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Content

RNI NO.CHHHIN/2012/46660 Mind and Society ISSN 2277-6907Vol. 5 No. IV, Dec.2016

1. Assessment of Empathy, Impulsivity and P. K. Saha Aggressiveness among Juvenile Offenders K. Gopalakrishnan and Non-offenders: An Indigenous Investigation

2. A Cognitive Behavioural Intervention to the Sumita Singh Students Suffering From Depression

3. Effect of Age on Orientation towards Vaishali Gautam Valence Hirway

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Assessment of Empathy, Impulsivity andAggressiveness among Juvenile Offenders and

Non-offenders: An Indigenous Investigation*P. K. Saha

** K. Gopalakrishnan,

*Assistant Professor, Forensic Psychology & Neuropsychology, Institute of Behavioral Science, GujaratForensic Sciences University, Sector-9, Nr. DFS Headquarter, Gandhinagar-382007, Gujarat, India.

**M.Phil., Institute of Behavioral Science, Gujarat Forensic Sciences University, Sector-9, Nr. DFSHeadquarter, Gandhinagar-382007, Gujarat, India.

Juvenile crime is a serious public health problem that exacts a significant financial andemotional toll on society. Adolescents who engage in significant delinquent behaviour arealso at high risk of experiencing multiple deleterious outcomes in adulthood, includingmental and physical health problems, unemployment, and relationship difficulties. Researchsuggests that aggressive and risk-taking behaviours are associated with deficits in emotionaland cognitive development. Current study, it was hypothesized that physical and verbalaggression would significantly differ among adolescents who are juvenile offenders andothers who are non-offenders of same age group and socio-economic status. The cross-sectional study encompasses 20 adolescents (10 offenders and 10 non-offenders/controlgroup). The Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (AQ, translated version) was utilized toidentify the significant difference among the heterogeneous groups. Preliminary analysesrevealed significant difference in four underlying factors viz. physical aggression, verbalaggression, anger, and hostility. Further, in line with other studies, younger age and malegender were robustly related to physical aggression. The findings in current study indicatethe significant difference in physical, verbal, anger and hostility among juvenile offendersas compared to non-offenders on a backdrop of similar age construct, gender and socio-economic status.

KEY WORDS: Juvenile Offenders, Aggression, Physical Aggression, Verbal Aggression, Anger& Hostility.

Mind and Society ISSN 2277-6907Vol. 5, No. IV, Dec.2016, Page 07 to 15

Received02 Dec.2016

Reviewed10 Dec. 2016

Accepted15 Dec. 2016

Introduction:The long history of human violence is

difficult—if not impossible—to explain withcontemporary psychological theories. Evenbefore television, toy guns, steroids, narcotics,alcohol and violent computer games influenced

our daily lives, men killed each other. Severalcases of classroom violence, adolescentmisbehaviour are reported everyday of everyyear. Juveniles and their behaviour are a resultof multiple and sometimes complex causes.Juvenile Delinquency is one of many pressing

8 /Assessment of Empathy, Impulsivity and....

social issues that have challenged Indian societyby its roots. Children in conflict with the law areusually termed as Juveniles. Juvenile delinquentis a person, usually below the age of 18 whobehaves in a way that is illegal or not acceptableby law. The United Nations Guidelines for thePrevention of Juvenile Delinquency (the RiyadhGuidelines) assert that “youthful behaviour orconduct that does not conform to overall socialnorms and values is often part of the maturationand growth process and tends to disappearspontaneously in most individuals with thetransition to adulthood”. The rates for bothprevalence and incidence of offending appearhighest during adolescence, when we plot ratesof crime against age. The peak is sharp at aboutage 17 and the drop is evident in young adulthood.The majority of criminal offenders are teenagers;by the early 20s, the number of active offendersdecreases by over 50%, and by age 28, almost85% of former offenders desist from offending(Blumstein & Cohen, 1987; Farrington, 1986).According to National Crime Records BureauStatistics, 2013, 43,506 crimes were registeredunder the Indian Penal Code (IPC) for juveniles.In 2014, a 5.7% increase was noticed over 2013(31,725 cases) as more number of cases wereregistered under various sections of IPC againstjuveniles in conflict with the law. As much as6,346 cases have been registered in the state ofMadhya Pradesh, 5,175 cases in Maharashtra,4,044 cases in Bihar and so on.

Basic assumptions of juvenile delinquencyhighlight the cultural and economic and socialfactors (parents, peers, society) as leadingcauses of juvenile delinquency. Socio-economicinstability is often linked to persistentunemployment and low incomes among theyouth, which can lead to poverty which canfurther, increase the likelihood of theirinvolvement in criminal activity. Authoritarian andneglectful parenting style, broken families(divorced parents, single parent, no parents), peergroup pressure (membership in delinquent gang,

delinquent identities) and multitude ofcircumstances are responsible for delinquentbehaviour. The findings of Steinberg L. and IlanaBlatt-Eisengart, 2001 revealed that juvenileoffenders who characterize their parents withindulgent, authoritarian, and neglectful parentingstyle perform below average in academics andare socio-economically incompetent. StrainTheory by Robert Agnew states thatdelinquency is a result of an individual’s inabilityto reach his/her goals which leads to frustrationamong individuals which leads to aggression.With passing years, researchers haveincreasingly paid attention towards aggressionin children and its impact on them and society.Aggression is perceived as an intention to harmother human beings physically, emotionally andsexually. Aggression can be defined as anexpression of destructive and violent tendencies(Plutchik& van Praag, 1997). Aggression isdivided into Physical (punching, kicking, shovingetc), Verbal (abusing, slang etc), Anger andHostility (Buss and Perry, 1992). Physicalaggression among children from a very youngage is not only a predictor of anti-socialbehaviour (Werner & Crick, 2004,) but it alsocalls for risk of substance abuse, alcohol use,depression, criminal behaviour etc. (Tremblay,2004). Anger is considered to be the emotionalcomponent whereas hostility is considered to bethe cognitive component of aggression.Grippingly, Zillman (1979, 1988) provided anabsolutely fresh perception of aggression.According to him, aggression is a phenomenonwhich is a function of excitation caused by piledup events that cross a certain level of threshold.According to him aggression and anger occurin two ways: (a) immediately (consideringintensity of the event is high and arousal isimmediate), and (b) cumulatively, in whichresidual arousal transfers from one situation toanother. Zillman saw anger as a process ofcatharsis.

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A metanalytic review by M.C. Cappadocia,2009 suggests physiological correlates andneurochemical deficits underlying aggressivebehaviour. Increase and decrease production ofcortisol in the presence and absence of stressfulsituations respectively may reflect a lack of self-control resulting in more impulsiveness andaggressive behaviours (Klimes-Dougan et al,2001 and Shoal et al, 2003). Secondly, Dibble,A. and Kliewer, W, 2005 found that high cortisollevel is associated with parent-reported highaggression level. Yet another study establishedthat low levels of Autonomic Nervous System(ANS) during stressful situation results in lowerinhibition and therefore, anti-social behaviour(Burke et al., 2002). These findings aresupported by fearlessness theory (Raine, 1993).The theory recognizes that low autonomicnervous system arousal is associated withconduct disorders (characterized by aggressionand anti-social behaviour) among children andadolescents (Lorber, 2004; Ortiz &Raine, 2004).Fourth theory i.e., Stimulation-Seekingtheory(Raine, Venables, &Mednick, 1997; Quay,1965) states the significance of low level ofphysiological arousal which results in anunpleasant internal state which intern leads tothe individual to seek arousal from his/herenvironment. Hence juveniles display the needto seek or maintain arousal through aggressiveor anti-social behaviours. Interestingly, low levelof activation in the left amygdale was found tobe associated with aggression and anti-socialbehaviour (Sterzer et al. 2005). Further, Sterzeret a l., conducted FMRIs study on pre-adolescent and adolescent males with conductdisorder. The findings were compared to controlgroup which consisted of children between ages9-15 years. The subjects were shown picturesand videos which would usually elicit negativefeelings. It was seen that children with conductdisorder (characterized by aggression and anti-social behaviours) exhibited low level ofactivation in the left amygdale while passively

viewing picture-stressor as compared to theactivation shown by children of age-matchedcontrol group. This neurobiological deficitindicates that children displaying aggression andanti-social behaviour have impairedunderstanding of emotional cues.

Moreover, Terrie E. Moffit’s theory, 1993draws a clear picture as to why the delinquencyis highest among adolescents. He presented‘dual taxonomy’ to understand anti-socialbehaviour among adolescents, which was widelyaccepted. He asserted two theories of antisocialbehaviour, namely, life-course persistent anti-social behaviour or adolescent-limited anti-socialbehaviour. Moffitt drew a relation between ageand anti-social behaviour stating that in life-course persistent anti-social behaviour,neuropsychological problems act together withcriminality of the individual and criminogenicenvironment around him/her throughout his/herdevelopment and beyond resulting in apathological personality. According to adolescentlimited anti-social behaviour, certain anti-socialbehaviour was prevalent only during adolescence,decreasing dramatically over age, thus increasingtemporarily during adolescent period. As thisstudy focuses to unravel a significant differencein anger, hostility, verbal and physical aggression,it is imperative to understand the causalattributes for such aggressiveness amongadolescents. Captivatingly, Moffit, Henry andSilva in the year 1990 and 1989 sought toestablish the relation between poor verbalexecutive functions and antisocial behaviour.Adolescent New Zealand boys were taken assubjects who had a history of anti-socialbehaviour and conduct disorder from age 3 toage 15. The experimental group scored poorlyon neuropsychological tests of verbal executivefunctions. Stanford-Binet test of cognitiveperformance was monitored. Interestingly, theage-matched control group, also diagnosed withconduct disorder scored well inneuropsychological tests, thus showing no

10 / Assessment of Empathy, Impulsivity and....

neuropsychological deficits. Hence a relationbetween verbal (neuropsychological) deficitsand individuals exhibiting antisocial behaviourwas established. In summary, an impressivenumber of longitudinal studies have arrived atsimilar conclusions, especially for males. Ifaggressive behaviour problems develop in thepreschool years, a significant proportion of thechildren (as high as 50 per cent) will continue toexperience similar problems in middle childhoodand into adolescence. A substantial number ofthese adolescents will engage in antisocialbehaviour. Our current study hypothesizes asignificant difference in physical aggression,verbal aggression, anger and hostility amongjuvenile offenders and non-offenders.Methods:Subjects and Procedure

Considering the feasibility of the study,sample size was chosen to be 20. The samplefor the study consisted of the inmates of the*Government Observation Home of Surat,Gujarat. With the help of random samplingmethod, a total of 10 inmates were interviewedout of ** inmates of the Home. Experimentalgroup consisted of 10 Juvenile offenders andControl group consisted of 10 Non-Offenders.Around *90% of the juveniles were from Gujarat,and only *10% of the juveniles belonged to otherstates. The Home housed the offenders out ofwhich *90% were accused and under trials. Andthe rest *10% of the inmates were convicted.Among them, *72% of the juveniles had stayedin the Observation Home for less than sixmonths, *20% were staying since less than oneyear, and only *8% are staying since less thantwo years. Thus, total number of samplescollected were20 juvenile offender and non-offender males. Approval letters from IBS,GFSU were taken to the Juvenile homes.Following which, we interacted with the inmates,thus building a rapport. To keep in line with theethical standards, participants were informedabout the study. Then, the questionnaire was

administered. In order to keep matched Socio-economic-status among both groups, agovernment school was carefully chosen for testadministration. The students were informedabout the study. The administration of thequestionnaires was done in regular class time.No incentives were given to the students as theyvoluntarily took part in the study.

Socio-economic status (SES), genderand the age construct were kept constant amongoffender and non-offender group. The averageage of samples of both delinquent and non-delinquent groups was 16.5 years. Adolescentsbetween ages 16-17 years were distinctlychosen for both delinquent and non-delinquentgroup in this study. The basic assumption behindchoosing adolescents of 16-17 years was thefact that the physiological changes during thisage is most rapid which results in emotionalinstability.Measures:

The present study compares aggressionamong juvenile offenders and non-delinquent.It is in-between group comparison study. TheBuss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (Buss&Perry, 1992) consisted of 29 items which werescored along a five-point Likert scale - 1 =extremely uncharacteristic of me, 2 = somewhatuncharacter istic of me, 3 = neitheruncharacteristic nor characteristic of me, 4 =somewhat characteristic of me and 5 =extremely characteristic of me. It has foursubscales: physical aggression, verbalaggression, anger, and hostility. The scores werecalculated as prescribed in the manual. The self-rating Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire(AQ) is considered by many to be the goldstandard for measuring aggression. It has beencriticized, for ex- ample, for contamination ofitem and sum scores with social desirabilityresponding (SDR) (Becker, 2007; Harris, 1997).Despite the fact that the confounding effect ofSDR has been found to be quite substantial


across all items, it had only a minimal distortingeffect when evaluating the extent of biasStatistical Ananlysis:

With the help of Statistical Package forSocial Sciences (SPSS-21), data were analysed.Initially, means and standard deviations (SD)were calculated for describing the variable underinvestigation. Hypothesized significantdifferences in all four variables namely, physical,verbal, anger and hostility were tested by usingtwo-sample t-test for independent samples.

Results:Analysis of the obtained showed a

significant difference in all four dimensionsnamely physical aggression, verbal aggression,anger and hostility (See Table 1 and Graph 1).As evident from the graph, juvenile offendersexhibit higher level of physical aggression, verbalaggression, anger and hostility as compared tonon-offenders.

Table 1: Dimensions and Mean (SD’s) for Juvenile Offenders and Non-Offenders

S.No. Dimensions

JuvenileOffenders

(Mean, S.D.)

Non-Offenders(Mean, S.D.) P- value

1. Physical Aggression 38.6(2.366) 22.6 (3.471) <.05a

2. Verbal Aggression 20.7 (1.059) 13.8 (4.341) <.05a

3. Anger 31.5 (3.308) 16.5 (4.905) <.05a

4. Hostility 29.7 (6.516) 23.0 (4.944) <.05a

12 /Assessment of Empathy, Impulsivity and....

Table 3: t-Test Results for Dimension of Verbal Aggression among two groups

Physical Aggression is behaviouralcomponent of aggression. From the resultsmentioned (Table 2) above, it is evident that thereis a significant difference in physical aggressionof delinquent and non-delinquent group as the p

value (0.000021252) is less than 0.05 at 5 %level of significance. Therefore, null hypothesisis rejected and difference in PA between twogroups is considered significant.

Verbal aggression is behavioural component ofaggression. From the results mentioned above(Table 3), it is evident that there is a significantdifference in verbal aggression of delinquent andnon- delinquent group as the p value

(0.000626508) is less than 0.05 at 5 % level ofsignificance. Therefore, null hypothesis isrejected and difference in VA between twogroups is considered significant.

Table 2: t-Test Results for Dimension of Physical Aggression among two groups.


Table 4: t-Test Results for Dimension of Anger among two groups.

Anger is an emotional component ofaggression. From the results mentioned above(Table 4), it is evident that there is a significantdifference in anger of delinquent and non-delinquent group as the p value (0.000059128)

is less than 0.05 at 5 % level of significance.Therefore, null hypothesis is rejected anddifference in anger between two groups isconsidered significant.

Table 5: t-Test Results for Dimension of Anger among two groups.

14 / Assessment of Empathy, Impulsivity and....

Hostility is a cognitive component ofaggression. From the results mentioned above(Table 5), it is evident that there is a significantdifference in hostility of delinquent and non-delinquent group as the p value (0.019192704)is less than 0.05 at 5 % level of significance.Therefore, null hypothesis is rejected anddifference in hostility between two groups isconsidered significant.Discussion:

Aim of this study was to find a significantdifference in aggression (consisting of physicaland verbal, anger and hostility) among delinquentand non-delinquent sample keeping age, genderand SES constant and it was found thataggression significantly differs among the twogroups which is also in line with the literaturethat has been reviewed.

The results can be substantiated by thefindings of M.C. Cappadocia, 2009 who explainsphysiological correlates behind the high level ofaggression among children with conductdisorder. Highlights of conduct disorder and anti-social behaviour are aggressive and anti-socialbehaviour. The influence of the HPA axis,cortisol level in bloodstream of the individual(M.C. Cappadocia, 2009), and low-level arousalof the ANS (Burke et al.), all together contributeto the overt aggressive behaviour exhibited byjuveniles. According to various theories, low levelof ANS arousal leads to low level of inhibition,thus reaching an unpleasant internal state whichcauses the individual to seek sensation or morephysiological arousal (Raine, Venables,&Mednick, 1997; Quay, 1965). Shoal et al,emphasized that reduced cortisol may result inlack of self-control, impulsiveness therefore,aggressive behaviour. The above mentionedtheories and many other support the findings thatphysical aggression in more in juvenile than innon-offenders. Moffit, Henry and Silva (1990,1989) established a relation between anti-socialbehaviour (observed among children with

conduct disorder) and poor verbal executivefunctions. As a consequence of increase in thelevel of physical aggression among juveniles, theemotional and cognitive component of aggressioni.e. anger and hostility respectively are exhibitedto be higher among juvenile offenders than innon-offenders. This phenomenon can besupported by theory stated by Zillman (1979,1988) that aggression requires a certainthreshold to be crossed. Events either causeimmediate arousal or all the events gradually addto a certain intensity which crosses thethreshold. According to Zillman, anger (emotionalcomponent), comes as a prelude to aggression.It is an emotion felt during the aggressive actand is often a predictor of the same. Hostility isthe cognitive component of aggression whichincludes ill-will, resentment etc. According toZillman, aggression is a method of catharsis andcovert aggression (anger and hostility) areaccompaniments of the same. Aggressionresearchers have often considered self-esteemsa possible trigger for violent and aggressivebehavior. Additionally, interest has increased inthe contribution of emotion deregulation toaggression, yet research examining the joint roleof self-esteem and emotion deregulation islacking.Strengths and Limitations:

Despite their relevance, the present findingsshould be considered in light of the limitations ofthis study. The current endeavor was carriedout to gain an understanding of the nature ofaggression among Indian Juvenile Offenders inorder to theorize a causal model which wouldbe valid in terms of Indian culture and population.It stresses on the need of better rehabilitativeprogram. Yet, further research is needed to becarried out in order to find the magnitude bywhich aggression is more in juvenile offendersthan in non-offenders. Since the sample size inthis study was limited it is difficult to generalizethe results to its population. Only males were


the participants for this study which furthernarrows down generalization process, as theresults will not stand valid for female sample/population.Another potential limitation of ourstudy was that the cross-sectional design doesnot allow assessment of causality. As a result, itcould be argued that other theoretical approachescould lead to a different ordering of the variablesin our mediation analyses. Further study needs

to be carried out where age and socio-economic-status are not the only independent variables.Conclusion:

The present study provides proof that thereis a significant difference in physical and verbalaggression, anger and hostility between juvenileoffender and non-offender group. The level ofaggression in juvenile delinquent is thus higherthan in non-offenders.

References:

Azar, R., Zoccolillo, M., Paquette, D., Quiros, E., Baltzer, F., & Tremblay, R. E. (2004). Cortisol levels andconduct disorder in adolescent mothers. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 43, 461-468.

Barnow, S., Lucht, M., &Freyberger, H. (2005).Correlates of aggressive and delinquent conduct problems inadolescence.Aggressive Behavior, 31, 24-39.

Bauer, L. O., &Hesselbrock, V. M. (1999). P300 decrements in teenagers with conduct problems: Implicationsfor substance abuse risk and brain development. Biological Psychiatry, 46, 263-272.

Becker, G. (2007) The Buss-perry aggression questionnaire: Some unfinished business.

Journal of Research in Personality, 41, 434-452. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2006.05.004.

Buss, A.H. and Perry, M. (1992) The aggression questionnaire. Journal of Personality and

Social Psychiatry, 63, 452-459.

Cappadocia M.C, Desrocher M., Pepler D.,& Schroeder J H.(2009).‘Contextualizing the neurobiology ofconduct disorder in an emotion dysregulation framework’.Psychology Department, York University.

Farrington, D. P. (1986).Age and crime.In M. Tonry& N. Morris (Eds.), Crime and Justice: An AnnualReview of Research (Vol. 7, pp.189-250). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Harris, J.A. (1997) A further evaluation of the aggressionquestionnaire: Issues of validity and reliability.Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35, 1047-1053. doi:10.1016/S0005- 7967(97) 00064-8.

Henry, B., Moffitt, T. E., Robins, L. N., Earls, F., & Silva, P. A. (1993). Early family predictors of child andadolescent antisocial behavior: Who are the mothers of offenders? Crimi nal Behavior and MentalHealth, 3, 97-118.

Hirschi, T, &Gottfredson, M. (1983).Age and the explanation of crime.American Journal of

Sociology, 89, 552-584.

Moffitt, T.E. (1993). ‘Adolescence-Limited and Life-Course-Persistent Antisocial Behaviour: A

Developmental Taxonomy’. Vol. 100, No. 4, Psychological Review, 1993.

Vladislav, V R. &Eisemann, M. (2000). ‘Aggression and Psyhcological problems in Juvenile Male OffendersvsControls in Russia: Alternative ways of “Letting of Steam”?’.Vol.5 No.2, Elsevier, 2000, U.S.A.

16 /Mind and Society ISSN 2277-6907

Vol. 5, No. IV, Dec.2016, Page16 to 21

A Cognitive Behavioural Intervention to theStudents Suffering From Depression.

Adolescence in human life is the stage when rapid changes take place. The individualsphysical mental, social, moral and spiritual out looks undergo revolutionary changes. Suchchanges during adolescence are more rapid than during infancy and childhood. Due tothese various changes his personality develops new dimensions. Adolescents experiencea number of conflicts believes the tendency to depend and ability to be independent realityand fantasy; to follow a not follow the social norms, between empathy and social concernand between idealism and reality. Some of the important problems of adolescents ineducational institutions are delinquency, day dreaming, ragging, scholastic backwardness,examination phobia, self pride, inferiority complex , anger, anxiety frustration, stress,depression, addiction to drugs, alcohol & cigarettes, depression and suicide. The purposeof the study is to counsel the student suffering from depression through cognitive behav-ioral intervention. In the present study, a survey was done to select the students then atotal sample of 5 subjects was selected on the bases of level of depression. Initial data wastaken and each case was counseled for one month then again data depression test was tosee the significance of difference between pre and post test of depression. The t value wascomputed for each student.Key words: cognitive behavioral intervention, depression.

* Sumita Singh

Received01 Dec. 2016



*HOD (Edu) Chhattisgarh Vanijaya Avam Vigyan Mahavidyalaya, Bhilai (C.G)

With the progressive democratization ofEducation, phenomenal scientific and advance-ment of ever expanding world of work, increas-ing communication economic independence andgrowing search for a meaning in life and chang-ing social and ethical values, it has become im-perative that the children adolescents, youth andeven adults have to be given broad based guid-ance and counseling at various crossroads in theirchronological growth and development guidanceis a service designed to help one individual ongroup of individuals in making necessary adjust-

ment to environment, helping individuals throughtheir own effects to discover and develop theirpotentialities both for personal happenings andsocial usefulness. Counseling is an art and sci-ence needed from cradle to the grave for ad-equate adjustment to the accepting relation oflife needed from time to time.

Adolescence in human life is the stagewhen rapid changes take place. The individualsphysical mental, social, moral and spiritual outlooks undergo revolutionary changes. Suchchanges during adolescence are more rapid than

/ 17A Cognitive Behavioural Intervention to the....

during infancy and childhood. Due to these vari-ous changes his personality develops new di-mensions.

Adolescents experience a number of conflictsbelieves the tendency to depend and ability tobe independent reality and fantasy; to follow anot follow the social norms, between empathyand social concern and between idealism andreality.

Some of the important problems of adoles-cents in educational institutions are delinquency,day dreaming, ragging, scholastic backwardness,examination phobia, self pride, inferiority com-plex, anger, anxiety frustration, stress, depres-sion, addiction to drugs, alcohol & cigarettes,depression and suicide.

Cognitive behavior therapy has been shownto be effective with mild to moderate unipolar,no psychotic depression (Beck et al., 1979). Heused cognitive behavior therapy with depressedpatients and found that at the end of their treat-ment, patients showed significant lessening oftheir depressive symptoms. Many reports andMeta analyses affirm the effectiveness of CBTas a beneficial method for treating depressionButler & Beck (2000) conducted a review ofmeta-analyses of cognitive behavior therapy. Thisreview included 14 meta-analyses that coveredcollectively 9,138 subjects in 325 studies involv-ing 465 comparisons for 14 disorders of popula-tions. This was the first such review and thefindings show that cognitive-behavioral therapy(CBT) is quite effective. In particular, this therapyis substantially superior (mean ES=.90) to notreatment, wait list and placebo controls for vari-ous psychiatric disorders including adult 51 andadolescent depression.

Merrill et al. (2003) in his study examinedthe effectiveness of transporting an empiricallysupported treatment for depression, cognitivebehavior therapy to a community mental healthcenter setting. CBT was delivered to 192 adult

outpatients with major depression and abenchmarking strategy compared results withthose of two randomized controlled trials. The 3samples were largely similar in terms of initialseverity of depression and CBT was as effec-tive in reducing depressive symptoms in the cur-rent sample as in the randomized controlled tri-als. This study demonstrates that an empiricallysupported treatment can be used effectively ina clinical setting for the treatment of depres-sion. Many recent studies have confirmed theefficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy for treat-ing depression.

Feldman (2007) and Rohan et al. (2007) sug-gested that CBT is an effective non pharmaco-logic strategy for depression treatment that hasreceived considerable empirical support.

Garratt et al. (2007) reported that CBT re-duces the frequency of patients’ negativethoughts and the severity of their dysfunctionalattitudes and these changes are associated withdepression reduction over the course of treat-ment. Depression

Depression is one of the first psychogenic(with a psychological cause) disorders to be rec-ognized and identified as a distinctive is entity.Depression has physical, emotional, cognitive andbehavioral effects on the individual. The symp-toms of depression often overlap with other dis-orders like anxiety and even with life stars. Thusidentifying a group of symptom as depressionand specifying their level is very important forthe mental health professional.

Depression during adolescence has a nega-tive impact on social, academic and family func-tioning, as well as being associated with an in-creased risk for recurrence and impairment insocial-emotional functioning that extends intoadult life. It is not simply a disorder of moodregulation but involves alterations in physiologi-cal and cognitive functioning. The study of de-

18 /A Cognitive Behavioural Intervention to the....

pression requires careful attention to develop-mental issues especially the challenges of ado-lescence. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

Cognitive – Behavioral therapy is a form ofpsychotherapy that emphasizes the important ruleof thinking in how we feel and what we do CBTteacher that when our trains are healthy, it is ourthinking that causes is to feel and act the waywe do. Therefore, if we are experiencing un-wanted feeling and behaviors, it is important toidentify the thinking that is causing the feelingand behaviors and to learn how to replace thisthinking with thoughts that lead to more desir-able reactions.

Cognitive therapy is a kind of psychotherapyused to treat depression anxiety used to treatdepression anxiety deadens phobias, delusionaldeciders and other fame of mental deciders.

It involves recognizing unhelpful a destruc-tive patterns of thinking and reacting, then modi-fying a replacing these with more realistic a help-ful ones. Its practitioners hold that clinical de-pression is typically associated with negativitybiased thinking and irrational thoughts. Strengths of CBT

1. Model has great appeal because it fo-cuses on human thought. Human cognitive abili-ties have been responsible for our many accom-plishments so may also be responsible for ourproblems.

2. Cognitive theories lend themselves to test-ing. When experimental subjects are manipu-lated into adopting unpleasant assumptions orthought they became more anxious and de-pressed.

3. Many people with psychological disorders,particularly depressive, anxiety, and sexual dis-orders have been found to display maladaptiveassumptions and thoughts.

4. Cognitive therapy has been very effectivefor treating depression (Hollon & Beck, 1994),

and moderately effective for anxiety problems.Cognitive Behavioral Approach toDepression

Behavioral theorists suggest that depressionresults from faulty and irrational psychologicalperception, causing distorted learning and rea-soning. This depressive cognition could be a re-sult of traumatic experience or incapability ofadaptive coping skills. Depressive people havea negative perception or belief about themselvesand their environment. More the severity of one’snegative thoughts more is the severity of one’sdepression symptoms.

Beck devised the negative cognitive triad,which includes the following three main dysfunc-tional belief themes or schemas, a depressiveperson experiences.

The depressed patients see themselves asinadequate, incapable of success and always asa victim of circumstances.

