RIT_GE6162_Lab_Manual

8/10/2019 RIT_GE6162_Lab_Manual

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GE6162 - ENGINEERING PRACTICES LABORATORY MANUAL

Regulation- 2013

B.E. - I Semester

(Common to All Branches)

Prepared by

K. Karthikeyan, Assistant Professor / EEE

K. Ragavan, Assistant Professor / ECE

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering &

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

RAMCO INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai)

Rajapalayam 626 117

August 2014


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GE6162 ENGINEERING PRACTICES LABORATORY L T P C

0 0 3 2OBJECTIVES

To provide exposure to the students with hands on experience on various basic

engineering practices in Civil, Mechanical, Electrical and Electronics Engineering.

GROUP B (ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS)

III ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING PRACTICE 10

1. Residential house wiring using switches, fuse, indicator, lamp and energy meter.

2. Fluorescent lamp wiring.

3. Stair case wiring

4. Measurement of electrical quantitiesvoltage, current, power & power factor in RLC

circuit.

5. Measurement of energy using single phase energy meter.

6. Measurement of resistance to earth of electrical equipment.

IV ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING PRACTICE 13

1. Study of Electronic components and equipments Resistor, colour coding

measurement of AC signal parameter (peak-peak, RMS, period, frequency)using

CRO.

2. Study of logic gates AND, OR, EOR and NOT.

3. Generation of Clock Signal.

4. Soldering practiceComponents Devices and CircuitsUsing general purpose PCB.

5. Measurement of ripple factor of HWR and FWR.

REFERENCES:

1. K.Jeyachandran, S.Natarajan& S, Balasubramanian, A Primer

onEngineeringPractices Laboratory, Anuradha Publications, (2007).2. T.Jeyapoovan, M.Saravanapandian&S.Pranitha, Engineering Practices Lab

Manual, Vikas Puplishing House Pvt.Ltd, (2006).3. H.S. Bawa, Workshop Practice, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company Limited,

(2007).4. A.Rajendra Prasad & P.M.M.S. Sarma, Workshop Practice, Sree Sai Publication,

(2002).

5. P.Kannaiah & K.L.Narayana, Manual on Workshop Practice, Scitech Publications,(1999).

OUTCOMES

Ability to fabricate electrical and electronics circuits

SEMESTER EXAMINATION PATTERN

The Laboratory examination is to be conducted for Group A & Group B, allotting 90 minutes

for each group, with a break of 15 minutes. Both the examinations are to be taken together in

sequence, either in the FN session or in the AN session. The maximum marks for Group A andGroup B lab examinations will be 50 each, totalling 100 for the Lab course. The candidates

shall answer either I or II under Group A and either III or IV under Group B, based on lots.


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INDEX

Expt.

NoName of the Experiment

Page

No.

General Guidelines to Students for Engineering Practices Laboratory 5

Safety Precautions for Electrical Engineering Practice 6

Preparation of Wiring Diagram 7

Tools and Accessories used for Electrical Wiring 8

Study of Symbols 10

1Residential House wiring using Switches, fuse, indicator, lamp and energy

meter17

2 Fluorescent lamp wiring 20

3 Staircase wiring 23

4Measurement of electrical quantities - Current, Voltage, Power and Power

factor in RLC circuit26

5 Measurement of energy using Single phase energy meter 29

6 Measurement of resistance to earth of an electrical equipment 32

7A Study of measurement of resistance using colour coding

38

7B Measurement of AC signal parameters using CRO 42

8 Study of basic logic gates 46

9 Half wave and full wave rectifier 52

10 Generation of Clock Signals 57

11 Study of Soldering and Desoldering 61

Viva-voce Questions 63


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GENERAL GUIDELINES TO STUDENTS FOR ENGINEERING

PRACTICESLABORATORY

1. Be punctual to the laboratory.

2. Once inside the lab, you should sign the attendance register. Failing to do so, will be

considered as absent to the lab.

3. You should occupy your allotted seat inside the lab and maintain absolute silence.

4. Bring the observation notebook, record notebook, copy of lab manual and calculator

compulsorily.

5. Read the upcoming experiments carefully and thoroughly to make sure that you

understand all the concepts and know how, before entering the lab. Lab preparation

includes reading the lab experiment and related textbook material.

6. Attend the laboratory classes wearing proper dress codes (prescribed uniform andshoes).

7. Girls should put their plait inside their overcoat. Boys should tuck in their shirts.

8. Avoid wearing any metallic rings, bangles and other unnecessary costly jewels.

9. Avoid brining excessive things with you to the laboratory.

10. Keep in mind the location of first aid box and fire extinguisher.

11. If you need any assistance in case of sickness or accidents regardless how minor it is,

immediately report to faculty in charge or lab technician.

12. If any apparatus is broken, report immediately. It is individuals responsibility to either

pay or replace with the new ones.

13. Eating snacks is completely restricted inside the laboratory.

14. Avoid talking with other students during the practical session.

15. Prepare the list of tools required for the exercise and get the indent approved from the

faculty in-charge.

16. After the completion of every small step in the experimental procedure, get verified

from the faculty in charge.

17. You should get the observation notebook corrected as soon as you complete the

practical session.

18. If you miss any practical session due to inevitable reasons, inform the Faculty in charge

in advance. In that case you are supposed to carry out the experiment through additional

classes.

19. The students who fail to sustain a minimum of 80% attendance in the laboratory class

will not be permitted for the Anna University practical examination.

20. It is individuals duty to learn the experiment, procedure and concepts, in case he/shemisses the practical session whether add on classes provided or not.


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SAFETY PRECAUTIONS FOR ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING PRACTICE

While working with electricity, it is necessary that we take all basic safety precautions. A little

loss of concentration or a little carelessness can lead to severe shocks and fatal accidents. Some

of the precautions are given below:

1. Always wear leather shoes while working with electrical circuits.

2. The switch is always to be connected on the live conductor.

3. Never work on electric wires when the power is ON.

4. Do not touch bare conductors.

5. While working on a circuit, the corresponding Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB) should

be kept off.

6. Use wooden or PVC insulated handle screw drivers when working on electrical circuits.

7. The earthing has to be maintained well.

8. Always unplug an appliance before cleaning, or whenever it is not in use. Ensure that

you pull by the plug and not the cord.

9. Never switch ON a circuit if you are not fully aware of control/operation.

10. Try to keep the screws, screw drivers, testers sharp tools etc. away from the shop floor.

Sometimes unknowingly one may step or slip on it and may cause injury.

11. Working tools should not be kept at the edge of the table.

12. Ensure that all safety guards and fenders (anything to defend or protect from injuries)

are available before switching the circuit ON.

13. Do not work in damp areas or in wet shoes or clothes. Always use an appliance on a

dry, level surface.

14. Replace or remove fuses only after switching OFF the circuit switches.

15. In case a person gets into contact with a live conductor, the main is to be put off

immediately.16. Before attempting to disengage a person in contact with a live wire, one must insulate

oneself by standing on a dry rubber mat or wooden boards.

