conclusion it can be said that it is easier to assess

the radiographic image quality of the radiographic paper with the

ISO wire IOI's than the ASTM penetrometers.

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- 21 -

Fig. 6. Image quality for 30 nm Fe.

REFERENCES

J.C. Dcmanus, Industrial radiography on radiographic paper.

Rise Report Mo. 371. November 1977.

J.C. Dcmanus and C. Mikkelsen, Comparison of X-ray film and paper

radiography. Ris-M-1995. April 1978 and Proceedings of the First

European Conference on Non-Destructive Testing. Mainz, 24-26.4.

1978.67/593-601.

J.C. Dcmanus and P.A. Ruault, Industrial application of radio

graphic paper. Materiaipriifung 22

1 9 8 0 ) ,

Nr. 3, 111-17.

J.C. Dcmanus and H. Lilholt, Non-destructive control of carbon

fibre reinforced composites by soft X-ray radiography. Rise-M-

1979.

January 1978 and Proceedings of the 1978 International Con

ference on Composite Materials. 16-20.4.1978, Toronto, Canada,

1072-1C92.

J.A. HLicway and J.W. Sohlen, Air Force evaluation of Industrex

Instant 300 radiographic paper system. Materials Evaluation,

April 1977, 39-45.

ANSI/ASTM E 142-77. Standard method for controlling quality of

radiographic testing.

ISC Recommendation R 1C27. Radiographic image quality indicators.

Principles and identification.

J.A. Hollcway and T.R. Henderson, Evaluation of a radiographic

paper system using ultraviolet fluorescent screens. AFML-TR-72-

165.Part I and II. March L975.

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Ris National L aboratory

Ris-M-GZiD

Title and author(s)

Q u a l i t y o f t h e r a d i o g r a p h i c i m a ge

i n p a p e r r a d i o g r a p h y

J . C . Domanus and H . M. E l F ou ly

Group's own registration

number(s)

21 P*gs + 3 tab les + i l lu s t r a t i on s

>*

S e p t e m b e r 1 9 8 1

Department or group

M e t a l l u r g y

Abstract

The quality of the radiographic image was inve

stigated by the use of standard ISO wire Image

Quality Indicators and ASTM Penetrameters. 10,

20,

and 30 mm thick welds on aluminium and

steel plates were radiographed using X-ray

machines with voltages from 35 to 300 kV. Agfa-

Gevaert Structurix IC paper with Structurix IC

screens Type II as well as Kodak Industrex 600

and 620 and Rapid 700 paper with Fl and F2

screens were used throughout the investigation.

The results reached for radiographic paper were

compared with those for a fast X-ray film (Kodak

Industrex

D) .

The results of the investigation

were presented at the International Conference

Joining of Metals JOM-1 in Elsinore, Denmark

(9-12.8.1981) and at the Second European Confe

rence on Non-Destructive Testing in Vienna

(14-16.9.1981).The texts of both papers are

reproduced in this report.

Copies

to

Available

on

request from Ris Library, Ris National

Laboratory (RisBibliotek),Porsgsanls?Ris),

DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark

Telephone: (03) 37 12 12 , ext.2262.Telexs43116