The patient considers all past and presentexperiences through the kaleidoscope of nega-tivity, constantly emphasizing on defeats, failuresand a victim mentality.

The depressed individual envisions the future,just as he interprets the past and present andsees only despair and hopelessness.

These beliefs focus attention towards nega-tive aspects of life and the w ay information isprocessed. As perception becomes more dis-torted, selective attention is placed on failuresand everything is approached negatively. Thedepressed person maneuvers all his feelings to-wards hopelessness unconsciously. In 1961, hedeveloped the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)that has a 21 item scale that uses a Likert scaleto determine the severity of depression. It is oneof the most widely used and referenced scalesto measure depression.

Treating DepressionAaron Beck put major emphasis on under-

standing and changing core beliefs as an ap-


proach to treating depression. By restructuringdestructive thinking, he believed that positivechanges could be brought in the patient. He con-sidered the role of a therapist as crucial in thetreatment. The therapist involves the patient insetting realistic goals and taking responsibilitiesfor action and thought. By changing thought andperception, a change can be brought in behaviorand emotional responses. A course is outlined toeducate the patient on the concept of faultythinking. New ideas and ways are generated todevelop a positive outlook of oneself, experiencesand the environment around. Sometimes, homeassignments are also given to help the depressedperson review and understand the impact offaulty thinking on his behavior and emotionalwell-being.

Beck combined Sigmund Freud’s psycho-analysis with his own understanding and obser-vations of schema and developed the cognitivebehavior theory. He further developed BeckScale for Suicidal Ideation, Beck HopelessnessScale, Beck Anxiety Inventory and Beck YouthInventories to help treat all kinds of mental dis-orders, today; psychiatrists worldwide use hiscognitive behavior theory and various scales totreat patients suffering from depression.Objects of the Study:

1. To conduct case study of depressionamong adolescents.

2. A cognitive behavioral Intervention tohelp adolescents to over- come depression.Problem of the Study:

The problem of the present study is a cogni-tive behavioral intervention to the students suf-fering from depression. Hypotheses:

There will exist a significant difference in thedepression level of the subject after counseling.Sample:

The present study was limited to study de-pression of Adolescent students only. Only 5cases of depression were taken. The age was

12-16 years. The problems were identified basedon the initial symptom of cases.

The present study is a serve to select stu-dents suffering from depression. After the se-lection case study method was used for coun-seling the student. The investigator selected de-pression cases from class 9 & 10 of Galib Me-morial Higher Secondary School, Sector-6, Bhilai.Research Method

For the cognitive intervention OF the studentssuffering from depression, a survey was doneto select the students then a total sample of 5subjects was selected on the bases of level ofdepression. Initial data was taken and each casewas counseled for one month then again datadepression test was to see the significance ofdifference between pre and post test of depres-sion. The t value was computed for each stu-dent.Tools & Techniques used

1) Observation2) Interviews3) Depression Inventory Becks depression Inventory (BDI)4) Relationship technique5) Supportive technique6) Insight-interpretative technique7) Role playDepression Inventory Becks depression In-

ventory (BDI) was used to assess the depres-sion of the samples. A copy of the questionnairesis completed by trained interviewer .The sub-ject has another copy available to read fromduring the interview. This could also be adminis-tered as a self reporting instrument. To measurethe significance of difference between the preand post testing, t-value was calculated.

Becks depression Inventory (BDI) was usedto assess the depression of the samples. Thedata of was taken on day 1 and the subjectswere,

1) Trained for relaxation techniques2) Cognitive intervention was given by, Re-

20 /A Cognitive Behavioural Intervention to the....

Table – IStatistical inference of ‘t’ for depression level of pre and post test

Table I shows that the mean and S.D. ofdepression level of students in pre test in 16.6and in post test is 129.9 respectively. The ‘t’test was applied to test the significance of thedifference between the means of depressionlevel of pre test and post test. The ‘t’ valueobtained is 5.22 (df=8) which is more than thetable value 2.30 at 0.05 level of significance.The proposed Hypothesis H1 is accepted. Thuswe can conclude that there will exist a signifi-cant difference in the depression level of thesubject after counseling.Conclusion:

On the basis of the present study it is con-cluded that cognitive behavioral intervention isan effective technique for reducing depression

among students suffering from depression.Implication:

The understanding gained from the presentstudy is expected to be useful in planning cog-nitive behavioral intervention programmers’ forstudents at a risk of depression. The interven-tions including counseling, trained for relax-ation techniques, cognitive behavioral interven-tion (Relationship technique ,Supportive tech-nique, Insight-interpretative technique Roleplay), physical activities, interviews ,that wouldhelp students to perceive and interpret stress-ful events in a healthy way to have a positiveattitude towards life and it’s never ending con-sequences that may interfere with their physi-cal and mental development.

Depression level N N SD dft - value Result

Cal Tabl

SPre test 5 1665.7 8 5.22 2.30

Post test 5 129.2

lationship technique, Supportive technique, In-sight- Interpretative technique and Role play

3) Advised for physical activities. 4) InterviewedAfter 30 day again the data was taken and

the “t” value was calculated to know the signifi-cant difference.

Analysis and Interpretation:The process of interpretation is essentially is

of stating, what the result are a what the findingsaw in fact, inter predation, critical examinationof the result. The essentials of interpretation arean adequate knowledge of techniques to researchand adequate knowledge’s of one’s field of studyand capacity to do careful and critical thinking.


References:

Beck, A.T., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., & Erbaugh, J. (1961). An inventory formeasuring depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 4, 561-571.

Beck, A. T., Rush, A. J., Shaw, B. F., & Emery, G. (1979). Cognitive Therapy of Depression. NY: GuilfordPress. Beck, A. T., Wright, F. D., Newman, C. F., & Liese, B. S. (1993). Cognitive Therapy ofSubstance Abuse. NY: Guilford Press.

Butler, A. C., & Beck, J. S. (2000). Cognitive therapy outcomes: A review of met analyses. Journal of theNorwegian Psychological Association, 37, 1-9.

Feldman, E.S., & Thase, M.E. (2007). Cognitive and Behavioral Therapies. The Medical Basis ofPsychiatry, Part IV, 635-649.

Garratt, G., Ingram, R.E., Rand, K.L., & Sawalani, G. (2007). Cognitive processes in cognitive therapy:Evaluation of the mechanisms of change in the treatment of depression. Clinical Psychology:Science and Practice, 14, 224-239.

Hollon, S. D., & Beck, A. T. (1993). Cognitive and cognitive-behavioral therapies. New York: Wiley, 428–466.

Merrill, K.A., Tolbert, V.E., & Wade, W.A. (2003). Effectiveness of cognitive therapy for depres sion in acommunity mental health centre: A benchmarking study. Journal of Consulting and ClinicalPsychology, 71(2), 404-409.

Rohan, K.J., Roecklein, K.A., & Lindsey, K. (2007). Randomized controlled trial of cognitive- behavioraltherapy, light therapy, and their combination for seasonal affective disorder. Journal of Consultingand Clinical Psychology, 75: 489-500.

22 /

Effect of Age on Orientation towards Valence* Vaishali Gautam Hirway

AbstractValence is very important factor in field theory. It is responsible for decide persons behav-ior. On other hand, age is a major determinant of growth. Many changes in personalitycome with aging. In this current study we tried to establish relationship between age andvalence. We hypothesized that age would have significant impact on valence orientation.Result showed that age has a significance impact on valence orientation.


Received05 Nov. 2016

Reviewed17 Nov. 2016

Accepted21 Nov. 2016

Valence is very important factor in fieldtheory of Lewin (1957) and expectancy modelof Vroom (1964). Valence is responsible for be-havior. According to field theory, valence is char-acteristics of external behavior. On other handexpectancy-valence theory suggests that indi-vidual performance depended on some condi-tions and rewards available are ones they valueand desire. (Baron and Byrone, 1999). So it isclear that valence has very important role in se-lection of alternatives.

According to Singh (1997) that necessity, im-portance of work, advantage in present situa-tion are important determinant of intensity ofvalence. As we know that age plays an impor-tant role to decide our behaviour and pattern ofselect alternatives. Human life span can be di-vided broadly in four phases e.g. adolescence,young age, middle age and old age. In this studyfour age group e.g. 16-20 years; 24-28 years;40-44 years and above 60 years which

Represent above four age phases and we tryto find out possible effect of age on orientationtoward valence

Problem:Whether age of the subjects has any impact

on orientation towards valence?Hypothesis:

It was hypothesized that age would show itssignificant impact on valence orientation. Sub-ject of younger age group i.e., 16-20 years and24-28 years would show lesser leaning for va-lence that their older age counterpart group of40-45 years and above 60 years.Method:Design of the study and sample :

The present study explored the possible ef-fect of age and orientation toward valence.There we employed four separate group designfour levels of i.e., 16-20 years 24-28, 40-44 yearsand above 60 years and total 480 subjects com-prised for the sample of the study.Tool:

Wisdom orientation scale has been used tomeasure valence. This scale was developed byAgarwal (1998). This measures four type oforientation i.e., valence attitude, belief of con-trol and subjective norm and social concern. We

*H.O.D. psychology.Gov. M. V. P. G. college Mahasamund (C.G.)

/ 23Effect of Age on Orientation towards Valence...

picked only dada of valence to fulfill our pur-poseProcedure:

For the purpose of the study, subjects werecontacted personally and were requested to par-ticipate in the study. Proper rapport was estab-

lished with them. Subjects were administeredthe test individually.Result and discussion:

Multi variant analysis were used to found in-teraction effect of age and orientation towardvalence Results are given below-

pothesis of the present study that age would showits significant impact on valence

The apparent reason of increasing orientationtowards valence with age was learning, matu-rity, socialization emotional stability increasingresponsibility and increasing number of roles.

The subject falling in the age group of 16-20years has less responsibility and plenty of timeto dream. Most of the crucial decision on theirbehalf is taken by their parents. Therefore lessorientation was shown by this group. Subjectfalling in the age group of 24-28 years are sup-posed to get married by that time so they haveto make crucial decision relating to their carrierfamily and some other front. Similarly middleage (44-45 years ) group subjects hand full andthey have many botherations (Lavinson and oth-ers, 1978, 86.) like ailing body, career of their

children less predictable life(Newgarten,1979,1980 ).This age group showedmaximum orientation towards valence.

People who are above 60 years showed relativeless orientation towards valence than subjectfalling in the age group of 40-45 years. The likelyreasons of decreased orientation on are super-annuation (hence almost all have no professionalresponsibilities or liabilities) and almost settledlife of children.

Emotional stability is another factor which var-ies with age and hence, has impact on orienta-tion toward valence. Low age group (16-20years) is given too emotions, idealism and sen-timentalities. The most important reason is hor-monal changes. The subjects of young age group(24-28 years) are relatively more emotionallystable, Middle age group (40-44 years) is neededthe age of most emotional stability (Conley,1985;Costa and McCrae, 1989; Finn, 1986 & Purohit,1987) Old age group (above 60 years) peopleare relatively less emotionally stable.

Results given in above table show that main ef-fect of age on valence was found to be signifi-cance F (3.456) =19.03, p<0.01Main effect of age support the hy

Mean d. f. F

16-20 years 109.90 3,1456 19.03

24-28 years 118.38

123.40-44 years

Age group

24 /Effect of Age on Orientation towards Valence...

References:Agarwal, V.(1980): Discriminating Wisdom orientation concept and its measurement. Doctoral

thesis submitted to pt. ravishankar shukla university, Raipur

Neugarten, B. (1998): Must everything be middle life crisis? Prime Time , 45-48 (P.P.139, 146)

Levision,D (1980): A concept of adult development. American Psychologist , 41 , 3-13 , (P. 138)

Lewin, K(1957):Field Theory in Social Sciences, Newyork, Harper

Singh, B.G. (1997): Discrimination Wisdom: A factor analytical study: A project report submitted toICSSR, New , Delhi, Pt. ravishankar shukla university, Raipur

Vroom, V. (1964): Work and Motivation New Delhi: Wiley Eastern Ltd.

Conley, J. (1985): longitudinal stability of personality traits A multitrait-multimethod-multioccassionanalysis. Journal of Personality and social Psychology, 49, 1266-1282 (P. 146)Costa, P. & McCrae, R (1989): Personality contiguity and the change of adult life. In M.storandt & G.R. VandenBos (Eds.).

Finn,S.(1986): Stability of personality self rating over 30 years: evidence for an age cohort interaction. Journal of personality and Social Psychology, 50, 813-818 (P. 146).

Purohit , A (1987): Experimental Psychology, Bhopal, Hindi, Granth Academy , 147.

/ 25

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Mind and Society ISSN 2277-6907Vol. 5, No. IV, Dec.2016,Page 25 to 29

Received15 Sep. 2016

Reviewed21 Sep. 2016

Accepted29 Sep. 2016

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26 /

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dkWax ,oa vU; ¼2011½ us 8 izdkj ds izfrcy lslacf/kr y{k.kksa dks ;ksx ds lkFk la;ksftr djdsv/;;u fd;kA mUgksusa ik;k fd ;knzfPNd :i ls4 izdkj ds y{k.kksa ij ;ksx dk izHkko ns[kk x;kAbls izHkko rks ekuk tk ldrk gS ij ;g i;kZIr ughgSA

;ksx ds ek/;e ls mPprj ek/;fed Lrj dsfd”kksj fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds ekufld LokLF; dks csgrjdjus ds m}s”; ls ,d v/;;u [kkylk ,oa lkfFk;ksa¼2012½ }kjk djk;k x;k A ftlesa Nk=ksa ls 11lIrkg dk ;ksx l= lEiUu djk;k x;kA l= dsi”pkr~ Nk=ksa ds Loizfrosnu ds vk/kkj ij ;g fUk’d’kZfudkyk x;k fd mudh euksn”kk] fpUrk] ,oa izR;f{krizfrcy] tSls ekufld LokLF; lEcU/kh ekudksa es;ksx l= dk /kukRed ifj.kke gqvk gSA

mijksDr “kks/k v/;;uksa ls Li’V gksrk gS fdekufld LokLF; ekuo thou dk izeq[k igyw gSeq[;r% ekufld vLoLFkrk fd”kksjksa esa gksrh gS D;ksafd;g voLFkk laosx] vkosx] fpark vkfn ls Hkjh gksrh gSAvk/kqfud le; esa ;g leL;k fodV gksrh tk jgh gSc<+rh izfrLi/kkZ dh Hkkouk efLr’d ij izHkko Mkyjgh gS ftldk ifj.kke mldh i<+kbZ o fnup;kZ ijHkh iM+ jgk gSA fofHkUu “kks/kksa }kjk ;g Kkr gqvk fd;ksxkH;kl ekufld LokLF; ij ldkjkRed izHkkoMkyrk gSA orZeku le; esa fnup;kZ ds lkFk&lkFkf”k{kk ds {ks= esa Hkh ;ksxkH;kl dks egRo nsrs gq, blsviuk;k tk jgk gSA vr% mijksDr rF;ksa dks /;ku esaj[krs gq, “kks/kdrkZ us fo|kfFkZ;ksa ij ;ksxkH;kl dk

;ksxkH;kl dk fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds ekufld LokLF; ij izHkko ----

/ 27

muds ekufld LokLF; ij iM+us okys izHkko dsv/;;u dh vko”;drk eglwl dh gSA izLrqr “kks/kesa Lukrd Lrj ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ij ;ksxkH;kl dk mudsekufld LokLF; ij iM+us okys izHkko dk v/;;ufd;k x;k gSA

v/;;u dk mÌs';%

;ksxkH;kl djus okys o ;ksxkH;kl u djus okysfo|kfFkZ;ksa ds ekufld LokLF; dk rqyukRedv/;;u djukA

ifjdYiuk %

;ksxkH;kl djus okys o ;ksxkH;kl u djus okysfo|kfFkZ;ksa ds ekufld LokLF; esa lkFkZd varj ik;ktk,xkA

;ksxkH;kl dk fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds ekufld LokLF; ij izHkko ----

Øekad vk;ke Ikz'u la[;k vad

1- laosxkRed fLFkjrk 15 15

2- lek;kstu 40 40

3- Lo'kklu 15 15

4- lqj{kk&vlqj{kk 15 15

5- vkRe&izR;; 15 15

6- cqf) 30 30

U;k;n”k Z%

bl v/;;u gsrq NRrhlx<+ jkT; ds nqxZ ftys lsLukrd izFke o’kZ ds 80 fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk p;u fd;kx;k gS ftuesa ls 40 fo|kFkhZ fu;fer ;ksxkH;kldjkus okys egkfo|ky; ls rFkk 40 fo|kfFkZ ;ksxkH;klu djkus okys egkfo|ky; ls fy;s x;saA

“kk s/k midj.k%

izLrqr ”kks/k esa ;ksx djus okys o ;ksx u djusokyss fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds ekufld LokLF; ds ekiu gsrq MkW-v:.k dqekj flag ,oa MkW- vYiuk lsuxqIrk }kjkfufeZr ekufld LokLF; ekiuh dk iz;ksx fd;k x;kgSA

bl ekiuh e s a 130 dFku g S ftl s 6vk;keksa@miHkkxksa es foHkkftr fd;k x;k gSA ;s 6vk;ke@miHkkx fuEu gSa&

ifj.kke rFkk foospuk%mi;qZDr ifjdYiuk dh lR;rk dh tk¡p ds fy,

“kks/kdrkZ us fu;fer ;ksx djus okys o ;ksx u djusokys Nk=ksa dk ijh{k.k fd;k rFkk ekufld LokLF;

ekiuh dh lgk;rk ls izkIr vkadM+ksa dk e/;eku ,oaizekf.kd fopyu Kkr dj *Vh ewY;* izkIr fd;kAftldk fooj.k vxzfyf[kr rkfydk esa iznf”kZr gSaA

28 /;ksxkH;kl dk fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds ekufld LokLF; ij izHkko ----

;ksxkH;kl djus okys o ;ksxkH;kl u djus okys fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds ekufld LokLF; dklakf[;dh fooj.k

Ø-r qyukRed

le wgiznRrksa dhla[;k

e/;ekuize kf. kdfopyu

*Vh*e wY;

1-;ksxkH;kl djusokys fo|kfFkZ;ksa

40 98-93 5-95

3.51**

2-;ksxkH;kl udjus okysfo|kfFkZ;ksa

40 93-02 8-85

Lora=rk va'k df=78 P 0.01 lkFkZd varj gS

mijksDr lkj.kh dk voyksdu djus ij Kkr gksrk

gS fd ;ksxkH;kl djus okys fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds ekufld

LokLF; dk e/;eku 98-93 rFkk izekf.kd fopyu 5-

95 izkIr gqvk vkSj ;ksxkH;kl u djus okys fo|kfFkZ;ksa

ds ekufld LokLFk dk e/;eku 93-02 ,oa izekf.kd

fopyu 8-85 izkIr gqvkA iznRrksa dh Lora=rk dk

va”k 78 gSA blds e/; *Vh ewY;* 3-51 izkIr gqvk tks

0-01 Lrj ij lkFkZd varj n”kkZrk gSA ;g ifj.kke

bl rF; dh iqf’V djrk gS fd ;ksxkH;kl djus okys

o ;ksxkH;kl u djus okys fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds e/; lkFkZd

varj ik;k tkrk gS vr% “kks/k ifjdYiuk Lohdr

gksrh gSA

vr% ;g fu’d’kZ fudkyk x;k fd ;ksxkH;kl

djus okys Lukrd fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk ekufld LokLF;

izkIrkad lkFkZd #i ls vf/kd gSA fot;y{eh ¼1996½]

jksl ,oa Fkkel ¼2010½] ,oa [kkylk ,oa lkfFk;ksa

¼2012½ }kjk iFkd~&iFkd~ fd;s x;s v/;;uksa ls

mijksDr ifj.kkekssa dh iqf’V gksrh gSA ;ksx ls LQwfrZ

,oa uopsruk dk vadqj.k izLQqfVr gksrk gS ftlls

thou lQy o vkuane; gks tkrk gS blfy, ;ksx

dks fu%lansg ikB~;p;kZ dk vax cuk;k tkuk pkfg,A

Lukrd Lrj ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds ekufld LokLF; dks

csgrj cuk, j[kus ds fy, ifjokj] lekt o fo|ky;

dk okrkoj.k “kq) o “kkafre; gksuk pkfg,A buds

ikB~;Øe esa ;ksx dk egRoiw.kZ LFkku gksuk pkfg,A

lkFk gh lkFk f”k{kdksa dks Hkh ;ksx dk lgh izf”k{k.k

feyuk pkfg, rkfd Nk=ksa dks mudk ykHk gksA

/ 29;ksxkH;kl dk fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds ekufld LokLF; ij izHkko ----

References:

Champa, R. Murthy, (1975) Comparison of different techniques of Relaxation, Proceedings , Sixth Allindia Convention of Clinical Psychologists, Banaras.

Chong, C. S. M. Tsunaka, H. W. Tsang, E. P. Chan, and W. M. Cheung, “E?ects of yoga onstress management in healthy adults: a systematic review,” Alternative Therapies in Health and

Medicine, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 32–38, 2011.

Datey K. K.Deshmukh,S N., Dalbi O.L.and Vinekar S.L. (1969) Shavasna : A yogik exercise in managementof hypertention, Agiology (20) 322-325.

Khalsa, S. B. S. , L. H.Schultz, D. Cohen, N. Steiner, and S. Cope (2012) Evaluation of the Mental HealthBenefits of Yoga in a Secondary School: A Preliminary Randomized Controlled Trial, The Journalof Behavioral Health Services and Research, Vol.39 pp- 80-90 .

Khumar, S.S. Paramjit Kaur et. Al. (1993) Effectiveness of Shavasna on depression among univer sitystudents. Indian Journal of Clinical Psychology, 20 (2): 82-87

Patel, Ch. (1973) Yoga and biofeedback in management of hypertention . Lancet.(10)19-23 Ross A., and S.Thomas, (2010) The Health Benefits of Yoga and Exercise, The Jour nal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, New York, 16(1): 3-12

Uebelacker, L. A. , G. Epstein-Lubow, B. A. Gaudiano, G. Tremont, C. L. Battle, and I. W. Miller, (2010)“Hatha yoga for depression: critical review of the evidence for e?cacy, plausi- ble mechanisms ofaction, and directions for future research,” Journal of Psychiatric Practice, vol. 16, no. 1, pp.22–33,.

Vijayalaxmi, A. Aminabhavi. (1996) Effect of yogic practice on attitudes toward Yoga and mental health ofadults. Praachi Joural of Psycho-Cultural Dimentions. Vol 12.(2) : 0971-7064

30 /

cLrj laHkkx ds ernkrkvksa esa ernkudh vfHk:fp dk losZ{k.k

iFkd jkT; fuekZ.k ds ckn NRRkhlx<+ fo/kkulHkk dk rhljk pquko nks pj.kksa esa laiUUk gqvkAigys pj.k esa uDly izHkkfor vV~Bkjg fo/kkulHkkvksa esa rFkk nwljs pj.k esa 'ks’k cgRrj lhVksa ijgqvkA /kqj uDly izHkkfor {ks=ksa esa gq, pquko esa ljlB izfr”kr ls vf/kd ernku ntZ fd;k x;kAnksuksa pj.kksa ds ernku ds vk/kkj ij iwjs jkT; esa vkSlru lrgRrj izfr”kr ernku gqvk tks iwoZdh rqyuk esa vf/kd FkkA jkT; esa ernku dk izfr”kr c<+us ds dbZ egRoiw.kZ dkj.k jgs gaSA

izLrqr v/;;u esa Nrhlx<+ ds cLrj laHkkx eas ernkrkvksa ds ernku ds izfr vfHk:fp dklosZ{k.k fd;k x;kA ftlesa voyksdu o lk{kkRdkj fof/k ds }kjk lwpukvksa dks izkIr djus ds fy,mRrjnkrkvksa ls dqN dFkuksa ij izfrfdz;k izkIr dh xbZA ifj.kkeksa dh O;k[;k esa ;g ik;k x;k fdbl ckj pquko vk;ksx us pquko iwoZ dh RkS;kjh] ernku ds izfr mldh ikjn”khZ O;oLFkk] QthZernkrkvksa ij fu;a=.k] QksVks;qDr ernkrk lwph o ernkrk iphZ] vf/kdk”k ernkrk lwfp;ksa dkiqujh{k.k] ch-,y-vks dh fu;qfDRk] ernkrk lgk;rk dsUnz dh LFkkiuk rFkk vius ernkrk tkx:drkdk;Zdze ds izHkkoh fdz;kUo;u ls ernku fnol dks yksdra= dk ioZ cuk fn;k vkSj ernku ds izfrcLrj laHkkx ds ernkrkvksa dh vfHk#fp esa ldkjkRed :i ls of) gks jgh gSA





izLrkoukuoECkj 2013 dk NRRkhlx<+ fo/kkulHkk dk pquko

iFkd jkT; fuekZ.k ds ckn dk rhljk pquko gSAfo/kkulHkk dk ;g pquko jkT; esa nks pj.kksa esa laiUUkgqvkA igys pj.k esa uDly izHkkfor 18 fo/kkulHkkesa rFkk nwljs pj.k esa 'ks’k 72 lhVksa ij gqvkA /kqjuDly izHkkfor {ks=ksa dh 18 lhVksa ij gq, pquko esa 67izfr”kr ls vf/kd ernku ntZ fd;k x;kA nksuksa

*,l-ds- usrke**t; flag

***Mh-ih-dqj sZ

pj.kksa ds ernku ds vk/kkj ij iwjs jkT; esa vkSlru77 izfr”kr ernku gqvk tks o’kZ 2008 ds 71-09izfr”kr dh rqyuk esa 6 izfr”kr vf/kd gSA jkT; esaernku dk izfr”kr c<+us ds dbZ egRoiw.kZ dkj.k jgsgSA

pquko vk;ksx ds le{k lcls cM+h pqukSrh Fkh fddSls uDlfy;ksa ds pquko cfg’dkj ds chp mudslaHkkfor geys dks jksdk tk;s vkSj ;g lqfuf”pr

*lgk;d izk/;id] jktuhfr 'kkL=] 'kkl- nUrs'ojh Lukr- egkfo|ky;] nUrsokM+k ¼N0x0½**lgk;d izk/;id] euksfoKku] 'kkl- nUrs'ojh Lukr- egkfo|ky;] nUrsokM+k ¼N0x0½