17. In the case of a fire, water should not be thrown on the live conductor.

18. In the case of an electric shock, after giving first aid, call a doctor. Continue first aid

till the doctor takes over.


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PREPARATION OF WIRING DIAGARAM

Wiring is the method of drawing or laying wires or cables and connecting accessories and

fitting s for the purpose of distributing electrical power to the various points or equipment from

the mains.

Durability Any wiring system must be able to withstand wear and tear due to

weather. The atmospheric action should not affect the wiring system.

Safety Safety is the most important point to be considered in the selection of any

wiring system. The wiring should be perfectly leak proof. Selection of the wire should

be according to the ISI standard and the wire sheet is of such a capacity that it can

withstand the total load of the whole installation.

Mechanical Protection The wiring should be mechanically sound. It should be

properly protected from damages of physical nature.

Appearance The appearance of the wiring has an important bearing on the

architectural beauty of an edifice from the aesthetic point of view. Normally conduct

wiring embedded under plaster is the proper choice for improving the appearance of a

wiring system.

Environmental ConditionsIn places where corrosive acids and alkalis are to come

in contact with wiring systems have to be protected against fumes and dampness.

Accessibility Facility for extension and renewal should be provided. The wiring

system adopted should be economical and should suit the individual. Consumer initial

cost is minimized.


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ACCESSORIES USED FOR ELECTRICAL WIRING

Fuses- Fuses protect electrical devices and components from over currents and short circuits

that occur in improperly operating circuits.

Fuse holders - Fuse holders are devices for containing, protecting and mounting fuses. Blown

fuses can be changed quickly and easily when used in conjunction with a fuse holder.

Electrical Conduit and Fittings - Electrical conduits and fittings are lengths of solid tubing

used to house, protect, and cover electrical wiring and cables in power distribution systems.

Cable Carriers - Cable carriers are constructed of flexible links and are used to organize and

manage cables and hoses for moving applications.

Switches - Switches are devices that allow electric current to flow when closed and prevent

current flow when opened.

Disconnect switches - Disconnect switches rapidly disconnect from power supplies in the

event of an emergency

Emergency stop switches - Emergency stop switches are devices that users manipulate to

initiate the complete shutdown of a machine, system, or process.

Power switches - Power switches are used to apply power to or remove power from

instruments such as large-scale factory equipment

Pushbutton switches - Pushbutton switches are mechanical switches defined by the method

used to activate the switch. The activation method is typically in the form of a plunger that is

pushed down to open or close the switch

Wires, Cables, and Accessories - Wires, cables, and accessories used to transmit electrical

power or signals.

Meters, Readouts and Indicators - Any type of equipment used to display information in

various formats including, digital readouts, indicator lights or panel meters


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Connectors - Components used to conduct and transfer signals (electrical, optical, RF, etc.) or

power from one cable to another.

Electrical Connectors - Electrical connectors are devices that join electrical circuits together.

Male connectors plug into receptacles, jacks, and outlets. Female connectors contain sockets

to receive other devices.

AC Power Connectors - AC power connectors transfer alternating current through a variety

of electronic devices. AC power connectors include simple AC inlets, outlets, and power entry

modules.

Batteries and Accessories - Devices that convert stored energy into electrical current; the two

main types are chemical batteries and physical batteries such as solar cells, nuclear energy and

thermal batteries.

Lighting Fixtures and Lamps - Lighting fixtures and lamps are used for illumination purposes

or to provide a source of light for a specific application. This category includes Halogen,

Incandescent, Fluorescent, and Lighting Fixtures.

Fluorescent Lamps - Fluorescent lamps are high-efficiency lamps that use electrical discharge

through low-pressure mercury vapour to produce ultraviolet (UV) energy, which is then

transformed into visible light.

Incandescent Lamps - Incandescent lamps generate light by passing an electric current

through a thin filament wire(usually of tungsten) until the wire is extremely hot.

Carrying Cases and Equipment Cases - Carrying cases and equipment cases protect contents

from impact, shock, vibration, rain, and dust.

Terminal and Junction Boxes - Terminal and junction boxes are used to house electrical

components and facilitate wiring. They are T-shaped or rectangular, made from a variety of

materials, and available in many different sizes, sealing configurations and mounting styles.


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STUDY OF SYMBOLS

Wires and connections

Component Circuit Symbol Function of Component

Wire To pass current very easily from one part of acircuit to another.

Wires joined

A 'blob' should be drawn where wires are

connected (joined), but it is sometimes omitted.

Wires connected at 'crossroads' should be

staggered slightly to form two T-junctions, as

shown on the right.

Wires not joined

In complex diagrams it is often necessary to draw

wires crossing even though they are not connected.

I prefer the 'hump' symbol shown on the right

because the simple crossing on the left may be

misread as a join where you have forgotten to add

a 'blob'!

Power Supplies


Cell

Supplies electrical energy.

A single cell is often wrongly called a battery, but

strictly a battery is two or more cells joined together.

BatterySupplies electrical energy. A battery is more than

one cell.

DC supply


DC = Direct Current, always flowing in one

direction.

AC supply


AC = Alternating Current, continually changing

direction.

FuseA safety device which will 'blow' (melt) if the current

flowing through it exceeds a specified value.

Transformer

Two coils of wire linked by an iron core.

Transformers are used to step up (increase) and step

down (decrease) AC voltages. Energy is transferred

between the coils by the magnetic field in the core.

There is no electrical connection between the coils.

Earth

(Ground)

A connection to earth. For many electronic circuits

this is the 0V (zero volts) of the power supply, but for

mains electricity and some radio circuits it really

means the earth. It is also known as ground.


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Output Devices: Lamps, Heater, Motor, etc.


Lamp (lighting)A transducer which converts electrical energy to light. Thissymbol is used for a lamp providing illumination, for

example a car headlamp or torch bulb.

Lamp (indicator)

A transducer which converts electrical energy to light. This

symbol is used for a lamp which is an indicator, for

example a warning light on a car dashboard.

Heater A transducer which converts electrical energy to heat.

MotorA transducer which converts electrical energy to kinetic

energy (motion).

Bell A transducer which converts electrical energy to sound.

Buzzer A transducer which converts electrical energy to sound.

Inductor

(Coil, Solenoid)

A coil of wire which creates a magnetic field when current

passes through it. It may have an iron core inside the coil.

It can be used as a transducer converting electrical energy

to mechanical energy by pulling on something.

Switches


Push Switch

(push-to-make)

A push switch allows current to flow only when the button is

pressed. This is the switch used to operate a doorbell.

Push-to-Break

Switch

This type of push switch is normally closed (on), it is open

(off) only when the button is pressed.

On-Off Switch

(SPST)

SPST = Single Pole, Single Throw.

An on-off switch allows current to flow only when it is in

the closed (on) position.

2-way Switch

(SPDT)

SPDT = Single Pole, Double Throw.

A 2-way changeover switch directs the flow of current to one

of two routes according to its position. Some SPDT switches

have a central off position and are described as 'on-off-on'.

Dual On-Off

Switch

(DPST)

DPST = Double Pole, Single Throw.

A dual on-off switch which is often used to switch mains

electricity because it can isolate both the live and neutral

connections.


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Trimmer

Capacitor

This type of variable capacitor (a trimmer) is operated

with a small screwdriver or similar tool. It is designed

to be set when the circuit is made and then left without

further adjustment.

Diodes


DiodeA device which only allows current to flow in one

direction.

LED

Light Emitting DiodeA transducer which converts electrical energy to light.

Zener Diode

A special diode which is used to maintain a fixed voltage

across its terminals.

Photodiode A light-sensitive diode.

Transistors


Transistor NPNA transistor amplifies current. It can be used with other

components to make an amplifier or switching circuit.

Transistor PNPA transistor amplifies current. It can be used with other

components to make an amplifier or switching circuit.

Phototransistor A light-sensitive transistor.

Audio and Radio Devices


Microphone A transducer which converts sound to electrical energy.

Earphone A transducer which converts electrical energy to sound.


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Loudspeaker A transducer which converts electrical energy to sound.

Piezo Transducer A transducer which converts electrical energy to sound.

Amplifier

(general symbol)

An amplifier circuit with one input. Really it is a block diagram

symbol because it represents a circuit rather than just one

component.

Aerial

(Antenna)

A device which is designed to receive or transmit radio signals.

It is also known as an antenna.

Meters and Oscilloscope


Voltmeter

A voltmeter is used to measure voltage.

The proper name for voltage is 'potential difference', but most

people prefer to say voltage!

Ammeter An ammeter is used to measure current.

Galvanometer

A galvanometer is a very sensitive meter which is used to

measure tiny currents, usually 1mA or less.

OhmmeterAn ohmmeter is used to measure resistance. Most multimeters

have an ohmmeter setting.

OscilloscopeAn oscilloscope is used to display the shape of electrical signals

and it can be used to measure their voltage and time period.

Sensors (input devices)


LDR

A transducer which converts brightness (light) to resistance (an

electrical property).

LDR = Light Dependent Resistor

ThermistorA transducer which converts temperature (heat) to resistance

(an electrical property).


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Logic Gates

Logic gates process signals which represent true (1, high, +Vs, on) or false (0, low, 0V, off).

There are two sets of symbols: traditional and IEC (International Electro-technical Commission).

Gate

Type

Traditional

SymbolIEC Symbol Function of Gate

NOT

A NOT gate can only have one input. The 'o' on the

output means 'not'. The output of a NOT gate is the

inverse (opposite) of its input, so the output is true when

the input is false. A NOT gate is also called an inverter.

ANDAn AND gate can have two or more inputs. The output

of an AND gate is true when all its inputs are true.

NAND

A NAND gate can have two or more inputs. The 'o' on

the output means 'not' showing that it is a Not AND gate.

The output of a NAND gate is true unless all its inputs

are true.

OR An OR gate can have two or more inputs. The output ofan OR gate is true when at least one of its inputs is true.

NOR

A NOR gate can have two or more inputs. The 'o' on the

output means 'not' showing that it is a Not OR gate. The

output of a NOR gate is true when none of its inputs are

true.

EX-OR

An EX-OR gate can only have two inputs. The output of

an EX-OR gate is true when its inputs are different (one

true, one false).

EX-

NOR

An EX-NOR gate can only have two inputs. The 'o' on

the output means 'not' showing that it is a Not EX-OR

gate. The output of an EX-NOR gate is true when its

inputs are the same (both true or both false).


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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

RESIDENTIAL WIRING DIAGRAM:


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EX.NO: 1 RESIDENTIAL HOUSE WIRING USING SWITCHES,

DATE: FUSE, INDICATOR, LAMP AND ENERGY METER

AIM

To implement residential house wiring using switches, fuse, indicator, lamp and energy

meter.

APPARATUS REQUIRED

S.No. Components Required Range Quantity

1. Switch SPST, 5A 3

2. Incandescent lamp 40W 3

3. Batten Holder - 3

4. Wires - As per required

TOOLS REQUIRED

S. No Tools Quantity

1 Tester 1

2 Electrician Knife 1

3 Wire Cutter 1

4 Screw Driver 1

THEORY

Any conductor which is composed of a conducting material, and is uniform in diameter

and circular in cross section is called wire. A length of single insulated conductor or two or

more such conductors each provided with its own insulation which are laid up together is called

a cable. Conductors, switches and other accessories should be of proper capable of carrying the

maximum current which will flow through them. Conductors should be of copper or aluminium.

In power circuit, wiring should be designed for the load which it is supposed to carry current.

Power sub circuits should be kept separate from lighting and fan subcircuits.

Wiring should be done on the distribution system with main and branch distribution

boards at convenient centres. Wiring should be neat, with good appearance. Wires should pass

through a pipe or box, and should not twist or cross. The conductor is carried in a rigid steel

conduit conforming to standards or in a porcelain tube.

A switch is used to make or break the electric circuit. It must make the contact finely.

Under some abnormal conditions it must retain its rigidity and keep its alignment betweenswitch contacts. The fuse arrangement is made to break the circuit in the fault or overloaded

conditions. The energy meter is used to measure the units (KWh) consumed by the load.


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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM


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EX.NO: 2 FLUORESCENT LAMP WIRING

DATE:

AIM

To make connections of a fluorescent lamp wiring and to study the accessories of the

same.

APPARATUS REQUIRED

S. No Components Range/Type Quality

1. Fluorescent Lamp fixture 4 ft 1

2. Fluorescent lamp 40W 1

3. Choke 40W, 230V 1

4. Starter - 1

5. Connecting wires - As required

TOOLS REQUIRED


1 Tester 1


3 Wire Cutter 1

4 Screw Driver 1

5 Combination Plier 1

THEORY

1. The electrode of the starter which is enclosed in a gas bulb filled with argon gas cause

discharge in the argon gas with consequent heating.

2. Due to heating, the bimetallic strip bends and causes in the starter to close. After this,

the choke, the filaments (tube ends) to tube and starter becomes connected in series.

3. When the current flows through the tube end filaments the heat is produced. During the

process the discharge in the starter tube disappears and the contacts in the starter move

apart.

4. When sudden break in the circuit occur due to moving apart of starter terminals, this

causes a high value of e.m.f to be induced in the choke.

5. According to Lenzs law, the direction of induced e.m.f in the choke will try to oppose

the fall of current in the circuit.