***izk/;id vFkZ'kkL=] 'kkldh; bUnzkorh egkfo|ky;] HkksikyiV~ue ¼N0x0½

/ 31cLrj laHkkx ds ernkrkvksa esa ernku dh vfHk:fp dk losZ{k.k---------

fd;k tk;s fd ernkrk fuHkhZd gksdj ernku djldsA jktuSfrd nyksa ds izR;kf”k;ksa ds [kpksZ vkSjvkpkj O;ogkj ij izHkkoh fu;a=.k Hkh vk;ksx dslkeus fdlh pqukSrh ls de ugha FkkA pquko laiUUkgksus ds ckn ;g lkQ gks jgk gS fd vk;ksx dh bupqukSfr;ksa dks bl ckj jkT; ds iz”kklfud raa= oiqfyl vkSj v)ZlSfud cyksa us vius mij fy;kAlqj{kk cyksa us u dsoy vius lkjs iz;ksxks dks lQyrkls ykxw fd;k cfYd uDlfy;ksa dks “kfDRkghu djrsgq, muds izHkkoh {ks= esa ?kqldj ernkrkvksa rFkkpquko esa layXu dfeZ;ksa dks lqj{kk iznku dhA igyhckj efgyk ernkrkvksa dks yxk ds muds ernku dsfy;s pquko vk;ksx us lqj{kk dh vHkwriwoZ O;oLFkk dhgSA blds dkj.k os fuHkZ; gksdj ?kj ls fudydjernku dsUnzks esa ernku ds fy;s vkbZA ;gh dkj.k gSfd bl ckj “kgjksa ls T;knk ernku xkaoksa esa gqvkvkSj iq:’kksa dh rqyuk esa efgykvksa us vf/kd ernkufd;sA lqj{kk dks ysdj pquko vk;ksx fdruk laosnu”khyFkk ;g blh ckr ls le>k tk ldrk gS fd pqukoesa ,d yk[k ls vf/kd lqj{kk dehZ rSukr fd;s x;sFksA blds lkFk gh pqukoh okrkoj.k cukus esa pqukovk;ksx viuh lqj{kk O;oLFkk dh izHkkoh ekdsZafVaxdjus esa Hkh lQy jghA fu%lansg NRRkhlx<+ ds 2013ds fo/kkulHkk pquko dks ,sfrgkfld :i ls nks dkj.kksals ;kn fd;k tk;sxk& igyh rks ;g fd pqukovk;ksx dh ikjn”khZ O;oLFkk vkSj dbZ ekeys esa cjrhxbZ l[rh us bls vc rd dk lcls vuq”kkflr pqukocuk fn;k gS rks nwljh ;g fd lqj{kk cyksa dh j.kuhfrds pyrs jkT; ds bfrgkl esa bls vc rd dk lclsjDrghu pquko ekuk tk ldrk gSA

iwoZ v/;;u n”kkZrs gSa fd ernku O;ogkj dksvusd dkjd izHkkfor djrs gSa] tSls lkekftd&euksoSKkfud (Campbel, et. al., 1960), rdZ(Fiorina, 1981)]lkekftd x.kuk,a (Beck,2002), fooj.kkRed lkekftd ekud (Gerber& Rogers, 2009) vkfnA bu ifj.kkeksa dks nf’Vxr

j[krs gq, Hkkjr fuokZpu vk;ksx ds }kjk ernku dsizfr”kr dks c<+kus ds fy;s ernkrk tkx:drk dk;Zdzepyk;k x;kA bl dk;Zdze es a ÞLohi IykuÞ(Systemetic Voters Education & Electoral Par-ticipation) us Hkh ernkrkvksa dks tkx:d djus esaegRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk;h gSA blds rgr jkT; dsleLRk “kS{kf.kd laLFkkuksa eas fofo/k fo/kkvksa ;Fkkfuca/k ys[ku] iksLVj ys[ku] ukjs ys[ku] okn&fooknizfr;ksfxrk rFkk uqDdM+ ukVd izfr;ksfxrk ds ek/;els ;qok ernkrkvksa ls ernku djus dh vihy dhxbZA blls ;qok ih<+h esa ernku dh LohdkjksfDRkc<+hA blds vfrfjDRk fQYe o Vh0oh0 dykdkjksarFkk pfpZr O;fDRkRo ls ernku djus dh vihy tkjhdjkbZ xbZA cl vM~Mksa vkSj lkoZtfud LFkkuksa ijcM+s&cM+s gksfMZax yxkdj ernkrkvksa ls oksV Mkyusdh vihy dh xbZA blh rjg Ldwy&dkyst dsfo|kfFkZ;ksa dks muds ekrk&firk ls ladYi i= Hkjk;kx;k Fkk fd os ernku djus ernku dsUnz vo”;tk;sxsA pquko vk;ksx ds }kjk ernku dk izfr”krc<+kus ds fy;s tks ukjs o mfDr;ksa dks vR;f/kdizpkfjr fd;ssssssssssssssssssssssssssssss Fks ftles& etcwr yksdra= esa lcdhHkkxhnkjh] oksV vewY; gSa] esjk oksV esjh rkdr] ernkuesa /kks[kk er [kkuk&viuh vDy yxkuk] brus yksdfiz;gq, fd buls f”kf{kr ernkrk o ;qok ih<h cgqrvf/kd m}sfyr gq,A bl pquko esa igyh ckj bZ0 Ogh0,e0 e”khu esa uu vkQ n vcc ¼mijksDr esa ls dksbZugh½ uksVk dk fodYi Hkh ernkrkvksa ds fy, dkSrqgydk fo’k; FkkA blds dkj.k Hkh ernkrkvksa dh vfHk:fpernku ds izfr c<+hAv/;;u dk mn~ns”;%

izLrqr v/;;u Nrhlx<+ ds cLrj laHkkx easernkrkvksa ds ernku ds izfr vfHk:fp dk losZ{k.k^^fuEufyf[kr mn~ns”;ksa dh iwfrZ ds fy, fd;k x;k gS&

1- Ekrnkrkvksa ds ernku ds izfr vfHk:fp oizsjd rRoksa dk irk yxkukA

2- ernku gsrq izsfjr djus ds /;s; ls Hkkjr

32 /cLrj laHkkx ds ernkrkvksa esa ernku dh vfHk:fp dk losZ{k.k---------

fuokZpu vk;ksx }kjk lapkfyr ernkrk tkx:drkdk;Zdze dh izHkko”khyrk dk ewY;kadu djukAv/;;u dk {ks=%

v/;f;r cLrj laHkkx Nrhlx<+ ds nf{k.k Hkkx esafLFkr gSA bl laHkkx ds mRrj esa jk;iqj laHkkx]nf{k.k &iwoZ esa vka/kzziznzs”k] iwoZ esa mM+hlk rFkk if”peesa vka/kzziznzs”k o egkjk’Vª jkT; dh lhek gSaA Nrhlx<+jkT; ds pkj laHkkxksa esa ls ,d ;g laHkkx jktuSfrdo iz”kklfud nf’V ls u dsoy jkT; esa cfYd jk’Vªh;Lrj ij Hkh viuk fof”k’V LFkku j[krk gSaA jktuSfrdo iz”kklfud nf’V ls bl laHkkx dks lkr ftyksarFkk ckjg fo/kkulHkk {ks=kas esa foHkkftr fd;k x;kgSaA izpqj ek=k esa miyC/k izkdfrd o ou lEink dsdkj.k bl laHkkx dk vkSj Hkh vf/kd egRo c<+ tkrkgSaA cLrj laHkkx vkS|ksfxd nf’V ls Hkh dkQh egRoj[krk gS bl {ks= esa gh Hkkjr dh lSdM+kS o’kkasZ dhyksgk o bLikr dh t:jrksa dks iwjk djus dk ykSgv;Ld dk HkaMkj gSA cSykM+hyk rFkk cpsyh esa,u0,e0Mh0lh0 ds }kjk ykSg v;Ld dk mR[kuufd;k tk jgk gS]tgka ls ns”k gh ugh fons”kksa dks HkhykSg v;Ld dh vkiwfrZ dh tk jgh gSA v/;f;r {ks=igkM+h] nqxZe oU; {ks= o dfBu HkkSxksfyd {ks= esafLFkr gSA ;g {ks= dqN o’kksZ ls uDlyh fgaldxfrfof/k;ksa ds dkj.k dkQh pfpZr gSaAv/;;u dh fof/k%

izLrqr v/;;u izkFkfed laedksa ij vk/kkfjr gSAizkFkfed laedksa dk ladyu voyksdu o lk{kkRdkjfof/k ds }kjk fd;k x;k A lk{kkRdkj ls izkIrlwpukvksa dks iz”ukoyh@vuqlwph esa fyfic) fd;kx;kA dqN lwpukvksa dks izkIr djus ds fy, e/;LFkksadk lgkjk Hkh fy;k x;kA vf”kf{kr mRrjnkrkvksa lslwpuk izkIr djus ds fy, lkewfgd lk{kkRdkj fof/kdk iz;ksx fd;k x;k A iz”ukoyh@vuqlwph lslacf/kr iz”ukas dks {ks=h; o LFkkuh; Hkk’kk esa iwNs x;sblds fy, xkao ds eqf[k;k dk lgkjk fy;k x;kA

laedksa ds ladyu dk vk/kkj%cLrj laHkkx ds 07 ftyksa ds 12 fo/kkulHkk {ks=ks

esa laedksa dk ladyu] fun”kZu i}fr ls fd;k x;kAxzkeksa o mRrjnkrkvksa ds p;u esa fuEufyf[kr ckrksadks /;ku esa j[kk x;k&

1- izR;sd fo/kkulHkk {ks= ls 40&40 mRrjnkrkvksals iz”ukoyh@vuqlwph Hkjok;h x;hA

2- izR;sd fo/kkulHkk {ks= ds 40 mRrjnkrkvksaesa 20 iq:’k rFkk 20 efgykvksa dks lfEefyr fd;kx;kA

3- ,sls xkaoksa dk p;u fd;k x;k tgka fofHkUutkfr ds yksx clrs gks rFkk mRRjnkrkvksa dk p;udjrs le; vk;q rFkk vk; Lrj dk Hkh /;ku j[kkx;kA

4- “kgjh fo/kkulHkk {k s= txnyiqj es amRrjnkrkvksa dk p;u “kgj ds vyx&vyx {ks=ksa lsfd;k x;kA

5- v}Z”kgjh fo/kku lHkk {ks= dks.M+kxkao odkadsj esa mRrjnkrkvksa dk p;u “kgjh o xzkeh.k {ks=ksals leku :i ls fd;k x;kA

iwjs cLrj laHkkx esa vf/kdka”k mRrjnkrk 18&28vk;q oxZ ds 29-00 izfr”kr rFkk 28&38 ds 29-40izfr”kr tcfd 38&48 vk;q oxZ ds 20-02 izfr”krFksA losZ{k.k esa vkSlru 19-3 izfr”kr mRRkjnkrkvf”kf{kr] 18-5 izfr”kr izkFkfed] 16-7 izfr”kr gkbZLdwy]18-33 izfr”kr gk;j lsds.Mjh rFkk 26-7 izfr”krfMIyksek @Lukrd Lrj ds “kkfey fd;s x;sAlaedksa dh ladyu fof/k%

izLrqr v/;;u esa izkFkfed laedksa dk ladyuvoyksdu o lk{kkRdkj fof/k ds }kjk fd;k x;kAlwpukvksa dks izkIr djus ds fy, mRrjnkrkvksa lsfuEufyf[kr dFkuksa ij izfrfdz;k izkIr dh x;h &

1 iwoZ ds pqukoksa esa ernku dh fLFkfr2 fo/kkulHkk pquko 2013 esa ernku dh

fLFkfr3 ernku ds frfFk dh tkudkjh

/ 33cLrj laHkkx ds ernkrkvksa esa ernku dh vfHk:fp dk losZ{k.k---------

4 pquko essa ernku dk dkj.k5 ernku ds nkSjku ijs”kkuh6 pquko essa ernku dk vuqHko7 ernku ugha djus dk dkj.k8 fo|kfFkZ;kas ds }kjk ekrk&firk ls ladYi

i= Hkjokuk9 ernku frfFk ds 48 ?kaVs igys iSlk@

”kjkc@vU; oLrqvksa dk izyksHkuifj.k ke%

losZ{k.k ls izkIr vkdMksa ds fo”ys’k.k i”pkrmijksDr dFkuksa ij izkIr mRRkjksa dk izfr”kr Kkrfd;k x;k vkSj blh vk/kkj ij O;k[;k fuEuor~izLrqr gS &iwoZ ds pqukoksa esa ernku dh fLFkfr%

laHkkx ds 89-8 izfr”kr ernkrk iwoZ ds pqukoksa esaernku dj pqds gSA ”ks’k 10-2 izfr”kr ernkrk ;k rks;qok gS tks izFke ckj ernku fd;s gS ;k tks dHkhernku gh ugh fd;s gSAfo/kkulHkk pquko 2013 esa ernku dh fLFkfr

fo/kkulHkk pquko 2013 esa cLrj laHkkx dsernkrkvksa esa vius vf/kdkj ds izzfr mRlkg ns[kkx;kA ;g mRlkg pquko vk;ksx ds }kjk pyk, x;stkx:drk vfHk;ku dk ifj.kke gSaAernku ds frfFk dh tkudkjh%

ernku frfFk dh tkudkjh ds L=ksr esa ernkrkiphZ] nwjn”kZu ] lekpkj i= rFkk Vh0oh0 lokZf/kdizHkkoh gSAvr% fuokZpu vk;ksx dks vkSj vf/kd izpkjizlkj bu ek/;eksa ls fd;k tkuk pkfg;sApquko essa ernku dk dkj.k%

cLrj laHkkx ds vf/kdka”k mRrjnkrkvksa us ernkudjuk mudk vf/kdkj o drZC; gS] vPNk vkSj lghdk;Z gS] muds ikl bfid dkMZ gS rFkk mUgsa ernkrkiphZ feyuk] dks ernku dk izeq[k dkj.k ekuk gSA;|fi 6-3 izfr”kr mRrjnkrkvksa dk ;g ekuuk deegRoiw.kZ ugha gS tks ;g ekurs gS fd bl ckj lqj{kk

dh iwjh O;oLFkk dh xbZ FkhAernku ds nkSjku ijs”kkuh%

iwjs cLrj laHkkx ds 45-4 izfr”kr mRrjnkrkvkasdk ;g dFku gS fd mUgs ernku ds nkSjku ernku gsrqyEch drkj ls ijs”kkuh gqbZ tcfd 20-1 izfr”krernkrkvks us ;g dgk fd ihus dk ikuh dk leqfprizca/k ugh FkkApquko essa ernku dk vuqHko%

iwjs cLrj laHkkx ds 57-00 izfr”kr mRRkjnkrk ;gekurs gS fd mudk ernku dk vuqHko cgqr vPNkjgk tcfd 28-00 izfr”kr mRRkjnkrkvksa dk ;ger gS fd muds vuqHko vPNk jgk gSA lq[kn ckr;g gS fd lexz ds 11-1 izfr”kr mRRkjnkrkvksa usmRd`’Vrk dk Hkh vuqHko fd;k tks ;g crkrk gSfd tutkrh; {ks= ds ernkrk Hkh vc ernku dksxaHkhjrk ls ys jgs gSAernku ugha djus dk dkj.k%

cLrj laHkkx esa ernkrkvksa ds ernku ughadjus ds dkj.kksa esa muds futh dkj.k vf/kdmRRkjnk;h gSA laHkkx esa pquko ds nkSjku ernkrkvksa}kjk ernku ugha djus ds dkj.kksa tSls Hk;] ernkudsUnz ls nwjh] bZfid dkMZ dk u gksuk] ernkrk iphZizkIr ugh gksuk] ernku dsUnz dh tkudkjh ugksuk] lkekftd jhfr fjokt dk ca/ku] ernku dkegRo u gksuk vkfn lansgksa dks fuokZpu vk;ksxdkQh gn rd nwj djus eas lQy jgk gSAfo|kfFk Z;k a s ds }kjk ekrk&firk ls ladYii= Hkjokuk%

cLrj laHkkx esa fuokZpu vk;ksx }kjk cPPkksa lsekrk&firk dks ernku gsrq ladYi i= Hkjokus dhj.kuhfr dk cgqr vf/kd izHkko ugha iM+kA bldkdkj.k ;g gks ldrk gS fd f“k{kdksa }kjk fo|kfFkZ;ksadks xaHkhjrk iwoZd ladYi i= ugha CkaVok;k x;kgks ;k fo|kfFkZ;ksa ,oa ikydkas us bls xaHkhjrk lsugha fy;k gksA

34 /cLrj laHkkx ds ernkrkvksa esa ernku dh vfHk:fp dk losZ{k.k---------

ernku frf F k d s 48 ?k aV s igy s i Slk@”kjkc@vU; oLrqvk s a dk izyk sHku %

;|fi cLrj laHkkx ds 0-8 izfr”kr mRrjnkrkgh ;g Lohdkj djrs gaS fd mUgsa iSlk@”kjkc tSlhphtksa dk izyksHku fn;k x;kA blds ckn Hkh blckr dks udkjk ugha tk ldrk fd ernkrkvksa dksiSlk@”kjkc vkfn dk izyksHku ugha fn;k tk jgkgSA lkFk gh 3-8 izfr”kr mRrjnkrk ;g ekurs gaSfd mUgs a “kjkc@iSls forj.k dh tkudkjh FkhfdUrq okLrfod :i esa ;g vf/kd gks ldrk gSAfu’d’k Z %

ifj.kkeksa dh O;k[;k ls ;g Li’V gqvk fdpquko vk;ksx }kjk pquko iwoZ dh RkS;kjh] ernkuds izfr mldh ikjn”khZ O;oLFkk] QthZ ernkrkvksa

Reference:

Beck, P. A., Dalton, R. J., Greene, S., & Huckfeldt, R. (2002). The social calculus of voting: Interpersonal,media, and organizational influences on presidential choices. American Political Science Review,96(1), 57-73.

Campbell, A., Converse, P. E., Miller, W. E., & Stokes, D. E. (1960). The American Voter. New York: Wiley.

Drolia, R. (2013). Chhattisgarh polls: 74% polling recorded in first phase, re-polling likely in parts of Bastar.TNN, Nov 12, 2013, 08.14 PM IST.

Express News Service, (2013). Turnout in Bastar, Rajnandgaon revised to 72.8%. Raipur, Pub lished, November 13, 2013, 5:48 AM.

Fiorina, M. P. (1981). Retrospective Voting in American National Elections. New Haven: Yale UniversityPress.

Gerber, A. S., & Rogers, T. (2009). Descriptive social norms and motivation to vote: Everybody’s voting andso should you. The Journal of Politics, 71(1), 178-191.

ij fu;a=.k] QksVks;qDr ernkrk lwph o ernkrkiphZ] vf/kdka”k ernkrk lwfp;ksa dk iqujh{k.k] ch-,y-vks dh fu;qfDRk] ernkrk lgk;rk dsUnz dhLFkkiuk rFkk vius ernkrk tkx:drk dk;Zdzeds izHkkoh fdz;kUo;u ls ernku fnol dks yksdra=dk ioZ cuk fn;kA blds dkj.k ernkrkvksa dksvius er ds egRo dk irk pyk vkSj mUgksausernku es a c<+&p<+dj fgLLkk fy;kA vk;ksxernkrkvksa dks ;g crkus esa lQy jgk fd yksdra=mudh otg ls vkSj muds er dh rkdr ls ghetcwr gks ldrk gSA izLrqr v/;;u ds fu’d’kZLo#i ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd ernku ds izfrcLrj laHkkx ds ernkrkvks a dh vfHk#fp es aldkjkRed :i ls o`f) gks jgh gS tks yksdra= dsfy, “kqHk ladsr gSA

/ 35

tutkrh; usr`Ro ds fodkl es lgk;d

*nhokuflag ckfj;k

usrRo ,d ekuoh; xq.k gS] tks ,d O;fDr dks mlds leqnk; ls izkIr gksrk gS] jktuhfrd

usrRo ,d fof”k’V {ks= es ik;k tkrk gS] tks lh/ks rkSj ij “kklu] lŸkk ,oa “kfDr ls tqM+k gksrk gSA

fdlh Hkh leqnk; esa jktuhfrd usrRo dk ik;k tkuk mls lŸkk ,oa “kklu esa Hkkxhnkj cukrk gSA

ftl leqnk; esa jktuhfrd usrRo dk vHkko gS] ogk¡ mlh ek=k esa jktuhfrd vlgHkkfxrk ik;h

tkrh gSA tks mlds fodkl es ,d jksM+k gSA

izkphu dky ls Hkkjr ds dqN {ks=ksa es tutkrh; leqnk; dk jktuhfrd usrRo fo|eku Fkk]

vkSj Lora=rk laxzke es Hkh mUgksaus iwjk ;ksxnku fn;k gSA dbZ tutkfr vkUnksyu gq;s gSA vktknh

ds ckn Hkh tutkrh; leqnk; vius jktuhfrd usrRo dks c<+krk jgk gS] ysfdu mldh xfr larks’k

tud ugh gSA mlds usrRo dk mruk fodkl ugh gks ik;k gS fd bldk iw.kZ izfrfuf/kRo dj lds

vkSj ;g ,d jktuhfrd leL;k cu xbZ gSA orZeku esa buds usrRo fodkl ds fy, lgk;d dkjdksa

dk v/;;u djuk orZeku jktuhfr “kks/kksa dh ,d egrh vko”;drk gSA ;g v/;;u blh

vko”;drk dh iwfrZ dk iz;kl gSA

Mind and Society ISSN 2277-6907Vol. 5, No. IV, Dec.2016, Page 35 to 40.




izLrkouk %

usrRo {kerk ekuoh; lekt esa viuk egRoiw.kZ

LFkku j[krh gSA ekuoh; fØ;kvksa es dksbZ Hkh {ks=,slk ugh gS] tgk¡ usrRo dk izHkko ugh iM+rk gksA

usrRo dk O;fDr;ksa dks izHkkfor djus dh ,d dyk

*ih,p-Mh- “kk s/kkFkh Z ¼jktuhfr foKku½ foØe fo”ofo|ky; mTtSu ¼e-iz-½

dkjdksa dk izHkko¼/kkj ftys ds fo”ks’k lanHkZ esa½

,oa izfØ;k ds :i esa le>k tk ldrk gSA ftles

lkewfgd mn~ns”;ksa dks izkIr djus gsrq ,d fuf”pr

fn”kk es vkxs c<+k tk ldrk gSA gkt rFkk tkWuluds vuqlkj & ûsrRo vk/kkHkwr :i ls og ;ksX;rk gS

ftlds vk/kkj ij vkSipkfjd ;k vukSipkfjd fLFkfr;ksa

36 /

es nwljks dh vfHkofŸk;ksa ,oa O;ogkj dk fuekZ.k fd;k

tkrk gS vkSj mls ,d fuf”pr fn”kk esa <kyk tkrk

gSA^^ ¼gkt ,.M tkulu]1955½ blh izdkj vksMZos us

fy[kk gS & ûsrRo O;fDr;ksa dks dqN leku mn~ns”;ksa

ftudks fd os izkIr djuk pkgrs gS ds fy, lg;ksx

djus gsrq izHkkfor djus dh izfØ;k gSA^^ ¼vksMZos]1935½Hkkjr es Lora=rk ds ckn ls tutkrh; {ks=ks ds

iz”kklu es egRoiw.kZ ifjorZu vk;k gS ,oa blus

tutkrh; leqnk;ksa dks cgqr rsth ls izHkkfor fd;k

gSA “kgjh ,oa xzkeh.k LFkkuh; Lo”kklu us tutkrh;

usrRo ds ijEijkxr Lo:i dks iwjh rjg ifjofrZr

dj fn;k gSA izkphu le; es tutkfr;ksa dh viuhiz”kklfud O;oLFkk Fkh ftldk viuk fo”ks’k egRo

FkkA ;g O;oLFkk ^dchyk izFkk^ dgykrh FkhA ;g

izFkk vkt Hkh Hkkjr ,oa vÝhdk ds dqN tutkrh;

leqgksa es fo|eku gSA bles dchyksa ij blds eqf[k;k

dk lEiw.kZ fu;U=.k gksrk Fkk ,oa dchyksa ds lHkh

yksx mldk vkns”k ekurs Fks ,oa vknj djrs FksA ¼HkÍ2002½

e/;izns”k ,d tutkfr cgqy jkT; gS] ;gk¡ yxHkx

46 tutkfr leqnk; fuokl djrs gSA ;s lHkh leqnk;

viuh&viuh fo”ks’k laLdfr ,oa lkekftd O;OkLFkk

dk ikyu djrh gSA lHkh lewg vius fo”ks’k {ks= es

fuokl djrs gSA os vis{kkdr ,dkUr esa ioZrh; {ks=ksa;k ouksa esa fuokl djrs gSaA bl ,dkUrokl ds dkj.k

mudk lalkj ds izfr nf’Vdks.k lhfer gks tkrk gSA

blhfy, mudk thou ijEijkvksa ls f?kjk vkSj mudk

bfrgkl iqjkdFkkvksa ls c¡/kk gksrk gSA ¼vVy ,oa

fllksfn;k] 2011½ tutkfr lekt es vius lnL;ksa

ij fu;a=.k cuk;s j[kus ds fy;s viuh ijEijkxrtutkrh; iapk;r O;oLFkk FkhA

rdjhcu lHkh tutkrh; xk¡oksa es fdlh u fdlh

:i es Lo”kklh O;oLFkk dk;e gSA ijEijkxr iz/kku

gS vkSj reke foijhr ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds ckn Hkh ijEijkxr

Lo”kklh O;oLFkk vkt Hkh fo|eku gSA ¼iky] 2007½

vk/kqfud jktuhfrd O;oLFkk es mudh lgHkkfxrk

de gS] bldk izeq[k dkj.k f”k{kk dk vHkko gSA

bldk ,d nq’ifj.kke ;g gqvk fd Lora=rk ds

i”pkr~ fodkl ds tks volj lekt dks feys mldk

iwjk ykHk vkfnoklh ugha mBk ik,A gkykafd ;g ykHkmu rd igqpkus ds ekeys es “kklu us viuh rjQ ls

dksbZ dlj ckdh ugha NksM+hA ¼uk;Mw] 1997½

“kq: ls gh ouh;] xzkeh.k ,oa nwjnjkt ds {ks=ksa esa

fuokl djus ds dkj.k ;g leqnk; jktuhfrd O;oLFkk

ls dVk jgk gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd bues jktuhfrd

usrRo] psruk ,oa lgHkkfxrk dk vHkko ik;k tkrkgSA

e/;izns”k dk /kkj ftyk tutkfr tula[;k es

cgqyrk fy;s gq;s gSA ;gk¡ e/;izns”k ds lHkh ftyksa es

lcls vf/kd tutkfr tula[;k fuokl djrh gSA

bl ftys es Hkhy] Hkhykyk] ckjsyk] ,oa iVsfj;k vkfn

tutkfr ik;h tkfr gS] tks ewyr% Hkhy tutkfrlewg dh gh tutkfr;k¡ gSA ;g v/;;u blh ftys

ij fd;k x;k gSA

“kk s/k ds mn~ns”;%

1- tutkfr leqnk; esa gq, jktuhfrd usrRo

ds fodkl dk v/;;u djukA

2- tutkfr usrRo ds fodkl es lgk;d dkjdksadk fo”ys’k.kkRed v/;;u djukA

“kk s/k fof/k %

1- v/;;u dk lexz & e/;izns”k ds /kkj ftys

es fuokljr~ leLr tutkfr ifjokj izLrqr v/;;u

dk lexz gSA

2- v/;;u dh bdkbZ & v/;;u dh bdkbZtutkfr ifjokj gSA {ks= ls 500 tutkfr ifjokjksa

dks v/;;u ds fy;s p;fur fd;k x;k gSA

rF; ladyu ds L=ksr%

1- izkFkfed L=ksr& izkFkfed rF;ksa ds ladyu

tutkrh; usr`Ro ds fodkl es lgk;d dkjdksa dk izHkko-----

/ 37tutkrh; usr`Ro ds fodkl es lgk;d dkjdksa dk izHkko-----

lkj.kh Ø- 01mŸkjnkrkvksa dh vk;qokj fLFkfr

l-Ø- vk;q ¼o" kk ssZ e sa½ vkofŸ k izfr'kr

1 18&30 90 18%

2 31&40 240 48%

3 41&50 125 25%

4 51&60 25 05%

5 61 o"kZ ,oa vf/kd 20 04%

;ksx 500 100

mijksDr lkj.kh ls Li’V gksrk gS fd mŸkjnkrkvksa dh

lokZf/kd la[;k 31 ls 40 o’kZ vk;q oxZ dh gS tcdh

lcls de 61 o’kZ ls vf/kd vk;q oxZ ds mŸkjnkrkvksa

dh gSA

lkj.kh Ø- 02mŸkjnkrkvksa dh tutkfrokj fLFkfr

l-Ø- tutkfr vkofŸ k i zfr'kr

1 Hkhy 275 55

2 Hkhykyk 145 29

3 Ckjsyk 50 10

4 iVsfj;k 30 06

;ksx& 500 100

ds fy;s lk{kkRdkj] vuqlwph] voyksd ,oa lewg ppkZ

dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k gSA

2- f}rh;d L=ksr& f}rh;d RkF;ksa ds ladyu

ds fy;s iqLrdksa] “kks/k izca/kks] tuZy ,oa “kkldh;

nLrkostksa dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k gSA

rF;ksa dk fo”ys’k.k & lk{kkRdkj vuqlwph ls

izkIr rF;ksa dks dEI;wVj ls SPSS lkW¶Vos;j ds

}kjk fo”ysf’kr fd;k x;k gSA tks bl izdkj gS

38 /

lkj.kh Ø- 05jktuhfrd jSfy;ksa es Hkkxhnkjh

lkj.kh Ø- 05 ls Li’V gS fd 72 izfr”kr

mŸkjnkrk jktuhfrd jSfy;ksa es Hkkx ysrs gS] tcdh

28 izfr”kr mŸkjnkrk jktuhfrd jSfy;ksa es Hkkx

ugh ysrs gSA

lkj.kh Ø- 06jktuhfrd nyks dh lHkkvksa es usrRo

lkj.kh Ø- 06 ls Li’V gS fd 65 izfr”krmŸkjnkrk jktuhfrd nyks dh lHkkvksa esa Hkkx ysrs gS]tcdh 35 izfr”kr mŸkjnkrk jktuhfrd nyks dhlHkkvksa Hkkx ugh ysrs gSA

tutkfr usrRo ds fodkl es lgk;d dkjdksa dk izHkko-----

mijksDr lkj.kh ls Li’V gksrk gS fd v/;;u es

lfEefyr mŸkjnkrkvksa es ls lokZf/kd mŸkjnkrk Hkhy

tutkfr ,oa lcls de iVsfj;k tutkfr ds gSA

lkj.kh Ø- 03mŸkjnkrkvksa ds ifjokj dk Lo:i

lkj.kh Ø- 03 ls Li’V gS fd 62 izfr”kr mŸkjnkrk

,dy ifjokj es jgrs gS tcdh 38 izfr”kr mŸkjnkrk

la;qDr ifjokj ls gSA

lkj.kh Ø- 04mŸkjnkrkvksa fuokl {ks=

lkj.kh Ø- 04 ls Li’V gS fd 60 izfr”kr mŸkjnkrk

xzkeh.k {ks= ls gS] tcdh 40 izfr”kr mŸkjnkrk “kgjh

{ks= esa fuokl djrs gSA

lØ-

ifjokj dkLo:i

vkofŸ k izfr'kr

1,dyifjokj

310 62

2la;qDrifjokj

190 38

;ksx& 500 100

l- -Ø-

ifjokjdk Lo:i

vkofŸ k izfr'kr

1 'kgjh 200 40

2 xzkeh.k 300 60

;ksx& 500 100

l- -Ø-

jktuhfrdj Sfy;ksa

e s HkkxhnkjhvkofŸ k i zfr'kr

1 gk¡ 360 72

2 ugh 140 28

;ksx& 500 100

l- -Ø-

jktuhfrdnyks dhlHkkvksa e su sr Ro

vkofŸ k i zfr'kr

1 gk¡ 325 65

2 ugh 175 35

;ksx& 500 100

/ 39tutkfr usrRo ds fodkl es lgk;d dkjdksa dk izHkko-----

lkj.kh Ø- 07fojks/k izn”kZu es usrRo

lkj.kh Ø- 07 ls Li’V gS fd 62 izfr”krmŸkjnkrk “kklu ds fo:˜ gksus okys fojks/kizn”kZu es usrRo djrs gS] tcdh 38 izfr”krmŸkjnkrk ,sls izn”kZu es Hkkx ugh ysrs gSA

lkj.kh Ø- 08pquko izpkj es usrRo

lkj.kh Ø- 08 ls Li’V gS fd 93izfr”kr mŸkjnkrk pquko izpkj es Hkkx ysrs

gS] tcdh 07 izfr”kr mŸkjnkrk pquko izpkjesa Hkkx ugh ysrs gSA

l- -Ø-

fojks/ki zn'kZu e su srRo

vkofŸ k izfr'kr

1 gk¡ 310 62

2 ugh 190 38

;ksx& 500 100

l-Ø-p qukoizp kj e su sr Ro

vkofŸ k i zfr'kr

1 gk¡ 465 93

2 ugh 35 07

;ksx& 500 100

fu’d’k Z%

tutkrh; usrRo dk eqn~nk eq[; :i ls tutkrh;

fodkl ls tqM+k gqvk gSA tutkrh; usrRo ds fodkl

ds fy, vuqdwy ifjfLFkfr;ksa dh vko”;drk gSA

usrRo ds fy;s orZeku lkekftd&jktuSfrd O;oLFkk

dh vPNh le> vko”;d gSA lkFk gh lekt es

laxBu gks vFkkZr vuq;k;hA tc tutkfr lekt es

f”k{kk dk i;kZIr fodkl gksxk rks muds usrkvksa es

orZeku jktuhfrd ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds izfr tkx:drk

c<+sxh vkSj os vius vuq;k;h ;k lekt ds fy;s csgrj

dke dj ldsxsA

tutkrh; lekt dh lkekftd&vkfFkZd i‘BHkwfe

ds v/;;u ls Li’V gSA fd bl oxZ ds ;qokvks esa

jktuhfrd usrRo c<+k gSA tcfd igys usrRo cqtqxksZ

}kjk fd;k tkrk FkkA vf/kdrj mŸkjnkrkvksa ds

ifjokj dk Lo:i ,dy ifjokj gSA bldk izeq[k

dkj.k tutkrh; lekt esa ,dy ifjokj dh iz/

kkurk gSA “kgjh {ks= dh vis{kk xzkeh.k {ks=ks es la;qDr

ifjokj dk izpyu gSA jktuhfrd ioZ ekuk tkus

okyk pquko&izpkj vfHk;ku esa cM+h la[;k esa

tutkfr;ksa ds }kjk usrRo fd;k tk jgk gSA jktuhfrd

jSfy;ks es tutkrh; lekt dh Hkkxhnkjh cM+h gSA

jktuhfrd nyks dh cSBdks es tutkrh; oxZ ds }kjk

usrRo fd;k tk jgk gSA ljdkj ds fo:) izn”kZu

dk;ZØeks es tutkrh; lekt us Hkkx ysuk izkjaHk dj

fn;k gSA tutkrh; oxZ dh jktuhfrd psruk esa

yxkrkj of) gks jgh gSA tutkrh; usrRo es vk;s

cM+s cnyko dk ,d cM+k dkj.k bl {ks= es vf/kdka”k

tuizfrfuf/k;ksa dk in tutkrh; oxZ ds fy;s vkjf{kr

gksrk gSA

40 /tutkfr usrRo ds fodkl es lgk;d dkjdksa dk izHkko-----

lUnHk Z%1- HkÍ] vk”kh’k] ¼2002½% ^yksdrkfU=d fodsUnzhdj.k ,oa tutkrh; usrRo^] jkorifCyds”kUl] t;iqj-

2- gkt ,.M tkulu ¼1955½% êSustes.V ,.M vkxsZukbts”ku fcgsfo;j^] tku foys] U;w;kdZ-

3- Vh vksMZos] ¼1935½% ^n vkVZ vkWQ yhMj”khi^] Oghlys gkÅl] yanu-

4- f<Yyu] ,p-,l- ¼1955½% ^yhMj”khi] ,.M xzqIl bu lkÅFk bafM;k foystsl] izksxzke bosY;w”kuvkxsZukbts”ku^] Iykfuax deh”ku] ubZ fnYyh-

5- vVy] ;ksxs”k ,oa ;rhUnzflag fllksfn;k ¼2011½] ^vkfnoklh Hkkjr^^ jkor ifCyds”kUl t;iqj

6- iky] lq/khj ¼2007½] ^^vkfnokfl;ksa dh ikjEifjd Lo”kklu O;oLFkk ,oa iapk;rh jkt¼lanHkZ >kj[k.M½^^ ok.kh izdk”ku] ubZ fnYyh

7- uk;Mw] ih-vkj- ¼1997½] ^^Hkkjr ds vkfnoklh fodkl dh leL;k,¡^^ jk/kk ifCyds”kUl ubZ fnYyh

lq>ko%

tutkrh; oxZ es usrRo fodkl ds fy;s fuEu

lq>ko izLrqr gS &

1- tutkrh; oxZ es f”k{kk dk izlkj ,oa tkx:drk

es of) dh tkuh pkfg;sA

2- tutkrh; oxZ es jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk ds

volj fn;s tkus pkfg;sA

3- tutkrh; oxZ dh efgykvksa ds usr‘Ro dks Hkh

izksRlkgu fn;k tkuk pkfg;sA

4- ns”k ds jktuSfrd nyksa dks Hkh tutkrh; oxZ

ds usrRo fodkl ds fy;s iz;kl fd;s tkus pkfg;sA

/ 41

Tkutkrh; ekuo lalk/ku ds fodkl esaf”k{k.k laLFkkuksa dh Hkwfedk% lEcfU/kr

lkfgR;ksa dk v/;;u*fufrds”k ;kno**/keZchj iVsy

Ekkuo lalk/ku dk fodkl fdlh Hkh jk’Vª dh izxfr esa fu.kkZ;d Hkwfedk ysrh gSA fdlh jk’Vª dsekuo lalk/ku rHkh curs gSa] tc ns”k ds vkfFkZd] lkekftd ] “kSf{kd vkSj jktuSfrd fodkl esamudh lfdz; lgHkkfxrk jgsA ,sls esa dksbZ Hkh fof”k’V lewg ;fn ns”k dh izxfr esa Hkwfedk esa fuokZgugha djrh vFkok djus esa l{ke ugh gksrh rks ns”k dh ;g fLFkfr mldh izxfr esa ck/kd gSA Hkkjresa eq[; /kkjk ds tuthou esa izeq[k fodkl ds ckotwn vkt Hkh tutkrh; {ks=ksa ds ukxfjd ,oaukxfjdksa dk mfpr fodkl vkt Hkh ,d ToyUr leL;k gSA ;g “kks/k i= tutkrh; ekuolalk/ku ds fodkl esa “kSf{kd laLFkkvksa dh Hkwfedk dk v/;;u djrk gSA bl dze esa tutkrh; {ks=esa “kSf{kd fLFkfr] fo|ky;h f”k{kk rFkk muds thou dh xq.koRrk esa lEcU/k] fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh “kSf{kdmiyfC/k esa “kSf{kf.kd lqfo/kk;sa] “kSf{kd izfdz;k rFkk ikB~;dze ds izHkko dk v/;;u fd;k x;k gSA;g “kks/k i= ,d xq.kkRed v/;;u gS tks lEcfU/kr “kks/k lkfgR;ksa ds fo”ys’k.k ij vk/kkfjr gSA

Ekq[; fcUnq% tutkrh;] ekuo lalk/ku fodkl] “kSf{kd fLFkfr] “kSf{kd lqfo/kk;sa] “kSf{kd izfdz;krFkk ikB~;dzeA


Received04 Oct. 2016

Reviewed17 Oct. 2016


izLrkouk%vkt ds izR;sd cqf)thoh lekt esa izkphu dky

ls lU;kl fy;s gq;s _f’k euhf’k;ksa rFkk iz/kkukpk;Zds izopuksa esa vkSj odhyksa ds dgs esa rFkk vusd izdkjds lektlsoh laxBuksa esa rFkk f”k{kd la?k ,oajktusrkvksa ds chp ns”k ds cgqeq[kh fodkl ds fy,,d ToyUr leL;k lkeus vk;h gSA gekjk ns”k tksdHkh fo”oLrj ij loZ&/keZ leUo; dk ifjpk;d

Fkk] og vkt vusd izdkj dh lkekftd ck/kkvksa lsvksr&izksr gSA lekt esa Å¡p&uhp dh Hkkouk Nqvk&Nwrdh Hkkouk] {ks=okn&tkfrokn rFkk oxZ lEiznk; dhHkkoukvksa us ml LFkku dks fnu izfrfnu xrZ esa ysvkrh pyh vk jgh gSA bldk eq[; dkj.k f”k{kk dsizfr mnklhurk dk ,oa “kSf{kd :Ik ls fiNM+kiu gSAD;ksafd f”k{kk gh lHkh oSpkfjd ck/kkvksa ls eqfDr dklk/ku gSA gekjh lk{kjrk nj yxHkXk 74 izfr”kr gSA

*,e0 ,M0 izf'k{k.kkFkhZ] f”k{kk foHkkx] xq:?kklhnkl fo”ofo|ky; fcykliqj ¼N0x0½A**“kks/k Nk=]] f”k{kk foHkkx] xq:?kklhnkl fo”ofo|ky; fcykliqj ¼N0x0½A

42 /

ysfdu okLrfodrk ;g gS fd 80 izfr”kr lk{kjrk nj“kgj ,oa 20 izfr”kr lk{kjrk nj xkaoksa dh gS] buesals yxHkx 9 izfr”kr lk{kjrk nj vuqlwfpr tutkfr{ks=ksa dh gS ¼dsUnzh; lkaf[;dh; laxBu 2011½A

vkfnoklh leqnk; tks Hkkjr ekrk ds igys liwrgSa] ijUrq vkt os yksx vius vki dks lekt lsvR;Ur vyx&Fkyx eglwl djrs gSa ¼ gluSu] 2004½Avyxko dh ;g Hkkouk f”k{kk ds {ks= esa Hkh izrhrgksrh gS] tcfd f”k{kk dh izkfIr izR;sd O;fDr dk ewyvf/kdkj gS ¼vuqPNsn 21 d½A ftlds rgr tutkrh;leqnk; ds vykok lekt ds izR;sd oxZ dh “kSf{kdmiyfC/k eq[;/kkjk ls vyx gksus esa lEiw.kZ lekt dkudkjkRed ;ksxnku lnSo ls jgk gSA tutkrh;lewg dk eq[;/kkjk ds lkFk lEidZ gh muds fodkldks xfr iznku dj ldrk gSA tutkrh; ekuoleqnk;ksa ds fodkl esa “kSf{kd laLFkkvksa dh egRoiw.kZHkwfedk gS] f”k{k.k laLFkk;sa ,d vksj tgak ekuo dks“kSf{kd lqfo/kk;sa ,oa volj iznku djrh gSa ogha nwljhvksj O;kogkfjd ikB~;dzeksa ds ek/;e ls Hkkoh thoudh lkekftd] vkfFkZd] “kSf{kd] lakLd`frd ,oajktuSfrd vko”;drkvksa dh iwfrZ Hkh djrh gSa ftllstutkrh; ekuo ,d LoLF; ,oa “kfDr lEiUu jk’Vªdk fuekZ.k dj ns”k dks fo”o ds ekufp= ij iznf”kZrdj ldsaxsAdFku%

tutkrh; ekuo lalk/ku ds fodkl esa f”k{k.klaLFkkvkssa dh Hkwfedk% lEcfU/kr lkfgR; dk v/;;uAmn~n s”;%

1- vuqlwfpr tutkrh; Nk+=ksa ds “kSf{kd fLFkfr¼;Fkk] /kkj.k] ukeakdu] viO;;½ dk v/;;u djukA

2- vuqlwfpr tutkrh; Nk=ksa gsrq fo|ky;h “kSf{kdlqfo/kkvksa dk v/;;u djukA

3 vuqlwfpr tutkrh; Nk=ksa ds lUnHkZ esa fo|ky;hf”k{k.k izfdz;k dk v/;;u djukA

4- vuqlwfpr tutkrh; Nk=ksa ds lUnHkZ esa fo|ky;hikB~;dze dk v/;;u djukA

'kk s/k fof/k %izLrqr 'kks/k i= esa 'kks/k fo'ys"k.kkRed v/;;u

gS tks f}rh;d leadks ij vk/kkfjr gSAifj.k ke%

izLrqr “kks/k i= esa vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa dsfo|kfFkZ;ksa dh “kSf{kd fLFkfr] fo|ky;h lqfo/kkvksavkSj miyfC/k] f”k{k.k izfdz;k rFkk ikB~;dze lslEcfU/kr lkfgR;ksa dk v/;;u fd;k x;k gS ftldsfuEufyf[kr ifj.kke izkIr gq;s gSa&vuqlwfpr tutkrh; Nk+=ksa ds “kSf{kd fLFkfr¼;Fkk] /kkj.k] ukeakdu]viO;;½ dk v/;;u%

vuqlwfpr tutkfr ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh fo|ky;hfLFkfr ls rkRi;Z fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds ukekadu la[;k]/kkj.k {kerk rFkk “kkyk NksM+ tkus dh la[;k ls gSAizLrqr v/;;u vEckLr vkSj jk;] ¼1995½ esa ik;k fdxzkeh.k f”k{kk ds izkjfEHkd dky esa vuqlwfpr tutkfrds “kSf{kd fodkl esa rhozrk iznku djrh FkhA iqLrdsaizk;% cgqr de ek=k esa fy[kh gq;h Fkh vkSj tks fy[khgq;h iqLrdsa gksrh Fkh muesa ikB~;dze ds :Ik esa mudhlaLdfr vkSj ijEijkvksa dk lekos”k u gksus ds dkj.k/khjs&/khjs fo|kFkhZ “kkyk NksM+usa yxsa ftlls vuqlwfprtutkfr ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds ukekadu esa deh rFkk“kkyk NksM+s tkus dh la[;k esa of) gksrh x;h lkFkgh vf”k{kk ds lkFk&lkFk buesa LokLF; ds izfr detkx:d gksus ds dkj.k NksVh&NksVh chekfj;ak ladzkedchekfj;ksa dk :Ik ysdj xako ds xako lekIr dj nsrhFkha ftlls fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds LokLF; Bhd u gksus dsdkj.k muds /kkj.k {kerk esa deh vkrh FkhA vkUkUnk]¼1995½ }kjk “kks/k esa ik;k fd izkFkfed fo|ky;ksa dsf”k{kk Lrjh O;; ls ljdkjh lqfo/kkvksa ,oa le; dkviO;; gks jgk gS]D;ksafd vkfnoklh {ks=ksa esa fLFkrfo|ky;ksa esa vuqlwfpr tutkfr ds cPps vuqifLFkrjgrs gSa ftlls mudk ukeakdu fnu izfrfnu ?kVrktk jgk gSA ukeakdu dh ;g fLFkfr d{kk 1 dh rqyukesa T;knk c<+rh tk jgh gSA ftldk eq[; dkj.kcPpksa dk f”k{kk ds izfr fuf’dz;rk gSA cdZrdh vkSjoUnuk ¼1993½ esa vklke dh tutkfr;ksa ds v/;;u

Tkutkrh; ekuo lalk/ku ds fodkl esa f”k{k.k laLFkkuksa dh Hkwfedk-----------

/ 43Tkutkrh; ekuo lalk/ku ds fodkl esa f”k{k.k laLFkkuksa dh Hkwfedk-----------

ds QyLo:Ik ik;k fd ogak ds vuqlwfpr tutkfr dsyksxksa esa viuh lkekftd ijEijkvksa] fdz;kvksa vkSjva/kfo”oklksa esa vVwV fo”okl Fkk ftlds pyrs osyksx f”k{kk esa iz;qDr uohu oSKkfud i)fr;ksa ,oamipkjksa dks ekuusa esa fo”okl ugha djrs FksA D;ksafdmudk ;g ekuuk Fkk fd ijEijkvksa dks NksM+ djoSKkfud i)fr;ksa ds iz;ksx ls muds b’V nsork

d{kk I II III IV V ;ksx

xzkeh.k 3]103]621 2]242]465 1]955]611 1]625]108 1]420556 10]347]361

¼L=ksr% lsosUFk vky bf.M;k Ldwy ,tqds”kuy losZ] ,u0lh0bZ0vkj0Vh0] 2006½

,sls esa “kkyk NksM+s tkus okys fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa fnuizfrfnu of) gksrh tk jgh gS rFkk tks fo|kFkhZfo|ky; tkrs Hkh gSa mudk vPNk LokLF; u gksus dsdkj.k muds /kkj.k {kerkvksa esa Hkh deh vkrh gSabldk eq[; dkj.k vfHkHkkodksa ds lkekftd] vkfFkZdfLFkfr Bhd u gksus dk nq’izHkko gks ldrk gSA vr%vuqlwfpr tutkfr ds {ks=ksa esa dsUnz] jkT; rFkk LFkkuh;ljdkjksa }kjk buds chp f”k{kk dh tkx:drk QSykusdh vko”;drk gS ftlls os ;k muds vfHkHkkodvrkfdZd vU/kfo”oklksa dks R;kxdj rkfdZd fo”oklksads lkFk lEekfur lkekftd] vkfFkZd fLFkfr esa viukthou O;rhr dj ldsaAvuqlwfpr tutkrh; Nk=ksa gsrq fo|ky;h “kSf{kdlqfo/kkvksa dk v/;;u%

vuqlwfpr tutkfr {ks=ksa esa fo|ky;h; lqfo/kkvksaftuesa Hkou] Ik;kZIr izdk”k] f”k{k.k lgk;d lkexzh]e/;ku Hkkstu]Nk=ofRr] iqLrdky;] dzhM+k ifjlj]dEI;wVj ySc lqfo/kk;sa lfEefyr gSa ftudh fo|kfFkZ;ksads mij izR;{k vkSj vizR;{k :Ik ls ldkjkRed ;kudkjkRed izHkko iM+rk gSA

ik.Mk vkSj fotks;] ¼1995½ usa fo|ky;ksa dh fLFkfr

dks /;ku esa j[kdj fd;s x;s v/;;u esa ik;k fd“kkyk NksM+ tkus okys cPpksa dh la[;k mifLFkfrcPpksa dh la[;k ls vf/kd gS ftldk eq[; dkj.kfo|ky;h lqfo/kkvksa tSls Hkou] Ik;kZIr izdk”k dhlqfo/kk] LoPN gok vkSj U;wure vf/kxe Lrj dhizkfIr ds lk/kuksa dk vfr vHkko gS lkFk gh f”k{k.klgk;d lkexzh tSls ekUkfp=] pkVZ] Xyksc] “;keiV~Vds vHkko ds dkj.k cPps vf/kxe esa :fp ugha j[krsgSa vkSj os U;wure vf/kxe Lrj dks Hkh izkIr ugha djikrs gSa lkFk gh ,sls {ks=ksa esa LFkkfir fo+|ky; esa foRrdh leL;k jgh gSA

fo|ky;h foRr ds lEcU/k esa izLrqr v/;;uiVuk;d] mek”kadj vkSj iaØfrt] ¼1994½ usa ik;kfd Nk=ofRr fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks iznku dh tk jgh gSaijUrq buds lapkyu esa fu;ferrk ugh cjrh tk jghgS blls fo|ky;h lqfo/kkvksa dk ykHk mfpr Nk= dksizkIr ugha gks ik jgk gS rFkk ,jojkbg] ¼1996½ usaviu v/;;u esa ik;k fd nwjorhZ bykdksa esa f”k{kdvkSj Nk=ksa ds chp esa 1 % 40 dk vuqikr tcfd “kgjh{ks=ksa esa 1%20 dk vuqikr ik;k x;kA ftlls “kgjhfo|ky;ksa dh rqyuk esa vuqlwfpr tutkfr ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa

lkj.kh& 01

muls :’V gks tk;saxs ftlls mudk thou cjckn gkstk;sxkA

mi;ZqDr v/;;uksa ds vk/kkj dgk tk ldrk gSfd vuqlwfpr tutkfr ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh fo+|ky;hfLFkfr lkekU; ugha gSA ,d vksj fo|ky;ksa esa tgakbudh ukeakdu la[;k de gksrh gS] ftldk fooj.klkj.kh 01 esa fn;k x;k gS&

44 /Tkutkrh; ekuo lalk/ku ds fodkl esa f”k{k.k laLFkkuksa dh Hkwfedk-----------

dk vf/kxe Lrj de gSa lkFk gh rqyukRed :Ik ls“kgjh {ks=ksa esa nwjorhZ bykdksa dh rqyuk esa gkWLVy]dksfpax]vk/kqfud lqfo/kk;sa vis{kkdr csgrj gSa ,oa bldslkFk ;g Hkh ik;k x;k fd nloha ds ckn nwjorhZ {ks=ksaesa “kkyk NksM+s tkus okys fo|kFkhZ ckyJe ds f”kdkjgSA

bl lEcU/k esa ljdkj }kjk fuEufyf[kr lqfo/kk;savuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa dks iznku dh tkrh gSA

1- vkJe Ldwy ;kstuk& vkJe Ldwy ;kstukdk vuqlwfpr tutkfr ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy;s mudsifjfpr okrkoj.k esa vkoklh; fo|ky;ksa dh LFkkiukdjuk gS] ftlls tutkrh; fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa lk{kjrk njc<+kbZ tk lds vkSj mudh lk{kjrk nj ns”k ds vU;yksxksa dh lk{kjrk nj ds cjkcj yk;h tk ldsA

2- ekWMy Ldwy ;kstuk& ;g ;kstuk eq[;r%vuqlwfpr tkfr ,oa vuqlwfpr tutkfr] vU; fiNM+koxZ] vYi la[;d leqnk;ksa ls lEcfU/kr ckfydkvksads mPp izkFkfedrk ds lkFk vkoklh; fo|ky;ksa dhLFkkiuk ds fy, 20 tqykbZ 2004 ls “kq: dh x;hA

3- tu”kkyk& bl ;kstuk dk mn~ns”; izkjfEHkdf”k{kk ds loZO;kihdj.k dh vuqlwfpr tkfrvYila[;dksa ds dk;Z djrs gq;s cPpksa rFkk fof”k’Vvko”;drk okys cPpksa izkFkfed f”k{kk nsus ds }kjklgk;rk igqapkuk gSA

4- fo|kfFk Z;k sa dh esfjV mUu;u ;kstuk&bl ;kstuk dk mnns”; nloha vkSj ckjgoha ds vuqlwfprtutkfr ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks fo”ks’k dksfpax miyC/kdjkuk gS ftlls os bathfu;fjax vkSj O;kolkf;dikB~;dzeksa esa izos”k ds fy, rS;kjh dj ldsaA

5- ckyd&ckfydk Nk=kokl ;k stuk&vuqlwfpr tutkfr ds ckyd&ckfydk ds fy;sNk=koklksa ds fuekZ.k ;kstuk dk eq[; mn~ns”; gS fdbl leqnk; ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks vuqdwy “kSf{kd okrkoj.kds vkxks”k esa HkkSfrd jgu&lgu dh lqfo/kkvksa dkseqgS;k djkuk ftlls ;s fo|kFkhZ LoLF; “kkjhfjdrFkk euksoSKkfud nf’Vdks.k ls v/;;u dj ldsaA

ftlls bu fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk lokZaxha.k fodkl gks ldsA6- eSfVªd Nk=ofRr ;kstuk& bl ;kstuk dk

mn~ns”; vuqlwfpr tutkfr ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks iathdrikB~;dzeksa esa eSfVªd ds ckn v/;;u ds fy;s izksRlkgunsuk gSA bl ;kstuk esa is”ksoj] rduhdh] xSj is”ksojrFkk xSj rduhdh lHkh Lrj ds ikB~;dzeksa dks lfEefyrfd;k x;k gSA blesa nwjLFk f”k{kk ds fy;s i=kpkjikB~;dze dks Hkh lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA

7- O;olkf;d izf”k{k.k ;kstuk& bl ;kstukdk mn~ns”; tutkrh; ;qokvksa esa jkstxkj@ Lojkstxkjds volj izkIr djus ds fy;s dkS”ky fodflr djukgSA

8- de lk{kjrk {k s=k s a esa ckfydk f”k{kk;kstuk& tutkrh; efgykvksa dh lk{kjrk nj c<+kusds mn~ns”; ls izFke ls ikapoh d{kk rd dh ckfydkvksads fy;s vkoklh; fo|ky;ksa dh LFkkiuk ds fy;s;kstuk dh “kq:vkr dh x;h rFkk uDly izHkkfor{ks=ksa dks bl ;kstuk esa izkFkfedrk nh tkrh gSA

9- ,dyO; vkn”k Z vkoklh; fo|ky;h;ksstuk& bl ;kstuk dk mn~ns”; uoksn; fo|ky;ksadh Hkkafr vkfnoklh {ks=ksa esa “kSf{kd xq.koRrk ,oalao/kZu dks vU; fo|ky;ksa ds leku ykus ds fy;sLFkkfir fd;s x;s gSA

10- eSfVªDl iwoZ Nk=ofRr ;ksstuk& d{kk 9rFkk 10 ds vuqlwfpr tutkrh; fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy;seSfVªd iwoZ Nk=ofRr ;kstuk dk eq[; mn~ns”; muds“kSf{kd Lrj esa xq.kkRed of) djuk rFkk mUgsa “kSf{kdmidj.kksa dks vklkuh ls eqgS;k djk dj fo|ky;ksadh rjQ vkdf’kZr djukA

11- vkfnoklh f”k{k k _.k ;k stuk&o’k Z2011&12 ds nkSjku jk’Vh; vuqlwfpr tutkfr forvkSj fodkl fuxe us ,d ;kstuk dks izkjEHk fd;k gSftlds rgr Hk kjr es a ih,p- Mh - lfgrizkS|ksfxdh@O;kolkf;d f”k{kk izkIr djus gsrqvuqlwfpr tutkrh; fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks izfro’kZ 6 izfr”krdh fj;k;rh C;kt nj ij 5 yk[k :Ik;s rd foRrh;

/ 45Tkutkrh; ekuo lalk/ku ds fodkl esa f”k{k.k laLFkkuksa dh Hkwfedk-----------

lgk;rk iznku dh tkrh gSA12- jktho xak/kh jk’Vªh; v/;srkofRr& bl

;kstuk dk mn~ns”; tutkrh; fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks mPPkf”k{kk ds fy;s foRrh; lgk;rk ds :Ik esa Qsyksf”kimiyC/k djkuk gSA bl Qsyksf”ki dk izk:Ik“kks/kfFkZ;ksa dks ,e- fQy-] ih,p- Mh- ikB~;dzeksa dsfy;s ;wthlh }kjk miyC/k djk;h tk jgh Qsyksf”kids leku gSA