6. The voltage thus acting across the tube ends will be high enough to cause a discharge to

occur in the gas inside the tube. Thus the tube starts giving light.7. The fluorescent lamp is a low pressure mercury lamp and is a long evacuated tube. It

contains a small amount of mercury and argon gas at 2.5 mm pressure. At the time of


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switching in the tube, mercury is in the form of small drops. Therefore, to start the tube,

filling up of argon gas is necessary. So, in the beginning, argon gas starts burning at the

ends of the tube; the mercury is heated and controls the current and the tube starts giving

light. At each end of the tube, there is a tungsten electrode which is coated with fast

electron emitting material. Inside of the tube is coated with phosphor according to thetype of light.

8. A starter helps to start the start the tube and break the circuit.

9. The choke coil is also called blast. It has a laminated core over which enamelled wire is

wound. The function of the choke is to increase the voltage to almost 1000V at the time

of switching on the tube and when the tube starts working, it reduces the voltage across

the tube and keeps the current constant.

PROCEDURE

1. Give the connections as per the circuit diagram.

2. Fix the tube holder and the choke in the tube.

3. The phase wire is connected to the choke and neutral directly to the tube

4. Connect the starter in series with the tube.

5. Switch on the supply and check the fluorescent lamp lighting.

RESULT:

Thus the fluorescent lamp circuit was studied and assembled.

Performance (25)

Viva-Voce (10)

Record (15)Total (50)


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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

TABULATION

Position of switchesCondition of lamp

S1 S2


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EX.NO: 3 STAIRCASE WIRINGDATE:

AIM

To construct and control the status of lamp using two way switch by StairCase wiring.

APPARATUS REQUIRED

Sl. No Components Range Quantity

1 Incandescent Lamp 230V, 40W 1

2 Batten holder 1

3 Two way switches 230V, 5A 2

4 Connecting Wires As required

TOOLS REQUIRED


1 Tester 1


3 Wire Cutter 1

4 Screw Driver 1

5 Combination Plier 1

THEORY

1. A two way switch is installed near the first step of the stairs. The other two way

switch is installed at the upper part where the stair ends.

2. The light point is provided between first and last stair at an adequate location and

height if the light is switched on by the lower switch. It can be switched off by the

switch at the top or vice versa.

3. The circuit can be used at the places like bed room where the person may not haveto travel for switching off the light to the place from where the light is switched

on.

4. Two numbers of Two-way switches are used for the purpose. The supply is given

to the switch at the short circuited terminals.

5. The connection to the light point is taken from the similar short circuited terminal

of the second switch. Other two independent terminals of each circuit are

connected through cables.


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PROCEDURE

1. First the layout diagram of the electrical circuit is made.

2. The connections are made as per the wiring diagram.

3. The connections are verified.

4. The output table is verified by switching ON the switches.

RESULT:

Thus the staircase wiring was constructed and output was verified.

Performance (25)

Viva-Voce (10)

Record (15)

Total (50)


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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

TABULATION:

MF = Multiplication factor =

Voltage CurrentWattmeter Reading (Watts)

Power factor

S. No Obs. Reading Act. Reading

(V) (A) Cos =(OR) Watts =(OR x MF) Watts


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EX.NO: 4 MEASURMENT OF ELECTRICAL QUANTITES VOLTAGE,

DATE: CURRENT, POWER AND POWER FACTOR IN RLC

CIRCUIT

AIM

To measure electrical quantities - voltage, current, power and to calculate power factor

for RLC load.

APPARATUS REQUIRED

S. No. Components Range Quantity

1. Voltmeter (0-300)V, MI type 1

2. Ammeter (0-10)A, MI type 13. Wattmeter 300V, 10A, UPF 1

4. Autotransformer 1KVA, 230/(0-270)V 1

5.Resistive, inductive &

capacitive load- 1

6. Connecting wires - Required

THEORY

Power in an electric circuit can be measured using a wattmeter. A wattmeter consists of

two coils, namely current coil and pressure coil or potential coil. The current coil is marked as

ML and pressure coil is marked as CV. The current coil measures the quantity that is

proportional to current in the circuit and the pressure coil measures quantity that is

proportional to voltage in the circuit. An ammeter is connected in series to the wattmeter to

measure current. A voltmeter is connected in parallel to wattmeter to measure voltage. The

power consumed by the load is measured using the wattmeter.

The power factor of the circuit is calculated using the relation given below:

FORMULAE

Actual power = OR x Multiplication factor;

Where ORObserved wattmeter reading

Apparent power = VI watts;

Where VVoltmeter reading, IAmmeter reading

Power Factor, cos = Actual Power / Apparent Power


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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

TABULATIONEnergy Meter Constant =

Sl.

No.Voltage

(V)Current

(A)Power

(W)Time(Sec)

Number of

Revolutions

Actual

Energy

(kWh)

True

Energy

(kWh)

%Error

Model Graph


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EX.NO: 5 MEASUREMENT OF ENERGY USING SINGLE

DATE: PHASE ENERGY METER

AIM

To measure the Energy consumed by a Single Phase Resistive Load by using SinglePhase Energy Meter.

APPARATUS REQUIRED

S. No. Apparatus Type / range Quantity

1 Ammeter (010A) MI 1

2 Voltmeter (0300V) MI 1

3 Single Phase Energy Meter 1

4 Stop Watch Analog 1

5 Single Phase Resistive Load 3 KW, 230 V 16 Connecting Wires Required

FORMULA USED

1. =( )

( )

2. =

3. =

4. =( )

100

THEORY

Energy meters are integrating instruments and are used for measurement of energy in a

circuit over a given time. Since the working principle of such instruments is based on

electromagnetic induction, these are known as induction type energy meters.

An induction type energy meter consists of two magnets, the upper and lower magnets.

The upper magnet carries a pressure coil, which is made up of a thin wire and has large number

of turns. This coil has to be connected in parallel with the supply. The lower magnet carries the

current coil which is made up of a thick wire and has only few turns. This coil is to be connected

in series with the load. An aluminium disc mounted on the spindle is placed between the upper

and lower magnets. The disc can rotate freely between the magnets.

Another permanent magnet called as brake magnet is used for providing breaking

torque on the aluminium disc. The power consumed is measured in terms of number rotations

of the disc. For example 1800 revolutions of the disc means 1 KWH power consumed by the

load connected to the energy meter.


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PROCEDURE

1. The connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Rated Voltage is set in the voltmeter, by gradually varying the Single Phase Variac.

3. Resistive load is switch ON.

4. Load is gradually increased and the Ammeter, Voltmeter & Energy meter readings

are noted.

MODEL CALCULATION

RESULT:

Thus the Energy consumed by a single phase resistive load was measured.

Performance (25)

Viva-Voce (10)Record (15)

Total (50)


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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

TABULATION:

Sl. No Voltage Reading (V) Resistance Reading ()

Avg. Resistance=


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EX.NO:6 MEASUREMENT OF RESISTANCE TO EARTH OF

DATE: ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT

AIM

To measure the resistance to earth / insulation resistance of the order of mega ohmsusing Megger.