13- fons”kks esa mPp f”k{kk ds fy;s jk’Vªh;Nk=o `f Rr ;k stuk&bl ;kstuk dk mn~ns”;tutkrh;] xSj vf/klwfpr ?kqeUrw vkSj v/kZ ?kqeUrwtutkfr;ksa ds izfrHkk”kkyh lnL;ksa dks bathfu;fjax]izksS|ksfxdh vkSj foKku ds {ks= esa fufnZ’V fo’k;ksa esaLukrdksRrj] ih,p-Mh- vkSj MkWDVjy ijorhZvuqla/kku ikB~;dzeksa ds fy;s fons”k esa mPpre f”k{kkgsrq foRrh; lgk;rk nh tkrh gSA

14- mPpLrjh; f”k{kk ;ksstuk& vuqlwfprtutkfr ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy;s mPp Lrjh; f”k{kkdh u;h ;kstuk “kq: dh gS ftldk mn~ns”; pqfuUnkmRd’V laLFkkuksa esa ls fdlh esa Lukrd vkSj LukrdksRrjLrj ij f”k{kk izkIr dj jgs es/kkoh fo|kfFkZ;ksa dksizksRlkfgr djuk gSA

tutkrh; thou ,oa f”k{kk leL;kvksa ij“kks/kdk;Z dj jgh dqN laLFkk;sa vxzfyf[kr gS&

1 tutkrh; “kks/k laLFkku] fcgkjA2 Tkutkrh; “kks/k laLFkku] e/; izns”kA3 Tkutkrh; “kks/k C;wjksa] mM+hlkA4 lkaLdfrd “kks/k laLFkku] if”pe caxkyA5 tutkrh; “kks/k laLFkku] vkU/kz izns”kAvuqlwfpr tutkfr ds {ks=ksa esa izkphu dky esa

f”k{k.k laLFkk;sa de gqvk djrh Fkha ijUrq orZekudky esa vkt mu dfe;ksa dks ljdkj ds }kjk iw.kZdjus dk iz;kl fd;k tk jgk gS vkSj mu fo|ky;ksaesa vR;k/kqfud lqfo/kk;sa iznku dh tk jgh gSa ftllsmu {ks=ksa ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ,oa lekt dk iw.kZ :Ik lsfodkl gks ldsA ljdkj vkoklh; fo|ky; ,oa

,dyO; fo|ky; +[kksy jgh gS ftlls bu {ks=ksa dscPpksa dks f”k{kk izkIr djus esa fdlh Hkh izdkj dhleL;kvksa dk lkeuk u djuk iM+sA muds “kkjhfjdfodkl ds fy;s fo|ky;ksa esa [ksy f”k{kdksa dh fu;qfDrdh tk jgh gS ftlls Nk=ksa dk LokLF; mRre jgsALOkkLF; ds lEcU/k esa egku nk”kZfud vjLrq usa dgkgS fd LoLF; “kjhj esa LoLF; efLr’d dk okl gksrkgSA tc rd “kjhj LoLFk ugha jgsxk rc rd Nk=ksa dsKku dh miyfC/k mfpr ugha gksxhA blfy;s prqeqZ[khfodkl ds fy;s fo|ky;ksa esa vusd izdkj ds ,slsdk;ksZ dk vk;kstu fd;k tk jgk gS fd ftlls fdvuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk thou Lrj,oa mudh “kSf{kd miyfC/k dks mij mBk;k tk ldsAvuqlwfpr tutkrh; Nk=ksa ds lUnHkZ esa fo|ky;hf”k{k.k izfdz;k dk v/;;u&

f”k{k.k izfdz;k dk lEcU/k vuqlwfpr tutkfr dsfo|kfFkZ;ksa ds f”k{kk gsrq mi;qDr f”k{k.k izfof/k vkSjmudh Hkk’kk;h n{krk dh {kerk ls gSA f”k{k.k izfdz;kls lEcfU/kr “kks/k lkfgR;ksa dk v/;;u bl izdkjgS&

“kqDyk] ¼1995½ vius v/;;u esa ;s ik;k fdvuqlwfpr tutkfr {ks=ksa esa f”k{kdksa ds fy;s dksbZizf”k{k.k dk;Z ugha vk;ksftr fd;s tkrs Fks ftllsmudks fdlh Hkh mfpr f”k{k.k fof/k dk Kku izkIrugha Fkk] ftlls og cPpksa dks mfpr fof/k;ksa dkiz;ksx djrs gq;s mUgsa mudh laLdfr dk Kku izkIrdjk ldsaA iSFkh vkSj [kM+kUxk] ¼1997½ }kjk izLrqrv/;;u esa U;wure vf/kxe Lrj dks /;ku esa j[kdjvuqlwfpr tkfr ds cPpksa dh Hkk’kkxr n{krk dkekiu fd;k x;k gS vkSj ik;k fd 77 izfr”kr vuqlwfprtutkfr ds cPps Hkk’kk esa n{k ugha ik;s x;sA ik.MkvkSj fotks; ¼1995½ us vius “kks/k esa ik;k fd f”k{k.kizfdz;k ds nkSjku vuqlwfpr tutkfr ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa esaokn&laokn fØ;k dk vHkko Fkk rFkk ,d gh f”k{k.kfof/k ij lEiw.kZ ikB~; ;kstuk vk/kkfjr FkhA blfof/k es fo|kFkhZ dh lgHkkfxrk ugha Fkh D;ksafd ;g


fof/k flQZ f”k{kd dsfUnzr fof/k Fkh blesa d{kk f”k{k.kizfØ;k dks csgrj cukus ds fy;s dksbZ iz;kl ughafd;k tk jgk Fkk ,oa f”k{kd fu;qfDr ds ckn viusaf”k{k.k i)fr ds lEcU/k esa izf”k{k.k ugha ys jgs FksA

mfpr f”k{k.k izfdz;k ds ek/;e ls f”k{kd Nk=ksaesa oakfNr ifjorZu izkIr dj ldrk gSA blesa f”k{kddh Hkk’kk rFkk f”k{k.k fof/k dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gksrhgSA izkFkfed Lrj ij {ks+=h; Hkk’kk ds vk/kkj ijf”k{k.k dk;Z lapkfyr djuk pkfg;s rFkk ek/;fedLrj ij {ks=h; Hkk’kk ls mij mBdj jk’Vªh; Hkk’kk esaf”k{k.k dk;Z djus dk iz;kl djuk pkfg;sA ftllsml {ks= ds Nk=ksa esa nwljs {ks= ds Nk=ksa dk f”k{k.kLrj vkpkj fopkj dk vknku iznku gks lds vkSj osfo|kFkhZ nwljh lH;rk vkSj laLdfr ds ckjs esa dqNKku izkIr dj ldsaA ,sls bykdksa esa Nk=ksa dh :fp dsvuqlkj f”k{kd dks fofHkUu f”k{k.k fof/k tSlsvkxeukRed] rdZ.kkRed] fuxeukRed vkfn fofHkUufof/k;ksa dk iz;ksx djrs gq;s mUgsa O;kogkfjd f”k{kk,oa O;kogkfjd Kku iznku djuk pkfg;sA {ks=h;Hkk’kk esa f”k{kdksa dh n{krk esa lgu”khyrk c<+kusa gsrqmuds p;u ,oa izf”k{k.k esa mfpr lq/kkj fd;k tkukpkfg;sA lkFk gh lkFk Nk=ksa ds ikB~;dze esa {ks=h;Hkk’kk ls jk’Vªh; Hkk’kk esa l”kDr mRrj.k dh xqatkb”kgksuh pkfg;sA lkFk gh f”k{kdksa dksa f”k{k.k izf”k{k.kdk;Z fn;k tk;s rFkk le;≤ ij jk’Vªh; Lrj dhlaxks’Bh vk;ksftr dh tk;sA ftlls bu {ks=ksa dsf”k{kdska dks ns”k esa iz;ksx fd;s tk jgs uohu f”k{k.kfof/k;ksa ,oa uohu rduhdh Kku ds ckjs esa tkudkjhizkIr gks ldsAvuqlwfpr tutkrh; Nk=ksa ds lUnHkZ esa fo|ky;hikB~;dze dk v/;;u%

ikB~;Øe dk lEcU/k thou ds y{;ksa dh izkfIr dsekxZ ls gSA bl lEcU/k esa vuqlwfpr tutkfr dsfo|kfFkZ;ksa ds ikB~;dze ls lEcfU/kr “kks/k lkfgR;dk ifj.kke bl izdkj gS&

ikrh]¼1996½ us mM+hlk ds vuqlwfpr tutkfr ds

cPpksa ds izkFkfed fo|ky;ksa ds ikB~;dze dk ewY;akdufd;k vkSj ik;k fd vuqlwfpr tutkfr vkSj lkekU;cPpksa ds izkFkfed fo|ky;ksa dk ikB~;dze leku gSlkFk gh vuqlwfpr tutkfr ds cPpksa ds fy;s rS;kjikB~;dze esa muds vk;q Lrj dks /;ku esa ugha j[kkx;k gS vkSj vkfnoklh cPpksa ds nSfud thou dsiz;ksx lsa lEcfU/kr fo’k; oLrq dks Hkh ikB~;dze esalfEefyr ugh fd;k x;k gSA ;gak rd fd ikB~;dzefuekZ.k ds le; vuqlwfpr tutkfr ds cPpksa dsokrkoj.k dk;Z tSls df’k] Ik”kqikyu ,oa ckxokuhvkfn dks /;ku esa ugh j[kk x;k gS rFkk fo|kfFkZ;ksadh vko”;drkvksa lEcf/kr taxyksa dk laj{k.k ,oataxyh mRikn vkSj cktkjhdj.k ds Kku ls lEcfU/krfo’k;oLrq dk ikB~;dze esa iw.kZ vHkko FkkA ik.MkvkSj fotks; ¼1995½ usa vius v/;;u esa ik;k fdikB~;dze esa mudh laLdfr vkSj ijEijkxr fo’k;oLrqdk vHkko Fkk] ftlls v/;;u esa mudh :fp fujUrjde gksrh pyh tk jgh FkhA

O;fDr ds O;fDrRo ds fodkl ds fy;s ikB~;dzeog lk/ku gS tks ;g fuf”pr djrk gS fd gesa dc]D;k] dSls vkSj fdruk djuk pkfg;s vFkkZr vuqlwfprtutkfr okys {ks=ksa ds fy;s gesa muds lekt dhvko”;drkvksa ,oa t:jrksa ds vuqlkj ikB~;dze dkfuekZ.k djuk pkfg;sA vuqlwfpr tutkfr {ks=ksa esamuds vkfFkZd fodkl ls lEcfU/kr ikB~;dze dksojh;rk nsuh pkfg;s ftlls og viuk vkthfodksiktZuvklkuh ls dj ldsaA tSls f”kYidyk] df’k f”k{kk ,oarhjUnkth vkfn fo’k;ksa dks mfpr egRo nsuk pkfg;sAikB~;dze ,slk gksuk pkfg;s tks muds miyfC/k Lrjesa fnu izfrfnu of) djus okyk gks vkSj mu yksxksa dkslekt ds lkekU; Lrj rd igqapkus okyk gksaAfu’d’k Z%

bl vk/kqfud] oSKkfud fpRr] yksdrkaf=d ;qx esavuqlwfpr tutkfr dks vf/kdkj o drZO; ds izfrpsru gksuk pkfg;s vkSj ljdkj ;k vU; fdlh Hkhlewg ;k laxBu ds }kjk uktk;t neu ds iz;kl dk

/ 47

lanHk Z%1- vEckLr],u-d-s]¼2001½]Vªkbcy ,tqds'ku % izkscysEl ,.M blwt] U;w nsYgh%osdVs'k izdk'kuA

2- vEokLV],u-]ds],.M ds- ch- jkFk ¼1995½] , LVMh vWkQ n bQsDV vkQ gkmlgksYM]dE;wfuVh ,.M Ldwy QSDVlZ vku n bujkWyesUV] fjVsa'ku ,.M vphoeasV vkWQ n f”kM~;qy VªkbCl fpYMªsu ,V izkbesjh yscy bu LVMht vkWu Dykl:e izkslslsl ,.M Ldwy bQsfDVousl ,WV izkbejh LVst baVjus'kuy ijLisfDVOl ,u- lh-b-vkj-Vh- U;w nsYghA

3- vkuank]th-¼1995½] osLVst bu izkbZejh ,twds'ku ,eax Vªkboy fpUMªsy] n izkbejh Vhpj XX ¼1½] 37& 41A

4- ,lojkbZg] th- ¼1996½] fpYMsªul ,tqds'ku ,eax n izkbZfefVo Vªkboy vkWQ jWEikpkanoje~ vkbZ- Vh-Mh-,- ¼bZLV xksnkojh½ vkWQ vkU/kzizns'k- bU+MhisUMsUV LVMh- lsUVj vkWQ lks'ky MsoYiesUV] jaxkjsM~Mh ¼,-ih-½ ¼,sjhd QuMsV½ ,u-lh-b-vkj-Vh- U;w nsYghA

5-nqcs] ,l-,u-,.M feJk] ,-ds- ¼1990½ lkbdkslks'ky fMVehZusLV~l vkWQ ,sdsMfed lDlsl vkWQ #jy C;kWt ijLisfVo bu ,tqds'ku] xv (3),157-164

6- iVukbZd] 'kadj] ;w-,.M VksIl] ,l-ts-ih- ¼1994½] bEisDV vkWQ LdkWyjf'ki vkWu Vªkbcy ,tqds'ku bu t'kiqj izkstsDV] jk;x<+] fMLVªhd] e/;izns'k] cqysfVu vkWQ n Vªkbcy fjlpZ bUVhV~;wV] Hkksiky xxii (1), 13-29.

7- ikaMk] ds- ,.M chtks; ¼1995½] lksf'k;ksykWftdy LVMh vkWQ n QaD'kal] vkxZukts'ku ,.M bEiSDV vkWQ n Vªkbcy LdwYl mM+hlk- vuifCy'M MkWDVksjy fMtVsZ'ku] ,tqds'ku] tkfe;k fefy;k bLykfe;kA

8- ikrh] ,l-ih-¼1996½ ,u boSY;w'ku vkWQ izkbejh Ldwy dfjdqye QkWj Vªkbcy fpYMsªu vkWQ mM+hlk- bu LVMht vkWu Dykl#e izk slslst ,.M Ldwy bQksDVsousl ,V izkbejh LVst - ,u-lh-b-vkj-Vh- U;w nsYghA

Tkutkrh; ekuo lalk/ku ds fodkl esa f”k{k.k laLFkkuksa dh Hkwfedk-----------

O;fDrxr ;k lkewfgd fojks/k djuk pkfg;sA gesaekuoh; “kfDr ij Hkjkslk djuk pkfg;sA dYiuk ,oafeFkd vk/kkfjr ikjEifjd O;ogkjksa dks fcuk lkspsafopkjs ugha eku ysuk pkfg;sA blds fy;s t:jh gSfd vuqlwfpr tutkfr dks mfpr ,oa Ik;kZIr f”k{kkizkIr gks ftlesa “kSf{kd laLFkkuksa dh vR;Ur egRoiw.kZHkwfedk gS D;ksafd ;s “kSf{kd laLFkk;sa vuqlwfpr tutkfrds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks mfpr “kSf{kd volj iznku djus dsfy;s lqyHk fo|ky;h okrkoj.k dk fuekZ.k djrs gSaftlesa f”k{kd Nk=ksa dh ekrHkk’kk esa fofHkUUk f”k{k.kfof/k;ksa dks lfEefyr djrs gq;s mUgsa f”kf{kr djldsaA

lkFk gh ikB~;dze dk fuekZ.k mudh Hkkoh thoudh vko”;drkvksa dks /;ku esa j[kdj bl izdkjfd;k tk;s ftlls os Lo;a fo|ky;ksa dh vksj vkus ds

fy;s ykykf;r gksa] ftlls muds ukeakdu la[;k esaof) gksA bUk ukeakdu dks fLFkj j[kusa ds fy;s f”k{k.klaLFkk;sa ,slh mi;qDr uhfr;ksa dk fuekZ.k le; le;ij mudh t:jrksa dks /;ku esa j[kdj djsa ftllsmuds Lo:Ik vkSj /kkj.k {kerk esa of) mudhmiyfC/k vkSj thou Lrj dks mapk mBk ldsaA nqHkkZX;o”kgekjs ns”k esa tgak /kkfeZd vU/kfo”okl dks QSykus dhiwjh NwV gS ogha foKku ,oa cqf)okn lefFZkr fo”oklds iSjksadkjksa dh jkg esa dakVs cks;s tkrs gSA vRk% t:jhgS fd vuqlwfpr tutkfr ds yksxksa dks vius vrhrls yksddFkkvksa] feFkdksa o dkYifud dFkkvksa lsldkjkRed mi;ksxh phtsa lqudj fodkl dheq[;/kkjk esa izokfgr gksuk iM+sxk rHkh gekjs lekt:ih thou dk y{; fodkl :ih eks{k dks izkIr djldsxkA


9- iSFkh] ,e-ds-,.M dgnkaxk ih-;w- ¼1997½- , LVMh vkWQ ekLVjh yfuZax bu ySaXost ,ekax Vªkbcy fpYMsªu Vhpj ,twds'ku] 31 ¼3 ,.M4½] 25&42-10- cdZrdh ,.M oanuk ¼1993½- pkbYM js;fjax izSfDVlst ,.M MsoyiesUV LVsVl vkWQ fpYMªsu bu le Vªkbcy dE;wfufVt vkWQ vklke] vuikfCy'M MkWDVksjy fMtVsZ'ku- ,aFkzksiksykWth] xqokgkVh ;wfuoflZVh-

11- jkFk] ds-ch-,.M vkj-vkj- lDlsuk ¼1995½ bQsDV vkWQ I;wfiy ,.M Ldwy ysoy oSfj,cYl vkWu n vphoesaV vkWQ ,l-lh@,l-Vh- LVwMsaV~l bafM;u ,twds'ku fjO;w] 30 ¼1½] 52&70-

12- fjiksVZ vkWu lsall vkWQ bafM;k ¼2011½ us'kuy LVSfVfLVdy vkxZukbts'ku-

13- jk;] vkj ¼2010½ vkfne tkfr dY;k.k foHkkx }kjk lapkfyr fo|ky; rFkk lkekU; ‘kkkldh; eas v/;;ujr~ Nk= ,oa Nk=kvksa dh foKku ds izfr vfHkofRr ,oa mudh 'kSf{kr miyfC/k dk rqyukRed v/;;u] vizdkf'kr y?kq'kks/k izca/k xq# ?kklhnkl fo'ofo|ky; fcykliqj ¼N-x-½

14- gluSu],u-¼2004½ tutkrh; Hkkjr ubZ fnYyh % tokgj ifCy'klZ ,.M fMLVªhC;wVlZ-

15- ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- ¼2006½ lsosUFk vkWy bafM;k Ldwy ,tqds'ku losZ] U;w nsYgh ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- 94-

/ 49

e/;izns'k esa fodsUnzhÑr fu;kstu ,oa leUo;ds lUnHkZ esa ftyk ;kstuk lfefr dh Hkwfedk

*f'ko dqekj flag dq'kokg

73osa ,oa 74osa lafo/kku la'kks/ku ds i'pkr~ xzkeh.k ,oa uxjh; Lrj ij LFkkuh; Lo'kklu dhlaLFkkvksa dks l'kDr dj mUgsa laoS/kkfud ntkZ iznku fd;k x;kA bUgha ds vk/kkj ij e/;izns'k jkT;}kjk izns'k ds vf/kfu;e cuk;s x;s ,oa bu laLFkkvksa dks i;kZIr 'kfDr;ksa ls iznku dh xbZA bldsi'pkr~ lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 243 tsM Mh ds vuqikyu esa izns'k esa ftyk ;kstuk lfefr vf/kfu;ecukdj ykxw fd;k x;k rFkk ftyk Lrj ij ftyk ;kstuk lfefr;ksa dk xBu fd;k x;kA bulfefr;ksa dks iapk;rksa ,oa uxjh; fudk;ksa ds chp leUo; LFkkfir djus rFkk ftys dh iapk;rksarFkk uxj ikfydkvksa }kjk rS;kj dh xbZ ;kstukvksa dks lesfdr djus rFkk lEiw.kZ ftys ds fy;sfodkl ;kstuk dk izk:i rS;kj djus ds fy, i;kZIr vf/kdkj fn;s x;s gSaA izLrqr 'kks/k i= esa ftyk;kstuk lfefr vf/kfu;e ds izko/kkuksa ds foospu ds vk/kkj ij e/;izns'k esa fodsUnzhÑr fu;kstu,oa leUo; ds lUnHkZ esa ftyk ;kstuk lfefr dh Hkwfedk dks foosfpr fd;k x;k gSA





ftyk ;kstuk lfefr dh O;oLFkk dk mís';fodsUnzhdj.k dh izfØ;k dks lqn<+ cukuk gSAfodsUnzhdj.k dsoy fu.kZ;ksa rd gh lhfer u jgtk;s] vfirq O;ogkj esa Hkh mldk izHkko utj vkukpkfg,A jkT; 'kklu ds fu.kZ;ksa dh xfr'khyrk c<+kdjmUgsa ftyksa rd igq¡pkus ds fy;s iz'kklu ds <k¡ps esaifjorZu ,d ckr gS] ysfdu ftyk ;kstuk lfefr dksHkh mruk gh lfØ; ,oa laosnu'khy cukuk mllsvf/kd egrh dk;Z gSA ftyk ;kstuk lfefr iapk;rjkt laLFkkvksa rFkk LFkkuh; uxjh; laLFkkvksa dsvf/kdkjksa esa gLr{ksi vFkok mudh lhekvksa dk

vfrØe.k ugha gSA 73os ,oa 74osa lafo/kku la'kks/ku dsi'pkr~ iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa rFkk LFkkuh; uxjh;laLFkkvksa ds dk;Z vkSj vf/kdkj ;Fkkor j[krs gq,ftyk ;kstuk lfefr ds ltu ls xzkeh.k ,oa 'kgjh{ks= ds iz'kklu ra= dks vf/kd vf/kdkj lEiUucuk;k x;k gS rFkk ;g iz;kl fd;k x;k gS fd mlesabruh lkeF;Z gks fd og 'kgjh vkSj xzkeh.k {ks=ksa dschp leUo; dk dk;Z dj ldsA1

ftyk ;kstuk ds fy;s lfefr%lafo/kku dh /kkjk 243 th ds vuqlkj iapk;rsa

vius Lrj ij vkfFkZd fodkl ,oa lkekftd U;k;

*vfrfFk O;k[;krk] jktuhfr foKku ,oa yksd iz'kklu v/;;u'kkyk] foØe fo'ofo|ky;] mTtSu¼e-i z- ½

50 /

dh ;kstuk,¡ cuk;sxhA ,slh ;kstuk,¡ cukrs le; os11oha vuqlwph esa lwphc) 29 fo"k;ksa dks Hkh lfEefyrdjsxhA lafo/kku dh /kkjk 243 MCY;w ds vuqlkj uxjikfydk,¡ Hkh vius Lrj ij vkfFkZd fodkl dh;kstuk,¡ rS;kj djsxh vkSj ,slk djrs le; oslafo/kku dh 12oha vuqlwph esa lwphc) 18 fo"k;ksa dkslfEefyr djsaxhA

lafo/kku dh /kkjk 243 tsM Mh ds vuqlkj ftysesa iapk;rksa vkSj uxj ikfydkvksa }kjk rS;kj dh xbZ;kstukvksa dks lesfdr djus ds fy;s ,d fodkl;kstuk izk:i rS;kj djus ds fy;s izR;sd jkT; esaftyk Lrj ij ,d ftyk ;kstuk lfefr xfBr dhtk;sxhA jkT; dk fo/kku e.My] fof/k }kjk ftyk;kstuk lfefr;ksa dh lajpuk ,oa og jhfr ftlls,slh lfefr;ksa esa LFkku Hkjs tk;sxsa] ds ckjs esamicU/k dj ldsxkA ijUrq ,slh lfefr ds lnL;ksa dhdqy la[;k dk de ls de 4@5 Hkkx ftyk Lrj ijiapk;r ds vkSj ftys esa uxj ikfydkvksa ds fuokZfprlnL;ksa }kjk vius esa ls ftys esa xzkeh.k {ks= dh vkSjuxjh; {ks= dh tula[;k ds vuqikr ds vuqlkjfuokZfpr fd;s tk;sxasA2

e/;izns'k esa ftyk ;kstuk lfefr%e/;izns'k esa iapk;rksa ,oa uxjh; fudk;ksa ds chp

leUo; LFkkfir dj rFkk ftyk Lrj ij fodsUnzhdj.kdh vo/kkj.kk dks ykxw djus ds fy;s e/;izns'kfo/kkulHkk us e/;izns'k ftyk ;kstuk lfefr la'kks/ku fo/ks;d] 1999 esa ikfjr fd;kA fo/ks;d }kjkftyk ;kstuk lfefr vf/kfu;e] 1995 ds Lo:i esaifjorZu dj mls ftyk Lrj ij fodsUnzhÑr fu;kstuds izeq[k dk;Zdkjh fudk; ds :i esa izLrqr fd;kx;k gSA blds vuqlkj ftys dh iapk;rksa rFkkuxjikfydkvksa }kjk rS;kj dh xbZ ;kstukvksa dslesfdr djus rFkk lEiw.kZ ftys ds fy;s fodkl;kstuk dk izk:i rS;kj djus vkSj ,slh vU; 'kfDr;ksadk iz;ksx djus ds fy;s tSlh fd mls jkT; ljdkj}kjk le;≤ ij lkSaih tk;s izR;sd ftys esa ,d

;kstuk lfefr dk xBu djsxhA3

lfefr ds lnL;ksa dh dqy la[;k dk 4@5 lnL;ftys dh ftyk iapk;r ,oa uxjikfydkvksa ds fuokZfprlnL;ksa }kjk muesa ls fofgr jhfr esa fuokZfpr fd;stk;sxsaA xzkeh.k rFkk uxjh; {ks=ksa esa ls fuokZfpr fd,tkus okys lnL;ksa dk vuqikr rFkk lEHko fudVre:i ls ogh gksxk ftl vuqikr esa ftys esa xzkeh.krFkk uxjh; tula[;k gSA tgk¡ ftys ds uxjh; {ks=esa ,d ls vf/kd uxjikfydk,¡ gSa] ogk¡ uxjh; {ks=ksads LFkku ,slh uxjikfydkvsa esa fofgr jhfr esa forjhrfd;s tk;sxsaA4

lfefr es a vU; lnL; ds :i es a gk s ax se/;izns'k jkT; dk ,d ea=h ftls ljdkj }kjk ukefunsZf'kr fd;k tk;sxk rFkk tks lfefr dk v/;{kgksxkA blds vfrfjDr ftyk iapk;r dk v/;{k]ftys dk dysDVj rFkk tgk¡ ij lfefr ds lnL;ksa dhla[;k 20 gS] rks ,d lnL; rFkk 25 gS] rks 2 lnL;jkT; ljdkj }kjk uke funsZf'kr fd;s tk;sxsaA5

ftyk ;kstuk lfefr ds dqy lnL;ksa dh la[;kfuf'pr dj nh x;h gS & Hkksiky] jk;lsu] lhgksj]nfr;k] ujflagiqj] neksg] iUuk ,oa Vhdex<+ esa lfefresa 15 lnL; jgsaxsA cSrqy] jktx<+] fofn'kk] fHkUM]eqjSuk] xquk] Xokfy;j] f'koiqjh] gks'kaxkckn] /kkj] bUnkSj][k.Mok] >kcqvk] ckyk?kkV] fNanokM+k] e.Myk] flouh]jhok] lruk] 'kgMksy] lh/kh] Nrjiqj] lkxj] nsokl]eanlkSj] jryke] 'kktkiqj ,oa mTtSu esa lnL;ksa dhla[;k 20 jgsxhA [kjxkSu rFkk tcyiqj esa lfefr esa25 lnL; jgsaxsA blds vfrfjDr ftys ds lkaln vkSjfo/kk;d lfefr dh cSBdksa esa fo'ks"k LFkk;h vkeaf=rlnL; jgsaxsA jkT;lHkk lnL; viuh ialn ds ,dftys esa fo'ks"k vkeaf=r lnL; jgsaxsA vkeaf=r lnL;ksaesa ls tks ea=h ;k lkaln gksaxs] mUgsa vius LFkku ij,d izfrfuf/k dk uke fufo"V djus dk vf/kdkj gSA

ftyk ;kstuk lfefr dh ftyk Lrj ij dk;Zlaiknu djus ds fy;s lgk;rk gsrq 12 milfefr;k¡gksaxhA tks ftyk Lrjh; dk;ksZa ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa

e/;izns'k esa fodsUnzhÑr fu;kstu ,oa leUo;------

/ 51

ftyk ;kstuk lfefr dh lgk;rk djsxhA ;s milfefr;k¡ fuEu ukeksa ls tkuh tkrh gS&

1- yksx LokLF; ,oa ifjokj dY;k.k dk;ZØemi lfefrA

2- fuos'k mi lfefrA3- uxjh; fodkl milfefrA4- jkstxkj fuekZ.k ,oa miyC/krk milfefrA5- vuqlwfpr tutkfr] fodkl fiNM+k oxZ

rFkk efgyk ,oa cky fodkl dk;ZØeksadh ekWuhVfjax mi lfefrA

6- is;ty vkiwfrZ mi lfefrA7- f'k{kk mi lfefrA8- xzkeh.k fodkl mi lfefrA9- Ñf"k fodkl dk;ZØe mi lfefrA10- flapkbZ fodkl dk;ZØe mi lfefrA11- lM+d ,oa ifjogu fodkl ÅtkZ mi

lfefra12- lkaln ,oa fo/kk;d {ks=h; fodkl ;kstuk

ds dk;Z+Øeksa dh ekWuhVfjax mi lfefrA6

bu mi lfer;ksa ds ihBklhu vf/kdkfj;ksa ,oamilfefr;ksa ds lnL;ksa dk euksu;u izHkkjh ea=h ds}kjk iapk;r jkt laLFkkvksa rFkk uxjh; fudk; dsfuokZfpr lnL;ksa ,oa ljdkjh vf/kdkfj;ksa rFkkdeZpkfj;ksa esa ls fd;k tk;sxkA tSlk fd bu lfefr;ksads ukedj.k ls Kkr gksrk gS] fd ;s lfefr;k¡ viusls lacaf/kr dk;ksZa dk lEiknu dj bldh lwpukfu;fer :i ls ftyk ;kstuk lfefr dks izsf"krdjsxhA mi lfefr;ksa ds ihBklhu vf/kdkjh bu milfefr;ksa dh cSBd vk;ksftr djsaxs ihBklhuvf/kdkjh gh bu cSBdksa dk ,ts.Mk rS;kj djsaxs vkSjcSBd dh v/;{krk Hkh djsaxsA

ftyk dysDVj vFkok mlds uke }kjk fufnZ"VO;fDr mi lfefr dk lfpo gksxkA mi lfefr dsihBklhu vf/kdkjh lacaf/kr foHkkxksa ds ftyk izeq[kksa]ftyk ;kstuk lfefr ds fo'ks"k vkaaef=rksa] fo'ks"kKksadks mi lfefr dks tc Hkh vko';drk gks lsok djus

ds fy;s lg;ksftr dj ldsaxsA mi lfefr ds ihBklhuvf/kdkfj;ksa rFkk lnL;ksa dh inkof/k ,d o"kZ gksxhrFkk vLFkk;h iz;kstu ds fy;s xfBr mi lfefr dhvof/k ftyk ;kstuk lfefr }kjk fu/kkZfjr fd;s vuqlkjgksxhA dksbZ Hkh lnL; tks ftyk ;kstuk lfefr dklnL; ugha jg tkrk gS] mi lfefr dk ihBklhuvf/kdkjh ,oa lnL; ugha jgsxkA

ftyk ljdkj esa izHkkjh ea=h dks lcls egÙoiw.kZnkf;Ro lkSais x;s gSaA ftyk ;kstuk lfefr ds izHkkjhea=h muds v/;{k gksaxsA bu lfefr;ksa dh cSBd dhv/;{krk izHkkjh ea=h gksaxsA ;kstuk lfefr dh fofHkUumilfefr;ksa ds ihBklhu vf/kdkfj;ksa ,oa lnL;ksadk euks;u Lo;a izHkkjh ea=h dj milfefr;ksa dkxBu djsaxsA bu milfefr;ksa dks dk;ksZa esa lg;ksx,oa leUo; LFkkfir djus dk nkf;Ro Hkh izHkkjh ea=hdk jgsxkA blds vfrfjDr LFkkuh; Lrj ij jktuhfrdlw=/kkj dh Hkwfedk Hkh izHkkjh eaf=;ksa dks gh fuHkkuhgSA

ftyk ;kstuk lfefr dh izfØ;k fu;e bl izdkjrS;kj fd;s x;s gSa] ftlls fd lfefr dks viusmÙkjnkf;Ro ds leqfpr fuoZgu esa lgk;rk izkIrgksxhA eq[; :i ls bu fu;eksa esa ;g izko/kku gS] fdftyk ;kstuk lfefr dh v/;{krk lfefr ds v/;{kgh djsaxsA tks jkT; ljdkj }kjk euksuhr fd;s x;sgSa ftyk ljdkj dh O;oLFkk ds rgr tks dk;Z ,oavf/kdkj ftyk ;kstuk lfefr dks lkSais x;s gSa] muij fu.kZ; vkns'k ds fy;s izdj.k foHkkxh; ftykizeq[k laLFkk izeq[k }kjk lfefr ds le{k dysDVj dsek/;e ds izLrqr fd;k tk;sxkA foHkkxh; ftykizeq[k] laLFkk izeq[k dks iw.kZ rF;ksa lfgr la{ksfidkcukdj izdj.k lfefr ds le{k izLrqr djus dhvuqefr ds fy;s dysDVj ds ikl Hkstuk gksxkAla{ksfidk esa izk:i vkns'k Hkh layXu jgsxkA dysDVj}kjk izdj.k v/;{k] ftyk ;kstuk lfefr ls vuqefrizkIr dj lfefr ds y{; izLrqr fd;k tk;sxsA7

ftu ekeyksa esa v/;{k ty ;kstuk lfefr dks


52 /

vf/kdkj] ÑR; lkSais x;s gSa] mu ekeyksa esa vkns'[email protected];ds fy;s izdj.k dysDVj ds ek/;e ls v/;{k] ftyk;kstuk lfefr dks izLrqr fd;s tk;saxsA izdj.k dksizLrqr djrs le; uLrh ij foHkkxh; ftyk izeq[k]laLFkk izeq[k }kjk la{ksfidk rS;kj dh tk;sxh] ftlesafu.kZ; ds fy;s vko';d leLr rF;ksa ,oa fu;eksa dkmYys[k gksxkA la{ksfidk esa ;g Li"V :i ls of.kZrfd;k tk;sxk fd ,slk dksbZ fcUnw fu.kZ; ds fy, ughagS] ftlds fy;s jkT; 'kklu ds vkns'k vko';d gSaA8

lfefr dk lnL; lfpo v/;{k dks ekeyksa dhlwph izLrqr djsxk ftudh la{ksfidk foHkkx@laLFkkizeq[k ls izkIr gks xbZ gSA dkSu&ls ekeys lfefr dslnL;ksa ds fy;s ifjpkfyr fd;s tkrs gS] ;g fu.kZ;v/;{k dk gksxkA ;fn le;kHkko ds dkj.k ;k fo'ks"kifjfLFkfro'k v/;{k ls vkns'k fy;s tkuk laHko u gksrks lfefr dk lnL; lfpo funsZ'k dh izR;k'kk esala{ksfidk ifjpkfyr dj ldsxkA fopkj ds le;ekeys lacaf/kr foHkkx ds izeq[k@ftyk laLFkk izeq[kcSBd esa mifLFkr gksaxs rFkk vius foHkkx ls lacaf/krfo"k; esa rF;ksa ls lfefr dks voxr djk;saxs rFkk mulHkh tkudkfj;ksa dks izLrqr djsaxs ftudh fd lfefrds lnL;ksa }kjk vis{kk dh tk;sA9

lfefr dh izR;sd cSBd ds i'pkr~ cSBd esa fy;sx;s fu.kZ;ksa dk vfHkys[k dysDVj }kjk rS;kj fd;ktk;sxkA cSBd esa mifLFkr lnL;ksa ,oa 'kklu dsvf/kdkfj;ksa dk uke Hkh dk;Zokgh fooj.k esa lfEefyrfd;s tk;saxsA dk;Zokgh fooj.k dk izk:i lfefr dsv/;{k ls vuqeksfnr djk;k tk;sxk vkSj mlds i'pkr~lHkh lnL;ksa dks Hkstk tk;sxkA dk;Zokgh fooj.k dkv/;{k ls vuqeksnu izkIr gks tkus ds i'pkr lfefrdk vf/kizekf.kr fu.kZ; lacaf/kr foHkkx dh QkbZy ijdysDVj }kjk vfHkfyf[kr fd;k tk;sxkA bu fu.kZ;ksadk fØ;kUo;u lacaf/kr foHkkx }kjk fd;k tk;sxkvkSj fØ;kUo;u dh tkudkjh lfefr dks Hksth tk;sxhAlfefr le;≤ ij fu.kZ;ksa ds fØ;kUo;u dhleh{kk djsxhA10

e/;izns'k esa ftyk ;kstuk lfefr ds ÑR;11

1- jk"Vªh; rFkk jkT;Lrjh; mís';ksa ds <k¡ps dsvUrxZr jgrs gq, LFkkuh; vko';drkvksa rFkk mís';ksadk vfHkfu/kkZj.k djukA

2- ;kstukvksa dk fodsUnzhdj.k djus ds fy, BkslvkadM+ksa dk vk/kkj lftr djus gsrq ftys ds izkÑfrd,oa ekuo lalk/kuksa ls lacaf/kr tkudkjh dk laxg.kladyu ,osa mUgsa v|ru djuk ,oa ftys ,oa [k.Mds lalk/kuks dh :ijs[kk rS;kj djukA

3- xzke] [k.M rFkk ftyk Lrjksa ij miyC/k izeq[klqfo/kkvksa dks lwphc) djuk rFkk mudk fu:i.kdjukA

4- miyC/k izkÑfrd@ekuo lalk/kuks a dsvf/kdre rFkk U;k; laxr mi;ksx@fonksgu dkslqfuf'pr djus dh –f"V ls fodkl ds fy, uhfr;ksa]dk;ZØeksa rFkk izkFkfedrkvksa dks vo/kkj.kk djukA

5- iapk;rksa rFkk uxjh; fudk;ksa }kjk rS;kj dhxbZ ;kstukvksa dks lesfdr djrs gq, ftys dslkekftd] vkfFkZd] HkkSfrd] lkekf;d rFkk LFkkulaca/kh vk;keksa ds ifjizs{; esa ftys dh iapo"khZ;,oa okf"kZd ;kstukvksa dk izk:i rS;kj djuk rFkkmls jkT; ljdkj dh ;kstukvksa esa lfEefyrdjus gsrq jkT; ljdkj dks izLrqr djukA

6-ftys ds fy;s jkstxkj ;kstuk,¡ rS;kj djukA7- ftys dh ;kstukvksa ds foÙk iks"k.k ds fy,

foÙkh; lalk/kuksa dk izkDdyu djukA8- ftyk fodkl ;kstuk ds lEiw.kZ <k¡ps ds Hkhrj

jgrs gq, {ks=h;@mi{ks=h; ifjO;;ksa dk vkoaVudjukA

9- fodsUnzhÑr ;kstuk ds <k¡ps ds vUrxZr ftys esadk;kZfUor dh tk jgh ;kstuvksa dk;ZØeksa ftuesadsUnzh; lsDVj@dsUnz }kjk izR;k;ksftr ;kstuk,¡ vkSjlalnh; fuokZpu {ks= rFkk fo/kkulHkk {ks=ksa dh

LFkkuh; {ks= fodkl dh ;kstuk,¡ Hkh lfEefyrgS] fd izxfr dks ekWuhVj djuk rFkk iqukZoyksdudjukA


/ 53

10- ftyk ;kstuk lfEefyr ;kstukvksa dslaca/k esa fu;fer izxfr fjiksVZ 'kklu dks izLrqrdjukA

11- , sl h ;k stu kvk s a@dk; ZØek s a dkvfHkfu/kkZj.k djuk ftuesa laLFkkxr foÙk iks"k.k fd;ktkuk laHkkfor gSA mUgsa ftyk ;kstukvksa ds lkFkleqfpr :i ls laca/k djus ds mik; djuk rFkk ;glqfuf'pr djuk fd mUgsa ,slk foÙkh; fofu/kku izkIrgksrk jgsA

12- fodkl dh lEiw.kZ izfØ;k esa LoSfPNd laxBuksadh lgHkkfxrk dks lqfuf'pr djukA

13- ftys dh fodkl izfØ;k ij egÙoiw.kZ izHkkoMkyus okyh jkT; lsDVj dh ;kstukvksa ds lEcU/kesa jkT; ljdkjksa dks lq>ko nsukA

14- dksbZ vU; ÑR; tks jkT; ljdkj }kjk ftyk;kstuk lfefr dks lkSaik tk;sAlfefr dh 'kfDr;k¡12

1- lfefr ljdkj ds dkedkt ds lEcU/k esa ,slh'kfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx djsxh tSlh dh mls jkT; ljdkj}kjk vf/kfu;e ds v/khu vf/klwfpr dh tk, vFkokvkoafVr dh tk;sA

2- jkT; ljdkj og jhfr fofgr rFkk vf/klwfprdj ldsxh ftlesa ,slh 'kfDr;ksa dk tks fd lfefrdks bl izdkj vf/klwfpr ;k vkoafVr gS] iz;ksx fd;ktk ldsxkA

3- ,slh 'kfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx djrs le; lfefrjkT; ljdkj ds v/khuLFk fudk; ds :i esa le>htk;sxh vkSj bu 'kfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx jkT; ljdkj dhvksj ls rFkk mlds fufeÙk djsxhA

bl izdkj ftyk ;kstuk lfefr dks e/;izns'k esae-iz- ftyk ;kstuk lfefr] 1995 rFkk e/;izns'kftyk ;kstuk lfefr la'kks/ku vf/kfu;e 1999 dsek/;e ls dbZ dk;Z ,oa 'kfDr;k¡ lkSais x;s gSaAe/;izns'k esa ftyk ;kstuk lfefr dh Hkwfedkdk vkdyu%

e/;izns'k ftyk ;kstuk lfefr la'kks/ku vf/kfu;e]1999 ds }kjk ewy /kkjk 3 dk la'kks/ku fd;k x;k gSA

ewy vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 3 esa izko/kku Fkk fd ^ftysdh iapk;rksa rFkk uxj ikfydkvksa }kjk rS;kj dh xbZ;kstukvksa dks lesfdr djus rFkk lEiw.kZ ftys dsfy, fodkl ;kstuk dk izk:i rS;kj djus ds fy,izR;sd ftys esa ,d ftyk ;kstuk lfefr dk xBufd;k tk;sxkA* blesa la'kks/ku dj vc blds dk;Z{ks=dks c<+k fn;k gS ;kstuk dk izk:i rS;kj djus rdizko/kku T;ksa dk R;ksa gS] exj mlds vkxs rFkk ,slhvU; 'kfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx djus ds fy, tSlh dh jkT;ljdkj }kjk] mls le;≤ ij lkSaih tk;s--- blesatksM+ fn;k x;k gSA bl izdkj ;kstuk cukus dsnkf;Ro ds lkFk gh ftyk ;kstuk lfefr dks jkT;ljdkj }kjk nwljh 'kfDr;k¡ Hkh nh tk ldrh gSA ;sdkSu&lh 'kfDr;k¡ gksaxh ;g jkT; ljdkj ij fuHkZjdjsxkA 'kfDr;ksa dh dksbZ lhek ugha gSA ;s de Hkh gksldrh gS] vkSj vf/kd Hkh] lc dqN jkT; ljdkj dsfu.kZ; ds Åij fuHkZj djrk gSA13

ftyk ;kstuk lfefr dks iapo"khZ; vkSj okf"kZd;kstuk rS;kj djus ds lkFk gh dk;kZfUor gks jgh;kstukvksa ds vuqJo.k vkSj ewY;kadu djus] fodklds lEiw.kZ izfØ;k esa LoSfPNd laxBuksa dh lgHkkfxrklqfuf'pr djus rFkk jkT; lsDVj dh egÙoiw.kZ;kstukvksa ds lUnHkZ esa jkT; ljdkj dks lykg nsus dsvf/kdkj Hkh fn, x;s gSaA lkFk gh jkT; ljdkj ftyk;kstuk lfefr dh vksj Hkh dk;Z lkSai ldrh gSA14

/kkjk 7 ^d* esa iznÙk 'kfDr;ksa ds vUrxZr vizSy1999 esa jkT; ljdkj us ftyk ;kstuk lfefr dsdk;Z lapkyu ds fy, ,d dkedkt izfØ;k fu;evf/klwfpr fd;kA blds vuqlkj lfefr dh cSBdizR;sd ekg esa de ls de ,d ckj vo'; gksxhAcSBd dh dk;Z lwph lfpo }kjk cukbZ tk;sxhAftldk vuqeksnu v/;{k ¼izHkkjh ea=h½ }kjk fd;ktk;sxkA cSBd dh lwpuk cSBd dh rkjh[k ls de lsde ik¡p fnu iwoZ lnL;ksa dks nh tk;sxhA x.kiwfrZ,d frgkbZ lnL;ksa ls gksxhA fn'kk fo'ks"kK vkSjlaca/k foHkkxksa ds ftyk izeq[k cSBdksa esa vkeaf=r fd;stk ldsaxsA cSBd esa fu.kZ; cgqer ls gksaxsA fopkj ds


54 /

fy, j[ks x;s gj fo"k; ds lEcU/k esa ,d la{ksfidkgksxh vkSj cSBd dh dk;Z lwph gksxh ftldk vuqeksnuv/;{k djsaxsA15

lfpo ¼dysDVj½ fu;eksa ds vuqikyu ds fy,mÙkjnk;h gSA ;fn og le>s fd lfefr dk dksbZfu.kZ; lfefr ds {ks=kf/kdkj] fof/k] fu;e] uhfr funsZ'kvkfn ds vuqdwy ugha gS] rks os v/;{k dkss voxrdjk;saxs] fu.kZ; dks jkT; ljdkj ds fopkjk/khu HkstsaxsAblds ckn gh lfefr }kjk fy;s x;s fu.kZ; dksfØ;kfUor djsaxsA lfefr ds fopkjkFkZ os lHkh fo"k;yk;s tk;saxs tks vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 7 vkSj 7 d* dsvUrxZr vkrs gSaA /kkjk 7 esa lfefr ds dk;ksZa dkmYys[k gS rFkk /kkjk 7 d* esa os 'kfDr;k¡ gSa] ftldsrgr jkT; ljdkj tks Hkh mÙkjnkf;Ro nsuk pkgs nsldrs gSaA lfefr dh ;g dk;Z izfØ;k ;g /;ku esaj[kdj cukbZ x;h gS] fd dk;Z fu;fer :i ls gksvkSj dk;Z laiknu esa dksbZ vfu;ferrk ;k euekuh ugksA16

fu"d"kZr% e/;izns'k esa ftyk ;kstuk lfefr dks

iznÙk dk;ksZa ,oa 'kfDr;ksa ds vk/kkj ij dgk tkldrk gS fd lfefr ds dk;Z ftys ds fodkl dh–f"V ls cM+s egRoiw.kZ gSaA LFkkuh; vko';drkvksa dkvkadyu ftys ds izkÑfrd vkSj ekuo lalk/kuksa vkSjxzke [k.M vkSj ftyk ds Lrjksa ij miyC/k lajpukvksadk ladyu] fodkl dh izkFkfedrkvksa dh vo/kkj.kk]ftys dh lkekftd&vkfFkZd] HkkSfrd&lkekf;d vkSjLFkkuh; ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds ifjizs{; esa ftys dh iapo"khZ;,oa okf"kZd ;kstukvksa dks rS;kj djuk] jkstxkj;kstukvksa dk fu:i.k ftyk ;kstuk ds izkdyu pyjgh ;kstukvksa dk vuqJo.k ewY;kadu vkfn bldsizeq[k dk;ksZa esa gSA lkFk gh /kkjk 7 ^d* ds izko/kkuksads }kjk ;kstuk lfefr ds dk;Z {ks= dks vkSj Hkh c<+kfn;k x;k gSA blds vfrfjDr jkT; ljdkj lfefrdks Hkfo"; esa dksbZ Hkh nkf;Ro lkSai ldrh gS] ,slsizko/kku Hkh fd;s x;s gSaA bl izdkj fodsUnzhÑr]yksdkUeq[kh] laosnu'khy ,oa tokcnsg iz'kklfudO;oLFkk LFkkfir djus dh –f"V ls e/;izns'k esa ftyk;kstuk lfefr ds ek/;e lsa fosdsUnzhdj.k ,oa leUo;dks c<+kok fn;k x;k gSA


lUnHk Z%

1- eghiky] ¼2012½ xzke fu;kstu] us;kuy cqd VªLV] bafM;k] ubZ fnYyh] i- 171

2- Hkkjr dk lafo/kku vuq- 243 tsM MhA

3- f}osnh] jk/ks;;ke] ¼2002½ ftyk ljdkj dk dkuwu] e-iz- ftyk ;kstuk lfefr vf/kfu;e] 1995] /kkjk 3 dk la'kks/ku] lqfo/kk ykW gkÅl] Hkksiky] i"B- 10

4- f}osnh] jk/ks;;ke] ¼2002½ ftyk ljdkj dk dkuwu] e-iz- ftyk ;kstuk lfefr vf/kfu;e] 1995] /kkjk 4 ¼2½] lqfo/kk ykW gkÅl] Hkksiky] i"B- 18

5- f}osnh] jk/ks;;ke] ¼2002½ ftyk ljdkj dk dkuwu] e-iz- ftyk ;kstuk lfefr vf/kfu;e] 1995] /kkjk 4 ¼3½] lqfo/kk ykW gkÅl] Hkksiky] i"B- 18

6- e/;izns'k ftyk ;kstuk milfefr;k¡ vf/kfu;e] 1995] fu;e&3 e-iz- jkti= ¼vlk/kkj.k½ fnukad vxLr] 1995 iB 811-

7- e/;izns'k ftyk ;kstuk lfefr ¼dkedkt ds lapkyu dh izfØ;k½ fu;e ] 1999] [k.M&3] funsZ'k 1&3] vf/klwpuk] e-iz- jkti= ¼vlk/kkj.k½ ;kstuk ,oa vkfFkZd lkaf[;dh foHkkx] Hkksiky] fnukad 30 ekpZ] 1999 i"B 383

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8- e/;izns'k ftyk ;kstuk lfefr ¼dkedkt ds lapkyu dh izfØ;k½ fu;e ] 1999] [k.M&3] funsZ'k 4&5] vf/klwpuk] e-iz- jkti= ¼vlk/kkj.k½] ;kstuk ,oa vkfFkZd lkaf[;dh foHkkx] Hkksiky] fnukad 30 ekpZ] 1999 i"B 383

9- e/;izns'k ftyk ;kstuk lfefr ¼dkedkt ds lapkyu dh izfØ;k½ fu;e ] 1999] [k.M&3] funsZ'k 6&7] vf/klwpuk] e-iz- jkti= ¼vlk/kkj.k½] ;kstuk ,oa vkfFkZd lkaf[;dh foHkkx] Hkksiky] fnukad 30 ekpZ] 1999 i"B 384

10- e/;izns'k ftyk ;kstuk lfefr ¼dkedkt ds lapkyu dh izfØ;k½ fu;e ] 1999] [k.M&3] funsZ'k 8&10] vf/klwpuk] e-iz- jkti= ¼vlk/kkj.k½] ;kstuk ,oa vkfFkZd lkaf[;dh foHkkx] Hkksiky] fnukad 30 ekpZ] 1999 i"B 38411- f}osnh] jk/ks;;ke] ¼2002½ ftyk ljdkj dk dkuwu] e-iz- ftyk ;kstuk lfefr vf/kfu;e] 1995] /kkjk 7 dk la'kks/ku] lqfo/kk ykW gkÅl] Hkksiky] i"B- 31

12- e/;izns'k ftyk ;kstuk lfefr vf/kfu;e] 1999] /kkjk 7¼d½ laLFkkfir] e- iz- vklk/kkj.k jkti=] fnukad 29 ekpZ] 1999 i"B- 379&380A

13- oYyHk;kj.k] e/;izns;k dh ftyk ljdkj( Lo:i ,oa laHkkouk,¡] dq#{ks=] 1999 i"B- 30

14- f}osnh] jk/ks';ke] ¼2002½ ftyk ljdkj dk dkuwu] e-iz- ftyk ;kstuk lfefr vf/kfu;e] 1995] /kkjk 7 dk la'kks/ku] lqfo/kk ykW gkÅl] Hkksiky] i"B- 31

15- e/;izns'k ftyk ;kstuk lfefr ¼dkedkt ds lapkyu dh izfØ;k½ fu;e] 1999] [k.M&1] funsZ'k 3&4] vf/klwpuk] e-iz- jkti= ¼vlk/kkj.k½] ;kstuk ,oa vkfFkZd lkaf[;dh foHkkx] Hkksiky] fnukad 30 ekpZ] 1999 i"B 382

16-e/;izns'k ftyk ;kstuk lfefr ¼dkedkt ds lapkyu dh izfØ;k½ fu;e ] 1999] [k.M&1] funsZ'k 8] vf/klwpuk] e-iz- jkti= ¼vlk/kkj.k½] ;kstuk ,oa vkfFkZd lkaf[;dh foHkkx] Hkksiky] fnukad 30 ekpZ] 1999 i"B 382


56 /

ßjk"Vªh; xzkeh.k jkstxkj xkjaVh ;kstuk dk xzkeh.kvuqlwfpr tkfr [ksfrgj&etnwjksa ij izHkko

*jkekorkj lkdsr

jk"Vªh; xzkeh.k jkstxkj xkjaVh ;kstuk vf/kfu;e 2005 ls ykxw dh xbZ gSA bl vf/kfu;e dsvUrxZr izko/kku fd;k x;k gS] fd dk;Zdze ds }kjk xzkeh.k fu/kZu [ksfrgj&etnwj ifjokj ds yksxksadks jkstxkj miyC/k djkuk gS ftlls os jkstxkj dk ltu dj lqn<+ gks ldsaA 'kks/k gsrq jk"Vªh;xzkeh.k jkstxkj xkjaVh ;kstuk dk xzkeh.k vuqlwfpr tkfr [ksfrgj&etnwjksa dh ^^vkfFkZd ,oalkekftd fLFkfr ij izHkko^^ Kkr djus ds fy;s lruk ftys dk p;u fd;k x;k gSA v/;;uds ifj.kkeksa ls Kkr gksrk gS fd ;kstuk ds rgr jkstxkj djus okys dks jkstxkj feyk A etnwjksads LokfeRo dh Hkwfe ij flapkbZ dh lqfo/kk miyC/k gqbZ gSA muds ikl ;kaf=d ,oa rduhdh oLrq,flykbZ e'khu] Vh-oh- lkbfdy] ia[kk] dqyj ,oa vU; ikbZ xbZA osa vius xk¡o ls gkV] cktkj] ,oa/kkfeZd LFkyksa esa izos'k djrs gaS( bu LFkyksa ij dksbZ jksd&Vksd ugha jgrkA blls Li"V gksrk gS] fdbuds lkekftd HksnHkko esa deh vkbZ gSA