APPARATUS REQUIRED

S. No. Components Range Quantity

1. Insulation Tester (Megger) 500V, 0-200M 1

2. Voltmeter(0600)V, MC

type1

3.Any electrical equipment

(Transformer, cable)

- 1

THEORY

For this experiment we have to use the Megger. It is an instrument for testing the

insulation resistance of the order of mega ohms. It consists of a hand-driven DC generator and

a direct reading ohm meter. A simplified circuit diagram of the instrument is shown in Figure.

The moving element of the ohm meter consists of two coils, A and B, which are rigidly

mounted to a pivoted central shaft and are free to rotate over a C-shaped core(C on Figure 1).

These coils are connected by means of flexible leads. The moving element may point in any

meter position when the generator is not in operation.

As current provided by the hand-driven generator flows through Coil B, the coil will

tend to set itself at right angles to the field of the permanent magnet. With the test terminals

open, giving an infinite resistance, no current flows in Coil A. Thereby, Coil B will govern

the motion of the rotating element, causing it to move to the extreme counter -clockwiseposition, which is marked as infinite resistance.


33/6933

Coil A is wound in a manner to produce a clockwise torque on the moving element.

With the terminals marked "line" and "earth" shorted, giving a zero resistance, the current

flow through the Coil A is sufficient to produce enough torque to overcome the torque of Coil

B. The pointer then moves to the extreme clockwise position, which is marked as zero

resistance. Resistance (Rl

) will protect Coil A from excessive current flow in this condition.

When an unknown resistance is connected across the test terminals, line and earth, the

opposing torques of Coils A and B balance each other so that the instrument pointer comes to

rest at some point on the scale. The scale is calibrated such that the pointer directly indicates

the value of resistance being measured.

PROCEDURE

1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.2. The required voltage is generated with the help of hand driven generator.

3. The value of resistance of electrical equipment is directly read from the display

of the insulation tester.

4. Take the value of resistance at different voltages and find the average value of

resistance.

RESULT

Thus the measured value of the resistance to earth / insulation resistance of the unknown

material is = ----------- M

Performance (25)

Viva-Voce (10)



34/69


35/6935

ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS

Resistor

Capacitor

PN Diode


36/6936

Integrated Circuit (IC)


37/6937


38/6938

EX.NO:7A STUDY OF MEASUREMENT OF RESISTANCE

DATE: USING COLOR CODING

AIM:To study and measure the value of resistance using colour coding.

MATERIALS REQUIRED:

1. Assorted Resistors

2. Analog/Digital Multimeter

RESISTOR COLOUR CODING:

ColorFirst-band

Digit

Second-band

Digit

Third-band

Multiplier

Fourth-band

Tolerance

Black 0 0 100 = 1

Brown 1 1 101 = 10 1%

Red 2 2 102 = 100 2%

Orange 3 3 103 = 1000 3%

Yellow 4 4 104 = 10000 4%

Green 5 5 105 = 100000

Blue 6 6 106 = 1000000Violet 7 7 107 = 10000000

Gray 8 8 108 = 100000000

White 9 9 109 = 1000000000

Gold 5%

Silver 10%

None 20%


39/6939

TABULATION:

Example:You are given a resistor whose stripes are coloured from left to right as brown, black, orange,

gold. Find the resistance value.

1. The gold stripe is on the right so go to Step Two.

2. The first stripe is brown which has a value of 1. The second stripe is black which has a

value of 0. Therefore the first two digits of the resistance value are 10.

3. The third stripe is orange which means x 1,000.

4. The value of the resistance is found as 10 x 1000 = 10,000 ohms (10 kilo ohms = 10

kohms).

The gold stripe means the actual value of the resistor mar vary by 5% meaning the actual value

will be somewhere between 9,500 ohms and 10,500 ohms. (Since 5% of 10,000 = 0.05 x 10,000

= 500)

S.

No

Resistance Value by Colour Coding()

Resistance

Value byMultimeter()

Band1 Band 2 Band 3toler

ance

Resistan

ce

Value

col

our

valuecol

our

valueCol

our

value


40/6940

THERY:

A resistor is a passive component. It introduces resistance in the circuit. A resistor is a

limiter of the electrical current that flows through a circuit. Resistance is the restriction of

current. Often in a resistor the electrons that pass through the resistor are changed to various

kinds of energy. The most common forms of energy that electrons are converted to are heatand light. For example, in a light bulb there is a resistor made of tungsten which converts the

electrons into light.

We have a number of type of resistors such as carbon composition, metal film, carbon

film wire wound and variable resistors.

In our laboratory carbon resistors are used. For resistance of the order of mega ohms,

we use powdered carbon mixed with a suitable building material in the proper proportion.

Carbon resistors are quite cheap, but the value of resistance may be easily affected by

atmospheric changes and is also susceptible to high tolerance.

Resistance is measured in terms of units called "Ohms" (volts per ampere), which is commonly

abbreviated with the Greek letter ("Omega"). The variable most commonly used to represent

resistance is "r" or "R".

Resistance is defined as:

where is the resistivity of the material, L is the length of the resistor, and A is the cross -

sectional area of the resistor.

PROCEDURE:To calculate the value of a resistor using the colour coded stripes on the resistor, use

the following procedure.

1. Turn the resistor so that the gold or silver stripe is at the right end of the resistor.

2. Look at the colour of the first two stripes on the left end. These correspond to the first

two digits of the resistor value. Use the table given below to determine the first two digits.

3. Look at the third stripe from the left. This corresponds to a multiplication value. Find the

value using the table below.

4. Multiply the two digit number from step two by the number from step three. This is thevalue of the resistor n ohms. The fourth stripe indicates the accuracy of the resistor. A gold

stripe means the value of the resistor may vary by 5% from the value given by the stripes.

RESULT:

Thus the value of resistor using colour coding was studied and measured.

Performance (25)

Viva-Voce (10)

Record (15)

Total (50)


41/6941

MODEL GRAPH: (Using CRO)

AC input Voltage:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Measurement of AC Voltage Amplitude and Frequency

AFO CRO


42/6942

EX.NO:7B MEASUREMENTS OF AC SIGNAL PARAMETERS

DATE: USING CRO

AIM:

To observe sine wave, square wave, triangular wave and ramp waveforms on the C.R.O.and to measure the AC signal parameters of Amplitude (peak-peak), RMS period, and frequency of

the waveforms.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO Name of the equipment Type Range Quantity

1 Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO) Analog 30Hz 1

2 Audio Frequency Oscillator Digital 2MHz 1

3 Connecting Probes 2

FORMULA USED:

VRMS = V(P-P)/2(volts)

F= 1 / T (Hz)

= 2 f (radian)

INTRODUCTION:

C.R.O. (Cathode Ray Oscilloscope) is the instrument which is used to observe signal

waveforms. Signals are displayed in time domain i.e. variation in amplitude of the signal with

respect to time is plotted on the CRO screen. X-axis represents time and Y-axis represents

amplitude. It is used to measure amplitude, frequency and phase of the waveforms. It is also

used to observe shape of the waveform. C.R.O. is useful for troubleshooting purpose.

It helps us to find out gain of amplifier, test oscillator circuits. We can measure

amplitude and frequency of the waveforms at the different test points in our circuit. Thus, it

helps us for fault finding procedure. In dual channel C.R.O. X-Y mode is available which is

used to create Lissajous patterns

Latest digital storage oscilloscope display voltage and frequency directly on the LCD

and does not require any calculations. It can also store waveform for further analysis. More

detailed study on C.R.O. will be covered in EMI laboratory (SEM-V). In this practical, we will

measure amplitude and frequency of the different waveforms like sine wave, square wave,

triangular wave and ramp wave.


43/69


44/6944

PROCEDURE:

Connect function generator output at the input of C.R.O. at channel 1 or at channel 2

Select proper channel i.e. if signal is connected to channel 1 select

CH1 and if signal is connected to channel 2 select CH2

Adjust Time /Div knob to get sufficient time period displacement of the wave onthe CRO screen.

With fine tuning of time/Div make the waveform steady on screen.

Use triggering controls if waveform is not stable

Keep volt/div knob such that waveform is visible on the screen withoutclipping

Measure P-P reading along y-axis. This reading multiplied with volt/div givespeak to peak amplitude of the ac i/p wave.

Measure horizontal division of one complete cycle. This division multiplied

by time/div gives time period of the i/p wave.

Calculate frequency using formula f = 1/T.

Note down your readings in the observation table Draw waveforms of sine, square, ramp and triangular in the given space.

RESULT:

Thus the sine wave, square wave, triangular wave and ramp waveforms on the C.R.Owas observed and the AC signal parameters of Amplitude (peak-peak), RMS period, and

frequency of the waveforms were measured.

Performance (25)

Viva-Voce (10)

Record (15)

Total (50)


45/6945

AND GATE OR GATE

LOGIC DIAGRAM:

PIN DIAGRAM OF IC 7408 :

TRUTH TABLE:

S.NoINPUT OUTPUT

A B Y=A.B

1 0 0 0

2 0 1 0

3 1 0 0

4 1 1 1

LOGIC DIAGRAM:

PIN DIAGRAM OF IC 7432 :

TRUTH TABLE:

S.NoINPUT OUTPUT

A B Y=A+B

1 0 0 0

2 0 1 1

3 1 0 1

4 1 1 1


46/6946

EX: NO: 8 STUDY AND VERIFICATION OF LOGIC GATES

DATE:

AIM:

To verify the truth table of the logic gates AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR & EX-ORusing 74XX ICs.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Name of the Apparatus Range Quantity

1 AND IC7408 1

2 OR IC7432 1

3 NOT IC7404 14 NAND IC7400 1

5 NOR IC7402 1

6 EX-OR IC7486 1

7 Digital IC Trainer Kit - 1

8 Bread Board - 1

9 Power Supply 0-5V 1

10 Connecting Wires As required

INTRODUCTION:

Boolean functions may be practically implemented by using electronic gates. The following

points are important to understand.

Electronic gates require a power supply.

Gate INPUTS are driven by voltages having two nominal values, e.g. 0V and 5Vrepresenting logic 0 and logic 1 respectively.

The OUTPUT of a gate provides two nominal values of voltage only, e.g. 0V and 5Vrepresenting logic 0 and logic 1 respectively. In general, there is only one output to a

logic gate except in some special cases.

There is always a time delay between an input being applied and the output responding.


47/6947

NOT GATE NAND GATE

LOGIC DIAGRAM

PIN DIAGRAM OF IC 7404

TRUTH TABLE:

S.NoINPUT OUTPUT

A Y=A1 0 1

2 1 0

LOGIC DIAGRAM:


TRUTH TABLE:

S.NoINPUT OUTPUT

A B Y=(A.B)1 0 0 1

2 0 1 1

3 1 0 1

4 1 1 0


48/6948

THEORY:

a. AND gate:

An AND gate is the physical realization of logical multiplication operation. It

is an electronic circuit which generates an output signal of 1 only if all the inputsignals are 1. A dot (.) is used to show the AND operation i.e. (Y=A.B). Bear in mind

that this dot is sometimes omitted i.e. (Y=AB)

b. OR gate:

An OR gate is the physical realization of the logical addition operation. It is

an electronic circuit which generates an output signal of 1 if any of the input signal

is 1. A plus (+) is used to show the OR operation (Y=A+B).

c. NOT gate:

A NOT gate is the physical realization of the complementation operation. It is

an electronic circuit which generates an output signal which is the reverse of the input

signal. A NOT gate is also known as an inverter because it inverts the input. This is also

shown as(Y= A'), or A with a bar over the top (Y= A )

d. NAND gate:

A NAND gate is a complemented AND gate. The output of the NAND gate will

be 0 if all the input signals are 1 and will be 1 if any one of the input signal is 0.

This is also shown as (Y= BA . or (A.B)).

e. NOR gate:

A NOR gate is a complemented OR gate. The output of the OR gate will be 1

if all the inputs are 0 and will be 0 if any one of the input signal is 1. This is also

shown as (Y= BA + or (A+B)).

f. EX-OR gate:

An Ex-OR gate performs the following Boolean function,

A B = (A. B) + (A. B)

It is similar to OR gate but excludes the combination of both A and B being equal to

one. The exclusive OR is a function that give an output signal 0 when the two input

signals are equal either 0 or 1.


49/6949

NOR GATE EX-OR GATE

LOGIC DIAGRAM


TRUTH TABLE:

S.No INPUT OUTPUTA B Y=(A+B)1 0 0 1

2 0 1 0

3 1 0 0

4 1 1 0

LOGIC DIAGRAM


TRUTH TABLE:

S.No INPUT OUTPUTA B Y=(A.B + B.A)1 0 0 0

2 0 1 1

3 1 0 1

4 1 1 0


50/69


51/6951

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

HALF WAVE RECTIFIER:

FULL WAVE RECTIFIER:

TABULATION:

Rectifier Input Without Filter With Filter

Voltage Time Voltage Time Voltage Time

Charging Discharging

HWR

FWR


52/6952

EX.NO:9 HALF WAVE AND FULL WAVE RECTIFIER

DATE:

AIM:

To obtain the output of half wave rectifier and full wave rectifier and to plot the

characteristics.

APPARATUS REQUIRED

S.No Name of the Apparatus Type Range Quantity

1 Diode IN 4001 2

2 Resistor 1K 1

3 Transformer Step Down 230V/(12-0-12)V 1

4 CRO Analog 30MHz 15 Capacitor 100F 1

6 Bread Board 1

7 Connecting Wires and

Probes

As Required

FORMULAE:

FWR

2

m

RMS

V

V = and m

ds

V

V

2

= and Ripple Factor = 12

dc

RMS

V

V

HWR

2

m

RMS

VV =

and

m

ds

VV =

and Ripple Factor = 1

2

dc

RMS

V

V

INTRODUCTION:

One of the very important applications of diode is in DC power supply as a rectifier to

convert AC into DC. DC Power supply is the important element of any electronic equipment.