Reviewed22 Nov. 2016


ujsxk ;kstuk dk eq[; m)s'; gS] fd xzkeh.k {ks=ds yksxksa dks jkstxkj miyC/k djkdj izR;sddq'ky&v)Zdq'ky] o;Ld xzkeh.k [ksfrgj&etnwjfgrxzkgh dks o"kZ Hkj esa 100 fnu dk jkstxkjmiyC/k gksA blls xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa LFkk;h] lkoZtfudifjlEifÙk;ksa ds fuekZ.k dks xfr Hkh feysxhA lkFk ghdf"k ds fy, catj Hkwfe dks df"k ;ksX; cukus ,oaxzkeh.k [ksfrgj&etnwjksa dh lkekftd] vkfFkZd fodklesa lQy lgk;d fl) gksxhA1

xzkeh.k vuqlwfpr tkfr [ksfrgj&etnwjksa dh n'kkdks lq/kkjus ds fy, ;kstuk ds rgr jkstxkjmiyC/k djkuk gS] rkfd mudh vFkZO;oLFkk ,oalkekftd O;oLFkk l'kDr] xfr'khy ,oa lq/kkjkRedfl) gks ldsA ;kstuk esa fo'ks"kdj xzkeh.k vuqlwfprtkfr@vuqlwfpr tutkfr [ksfrgj&etnwj fgrxzkghifjokjksa dks jkstxkj miyC/k djkus dk oS/kkfud

vf/kdkj iznku djuk gSA bl vf/kfu;e ds vykokvU; vf/kfu;e ,oa dkuwu turk ds }kjk gh turkds fy, turk dk gh dkuwu gSA2

bl ;kstuk ds rgr ty laj{k.k] lw[kkxzLr {ks=ksadk m)kj] okfudh] o{kkjksi.k] Hkwfe fodkl] ck<+ fu;a=.k]lja{k.k] dqvk¡] ukyh fuekZ.k] rkykc fuekZ.k] ,oa lM+ddk fuekZ.k bR;kfn dk;Zdze viuk,¡ x, gSaA

ujsxk ;kstuk esa izR;sd jkT; ljdkj dks ftEesnkjhlkSaih xbZ gS fd izR;sd jkT; ljdkj vius&viusLrj ij bl jk"Vªh; xzkeh.k jkstxkj xkjaVh ;kstukvf/kfu;e dks rS;kj dj izR;sd xzkeh.k [ksfrgj&etnwjifjokj dks o"kZ esa de&ls&de 100 fnu dk jkstxkjmiyC/k gks ldsA

;k stuk e s a x z keh.k {k s= ds o;Ld ,o adq'ky&vdq'ky] vuqlwfpr tkfr@tutkfr ds yksx'kkjhfjd Je djus dks rS;kj gksaxsA jk"Vªh; xzkeh.k

*ih-,p- Mh- 'kks/kkFkhZ ¼lekt'kkL=½] MkW- ch- vkj- vEcsMdj lkekftd foKku fo'ofo|ky;] egw

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jkstxkj xkjaVh ;kstuk esa vf/kfu;e dh vuqlwph&1]vuqlwph&2] dk mYys[k gksuk vfuok;Z gSA jk"Vªh;xzkeh.k jkstxkj xkjaVh ;kstuk dks 2005 esa ykxw gksusds ckn bldk 'kqHkkjEHk ns'k ds iz/kkuea=h MkW0 eueksguflag us 2 Qjojh] 2006 dks ns'k ds vkU/kzizns'k jkT;ds vuariqj ftys ls fd;k FkkA o"kZ 2007&-08 esa 130ftyksa esa 'kq: gqbZA bl izdkj ls 2007&08 esa Hkkjrds 330 ftyksa esa ujsxk ;kstuk dh 'kq:vkr gqbZA 1vizSy 2008 esa ujsxk ;kstuk vf/kfu;e dks 34 jkT;ksa,oa dsUnz 'kkflr izns'kksa lfgr lHkh 614 ftyksa vkSj6096 fodkl[k.Mksa vkSj 2-65 yk[k xzke iapk;rksa esafoLrkfjdr dh tk pqdh gSA3

jk"Vªh; xzkeh.k jkstxkj xkjaVh ;kstuk ds vUrxZr'kqHkkjEHk ds le; nh tkus okyh etnwjh dh njizR;sd jkT; esa vyx&vyx jgh gS] tSls %& egkjk"Vªesa 47 ls 72 :i;s] mÙkjizns'k esa 58 ls 100 :i;s]fcgkj esa 68 ls 77 :i;s] dukZVd esa 62 ls 74 :i;s]if'pe caxky esa 64 ls 70 :i;s] ukxkyS.M esa 66 ls100 :i;s ,oa ;gka e/;izns'k esa 58 ls 68 :i;s] jghgSA 1 vizSy 2013 dks Hkkjr ljdkj ds funsZ'kkuqlkje/;izns'k esa ujsxk ;kstuk ds rgr izfrfnu] izfrJfed dks 146 :i;s izkIr gqvkA orZeku o"kZ 2014&15esa ;kstuk ds rgr etnwjh nj esa of) gksdj 151:i;s gks pqdh gSA4

ujsxk vf/kfu;e e/;izns'k ds ftyk lruk lfgr]18 ftyksa ;Fkk % >kcqvk] e.Myk] mefj;k] 'kgMksy]cM+okuh] f'koiqjh] Nrjiqj] lh/kh] ckyk?kkV] Vhdex<+][kjxksu] cSrwy] [k.Mok] ';ksiqj] /kkj] flouh] lruk,oa fM.Mksjh vkfn ftyksa esa 2 Qjojh 2006 ls ykxwgks xbZ FkhA blds ckn o"kZ 2007&08 esa ujsxk ;kstukdks e/;izns'k ds 13 ftyksa tSls % vuwiiqj] fNanokM+k]cqjgkuiqj] gjnk] nsokl] dVuh] iUuk] neksg] jhok]jktx<+] nfr;k] v'kksd uxj ,oa xquk vkfn ftyksa esaykxw dh xbZA ;g vf/kfu;e e/;izns'k ds ftyklruk lfgr 18 ftyksa] esa 2 Qjojh 2006 esa ykxw dhxbZA 1 vizSy 2008] ls jk"Vªh; xzkeh.k jkstxkj xkjaVh;kstuk ds vUrxZr e/;izns'k lfgr ns'k ds cps gq,]

mu ftyksa dks NksM+dj tgk¡ ij 100 izfr'kr ckgjhtula[;k gS] ykxw dj nh xbZ gSA5

jk"Vªh; xzkeh.k jkstxkj xkjaVh ;kstuk vf/kfu;e2005 ls ykxw dh xbZ gSÞA bl vf/kfu;e ds vUrxZrizko/kku fd;k x;k gS] fd dk;Zdze ds }kjk xzkeh.kfu/kZu [ksfrgj&etnwj ifjokj ds yksxksa dks jkstxkjmiyC/k djkuk gS ftlls os jkstxkj dk ltu djlqn<+ gks ldsaA v/;;u dk m}s”; ;g irk yxkuk gSfd jk"Vªh; xzkeh.k jkstxkj xkjaVh ;kstuk vf/kfu;edk lruk ftys ds xzkeh.k vuqlwfpr tkfr[ksfrgj&etnwj ifjokjksa dh lkekftd] vkfFkZd fLFkfresa fdruk izHkko jgkA

'kks/k leL;k dk p;u % Hkkjr xk¡oksa dk ,oadf"k iz/kku ns'k gS ;gk¡ dh 72 izfr'kr tula[;kvHkh Hkh xk¡oksa esa fuokljr gSA xzkkeh.k {ks=ksa dkthou&;kiu df"k ij fuHkZj gSaA xzkeh.k {ks= dsvuqlwfpr tkfr@vuqlwfpr tutkfr ds yksx [ksrhij gh fuHkZj jgrs gSaA budh vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftdfLFkfr ij vkt Hkh fiNM+h gqbZ gSA orZeku v/;;uls buds fiNM+kiu ds izHkko ds fo"k; esa tkudkjhfey ldsxhA xzkeh.k {ks= ds fodkl ds fcuk jk"Vª dkfodkl gksuk lEHko ugha gSA

m)s';% izLrqr 'kks/k i= gsrq jk"Vªh; xzkeh.k jkstxkjxkjaVh ;kstuk ds izHkko dks v/;;u ds lkFk e>xok¡fodkl[k.M] ftyk lruk esa xzkeh.k vuqlwfpr tkfr[ksfrgj&etnwjksa dh lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd fLFkfrdk v/;;u] xzkeh.k [ksfrgj&etnwjksa dk ;kstuk esajkstxkj ds ltu esa ;ksxnku dk v/;;u] fodkl[k.Mesa ujsxk ;kstuk ds rgr xzkeh.k vuqlwfpr tkfr[ksfrgj&etnwjksa ds izfr izHkko dk v/;;u djuk fdbl ;kstuk ls mDr etnwjksa esa fdruk izHkko gqvk gS]vkfn rF; 'kks/k v/;;u ds m)s'; gSaA'kk s/k fof/k %

'kks/k dk v/;;u {ks= % izLrqr 'kks/k i= gsrq'kks/kkFkhZ }kjk e>xok¡ fodkl[k.M ftyk lruke/;izns'k dks 'kks/k dk v/;;u {ks= p;fur fd;k gSA

'kks/k v/;;u dk lexz% izLrqr 'kks/k i= esa

jk"Vªh; xzkeh.k jkstxkj xkjaVh ;kstuk dk xzkeh.k-------

58 /

izkFkfed ,oa f}rh;d L=ksr dk lgkjk fy;k x;kgSA lkFk gh v/;;u {ks= ds 21 iapk;rksa ds leLrxzkeh.k vuqlwfpr tkfr [ksfrgj&etnwj fgrxzkghfuokl djus okys ,oa jk"Vªh; xzkeh.k jkstxkj xkjaVh;kstuk ds rgr tkWc dkMZ /kkjh fgrxzkgh ifjokj ,oa21 iapk;rksa ds izR;sd iapk;r dehZ ,oa iapk;riz/kku 'kks/k v/;;u esa lexz dh bdkbZ jgs gSaA

'kk s/k dh bdkbZ% v/;;u {ks= ds 21 xzkeiapk;rksa ds ,dy tkWc dkMZ /kkjh xzkeh.k vuqlwfprtkfr [ksfrgj&etnwj ifjokj ,oa bUgha iapk;rksa dslfpo@ljiap lexz dh bdkbZ jgs gSaA

fun'kZu fof/k% v/;;u {ks= e>xok¡ fodkl[k.Mesa dqy 96 iapk;r gaS ftlesa ls 21 iapk;rksa dk p;ufd;k x;kA bUgh iapk;rksa ls izR;sd iapk;r ls20&20 mÙkjnkrk dk p;u fd;k x;k] bl izdkj lsdqy 420 mÙkjnkrkvksa dk p;u fd;k x;k gSA

v/;;u {ks= e>xok¡ fodkl[k.M ls p;furiapk;rsa rFkk iapk;rksa ds leLr mÙkjnkrk ,oa iapk;rlfpoksa@ljiapksa dk fooj.k vxys i"B ij rkfydkds ek/;e ls izLrqr fd;k tk;sxkA

'kks/kkFkhZ }kjk izLrqr 'kks/k i= gsrq v/;;u {ks= lsp;fur iapk;rksa esa Hkze.k dj ;kstuk lEcU/kh tkudkjh,df=r fd;k x;kA 'kks/k fof/k] v/;;u {ks= dkuke] izr;sd iapk;r ls ftrus mÙkjnkrk dk p;ufd;k ,oa iapk;r dehZ@iapk;r iz/kku dk fooj.kmijksDr pkVZ esa izLrqr gSA

jkstxkj ds ltu esa ;ksxnku dh tkudkjh % ¼1½ujsxk ;kstuk ds rgr p;fur mÙkjnkrk esa 365 ¼86-90 izfr'kr½] iq:"k mÙkjnkrk dh Hkkxhnkjh jgha ,oa55 ¼13-10 izfr'kr½] efgyk mÙkjnkrkvksa dh Hkkxhnkjhjgh gSA vk;q ds vk/kkj ij tkudkjh feyh fd 28 ls38 o"kZ ds 101 ¼24-04 izfr'kr½] 38 ls 48 o"kZ ds 115¼27-39 izfr'kr½] 48 ls 58 o"kZ ds 94 ¼22-39 izfr'kr½],oa 58 o"kZ ds 70 ¼16-66 izfr'kr½] mÙkjnkrk ik;sx;sA ysfdu 18 ls 28 o"kZ ,oa 58 o"kZ ls vf/kd dsmÙkjnkrk dh Hkkxhnkjh de jgh gS D;ksafd bl vk;qoxZ ds mÙkjnkrk esa ikfjokfjd ftEesnkjh de jgrh

gS vkSj 58 o"kZ ls vf/kd mÙkjnkrk o}oLFkk ds dkj.kjkstxkj ds fy, vleFkZ gks tkrs gaSA blfy, budhHkkxhnkjh de jgh gSA ckdh vU; vk;q oxZ ds mÙkjnkrkvksadk ;kstuk ds rgr jkstxkj ds ltu esa ;ksxnku jgkgSaA ¼2½ mÙkjnkrk ls ikfjokfjd tkudkjh yh xbZftlls ,dy ifjokj ds 331 ¼78-81 izfr'kr½] ,oala;qDr ifjokj okys 89 ¼21-19 izfr'kr½] mÙkjnkrkik;s x;s blls Li"V gS fd ltu esa yxHkx lHkh vk;qoxZ ,oa ,dy rFkk la;qDr nksuksa ifjokjksa dks ujsxk;kstuk ds rgr jkstxkj ds ltu esa ;ksxnku jgk gSA

¼3½ v/;;u {ks= esa Hkze.k ds nkSjku p;fur 420mÙkjnkrkvksa esa 20 ls 30 fnu jkstxkj djus okys128 ¼30-48 izfr'kr½] 30 ls 40 fnua jkstxkj djusokys 63 ¼15-0 izfr'kr½] 40 ls 50 fnu jkstxkjdjus okys 44 ¼10-48 izfr'kr½] 50 ls 60 fnujkstxkj djus okys 20 ¼4-76 izfr'kr½] 60 ls 70fnu jkstxkj djus okys 19 ¼4-52 izfr'kr½] 70 ls80 fnu jkstxkj djus okys 14 ¼3-34 izfr'kr½] 80ls 90 fnu jkstxkj djus okys 11 ¼2-62 izfr'kr½,oa 90 ls 100 fnu jkstxkj djus okys 102 ¼24-28izfr'kr½] mÙkjnkrk jkstxkj izkIr gaSA

jk"Vªh; xzkeh.k jkstxkj xkjaVh ;kstuk dsfdz;kUo;u esa dk;ZLFky ij feyus okyh lqfo/kkvksadk mYys[k izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA p;fur mÙkjnkrkls v/;;u {ks= esa mDr lqfo/kk feyus dh tkudkjhikbZ xbZA ftls vxys i"B ij lkj.kh ds ek/;e lsizLrqr fd;k tk;sxkA

bl ujsxk ;kstuk esa izko/kku fd;k x;k gS fd;kstuk ds fdz;kUo;u esa dk;ZLFky ij Jfedksa dksihus ds ikuh dh lqfo/kk] Bgjus@lqLrkus ds fy,Nk¡g dh lqfo/kk] Jfedksa ds NksVs cPpksa ds jgus ,oans[kjs[k ds fy, ,d efgyk egkyokM+h Jfed fu;qDrgksuk] ,oa Jfedksa ds pksV yxus ,oa NksVh&eksVhrdyhQ gksus ij fpfdRlk vkfn ik¡p lqfo/kkvksa dkoknk fd;k x;k gSA ;kstuk esa Jfedksa ds fy, tkslqfo/kk,¡ feyh gS mudk fooj.k lkj.kh }kjk uhpysiafDr esa izLrqr fd;k tk jgk gSA


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lkj.kh&1-2ujsxk ;kstuk ds rgr v/;;u {ks= esa gq, fuekZ.k dk;Z dh tkudkjh


lkj.kh&1-1;kstuk ds fdz;kUo;u esa Jfedksa dks feyus okyh lqfo/kk,¡ lkj.kh esa izLrqr gS

dza- Jfedksa dks feyu s okyh lqfo/kk, ¡ p;fur mŸkjnkrklqfo/kk iku s

oky si zfr'kr

1- ihus dk ikuh dh lqfo/kk 420 211 50-23

2- Bgjus@lqLrkus gsrq Nk¡g dh lqfo/kk 420 89 21-19

3- NksVs cPpksa ds jgus gsrq lqfo/kk 420 89 21-19

4- cPpksa ds ns[kjs[k gsrq ,d Jfed 420 57 13-57

Øa- ;kstuk }kjk gq, dk;Z dh tkudkjhp;fur

mÙkjnkrk

tkudkjhizkIr

mRrjnkrkizfr'kr

1 2 ls 3 dk;Z] %& iqfy;k fuekZ.k] lM+d] ,oa ukyhA 420 53 12-62

23 ls 4 dk;Z %& xzkeh.k lEidZ ekxZ] ih-lh-lh- jksM]uUnu Qy m|ku] ,oa 'kkSpky;A

420 124 29-52

34 ls 5 dk;Z %& dq¡vk] o{kkjksi.k] okVj 'ksM] esM+cU/kku] ,oa tulEidZ ekxZA

420 51 12-14

45 ls 6 dk;Z %& okfudh Hkwfe] Hkwfe fodkl] dq¡vk]ty laj{k.k] o{kkjksi.k ,oa iqfy;k fuekZ.kA

420 42 0-10

56 ls 7 dk;Z %& okVj 'ksM] o{kkjksi.k] eqjeh dj.klM+d] tulEidZ ekxZ] ihlhlh jksM ,oa dq¡vkA

420 16 3-80

67 ls 8 dk;Z %& esM+ cU/kku] iqfy;k fuekZ.k] rkykcfuekZ.k ,oa xgjhdj.k] xkn fudklh] ih-lh-lh- jksM]tulEidZ ekxZ] dq¡vk] ,oa [kM+.tk foNkukA

420 25 5-96

7 ekywe ugha 420 109 25-96

dqy mRrjnkrk 420 420 100

60 /jk"Vªh; xzkeh.k jkstxkj xkjaVh ;kstuk dk xzkeh.k-------

losZ ls irk pyk fd ujsxk ;kstuk ds rgr 50izfr'kr ls vf/kd mŸkjnkrkvksa ds ek¡xuqlkj iapk;resa ;kstuk ds rgr dk;Z lEiUu fd;s x, gSaAvkfFk Zd fLFkfr dh tkudkjh%

¼1½ ;kstuk ds rgr v/;;u {ks= esa v/;;u dsnkSjku 420 mÙkjnkrk esa 65 ¼15-47 izfr'kr½] mÙkjnkrkds cSad [kkrk ugha [kqyk os ifjokj ds vU; lnL;ksa dscSad [kkrk ls Hkqxrku djrs gaS rFkk 355 ¼84-53izfr'kr½] mÙkjnkrk ds cSad [kkrk [kqyk gSA bllsLi"V gksrk gS fd ;kstuk ds rgr jkstxkj djus okyslHkh xzkeh.k [ksfrgj&etnwjksa ds cSad [kkrk [kqyk gSAJfedksa ds fy, ;g ;kstuk vPNh gSA ¼3½ v/;;u{ks= esa v/;;u ds nkSjku p;fur mÙkjnkrk ;kaf=d,oa rduhdh oLrq dk mi;ksx djus dh tkudkjh yhxbZ ftlls 331 ¼78-81 izfr'kr½ mÙkjnkrk ;kaf=d,oa rduhdh oLrq dk mi;ksx djrs ik;s x;s gaSAlkFk ;g Hkh dgk tkrk gS fd p;fur 420 mÙkjnkrkesa ftu mÙkjnkrk ds Lo;a df"k ;ksX; Hkwfe gSA ;kstukds rgr 73 ¼17-38 izfr'kr½ mÙkjnkrk ds LokfeRodh Hkwfe ij flapkbZ dh lqfo/kk miyC/k gqbZ gSA bllsdgk tkrk gS fd bu ekeyksa esa [ksfrgj&Jfedksa dsizfr izHkko vk;k gSALkkekftd fLFkfr dh tkudkjh%

¼1½ v/;;u {ks= esa v/;;u ds nkSjku p;furmÙkjnkrk ls lkekftd fLFkfr dh tkudkjh feyhfd iapk;r ds vUnj jk"Vªh; ioZ] xzke lHkk dh cSBd]gksVy] nqdku] lkoZtfud LFkyksa ,oa vU; lkewfgddk;Zdze esa ,d lkFk cSBus ,oa HksnHkko u gksus dhtkudkjh nsus okys 248 ¼59-04 izfr'kr½] ik;s x;sAvius xk¡o ls gkV] cktkj ,oa /kkfeZd LFkyksa esa 375¼87-28 izfr'kr½] mÙkjnkrk izos'k djrs ik;s x;s]blls Li"V gksrk gS] fd vkt orZeku esa lkekftdHksnHkko esa deh vkbZ gSA ¼2½ p;fur mÙkjnkrk ls ?kjesa mPp oxZ ds vkus ls cSBus okyh oLrq esa mlh oLrqesa ,d cSBus okys 37 ¼8-81 izfr'kr½] ik;s x;s] rFkkmPp oxZ ds ?kj esa izfrHkkst vk;ksftr gksus ij [kkuk

[kkus okyh oLrq dks Lo;a u gVkus okys 79 ¼18-81izfr'kr½] mÙkjnkrk ik;s x;sA blls Li"V gksrk gS]fd ;kstuk ds rgr jkstxkj djus okys mÙkjnkrk lstkudkjh vuqlkj bl lEcU/k esa Hkh deh vkbZ gSAizHkko ds fLFkfr dh tkudkjh %

¼1½ jk"Vªh; xzkeh.k jkstxkj xkjaVh ;kstuk dsrgr jkstxkj djus okys p;fur 420 mŸkjnkrk esayxHkx lHkh mŸkjnkrk ds ikl ;kaf=d ,oa rduhdhoLrq ikbZ xbZA ftu mŸkjnkrk ds ikl 4 ls 5 ,dM+Lo;a df"k ;ksX; Hkwfe gS( muds ikl flapkbZ e'khu HkhikbZ xbZ ,oa ftudh okf"kZd vk; 40]000 ls 50]000rd gS muds ikl flykbZ e'khu] Vh-oh- lkbfdy]ia[kk] dqyj ,oa vU; ;kaf=d ,oa rduhdh oLrq,¡ ikbZxbZA bl ekeys esa ;g ;kstuk izHkkoe; gqbZ gSA 366¼87-14 izfr'kr½] mÙkjnkrk ds cSad [kkrk [kqyk gSAlokZf/kd yksxksa dks cSad esa [kkrk [kqyk ik;s x;s vr%;g ;kstuk izHkkoe; gSA ¼2½ ujsxk ;kstuk ds rgrp;fur mÙkjnkrk esa 218 ¼79-76 izfr'kr½] mÙkjnkrkds fy, ;g ;g ;kstuk df"k etnwjh gksus ds cknlgk;d gS D;ksafd csjkstxkjh ds le; mDr ;kstuk}kjk jkstxkj feyk gS blfy, ;g ;kstuk izHkko dsfy, lgk;d gSA jk"Vªh; xzkeh.k jkstxkj xkjaVh;kstuk ds rgr dk;Z dj jgs p;fur esa 316 ¼75-23izfr'kr½] mÙkjnkrk dks csjkstxkjh ds le; jkstxkjfeykA ujsxk ;kstuk ds rgr dk;Z djus okys 302¼71-91 izfr'kr½ mŸkjnkrk us dgk gS fd bl ;kstuk}kjk xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa fuekZ.k dk;Z gksdj fodkl gqvkgSA blfy, ;g ;kstuk xzkeh.k fodkl esa izHkkoe;gSA p;fur 420 mŸkjnkrk esa 73 ¼17-38 izfr'kr½]mŸkjnkrk ds Lo;a df"k ;ksX; Hkwfe esa ujsxk ;kstuk}kjk flapkbZ lqfo/kk miyC/k gqbZ gSA ujsxk ;kstuk dsrgr 389 ¼92-62 izfr'kr½] mŸkjnkrk dks ;kstuk dsrgr dk;ZLFky ij lqfo/kk miyC/k feyh gS] blfy,;g ;kstuk izHkko esa vPNh gSA

/ 61

lkj.kh&1-3losZ vuqlkj] ujsxk ;kstuk ds rgr v/;;u {ks= esa mŸkjnkrk esa vk;s cnyko

dza-fue kZ. k dk;Z }kjk gq,

izHkkodqy mŸkjnkrk

mŸkjnkrk e savk; s cnyko

i zfr'kr

1- edku rd igq¡p ekxZ 420 215 51-19

2- 'kkSpky; 420 127 30-23

3- fctyh 420 375 89-28

4- ;kaf=d ,oa rduhdh oLrq,¡ 420 331 83-33

5- is;ty dh lqfo/kk 420 335 79-76

6- ty fudkl 420 175 41-66

7- Lkkekftd fLFkfr 420 128 30-47

losZ ds vuqlkj ujsxk ;kstuk ds rgr p;furmŸkjnkrk ds izfr vk;s cnyko dh tkudkjh dk irkpyk fd ¼1½ edku rd igq¡p ekxZ gksus dh tkudkjhnsus okys] 215 mŸkjnkrk tks 51-19 izfr'kr ik;s x,]¼2½ 'kkSpky; fuekZ.k lqfo/kk gksus dh tkudkjh nsusokys] 127 mŸkjnkrk tks 30-23 izfr'kr] ¼3½ fctyhdh lqfo/kk miyC/k gksus dh tkudkjh nsus okys] 375mŸkjnkrk tks 89-28 izfr'kr] ¼4½ ;kaf=d ,oa rduhdhoLrq gksus dh tkudkjh nsus okys 320 mŸkjnkrk tks83-33 izfr'kr] ¼5½ is;ty dh lqfo/kk ikl esa miyC/k gksus dh tkudkjh nus okys 335 mŸkjnkrk tks 79-76 izfr'kr] ¼6½ ty fudkl dh lqfo/kk gksus dhtkudkjh nsus okys 175 mŸkjnkrk tks 41-66 izfr'kr,oa ¼7½ lkekftd HksnHkko esa deh gksus dh tkudkjhnsus okys] 128 mŸkjnkrk ds tks 30-47 izfr'kr gaS ,oa¼8½ vkfFkZd fLFkfr esa izHkko gksus dh tkudkjh nsusokys 302 mŸkjnkrk tks 71-91 izfr'kr ik;s x,A

fu"d"kZ % fu"d"kZ% dgk tk ldrk gS fd 'kks/kkFkhZus jk"Vªh; xzkeh.k jkstxkj xkjaVh ;kstuk dk 'kks/k gsrqfo"k; cukdj p;u fd;k gSA 'kks/kkFkhZ }kjk v/;;u

{ks= ds xzkeh.k leLr vuqlwfpr tkfr [ksfrgj&etnwjmÙkjnkrk ls Hkze.k dj ;kstuk ds fdz;kUo;u dhfuEu tkudkjh yh xbZA tkudkjh dk fu"d"kZ laf{kIr:i ls vxyh iafDr;ksa ij izLrqr fd;k tk jgk gSA

ujsxk ;kstuk ds rgr p;fur 420 mÙkjnkrk esaiq:"k 365 mÙkjnkrk lokZf/kd ik;s x;s] ,oa efgyk55 mÙkjnkrk dh Hkkxhnkjh de jgh gSA vk;q oxZ dhtkudkjh ls Li"V gksrk gS fd izkjfEHkd 28 ls 38 ,oavfUre 48 ls 58 o"kZ ds mÙkjnkrkvksa dh Hkkxhnkjhjgh gSA lkFk 18 ls 28 ,oa 58 o"kZ ls vf/kd vk;q oxZdh Hkkxhnkjh de jgh gSA blls Li"V gksrk gS fd 18ls 28 ,oa 58 o"kZ ds mÙkjnkrk esa ikfjokfjd ftEesnkjhde jgh gS] ,oa 58 o"kZ ls vf/kd mÙkjnkrk o} gksusds dkj.k jkstxkj ds fy, vleFkZ jgrs gaS( bl dkj.kls budh Hkkxhnkjh de ikbZ xbZA ;kstuk esa ,dyifjokj dh vis{kk la;qDr ifjokj dh Hkkxhnkjh dejgh gSA ;kstuk esa fuekZ.k dk;Z ekuo Je }kjk ghdjk;s x;s gaS e'khuksa }kjk ughaA

;kstuk esa 100 fnu dk jkstxkj ikus okys 102mÙkjnkrk de ik;s x;sA blds vykok tks mÙkjnkrk


62 /jk"Vªh; xzkeh.k jkstxkj xkjaVh ;kstuk dk xzkeh.k-------

ftrus fnu dk jkstxkj pkgk gS mls mrus fnu dkjkstxkj feyk gSA blls Li"V gksrk gS fd ;kstuk dsrgr jkstxkj djus okys dks jkstxkj feyk gSA ;kstukds rgr p;fur mÙkjnkrk esa 355 mÙkjnkrk ds cSad[kkrk [kqyk gSA muesa ls ;kaf=d oLrqvksa dk 331mÙkjnkrk mi;ksx djrs ik;s x;sA ;kstuk ds rgr73 mÙkjnkrk ds df"k ;ksX; Hkwfe esa flapkbZ dhlqfo/kk miyC/k gqbZ gSA

;kstuk ds rgr p;fur muesa ls 248 mÙkjnkrkjk"Vªh; ioZ] xzke lHkk dh cSBd /kkfeZd dk;Zdze ,oavU; lkewfgd dk;Zdze esa ,d lkFk cSBrs gSaA 375mÙkjnkrk vius xk¡o ls gkV] cktkj] ,oa /kkfeZdLFkyksa esa izos'k djrs gaS( bu LFkyksa ij dksbZ jksd&Vksdugha jgrkA blls Li"V gksrk gS] fd orZeku esa lkekftdHksnHkko esa deh vkbZ gSA

;kstuk ds rgr muesa ls lokZf/kd mÙkjnkrk dsikl cSad [kkrk rFkk ;kaf=d ,oa rduhdh oLrq,¡ ikbZxbZA 218 mÙkjnkrk dks df"k etnwjh ds vykok ;g;kstuk lgk;d gksdj izHkkoe; gSA muesa ls 316mÙkjnkrk dks ;kstuk }kjk csjkstxkjh ds le; jkstxkjfeyk gSA 302 mÙkjnkrk dks xzkeh.k {ks= esa fuekZ.kdk;Z gksdj fodkl gksus dh tkudkjh gSA 73 mÙkjnkrkds Lo;a df"k ;ksX; Hkwfe esa ;kstuk ds rgr flapkbZlqfo/kk miyC/k gqbZA lkFk ;kstuk ds fdz;kUo;u dsle; tks lqfo/kk feyuk ykxw gS] rks dk;ZLFky ij389 mÙkjnkrk dks mDr lqfo/kk,¡ feyh] blfy,xzkeh.k [ksfrgj&etnwjksa dks ;g ;kstuk izHkkoe; gSA

ujsxk ;kstuk ds fd;kUo;u esa efgyk mÙkjnkrkdh deh dks nwj dj mUgsa ;kstuk esa 33 izfr'krjkstxkj esa lfEefyr djuk gksxkA 18 ls 28 o"kZ ,oa58 o"kZ ds vf/kd mÙkjnkrkvksa ds :fp eqrkfcd;kstuk esa jkstxkj nsuk gksxkA rkfd os jkstxkj esa;ksxnku ns ldsaA ;kstuk esa ,dy ,oa la;qDr ifjokjds yksxksa dks iw.kZr% jkstxkj miyC/k djkuk gksxkA;kstuk ds fdz;kUo;u esa e'khuksa dk mi;ksx gksus ije'khuksa dks tIrdj iapk;r lfpoksa@ljiapksa ds fo:}dkuwuh dk;Zokgh djkuk gksxkA ;kstuk ds rgr fdlh

iapk;r ds vUnj vuqlwfpr tkfr@tutkfr mÙkjnkrkdh i;kZIr la[;k u gksus ij ogk¡ ij vU; {ks=ksa dsmÙkjnkrk dks jkstxkj eqgS;k djkuk gksxkA ekLVjpkVZ Hkjuk ,oa lfefr ds xBu esa 2 efgyk lnL;djuk gksxkA ;kstuk esa] le; ls jkstxkj u feyus ijcsjkstxkjh HkÙkk ,oa etnwjh dk Hkqxrku foyEc gksusls mUgsa eqvkotk nsuk gksxkA vf/kfu;e esa jkstxkj dsfnuksa dk tks fu/kkZj.k gS Jedksa dks iw.kZ fnolksa dkjkstxkj miyC/k djkuk gksxkA ftu mÙkjnkrk dks100 fnu dk jkstxkj i;kZIr ugha gS] ,oa ftl ifjokjesa jkstxkj djus okys 2&3 lnL; gaS mUgsa 150 fnudk jkstxkj miyc/k djkuk gksxkA

;kstuk ds rgr ftu mÙkjnkrk ds cSad [kkrk[kksyus dk vHkko gS muds cSad [kkrk [kqyokuk gksxkAftu mÙkjnkrk esa ;kaf=d ,oa rduhdh oLrq dkmi;ksx djus dk vHkko gS mUgsa ;kstuk esa iw.kZ jkstxkjnsdj mUgsa ;kaf=d ,oa rduhdh oLrq mi;ksx djusdks l'kDr djuk gksxkA ftu mÙkjnkrk ds Loa; dhHkwfe esa flapkbZ lqfo/kk miyC/k ugha gS] ;kstuk dsrgr vuqnku jkf'k miyC/k djkdj mUgsa df"k Hkwfe esaflapkbZ lqfo/kk djkus dk izsfjr djuk gksxkA

jk"Vªh; ioZ] xzke lHkk dh cSBd] /kkfeZd dk;Zdze]gksVy] nqdku] tyk'k;] /kkfeZd LFkyksa] ,oa mPp oxZds ?kj esa izfrHkkst djus ij Lo;a oLrq gVkus ij] ,slsdR; ls eqDr djkdj iz'kklfud lq/kkj djkuk gksxkA,oa gksVy] nqdku esa Vscy] dqlhZ esa ,d lkFk cSBus ,oaizos'k djus esa lkekftd HksnHkko gksus ij mUgsa l'kDrdjuk ,oa mudh lqj{kkdj izos'k djus dks izsfjrdjuk gksxkA

ftu mÙkjnkrk dks ;g ;kstuk izHkko esa vPNhugha gS mUgsa ;kstuk esa :fp eqrkfcd jkstxkjmiyC/k djkuk gksxkA iw.kZ fnolksa] etnwjh dk Hkqxrkule; ij gksuk ,oa l;e ls Hkqxrku u gksus ijeqvkotk nsuk gksxkA ;kstuk ds fdz;kUo;u esa dk;ZLFkyij tks lqfo/kk feyus dk vHkko gS dk;ZLFky ijJfedksa dks mDr lqfo/kk,¡ miyC/k djkdj mumÙkjnkrk ds fy, ;kstuk dks izHkkoe; cukuk gksxkA

/ 63

lUnHk Z%1- e/;izns”k ljdkj ¼2005½ iapk;r ,oa xzkeh.k fodkl foHkkx] e/;izns'k Hkksiky] i‘“B&1]&2]&3]&4 ,oa 5]

2- lsfr;k] ¼2013½] 'kqHkk”k] tSu vydk] ,oa vpZuk 'kekZ] Þxzkeh.k fodkl dk vk/kkj jkstxkjÞ dq:{ks= fgUnh ekfldif=dk] laiknd % yfyrk [kqjkuk] izdk'kd % xzkeh.k fodkl ea=ky;] ubZ fnYyh&110011] Qjojh i"B&9]&10]

3- dqekjh ¼2013½ lfcrk] Þfodkl dk;Zdzeksa ls xk¡ok sa esa vk jgh [kq'kgkyhÞ dq:{ks=] fgUnh ekfld if=dk]laiknd % yfyrk [kqjkuk] izdk'kd % xzkeh.k fodkl ea=ky; ubZ fnYyh&110011] vDVwcj i‘B&24

4- frokjh] ¼2013½ dey fd'kksj ßeujsxk dh etnwjh c<+hÞ jkstxkj vkSj fuekZ.k e/;izns'k ek/;e 40] iz'kklfud {ks=]vjsjk fgy] Hkksiky&462011] 18&03 ls 24&03&] i"B&1]

5- ik.Ms; ¼2014½ vkuUn dqekj ,oa Jherh vpZuk ik.Ms;] Þe/;izns'k esa fdz;kfUor egRoiw.kZ ;kstuk,¡Þ izdk'kd% e/;izns'k fgUnh xzaFk] vdkneh] johUnzukFk Bkdqj ekxZ] ckuxaxk Hkksiky e/;izns'k&462003] o”kZ] i‘B&448


64 /

tutkfr lekt dk lkekftd&vkfFkZd v/;;u

*izHkk cgkj**eaxy Mkoj

tutkfr lekt ij lekt”kkL= ,oa lekt dk;Z fo’k; es le;≤ ij egRiow.kZ v/;;ugksrs jgs gSA ifjorZu izdfr dk fu;e gSA pqafd tutkfr lekt Hkh izdfr dk ,d vax gS vr% blesHkh fofHkUUk izdkj ds ifjorZu gksrs jgrs gSA uxjhdj.k] vkS|ksfxdj.k] fodkl ;kstukvks ,oa tulapkj ds lk/kuksa us bl lekt esa vewy pwy ifjorZu yk;s gSA uxjh; leqnk; ls Hkh budk laidZyxkrkj c<+k gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd tutkfr lekt ds lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd <k¡ps es Hkh yxkrkjcnyko gks jgs gSA bu cnyrh gqbZ ifjfLFkfr;ksa es tutkfr lekt dk lkekftd&vkfFkZd v/;;uvko”;d gS rkfd izkIr fu’d’kksZ ds vk/kkj ij buds fodkl ds fy;s csgrj ;kstuk,¡ cuk;h tk ldsAizLrqr v/;;u e/;izns”k jkT; ds [kjxkSu ftys ds tutkfr lekt ds lanHkZ es gSA

Mind and Society ISSN 2277-6907Vol. 5, No. IV, Dec.2016,Page 64 to 68




izLrkouk %e/;izns”k dk tutkfr ifjn”; vusd vFkksZ es

cgqjaxh vkSj egRoiw.kZ gSA ;gk¡ yxHkx pkfyltutkfr;k¡ fuokl djrh gSA tutkfr tula[;k dslanHkZ es e/;izns”k iwjs ns”k es “kh’kZ ij gSA ;gk¡ dktutkrh; thou] mudh laLdfr ,oa fof”k’V fØ;kfof/k;k¡ lekt oSKkfudksa ds fy;s v/;;u dk fo’k;jgh gSA budk jgu&lgu] uR;] laxhr] lkekftdO;oLFkk] vFkZO;oLFkk ,oa laLdfr foy{k.k vkSj vkdf’kZrdjus okyh gSA

^vkfntkfr^ ;k Vªkbc^ “kCn dh ifjHkk’kk ns”k vkSjdky ds vuqlkj cnyrh jgrh gSA lk/kkj.kr;k ;gekuk tkrk gS fd vkfntkfr dh viuh fof”k’V Hkk’kk]lekt&O;oLFkk] laLdfr] iztkfr] iqjkdFkk vkfn gksrhgSA izR;sd vkfntkfr ,d fuf”pr {ks= es fuokl

djrh gS vkSj mlds thou es vf/kd ,d :irk ikbZtkrh gSA ¼vVy ,oa fllksfn;k] 2011½

xksaM e/;izns”k ds lHkh ftyksa es ik;h tkus okyhtutkfr gS] ysfdu vU; tutkfr;k¡ dk QSyko dqNfo”ks’k {ks= rd lhfer gSA ,d {ks= es jgus okyhtutkfr;ksa dh laLdfr vkSj lkekftd O;oLFkk nwljs{ks= es jgus okyh tutkfr;ksa ls loZFkk vyx gSAe/;izns”k ds mŸkj if”pe ifj{ks= es eqjSuk] f”koiqjh]xquk ftys vkSj lhekorhZ dqN fgLls lfEefyr gS] bl{ks= es fo”ks’k fiNM+h] tutkfr lgfj;k fuokl djrhgSA izns”k ds nf{k.k iwohZ ifj{ks= ftles eaMyk] fM.Mksjh]ckyk?kkV] flouh] fNanokM+k] “kgMksy ftys vkSjlhekorhZ ftyks dk dqN {ks= “kkfey gS] bl {ks= esxksaM] dksjdw] dksy] cSxk] ij/kku ,oa Hkkfj;k vkfntutkfr;ka fuokl djrh gSA

*izk/;kid] “kk- laLd`r egkfo|ky;] bank Sj**ih,p- Mh- “kks/kkFkh Z] nsoh vfgY;k fo”ofo|ky; bankSj

¼[kjxkSu ftys ds fo”ks’k lanHkZ es½

/ 65tutkfr lekt dk lkekftd&vkfFkZd v/;;u---------

izns”k ds if”peh ifj{k s= ftles >kcqvk]vkyhjktiqj] /kkj] [kjxkSu] [kaMok] jryke ftys vkSjmuds lhekorhZ ftys dk dqN Hkkx lfEefyr gS] bl{ks= es Hkhy] Hkhyky] ckjsyk ,oa iVsfj;k izeq[ktutkfr;ka gSA izLrqr v/;;u blh {ks= es fd;kx;k gSA

bl {ks= es xk¡o dh ijEijkxr iapk;r O;oLFkkik;h tkrh gS tks vius fuokfl;ks ij fu;a=.k cuk;sj[krh gSA

lkekftd ,oa /kkfeZd O;oLFkk dks lapkfyr djusds fy, xk¡o es iVsy] rM+oh] Mkgyk] iqtkjk vkSjcM+ok xk¡o ds eq[; ,oa lkekftd :i ls izfrf’BrO;fDr gksrs gSA xk¡o ds yksx le;≤ ij bulsekxZn”kZu ysrs gS ¼”kkafMY;] 2006½

bl izdkj xk¡o es lkekftd laxBu cuk jgrk gSvkSj lHkh O;fDr lkekftd ,oa /kkfeZd fu;eksa dkikyu djrs gSA Hkhy bl {ks= dh eq[; tutkfr gStks :f<+;ksa ,oa ijaijkvksa dk ikyu djrh gSA ;ghdkj.k gS fd bues f”k{kk dk izlkj de gSA

Hkhyksa es f”k{kk Lrj dk v/;;u djus ij ik;kx;k fd bues f”k{kk dk izlkj dkQh de gqvk gSA ;syksx viuh izkphu ijEijkvksa ls brus xzflr gS fdf”k{kk dk izHkko bues ugh ds cjkcj gSA ¼jkBkSM+]1994½

fuEu f”k{kk Lrj dk dqizHkko buds vkfFkZd thouij Hkh ns[kk tk ldrk gS] bu {ks=ksa es ou lalk/kuksadk gkzl gks tkus ls vc tutkfr thou df’k ijfuHkZj gks x;k gSA

vkfnoklh df’k ds {ks= u;s&u;s gS] dksbZ 100&125o’kZ dk vuqHko vkfnokfl;ksa dks [ksrh djus dk gSAigyh iapo’khZ; ;kstuk rd ;s lewg thodksiktZudf’k ek= djrs Fks] ¼f=osnh] 1996½

tutkrh; lekt dh izeq[k vkfFkZd fØ;k df’kgSA f}rh;d {ks= ds rgr~ muds dqVhj m|ksx]f”kYidyk dk gkzl gks pqdk gSA ¼frokjh] 1990½

bl laiw.kZ {ks= es Hkhyksa ds vis{kk fHkykyksa dhvkfFkZd fLFkfr dgha vf/kd vPNh gSA os viuh Qly

egktuksa ds lqiqnZ ugh djrsa] oju~ Lo;a cktkj gkV dsfnu QqVdj :i ls csprs gSA vkfnoklh {ks=ks es vkSjmlls yxs NksVs uxj rFkk dLcksa es mUgs viuh Qlyksadks csprs gq, ns[kk tk ldrk gSA ¼oekZ] 1992½

tutkfr lekt es L=h&iq:’k ds e/; fyaxxr~HksnHkko dk vHkko ik;k tkrk gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fdtutkrh; {ks=ks es L=h&iq:’k fyaxkuqikr lcls ÅijgSA L=h iq:’k dks otZrkeqDr vkSj lgt cukus dsfy;s vkfnoklh lektks ds vusd foy{k.k O;oLFkk,¡gSA bl {ks= es Hkkxksfj;k ,slk volj gS tgk¡ tutkfrlekt ds [kqysiu dk vuqHko fd;k tk ldrk gSA

tutkfr lekt dks lkekftd O;oLFkk ,oa vkfFkZdlajpuk dks le>us dk izLrqr v/;;u es iz;kl fd;kx;k gSAmn~n s”;%

1- tutkfr lekt dh lkekftd n”kk dkv/;;u djukA

2- tutkfr lekt dh vkfFkZd n”kk dkv/;;u djukA

“kk s/k izfof/k %v/;;u dk lexz& izLrqr v/;;u dk lexz

[kjxkSu ftys ds tutkfr ifjokj gSAv/;;u dh bdkbZ&v/;;u dh bdkbZ tutkfr

ifjokj gSAfun”kZu fof/k& izLrqr v/;;u es nSo fun”kZu

fo f / k l s fty s d s 200 tutk frifjokjksa dk p;u fd;k x;k gSA

v/;;u {ks= & izLrqr v/;;u dk {ks= e-izdk[kjxkSu ftyk gSArF; ladyu%

¼v½ izkFkfed L=ksr & izLrqr v/;;u es izkFkfedL=ksrksa ds ladyu ds fy;s lk{kkRdkj vuqlwph] lewgppkZ ,oa voyksdu fof/k dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k gSA

¼c½ f}rh;d L=ksr & f}rh;d rF;ksa ds ladyuds fy;s “kks/k xzaFkks] lanHkZ xzaFkksa ,oa “kks/k tuZy dkmi;ksx fd;k x;k gSA

66 /

mijksDr lkj.kh ls Li’V gksrk gS fd v/;fur

ifjokjksa ds 50 izfr”kr mŸkjnkrk vf”k{kr gSA 22

izfr”kr mŸkjnkrk izkFkfed f”k{kk izkIr gSA 10 izfr”kr

mŸkjnkrk ek/;fed f”k{kk] 8 izfr”kr mŸkjnkrk

gkbZLdwy] 06 izfr”kr mŸkjnkrk Lukrd] 02 izfr”kr

mŸkjnkrk LukrdksŸkj ,o 02 izfr”kr mŸkjnkrk

rduhdh f”k{kk izkIr gSA vr% fu’d’kZr% dgk tk

ldrk gS fd tutkfr ifjokjksa es f”k{kk dk Lrj

fuEu gSA

tutkfr lekt dk lkekftd&vkfFkZd v/;;u---------

tutkfr ifjokjks a dh lkekftd&vkfFkZdfLFkfr%v/;;u {ks= es lk{kkRdkj vuqlwph ls izkIrtutkfr mŸkjnkrkvksa dh lkekftd&vkfFkZdfLFkfr dk fo”ys’k.k bl izdkj gS&

lkj.kh Ø- 01tutkrh; mŸkjnkrkvksa dh ikfjokfjd

i`’BHk wfe

Ø- ifjokj vkofŸ k izfr'kr

1 ,dy ifjokj 124 62

2la;qDrifjokj

76 38

;ksx& 200 100

mijksDr lkj.kh ls Li’V gksrk gS fd v/;;uesa tutkfr ifjokjksa es ls 62 izfr”kr ifjokj,dy gS ,oa 38 izfr”kr la;qDr ifjokj gSA vr%fu’d’kZr% dgk tk ldrk gS fd tutkfr lektes ,dy ifjokj vf/kd ik;s tkrs gSA

lkj.kh Ø- 02mŸkjnkrkvksa dh tutkfrokj fLFkfr

mijksDr lkj.kh ls Li’V gksrk gS fdv/;;fur tutkfr ifjokjksa esa 60 izfr”kr ifjokjHkhy tutkfr] 24 izfr”kr ifjokj Hkhykyk] 9izfr”kr ckjsyk ,oa 07 izfr”kr iVsfj;k ds gSA vr%dgk tk ldrk gS fd v/;;u {ks= es lclsvf/kd Hkhy tutkfr ds ifjokj fuokl djrs gSA

lkj.kh Ø- 03mŸkjnkrkvksa dh “kS{kf.kd fLFkfr

Ø- tutkfr vkofŸ k izfr'kr

1 Hkhy 120 60

2 Hkhykyk 48 24

3 ckjsyk 18 09

4 iVsfj;k 14 07

;ksx& 200 100

Ø- f'k{kk Lrj vkofŸ k izfr'kr

1 vf;kf{kr 100 50

2izkFkfedf'k{kk

44 22

3ek/;fedf'k{kk

20 10

4 gkbZ Ldwy 16 08

5 Lukrd 12 06

6 LukrdksŸkj 04 02

7 rduhdh 02 02

;ksx& 200 100

/ 67

lkj.kh Ø- 05vkokl es ty L=ksr dh fLFkfr

mi;ZqDr lkj.kh ls Li’V gksrk gS fd v/;k;furtutkfr ifjokjks es ls 58 izfr”kr ifjokjks dk is;tyL=ksr dq¡vk gSA 38 izfr”kr gs.Miai@cksfjax ls ,oa 04izfr”kr ifjokj unh@rkykc ls is;ty ysrs gS vr%fu’d’kZr% dgk tk ldrk gS fd tutkfr ifjokjks dhis;ty ds fy;s dq¡vks ij vf/kd fuHkZjrk gSA

lkj.kh Ø- 06mŸkjnkrkvksa ds vkokl es fo|qr

miyC/krk dh fLFkfr

mi;qZDr lkj.kh ls Li’V gksrk gS fd v/;k;furtutkfr ifjokjks ds 84 izfr”kr vkoklks es fo|qr dhlqfo/kk miyC/k gS] tcfd 16 izfr”kr ifjokjks dsvkokl es ;g lqfo/kk miyC/k ugh gSA vr% dgk tkldrk gS fd vkt Hkh dbZ tutkfr ifjokj fo|qrlqfo/kk ls oafpr gSA


lkj.kh Ø- 04mŸkjnkrkvksa ds vkokl dk Lo:i

mi;qZDr lkj.kh ls Li’V gksrk gS fd v/;;furtutkfr ifjokjksa esa 07 izfr”kr ifjokjksa ds vkokliDds gS] 79 izfr”kr ifjokjks ds vkokl dPps gS] tksfeV~Vh ls fufeZr gSA 14 izfr”kr ifjokjks ds vkokl>ksiM+huqek gSA vr% fu’d’kZ% dgk tk ldrk gS fdvf/kdka”k tutkfr ifjokjks ds vkokl dPps ;k>ksiM+huqek gSA

Ø- lqfo/kk; s vkofŸ k i zfr'kr

1 d¡qvk 116 58

2gs.Miai@cksfjax

76 38

3 unh@rkykc 08 04

;ksx& 200 100

Ø-fo|qr

dusD'kuvkofŸ k izfr'kr

1 gk¡ 168 84

2 Ukgh 32 16

;ksx& 200 100

Ø-vkokl dkLo:i

vkofŸ k izfr'kr

1 iDdk 14 07

2 dPpk 158 79

3 >ksiM+h 28 14

;ksx& 200 100

Ø- O;olk; vkofŸ k i zfr'kr

1 df"k 82 41

2 Ektnwjh 60 30

3 i"kqikyu 26 13

4 Okuksit 12 06

5 ukSdjh 04 02

6 Lojkstxkj 06 03

7 nqdku 02 01

8 xg m|ksx 08 04

;ksx& 200 100

lkj.kh Ø- 07mŸkjnkrkvksa dh O;olkf;d i`’BHkwfe

68 /

lanHk Z%

? vVy] ;ksxs”k ,oa ;rhUnzflag fllksfn;k ¼2011½] ^^vkfnoklh Hkkjr^^ jkor ifCyds”kUl] t;iqjA

? frokjh] jkds”k dqekj ¼1990]½ ^^vkfnoklh lekt es vkfFkZd ifjorZu^^ uknZuZ cqd lsUVj] ubZ fnYyhA

? f=osnh] e/kqlwnu ¼1996½] ^^vkfnoklh fodkl ;kstuk,¡^^ f”kok ifCy”klZ fMLVªhC;wVlZ] mn;iqjA

? “kkafMY;] egs”kpanz ¼2006½] ^^Hkhy^^ laink laiknd MkW- dfiy frokjh vkfnoklh yksd dyk vdkneh]

HkksikyA

? jkBkSM+ vt; flag ¼1994½] ^^Hkhy tutkfr f”k{kk vkSj vk/kqfudhdj.k^^ iap”khy izdk”ku t;iqjA

? oekZ] ,e-,y- ¼1992½] ^^Hkhyksa dh lkekftd O;oLFkk^^ Dykfldy ifCyf”kax dEiuh] ubZ fnYyhA

? uk;Mw] ih-vkj- ¼1997½] ^^Hkkjr ds vkfnoklh fodkl dh leL;k,¡^^ jk/kk ifCyds”kUl] ubZ fnYyhA


mi;qZDr lkj.kh ls Li’V gksrk gS fd v/;k;furtutkfr ifjokjks es ls lcls vf/kd 41 izfr”krifjokjks es df’k eq[; O;olk; gS] nwljs LFkku ijetnwjh 30 izfr”kr ifjokjks dk eq[; O;olk; gSAouksit ladyu djus okys 06 izfr”kr ifjokj gS bl{ks= es ou laink ds gkzl ds dkj.k ouksit dh izkfIrde gks xbZ gSA ukSdjh djus okys ek= 02 izfr”kryksx gSA 03 izfr”kr ifjokjks dk viuk LojkstxkjgSA 4 izfr”kr ifjokjks es xg m|ksx ds varxZrgLrdyk dh oLrq,¡ cuk;h tkrh gSA ek= 1 izfr”krifjokj es nqdku dk O;olk; fd;k tkrk gSA fu’d’kZr%dgk tk ldrk gS fd v/;;u {ks= dh xzkeh.kvFkZO;oLFkk iw.kZ :i ls df’k ij fuHkZj gks xbZ gSAfu’d’k Z%

tutkfr lekt ds lkekftd&vkfFkZd v/;;udj fu’d’kZr% dgk tk ldrk gS fd v/;;u {ks= dhtutkfr dk viuk lhfer laLdfrd {ks= gSA ;gk¡ dstutkfr yksxks dh os”kHkw’kk] vkHkw’k.k ,oa ds”kfoU;kldh viuh fo”ks’krk,¡ gSA buds xgus dbZ izdkj dsgksrs gSA pkanh] dkalk] ihry] fxyV rFkk rkacs lscuk;s tkrs gSA NksVh yM+fd;k vyx&vyx jaxks dhekyk,¡ igurh gSA fL=;ka vius “kjhj es xqnus xqnokrhgSA fookg dh fo”ks’k fof/k;k¡ izpfyr gS ,oa o/kq ewY;dk fjokt gSA

tutkfr ifjokjks es uR; laxhr ds lkeku ,oa

ok|;a= cgqr vkd’kZd vkSj dkQh cM+s vkdkj ds gksrsgSA buds ?kj izk;% dPps gksrs gS vkSj buds iklfeV~Vh ds crZu] ckal dh Vksdfu;k] eNyh idM+us dktky] /kuq’k&ck.k] QlhZ] Vafx;k] gafl;k] Qfy;k ,oa?kV~Vh vkfn lkeku gksrs gSA

tutkfr;ks a dk vkfFk Zd thou izkd`frdifjfLFkfr;ksa ij fuHkZj djrk gSA ;s yksx ou ,oa Hkwfels tks feyrk gS mlh es viuk xqtkjk dj ysrs gSA oulaink ds u’V gks tkus ls bUgs ouksit dh izkfIr degksus yxh gSA vf/kdka”k ifjokj Hkwfeghu gS ,oa etnwjhdjrs gSA ;s yksx f”kdkj djus es izf”kf{kr gksrs gS vkSjf”kdkj ds fy;s /kuq’k ck.k dk mi;ksx djrs gSAf”kdkj ij “kklu }kjk izfrca/k yxk fn;s tkus lsbues f”kdkj dh izofr de gqbZ gSA

tutkfr leqnk; vusd dke cgqr dq”kyrk dslkFk djrs gSA ;s yksx pkjikbZ] efp;k] xkus ctkusds midj.k] [ksrh ds vkStkj] ckal dh Vksdfj;ka]f”kdkj ds Qans] ikjaifjd vL=&”kL=] xgus vkfncukrs gSA fiNys vusd o’kksZ es bu phtksa ds foØ; dsvolj Hkh lqyHk gq, gSA ¼uk;Mw] 1997½

tutkfr yksxksa ds vkfFkZd thou dk izeq[kvk/kkj df’k cu x;h gSA dqN ifjokjks dks ouvf/kdkj vf/kfu;e ds varxZr Hkwfe Hkh izkIr gqbZ gSAftl ij ;s LFkk;h df’k djus yxs gSA i”kqikyu Hkhtutkfr lekt es vkthfodk dk lk/ku cu x;k gSA

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RNI NO.CHHHIN/2012/46660 ISSN : 2277-6907 Volume : 5 Mind. 2016.pdf · 2 / Published by Manav Navnirman Sansthan 60-Kanchanbag Rajnandgaon (C.G.) Pin - 491441 INDIA Contact : 07744228090,