The first block of DC power supply is rectifier. Essentially rectifier needs unidirectional device.

Diode has unidirectional property hence suitable for rectifier. Rectifier broadly divided into

two categories: Half wave rectifier and full wave rectifier.


53/6953

MODEL GRAPH:


54/6954

Working principle of half wave rectifier:

In half wave rectifier only half cycle of applied AC voltage is used. Another half cycle

of AC voltage (negative cycle) is not used. During positive half cycle of the input voltage

anode of the diode is positive compared with the cathode. Diode is in forward bias and current

passes through the diode and positive cycle develops across the load resistance R L. During

negative half cycle of input voltage, anode is negative with respected to cathode and diode is

in reverse bias. No current passes through the diode hence output voltage is zero.

Half wave rectifier without filter capacitor convert AC voltage into pulsating DC

voltage. Filter capacitor is used to obtain smooth DC voltage.

Working principle of full wave rectifier:

Full wave rectifier utilizes both the cycle of input AC voltage. Two or four diodes are

used in full wave rectifier. If full wave rectifier is designed using four diodes it is known as

full wave bridge rectifier. Centre tapped transformer is used in this full wave rectifier. During

the positive cycle diode D1 conducts and it is available at the output. During negative cyclediode D1 remains OFF but diode D2 is in forward bias hence it conducts and negative cycle is

available as a positive cycle at the output as shown in the following figure. Note that direction

of current in the load resistance is same during both the cycles hence output is only positive

cycles.


55/6955

PROCEDURE:

1. Circuit connections were given as per the circuit diagram.

2. Input waveforms magnitude and frequency was measured with the help of CRO.

3. Supply is switched ON and the output waveform was obtained in the CRO.

4. Output waveforms magnitude and time period was measured.

5. Graphs were plotted for half wave and full wave rectifier outputs.

RESULT:

Thus the output of half wave and Full wave rectifiers were obtained and the curves were

plotted.

Performance (25)

Viva-Voce (10)



56/6956

PIN DIAGRAM:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:


57/6957

EX: NO: 10 GENERATION OF CLOCK SIGNAL

DATE:

AIM:

To generate a clock signal of 1 KHz (square waveform) by an astable multi-vibrator using IC555 timer.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Name of the Apparatus Range Quantity

1 Power Supply (0-30) V 1

2 Resistors 13 Capacitors 0.01F 1

4 CRO 30MHz 1

5 IC 555 Timer - 1

6 Bread Board - 1

7 Probes and Connecting Wires - As Required

THEORY:

The 555 timers is a highly stable device for generating accurate time delay or oscillation.A single 555 timer can provide time delay ranging from microseconds to hours whereas countertimer can have a maximum timing range of days.

The 555 timer is a very popular and versatile integrated circuit that includes

23transisters, 2 diodes and 16 resisters on in an 8-pin DIP (Dual In-line Package).

It has two main operating modes:

Monostable Mode the 555 functions as a one-shot. Applications include timers, missing

pulse detectors, bounce free switches and touch switches.

Astable Modethe 555 functions as an oscillator. This mode is used for circuits such as LEDand lamp flashers, pulse generators, logic clocks, tone generators and security alarms.

An astable multi vibrator is a square waveform generator. Forcing the Op-amp tooperate in the saturation region generates square waveform. It is a free running symmetricalmulti-vibrator because it does not require any external trigger.

DESIGN EQUATIONS:

Charge time (output high) : 0.693*(R1+R2)*C

Discharge time (output low): 0.693*(R2)*C

Period : 0.693*(R1+2*R2) *C


58/6958

MODEL GRAPH:

TABULATION

Amplitude TON TOFF T F=1/T Hz


59/6959

Frequency : 1.44 / ((R1+2*R2)*C)

Duty cycle: Time High / Time Low: (R1+R2) / (R1+2R2)

PROCEDURE:

1. The connections are given as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. The square waveform is obtained at output pin of Op-amp.

3. Note the amplitude & Time period of the waveform & Plot it in the graph.4. Duty cycle is calculated using the formula given.

RESULT:

Thus IC555 timer was operated in Astable mode to generate square wave.

Performance (25)

Viva-Voce (10)

Record (15)

Total (50)


60/6960

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:


61/6961

EX: NO: 11 SOLDERING AND DESOLDERING

DATE:

AIM

To study and verify soldering and desoldering methods for a given circuit.

APPARATUS REQUIRED

S.No Name of the apparatus Quantity

1 Printed Circuit Board 1

2 Soldering Iron 1

3 Soldering Flux 1

4 Soldering Gun 1

5 Resistor As Required

6. capacitor As Required7 Connecting Wires As Required

INTRODUCTION:

Once a defective component needs to be isolated from the given faulty equipment, it is

required to remove the defective component from the PCB & all this require a good practice

of soldering & desoldering.

SOLDERING PROCESS:

Soldering is the process of joining two or more metals at temperature below their

melting points using filler metal (solder) having melting point below 450`c. The solder binds

the metal together by chemical & physical processes. Chemically solder reacts with small part

of each metal to be joined or soldered, thus forming a new compound. Physically the liquid

solder alloy then enters the exposed pores of the metals. Solder on cooling solidifies and forms

a continuous metallic bond. If the metals are not heated properly, solder will not penetrate into

the metal pores. As a result solder will solidify over the top of the pores in the metal & this

result in defective joint known as cold solder joint.

DESOLDERING:

This operation is frequently required during maintenance for replacing a component. Itconsists of removal of solder from a previously soldered joint.


62/6962

PROCEDURE:

SOLDERING

1. The given electronic circuit is studied.

2. The PCB board is cleaned.

3. The tip of the soldering iron is cleaned before heating and also the resistors and capacitor

which is to be soldered is cleaned.

4. The soldering iron is heated and the solder is applied to the tip of it.

5. The resistor (R) leads are bent to fit the holes on the board and they are inserted in the holes

of the board as per the circuit diagram.

6. The hot tip is applied to the joints and the solder is applied.

7. The soldering tip is removed and the resistor is hold tightly till the solder is cooled and set.

8. The excess component lead is trimmed with side cutter.9. The above steps are repeated to fix the other resistor and capacitor in the circuit

DE-SOLDERING

1. The tip of the soldering iron is placed on the resistor- board joint until the solder is melt.

2. When the solder is melted the resistor is removed with a tweezers and the molten solder is

removed.

3. The above steps are repeated to remove the other resistor and capacitor.

4. The resistors and capacitors are cleaned.

RESULT:

Thus the Soldering and Desoldering methods was studied and output was verified for

a given circuit.

Performance (25)

Viva-Voce (10)Record (15)

Total (50)


63/6963

VIVA-VOCE QUESTIONS


64/6964

EXP: 1 RESIDENTIAL HOUSE WIRING USING SWITCHES, FUSE, INDICATOR,

LAMP AND ENERGY METER

1. What is the purpose of neutral in the circuit?

2. What kind of supply is given to the circuit?

3. What is the supply for single phase?

4. What is the purpose of fuse in a circuit?

5. What is series and parallel connection of components?

6. What is DPSTS?

7. What is the difference between direct current and alternating current?

8. What is frequency?

9. What is AC supply?

10. Name the three pins in a three pin socket?

11. What are the types of wiring used in residential buildings?

EXP: 2 FLUORESCENT LAMP WIRING

1. What are the gases filled in the fluorescent tube.

2. What is a fluorescent lamp?

3. What is the use of choke?

4. Why is starter used in fluorescent tube?

5. Will the tube light glow if the starter is removed after the tube light is on?

6. What is the material used for coating the tube light?

EXP: 3 STAIRCASE WIRING

1. What is the type of switch using in this experiment?

2. What are the applications?

3. What is the difference between 1-way and 2-way switch?

4. What is the use of this wiring?

5. Name some good conductors of electricity.

6. What do you mean by an open circuit and short circuit?

EXP: 4 MEASUREMENTS OF ELECTRICAL QUANTITIES - CURRENT,

VOLTAGE, POWER AND POWER FACTOR IN RLC CIRCUIT

1. Define Voltage and Current? Give its unit.

2. Define power and power factor?

3. What is an auto-transformer?

4. Define multiplication factor?

5. What is the use of wattmeter?

6. How is a wattmeter connected in an electrical circuit?

7. What is the difference between transformer and an auto transformer?

8. Name some measuring instruments and their uses.9. What do you understand by the term power factor in reference to AC circuits?

10. What do you mean by a lagging / leading power factor?


65/6965

EXP: 5 MEASUREMENT OF ENERGY USING SINGLE PHASE ENERGY METER

1. Define Energy meter?

2. What is the use of Energy meter?

3. What are the two coils used in Energy meter?

4. What is pressure coil?

5. What is current coil? Why it is used?

6. What is Actual power? Give the formula.

7. What is the use of auto transformer?

8. Give the difference between auto transformer & ordinary transformer?

9. Define power? Give formula for power consumed.

10. What will happen when a permanent magnet moving coil instrument is connected in an

AC circuit?

EXP: 6 MEASUREMENT OF RESISTANCE TO EARTH OF ELECTRICALEQUIPMENT

1. Define Resistance and give its unit.

2. Define earthing.

3. What is the purpose of earthing?

4. What is the instrument used for finding earth resistance?

5. What is meant by megger?

6. From where power is generated for megger?

7. What is meant by defection coil?

8. What is meant by current coil?

9. Which type of wattmeter is generally used for measuring power in AC circuit?

10. What do you mean by a wiring diagram? Name some tools used in wiring.


66/6966

EXP: 7A STUDY OF MEASUREMENT OF RESISTANCE USING COLOUR CODING

Band Color Code Numeric Value

1st Band Brown 1

2n Band Black 0

3r Band Orange 10

4t Band Gold 5%

The Resistor Value is 10K The tolerance is 5%

Table 1Band Color Code Numeric Value

1st Band Orange

2n Band Orange

3r Band Orange

4t Band Silver

The Resistor Value is ____________ The Tolerance is ______%


1st Band Orange

2n Band Orange

3r Band Red

4t Band Silver

The Resistor Value is____________ The Tolerance is ______%


1st Band Yellow

2n Band Violet

3r Band Red

4t Band Gold



1st

Band Red2n Band Red

3r Band Red

4t Band Gold



1st Band Red

2n Band Violet

3r

Band Brown4 Band Gold



67/6967


1st Band Brown

2n Band Brown

3r Band Red

4t Band Gold



1st Band Yellow

2n Band Violet

3r Band Red

4t Band Silver



1st Band Yellow

2n Band Violet

3r Band Orange

4t Band Gold



1st Band Brown

2n Band Black

3r Band Orange

4t Band Gold


Table 10

Band Color Code Numeric Value1st Band Red

2n Band Black

3r Band Red

4t Band Gold


1. What is a resistor and give its unit.

2. What is the function of a resistor?

3. How will you find out the resistor value?

4. What is tolerance?


68/6968

EXP: 7B MEASUREMENT OF AC SIGNAL PARAMETERS USING CRO

1. What is a CRO?

2. What are the uses of CRO?

3. What is meant by AC supply?

4. What is peak to peak voltage?5. What is rms voltage?

6. What is maximum voltage?

7. What is Frequency?

8. How is the time period measured?

9. What is a function generator?

10. What is a regulated power supply?

11. What are the basic components of a regulated power supply?

12. Name some measuring instruments and their uses.

EXP: 8 STUDY OF BASIC LOGIC GATES

1. Define logic gates.

2. Define IC?

3. Write the logical equation for AND gate.

4. Draw the truth table of AND gate.

5. Under what conditions the output of a two input AND gate is one?

6. Write the logical equation for OR gate.

7. Draw the truth table of OR gate.

8. What are the universal gates9. When will the output of a NAND Gate be 0?

10. Draw the truth table of NOT gate.

11. How many no. of input variables can a NOT Gate have?

12. How many gates will be there in an IC 7404 chip?

13. What gate does the IC 7408 consist of?

14. What are the 7th and 14th pins in all the gates?

EXP: 9 HALF WAVE AND FULL WAVE RECTIFIER

1. What do you mean by a conductor and name some conductors?

2. What do you mean by diode?

3. What is rectifier?

4. What is Half-Wave Rectifier?

5. What type of output we get from H-W Rectifier?

6. What is the value of Ripple factor for H-W Rectifier?

7. What is the formula for Vrmsfor HW Rectifier?

8. What is the formula for Vdc for HW Rectifier?

9. What is Full-Wave Rectifier?

10. What type of output we get from F-W Rectifier?11. What is the value of Ripple factor for F-W Rectifier?


69/69

EXP: 10 GENERATION OF CLOCK SIGNALS

1. Draw the pin diagram of 555 timers.

2. List important features of IC 555?

3. What is a clock signal?

4. What are the applications of clock signal?5. Can we generate clock signal without using 555 timers

6. What is the use of triggering signal, threshold and control voltage?

7. What is a multivibrator?

8. What is the purpose of multivibrator?

9. Give some examples of multivibrator.

10. What is an astable multivibrator ?

11. What is an astable multivibrator called so?

12. What is the disadvantage of an astable multivibrator?

EXP: 11 STUDY OF SOLDERING AND DESOLDERING

1. What is Soldering and De-Soldering?

2. What is the need of soldering?

3. What are the steps involved in soldering?

4. What do you mean by de-soldering?

5. What are the steps involved in de-soldering?

6. What are the uses of soldering and de-soldering?

7. What is a continuity tester?

8. What is the principal of continuity tester?

9. What are the parts of the continuity tester?

10. What is Printed Circuit Board (PCB)?

11. State the use of PCB?

Documents

RIT_GE6162_Lab_Manual